Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall

Question 1

For column A, since both directions of column A are braced at the two ends, the effective
lengths in both directions are the same. Therefore, the orientation of the member can be
assigned in either ways as shown in the figure.
For column B, the orientation of the column should be set to maximize the flexural
buckling resistance of the member. It is advantageous to orientate the column with its
strong axis being aligned in the same plane of the diagonal braces as shown in the figure
such that the effective length for column buckling about its weak axis can be reduced
from 8 m to 4.5 m.

Part A – Design of Left Column (A)

P
P

3.5m P
Beam

4.5m
Column A

Brace
Shear
wall
Column B

Brace
or

Design of Compression Member Remark

Given:
Factored axial compression F = 2400 kN
Assume p y = 265 N / mm 2
and compressive strength pc ≈ 0.6 p y = 165 N / mm 2

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Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall
2400 × 1000 1
Required gross area Ag = × = 145.5cm 3
165 100
Try 356 x 368 x 129 UC with Ag = 164 cm2

356 x 368 x 129 UC with Ag = 164 cm2

Width B = 368.6 mm
Depth between fillets d = 290.2 mm
Flange thickness T = 17.5 mm
Web thickness t = 10.4 mm
Radius of gyration (x-x axis) rx = 15.6 cm
Radius of gyration (y-y axis) ry = 9.43 cm
Area of section A = 164 cm2

Section classification:
For 16 mm ≤ T = 17.5 mm ≤ 40 mm, Table 3.2
py = 265 N/mm2 where ε = 275 = 1.02
265

For outstand flange: Table 7.1

B
= 10.5 < 15ε = 15.3
2T
For web:
d
= 27.9 < 40ε = 40.75
t
Thus, the section is not slender, and py = 265 N/mm2.
Also, compression resistance Pc = Ag pc Clause 8.7.5

Effective Length LE
For pin ended in both axes:
LEx = LEy = 1.0 L = 8000 mm (in both x-x and y-y axes) Table 8.6

Slenderness l
λx = LEx/ rx = 8000/156 = 51.3 Clause 8.7.4
λy = LEy/ ry = 8000/94.3 = 84.8

Design strength pc
For rolled H-section and maximum thickness < 40 mm, Table 8.7
use Table 8.8(b) for strut curve (b) with buckling about x-x axis and
use Table 8.8(c) for strut curve (c) with buckling about y-y axis with
py = 265 N/mm2
With py = 265 N/mm2, and λx = 51.3, pcx = 227 N/mm2 Table 8.8 (b)
With py = 265 N/mm2, and λy = 84.8 pcy = 148 N/mm2 (control) Table 8.8 (c)

Compression resistance Pc
100 Clause 8.7.5
Pc = pc Ag = 164 × 148 × = 2427 kN > 2400 kN
1000
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Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall

The section is O.K.

Part B – Design of Right Column (B)

Design of Compression Member Remark

Given:
Factored axial compression F = 2400 kN
Assume p y = 265 N / mm 2
and compressive strength pc ≈ 0.7 p y = 185.5 N / mm 2

2400 × 1000 1
Required gross area Ag = × = 129.4cm 3
185.5 100

Try 305 x 305 x 137 UC with Ag = 123 cm2

Width B = 305.3 mm
Depth between fillets d = 246.7 mm
Flange thickness T = 15.4 mm
Web thickness t = 9.9 mm
Radius of gyration (x-x axis) rx = 13.4 cm
Radius of gyration (y-y axis) ry = 7.69 cm
Area of section A = 123 cm2

Section classification:
For T = 15.4 mm ≤ 16 mm, Table 3.2
275
py = 275 N/mm2 where ε = =1
275

For outstand flange: Table 7.1

B
= 9.91 < 15ε = 15
2T
For web:
d
= 24.92 < 40ε = 40
t
Thus, the section is not slender, and py = 275 N/mm2.
Also, compression resistance Pc = Ag pc Clause 8.7.5

Effective Length LE
For pin ended in both axes:
LEx = 8000 mm (in x-x axis) Table 8.6
LEy = 4500 mm (in y-y axis)

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Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall
Slenderness λ
λx = LEx/ rx = 8000/134 = 59.7 Clause 8.7.4
λy = LEy/ ry = 4500/76.9 = 58.5

Design strength pc
For rolled H-section and maximum thickness < 40 mm, Table 8.7
use Table 8.8(b) for strut curve (b) with buckling about x-x axis and
use Table 8.8(c) for strut curve (c) with buckling about y-y axis with
py = 275 N/mm2
2
With py = 275 N/mm , and λx = 59.7, pcx = 221 N/mm2 Table 8.8 (b)
With py = 275 N/mm2, and λy = 58.5 pcy = 204 N/mm2 (control) Table 8.8 (c)

Compression resistance Pc
100 Clause 8.7.5
Pc = pc Ag = 204 × 123 × = 2509 kN > 2400 kN
1000

The section is O.K.

4
Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall

Question 2

Part A – Load Combination

(a) Gravity loads

wg

1/F
3

4 5

Fg Fg

1.5m 1.5m
Only one-half of the gravity load on the central beam at the first floor is transmitted to
the pair of the braces at the first story.

1 5 15
Fg = ⋅ ( wg × 3) = wg
2 4 8

(b) Wind Loads

Fw Fw

The two bracing members at the first story have to carry cumulatively 6W of wind
loads from the upper 6 stories

1 5
Fw = ⋅ ( 6W ) = 5W
2 3

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Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall

Consider the following load combinations for the maximum factored compression load:
1) Dead Load + Imposed Load : 1.4D+1.6L
15 15
F= wg = (1.4 × 35 + 1.6 × 40) = 211.9 kN
8 8
2) Dead Load + Wind Load: 1.4D+1.4W
15 15
F= wg + 5W = (1.4 × 35) + 5 (1.4 × 50) = 441.9 kN
8 8
3) Dead Load + Imposed Load+Wind Load: 1.2D+1.2L+1.2W
15 15
F= wg + 5W = (1.2 × 35 + 1.2 × 40) + 5 (1.2 × 50) = 468.8kN
8 8
Therefore, the maximum factored design compression = 468.8 kN

Design of Compression Member Remark

Given:
Factored axial compression F = 412.5 kN
Assume p y = 275 N / mm 2
and compressive strength pc ≈ 0.5 p y = 137.5 N / mm 2

468.8 × 1000 1
Required gross area Ag = × = 34.1 cm 2
137.5 100

Try 152 x 152 x 37 UC with Ag = 47.1 cm2

Width B = 161.8 mm
Depth between fillets d = 123.6 mm
Flange thickness T = 11.5 mm
Web thickness t = 8.0 mm
Radius of gyration (x-x axis) rx = 6.85 cm
Radius of gyration (y-y axis) ry = 3.87 cm
Area of section A = 47.1 cm2

Section classification:
For T = 11 mm ≤ 16 mm, Table 3.2
275
py = 275 N/mm2 where ε = =1
275

For outstand flange: Table 7.1

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Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall
B
= 8.13 < 15ε = 15
2T
For web:
d
= 19.0 < 40ε = 40
t
Thus, the section is not slender, and py = 275 N/mm2.
Also, compression resistance Pc = Ag pc Clause 8.7.5

Effective Length LE
For pin ended in both axes:
LEx = LEy = 1.0 L = 5000 mm (in both x-x and y-y axes) Table 8.6

Slenderness λ
λx = LEx/ rx = 5000/68.5 = 73.2 Clause 8.7.4
λy = LEy/ ry = 5000/38.7 = 129.2

Design strength pc
For rolled H-section and maximum thickness < 40 mm, Table 8.7
use Table 8.8(b) for strut curve (b) with buckling about x-x axis and
use Table 8.8(c) for strut curve (c) with buckling about y-y axis with
py = 275 N/mm2
With py = 275 N/mm2, and λx = 73.2, pcx = 196 N/mm2 Table 8.8 (b)
2
With py = 275 N/mm , and λy = 129.2 pcy = 87 N/mm2 (control) Table 8.8 (c)

Compression resistance Pc
100 Clause 8.7.5
Pc = pc Ag = 87 × 47.1 × = 409.8 kN < 468.8 kN
1000

The section 152 x 152 x 37 UC is NOT adequate and is deficient by

about 12%.

The next available section 203 x 203 x 46 UC must then be used for
the bracing member. Since 203 x 203 x 46 UC provides a cross
sectional area of 58.7 cm2 which is about 25% greater than that of 152
x 152 x 37 UC, the section 203 x 203 x 46 UC is deemed adequate for
the bracing member.

7
Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall

Question 3

Part A – Loading Estimation

12 m 12 m

Tributary area method is adopted in the following calculation.

Tributary area = 6 x 12 = 72 m2

Roof load:

DL: Slab = 3.0 kN/m2

Finishes + self weight = 2.0 kN/m2
Total = 5.0 kN/m2

LL: Imposed load = 2.0 kN/m2

Typical floor load:

DL: Slab = 2.0 kN/m2

Finishes + self weight = 1.2 kN/m2
Total = 3.2 kN/m2

LL: Imposed load = 3.0 kN/m2

8
Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall

Total design load of column A at the ground floor

= 72 x [1.4DL + (1 – 40%) x 1.6 LL] (Hong Kong Building (Construction) Regulations
Chapter 123 Subsidiary Legislation section 17 (2))
= 72 x [1.4 x (5.0 + 9 x 3.2) + (1 – 0.4) x 1.6 x (2.0 + 9 x 3.0)]
= 5411 kN

Part B – Column Design

Design of Compression Member Remark

Given:
Factored axial compression F = 5411 kN
Assume p y = 265 N / mm 2
and compressive strength pc ≈ 0.6 p y = 159 N / mm 2

5411× 1000 1
Required gross area Ag = × = 340cm 3
159 100

Try 356 x 406 x 287 UC with Ag = 366 cm2

Width B = 399 mm
Depth between fillets d = 290.2 mm
Flange thickness T = 36.5 mm
Web thickness t = 22.6 mm
Radius of gyration (x-x axis) rx = 16.5 cm
Radius of gyration (y-y axis) ry = 10.3 cm
Area of section A = 366 cm2

Section classification:
For 16 mm ≤ T = 36.5 mm ≤ 40 mm, Table 3.2
275
py = 265 N/mm2 where ε = = 1.02
265

For outstand flange: Table 7.1

B
= 5.47 < 13ε = 13.24
2T
For web:
d
= 12.84 < 40ε = 40.75
t
Thus, the section is not slender, and py = 265 N/mm2.
Also, compression resistance Pc = Ag pc Clause 8.7.5

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Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall

Effective Length LE
For pin ended in both axes:
LEx = LEy = 1.0 L = 8000 mm (in both x-x and y-y axes) Table 8.6

Slenderness λ
λx = LEx/ rx = 8000/165 = 48.5 Clause 8.7.4
λy = LEy/ ry = 8000/103 = 77.7

Design strength pc
For rolled H-section and maximum thickness < 40 mm, Table 8.7
use Table 8.8(b) for strut curve (b) with buckling about x-x axis and
use Table 8.8(c) for strut curve (c) with buckling about y-y axis with
py = 265 N/mm2
2
With py = 265 N/mm , and λx = 48.5, pcx = 230 N/mm2 Table 8.8 (b)
With py = 265 N/mm2, and λy = 77.7, pcy = 161 N/mm2 (control) Table 8.8 (c)

Compression resistance Pc
100 Clause 8.7.5
Pc = pc Ag = 161 × 366 × = 5893 kN > 5411 kN
1000

The section is O.K.

10
Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall

Part C – Beam Design

12 m 12 m

Beam B

Grider C

Beam B :

[w] w = ( 1.4 x 3.2 + 1.6 x 3 ) x 2 = 18.56 kN/m

Max reaction = 111.4 kN

Max shear = 111.4 kN
Max bending moment (mid-span) = 334.1 kNm

Assume class 1 section with p y = 275 N / mm 2

Required plastic modulus = 334.1 / 275 × 103 = 1215 cm 3

Try 457 x 152 x 52 UB,

SECTION PROPERTIES
D = 454.6mm B = 255.8mm t = 8.1mm T = 13.3mm
I x = 25500cm 4 d = 407.6mm Z x = 1122cm 3 S x = 1287cm 3

SECTION CLASSIFICATION
Design strength, p y = 275kN / mm 2 for T ≤ 16mm (Table 3.2)

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Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall
275
ε= =1 (Table 7.1 Note b)
275

Plastic limiting value of b/T for outstand flange of an I-section is 9ε

B
= 5.75 < 9ε = 9 (Table 7.1)
2T
Thus, the flange is plastic.

Plastic limiting value of d/t for web of an I-section with neutral axis at mid-depth is 80ε
d
= 50.32 < 80ε = 80 (Table 7.1)
t
Thus, the web is also plastic.

∴ the section is Class 1 plastic section.

SHEAR CAPACITY
Shear area, Av = tD = 8.1× 454.6 = 3682mm 2 (Cl. 8.2.1)
p A
Shear capacity, Vc = y v = 584.64 kN > 111.36 kN (OK) (8.1)
3

MOMENT CAPACITY
Co-existing shear force V = 0kN ≤ 0.6Vc = 325.6kN (Cl. 8.2.2.1)
It is under low shear condition

Moment capacity, M cx = p y S x < 1.2 p y Z x (8.2)

= 275 × 1287 × 10 ≤ 1.2 × 275 × 1122 × 10
3 3

= 353.9kNm ≤ 370.3kNm (OK)

> M x = 334.1 kNm

As the floor slab provides full lateral restraints to the compression flange of the beam, it
is not necessary to check lateral-torsional buckling of the beam.

DEFLECTION
Unfactored uniform imposed load, ω = 3 × 2 = 6kN / m
Maximum deflection due to imposed load,
5 ωL4 L
δ= ≤
384 EI x 360
5 6 × 12000 4
= (OK) (Table 5.1)
384 205000 × 25500 × 10 4
12000
= 30.9mm < = 60mm
200

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Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall
Girder C :

[w] P = 18.56 x 6 x 2= 222.7 kN/m

Max reaction = 222.7 kN

Max shear = 222.7 kN
Max bending moment (mid-span) = 445.4 kNm

Note that the total imposed load on the girder derived from a tributary area of 48 m2 may
be reduced by 5% in accordance with the Hong Kong Building Regulations. However, no
imposed load reduction has been considered in this solution for conservative reason.

Assume class 1 section with p y = 275 N / mm 2

Required plastic modulus = 445.44 / 275 × 103 = 1619.8cm3

Try 457 x 191 x 74 UB,

SECTION PROPERTIES
D = 457mm B = 190.4mm t = 9mm T = 14.5mm
I x = 33320cm 4 d = 407.6mm Z x = 1458cm 3 S x = 1653cm 3

SECTION CLASSIFICATION
Design strength, p y = 275kN / mm 2 for T ≤ 16mm (Table 3.2)
275
ε= =1 (Table 7.1 Note b)
275

Plastic limiting value of b/T for outstand flange of an I-section is 9ε

B
= 6.57 < 9ε = 9 (Table 7.1)
2T
Thus, the flange is plastic.

Plastic limiting value of d/t for web of an I-section with neutral axis at mid-depth is 80ε
d
= 45.29 < 80ε = 80 (Table 7.1)
t
Thus, the web is also plastic.

Therefore, the section is a Class 1 plastic section.

13
Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall
SHEAR CAPACITY
Shear area, Av = tD = 9 × 457 = 4113mm 2 (Cl. 8.2.1)
p y Av
Shear capacity, Vc = = 653.0 kN > 222.7 kN (OK) (8.1)
3

MOMENT CAPACITY
Co-existing shear force V = 222.7 kN ≤ 0.6Vc = 391.8 kN (Cl. 8.2.2.1)
It is under low shear condition

Moment capacity, M cx = p y S x < 1.2 p y Z x (8.2)

= 275 × 1653 × 103 ≤ 1.2 × 275 × 1458 × 103
= 454.6 kNm ≤ 481.1 kNm (OK)
> M x = 445.4 kNm

As the floor slab provides a full lateral restraint to the compression flange of the girder, it
is not necessary to check lateral-torsional buckling of the girder.

DEFLECTION
Unfactored point load, P = 3 × 2 × 6 × 2 = 72 kN

Maximum deflection due to imposed load,

P(L / 3) 2
δ=
24 EI
(
3L − 4(L / 3) ≤
2
)L
200
72 × (6000 / 3)
=
24 × 205 × 33320 × 10 4
(
3 × 6000 2 − 4 × (6000 / 3)
2
) (OK) (Table 5.1)

12000
= 8.08mm < = 60mm
200

Assume that the secondary beams and primary girders are connected to their adjacent
members using typical shear connections in such a way that there is no local failure
caused by concentrated point loads. Checking of web bearing capacity and web buckling
resistance is not required.
Typical simple shear connections for beams and girders:

Beam to Column Beam to Girder

14
Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall

Question 5

Factored point load = 1.4x80 + 1.6x100 = 272 kN

Max moment at mid-span = 544 × 6.25 − 274 × 2.5 / 2 − 274 × 3.75 = 2030 kNm

Corresponding coexisting shear = 0 kN

Max shear at the beam’s end = 544 kN

Assume class 1 section with p y = 345N / mm 2

Required plastic modulus = 2030 / 345 × 103 = 5884cm 3

Try 762 x 267 x 173 UB,

SECTION PROPERTIES
D = 762.2mm, B = 266.7mm, t = 14.3mm, T = 21.6mm
I x = 205300cm 4 , d = 686mm, Z x = 5387cm3, S x = 6198cm 3

SECTION CLASSIFICATION
Design strength, p y = 345kN / mm 2 for 16mm < T < 40mm (Table 3.2)
275
ε= = 0.89
345 (Table 7.1 Note b)

Plastic limiting value of b/T for outstand flange of an I-section is 9

B
= 6.17 < 9ε = 8.0
2T (Table 7.1)
Thus, the flange is plastic.

Plastic limiting value of d/t for web of an I-section with neutral axis at mid-depth is 80
d
= 48.0 < 80ε = 71.2
t (Table 7.1)
Thus, the web is also plastic.

Therefore, the section is a Class 1 plastic section.

z Check Shear Capacity

2
Shear area, Av = tD = 14.3 × 762.2 = 10899.5mm (Cl. 8.2.1)
p y Av
Shear capacity, Vc = = 2171 kN > 544 kN (OK) (8.1)
3
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Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall

z Check Moment Capacity

Co-existing shear force V = 0kN ≤ 0.6Vc = 1302 kN (Cl. 8.2.2.1)

It is under low shear condition

Moment capacity, M cx = p y S x < 1.2 p y Z x (8.2)

= 345 × 6198 / 103 ≤ 1.2 × 345 × 5387 / 103
= 2138 kNm ≤ 2230 kNm
> M x = 2030 kNm
(OK)

As the floor slab provides full lateral restraint to the compression flange of the girder, it is
not necessary to check lateral-torsional buckling of the girder.

z Check Serviceability Deflection

As an approximate checking, the applied point loads can be taken as a uniformly

distributed loading with
w= 4 x 100 / 10 = 40 kN/m
5wL4 5 × 40 × 10 × (103 )4
With Ix = 205300 cm4, δ LL = = = 12.4mm
384 EI 384 × 205 × 205300 × 1002
Note that a more exact calculation gives

As allowable δLL = L/200 = 10000/200 = 50mm (Table 5.1)

δLL = 12.4 < 50 mm → OK!

z Check local web bearing at the location of each point load

Assume b1 = 200 mm, n = 5

k = T+r = 21.6+16.5 = 38.1 mm

Since t = 14.3 mm < 16 mm, pyw = 355 N/mm2 (Table 3.2)

Bearing capacity = Pbw = (b1 + nk) t p yw (Cl. 8.4.10.5.1)
= (200+5 x 38.1) x 14.3x 355/103
= 1982 kN
Applied point load = 272 kN < 1982 kN → OK!

16
Solution to Problem Set 2 2013 Fall

z Check local web buckling at the location of each point load

Since ae > 0.7d and assume that the bottom tension flange is allowed to move sideways
relative to the restrained compression flange (i.e. the effective length of the web LE=
1.2d)
0.7d 25εt
Web buckling resistance = Pxr = Pbw (Cl 8.4.10.6.1)
LE (b1 + nk)d
0.7 × 686 25 × 275 355 ×14.3
= × ×1982
1.2 × 686 (200 + 5 × 38.1) × 686
= 0.58 × 0.61×1982 = 701 kN

Applied point load = 272 kN < 701 kN → OK!

17