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1. History% Indus Valley Civilization

2. Geography: Universe and Solar System

3. Polity: Constitutional Development of India

4. General Science: Units, Measurement, Force and Speed

5. Economy: Introduction to Economy

6. State Specific: Uttar Pradesh and Delhi

7. Important exam oriented current affairs

8. SSC CHSL Model Question Paper (General Studies)

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History
Indus River Valley Civilization
Thousands of years ago there was a village named Amri
near the Indus river valley, whose citizens were skilled
in making good pottery. The people of the Indus River
Valley helped to lay the foundations of the cultures of
modern countries such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,
Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The Indus River is
located in Pakistan. This civilization developed around
2,500 BC on the banks of the Indus River. It is called
Indus Valley Civilization. The two major cities of this
civilization were Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. This
civilization was influenced by Mesopotamia or the Egyptian region.

Arrival
## Evidence of agriculture and pets around 7000 BC
## Farming people in villages along the banks of the Indus River till 3200 BC.

Indus River
Harappan Indus Valley ## Silt-enriched water from mountain
ranges
## No any desert
## Major society built by the Dravidian
## Water rich and dense forests
people, 3000-2500 BC
## Up to 500 miles along the river valley
## Cotton farming, before 5000 BC,
## 10-20 times larger than Mesopotamia
introduced poultry farming
or Egypt
## Decline after 1900 BC

Major cities: Harappa; Punjab region and Mohenjo-daro (Indus

river mouth)
## 70 excavation of small sites (total 1,500)
Governance system of Indus Valley Civilization:
## Well organized, powerful leaders, possibly kind-kings, ensured that everyone had a
constant supply of food.
## Efficient building construction method

Planned city
## By 2500 BCE, people built brick cities laid on a grid system.
## Engineers built plumbing and sewage systems.

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Mohenjodaro: first planned city

## The first planned cities of the Indus River Valley were settled in 2,500–1,300 BC.
## Mohenjodaro was built on a plateau to deal with unexpected floods.
## The city streets were divided into squares for easy movement.
## Houses and shops were built along these squares.

Great Bath (Brihtsnanagar)

## Large bath or huge bath is one of the
most famous monuments of the Indus
Valley Civilization and is in Mohenjo-
daro. It is in Sindh province of Pakistan
and was built in 3000 BC. It is located
in the fort of Mohenjo-daro.
## It is the oldest bathroom in the world. It
is 2.43 meters deep, its length is 11.88
meters and width is 7.01 meters.
## Where the water must have come in
this large bath, it is still a matter of
discussion among scholars.

Harappa: a commercial city:

## Harappa was the harbinger of
local and international trade
between 3,000-1,300 BC.
## The city had traditional relations
with Mesopotamia, Persia and
Southern India.
## Gold, ivory, spices, cloth and
copper were the most traded.
## Harappans reared animals and
raised crops
## They were first to grew cotton
and made cloth

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Indus Valley Script:

Here are several examples of Indus Valley writings. It is believed that the people of the Indus
Valley may also have written on palm leaves or cloth, but there is no evidence of this.

Bronze Age Dholavira:

Dhaulavira, a new link in the Harappan civilization, is located in the island 'Khadir' in the
middle of the Rann of Kutch. 'Surkhav' - City is located near this island. Dhaulavir village is
situated on the north-western border of 'Khadir Island'. The remains found in the excavation at
Dhaulavira place were spread among the drains named 'Manhar' and 'Mansar'. This city with
the Harappan culture called Dhaulavira was planned as a parallel quadrilateral. The length
of this city is from east to west. Evidence of a strong wall has been found around the city. To
the north of the Mahaprasad part of the city, remains of a wide and extensive flat plain have
been found. To the north of this is the middle part of the city which was labeled as 'Pur'. To
the east of this is situated the third important part of the city which is called 'Lower City' or
'Avam Nagar'.

Chanhudaro:
Along with the manufacture of seals and dolls, many items were also made from bones at
a place called Chanhudaro, to the south of Mohenjodaro. The city was first discovered in
1931 by N. Gopal Majumdar and excavated here in 1943 by McKay. The lowest level gives
evidence of 'Sandhava culture'.

Lothal
It is located near the village named 'Sargwala' on the banks of 'Bhogawa River' in Ahmedabad
district of Gujarat. The excavations were carried out under the leadership of 'Ranganath Rao'
in 1954-55 AD.
Five levels of contemporary civilization have been found from this site. Two different mounds
have not been found here, but the entire settlement was surrounded by a single wall.

Ropar
It is located on the left bank of the Sutlej River in the 'Ropar district' of Punjab state. It was
first excavated here after attaining independence. Its modern name was 'Roop Nagar'. It was
discovered in 1950 by 'BB Lal'.

Kalibanga (Black Bangles)

The site is located on the left bank of the Ghaggar River in Ganganagar district of Rajasthan.
The excavations were carried out in 1953 by BB Lal and BK Thapar. Remains of pre-Harappan
and Harappan culture have been found here.

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Surkotada
This place is located in Kutch district of Gujarat.
It was discovered by 'Jagapathi Joshi' in 1964. This site reflects the remnants of 'the decline
of the Indus civilization'.

Alamgirpur (Meerut)
Situated on the Hindon river, a tributary of the Yamuna in Meerut district of western Uttar
Pradesh, this place was discovered in 1958 by 'Yagya Dutt Sharma'.

Rangpur (Gujarat)
Situated near the Bhadar River in the island of Kathiawar in Gujarat, this site was excavated in
1953-54 by 'A. Ranganath Rao'. Remnants of earlier Harappan culture have been found here.
Forts of raw bricks, drains, pottery, barns, stone panes, etc. found here are important. Heaps
of rice bran found here. Evidence of successive Harappan culture is found here.

Gods of Indus Civilization: Bronze Age Technique:

Bronze Age archeology divides the human
1. Dyaush father (The shining
technical prehistoric period into three periods: the
sky, Father Heaven)
Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. The
2. Prithivi (the earth, Mother Earth) Bronze Age extended from 3,300 to 1,200 BCE
and used copper and its alloys as bronze, the main
3. Vayu or Vata (the wind) hard material used in the manufacture of tools and
weapons. The period ended with further advances
4. Parjanya (the thunder and rain) in metallurgy, such as the development of iron
smelting capacity.
5. Surya (God of ligh, Sun)
Social System of Indus Valley Civilization
6. Varuna (God of seas)
## Society was controlled by priests.
7. Agni (God of fire)
## Ruled from Durg, palaces and Temples.
8. Indra (God of War)
## Power base: Production Capacity
9. Soma (Vedic Soma, Avestan ## Gods: Male and female, both naked
Haoma)
## Bull worship
10. Usha (Goddess of Dawn)

11. Yama (God of Death)

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The beginning of the decline of the Indus River Valley Civilization:

## Reduction in yield potential due to expansion of nearby desert and increasing salinity.
## Flood is considered to be the main reason for the decline of the Harappan civilization.
## During the Indus civilization, many changes also occurred due to earthquakes.
## Harappan culture was also greatly damaged by the invasion of Aryans.
## Domination of indigenous people
## Foreign invasion
## Gradual decline

Fall of Harappa:

## Signs of decline circa 1750 BC

## May end due to earthquake, flood, soil loss.

## Around 1500 BC Aryans enter the region and dominate.

Indus Valley Civilization - Some Important Facts:

1. The rest of the cities of South Asia were established in about 2600 AD which is now in
Pakistan and Western India.
2. The people who built these cities and ruled these cities are related to the Harappan
culture or the Indus civilization, which was a civilization that developed around the
same time as Egypt and Mesopotamia were developing.
3. This urban civilization is spread over a vast geographical area, extending from the high
mountains of Balochistan and Afghanistan to the coastal areas of Makran, Sindh and
Gujarat.
4. There has been evidence of commercial contacts with surrounding cultures in the
Arabian Gulf, West and Central Asia and peninsular India during the complete urban
phase of this civilization.
5. Indus Valley Civilization was discovered by the British in 1800. Its record note was
possessed by a British army commander, James Lewis, who was working there in 1826
as an English engineer.

Cities on the banks of Harappan rivers/sea:

River / Sea Ghaggar 7. Wallakot Arabian Sea
Town 4. Kalibanga
Coast River 8. Sotkakoh Arabian Sea
1. Mohenjodaro Indus River Bhogwa 9. Alamgirpur Hindon river
5. Lothal 10. Rangpur Mother river
2. Harappa Ravi River River
3. Ropar Sutlej River 6. Sutkagendor Dasht River 11. Kotdiji Indus River

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Harappan Civilizations:
1- Harappan civilization's most western
Satkagendor (Baluchistan)
archaeological site
2- Most Eastern Site Alamgirpur (Meerut)
3- Most Northern Site Manda (Jammu Kashmir)
4- Most Southern Site Dayamabad (Maharashtra)

The following cities of the Indus Valley Civilization

are in different states of India:
State Archaeological State Archaeological State Archaeological
site site site
Haryana Rakhigarhi Maharashtra Daimabad
Gujarat Lothal
Bend Banawali
Surkotada
Banawali Kunal
Rangpur Kunal Metathal
Rosie Metathal
State Archaeological
Malvad site
State Archaeological
Desul site Rajasthan Kalibanga
Punjab Ropar
Dholavira State Archaeological
Bada
site
Prabhatpatan Sanghal (District
Fatehgarh, Jammu Manda
Bhagatrao Punjab) Kashmir

List of archaeological sites of Indus Valley Civilization

Archaeological site Description / discovery of Indus Valley Civilization
Harappa 1. Presented by Daya Ram Sahni in 1921–1923.
2. Located on the banks of river Ravi in Montgomery
district of Punjab (Pakistan).
3. The stone dance Nataraja and the cemetery-37 have
been excavated here.
Mohenjo-daro (mound of the 1. Engraved by RD Banerjee in 1922.
dead)
2. Located on the banks of the Indus River in Larkana
district of Punjab (Pakistan).

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3. Great Bath, Collegiate Building and Assembly Hall

are special features of the site.
4. The seal and woven cotton cloth of Pashupati
Mahadev (Proto Shiva) have been excavated.
Chanhudaro (Sindh, Pakistan) 1. Excavated by NG Majumdar in 1931.
2. Sindh is located on the banks of the Indus River in
Pakistan.
3. It is the only Indus site with no stronghold.
4. Bronze statues of bullock carts and ekka and a small
pot that suggests a kink well have been excavated.
Lothal (Gujarat) 1. Engraved by SR Rao in 1954.
2. Located on the banks of river Bhogwa.
3. The city was divided into a stronghold and a lower
town and a dockyard.
4. Evidence of rice has been found here.
Kalibanga (Black Bangles), 1. Excavation by Bibi Lal in 1961.
Rajasthan
2. Located on the banks of river Ghaggar
3. Evidence of plowing fields, wooden furrows, seven
fire-altars, camel bones and two types of burglars
(circular graves and rectangular graves) have been
found.
Dholavira 1. Engraved by JP Joshi in 1967-68.
2. Located on the banks of the Luni River in Kutch
district in Gujarat.
3. Here unique water management system, Harapan
inscription and stadium evidence are found.
Surkotada (Gujarat) 1. Engraved in 1972 by JP Joshi.
2. Located between the Sabarmati and Bhogavo rivers.
3. Evidence of burial horses, oval graves and pits have
been found here.
Banwali (Haryana) 1. Engraved by RS Bisht in 1973.
2. Located on the banks of river Saraswati.
3. Evidence of pre-Harappan and Harappan culture and
good quality barley is found here.

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Some exam useful facts:

1. Indus-Valley Civilization dates back to 2400-1700 BCE. Rai Bahadur Dayaram

Sahni discovered the Indus Valley civilization in 1921. Mohenjodaro was
discovered in 1922 by Ram Ladakh Banerjee.
2. The urban configuration method of the Indus Valley Civilization was based
on the 'Grid System'.
3. The streets of the cities of the Indus civilization used to be wide and straight
and cut each other at right angles.
4. Most Harappans used to make their houses of two floors.
5. The main doors of these houses used to open towards the road outside.
6. The name of the largest building of the Indus civilization is Annagar, which
was found through the excavation of Mohenjodaro.
7. Indus civilization also knew how to cultivate rice and millet, evidence of rice
and millet has been found from Lothal.
8. Lothal was a place that was the major port of the Indus civilization.
9. On the basis of the evidence of the plough from Banavali, it can be said that
these people also knew how to plow.
10. Evidence of the field engaged in excavation of Kalibanga has also been found.
11. Indus residents knew how to make swastik signs. Excavations of Mohenjodaro
have found the marks of swastik symbol on a stamp.
12. The people of the Indus civilization did not build temples, it can be said that
till now excavations have not found evidence of a single temple.
13. Harappans mainly worshiped hump bulls.
14. Harappans also worshiped trees, it can be said on the basis of the evidence of
peepal and acacia trees found from the excavation.
15. The mother of the Indus civilization was also worshiped.
16. Kalibanga literally means 'black bangles'.
17. The cultivated fields have also been obtained from Kalibanga from the evidence
of mustard, the evidence of a horned deity has also been found from Kalibanga.
18. The practice of burying dogs with humans was also prevalent in the Indus
civilization. Evidence of such a practice has been obtained from Ropar.

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19. A toy with plow shape has been obtained from Banawali in Haryana, which
is also of good quality.
20. Based on the evidence of bullock cart toys from Banawali, it can be said that
these people used bullock carts for farming.
21. Harappans used to use red color on clay utensils.
22. During the excavation in 1940, MS Vats of the archaeological department found
a Shiva Linga which is about 5000 years old.
23. Mohenjodaro is also called the garden of Sindh.
24. According to historians, the creators of the Harappan civilization were the
Dravidians.
25. According to historians, the credit of growing cotton for the first time is given
to the Harappans.

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Geography

Introduction
1. Father of Geography Hiketius
2. The father of current geography Alexander van Humboldt
3. Parent of systematic geography Iratasthenes
4. The first proponent of the term Geographica Iratasthenes
5. Parent of physical geography Polydonium
6. Father of cultural geography Karl-o-Savar
7. Founder of Mathematical Geography Thales and Annexminder
8. Creator of the World Globe Martin Baehm
9. Creator of the World Map Anengazi Mander
10. Creator of Geographical Encyclopedia Strabo

Principles of Origin of the Universe

Various theories were given to explain how the universe originated. There are some such
theories related to astronomical phenomena which are called red shift or doppler effect,
big bang theory etc.

Doppler Effect and Red Shift

The shifting of light from galaxies to the red end of the spectrum is known as red shift. The
red colored band has the lowest frequency and the longest wavelength of the visible spectrum.
This proportional increase shows that the universe is in a state of rapid expansion and this
idea of ​​rapid expansion is the basis of all modern theories about the origin of the universe.

Big Bang Theory

According to the Big Bang Theory, the universe was born as a result of a great explosion. This
is called the Mahavisfot Siddhanta or Big Bang Theory. According to which about twelve
to fourteen billion years ago, the entire universe was in the form of an atomic unit. At that
time no concept such as human time and place existed. According to the Great Explosion
Theory, about 13.7 billion years ago, this explosion emitted immense energy. This energy
was so high that due to this effect the universe continues to spread till date. All physical
beliefs are defined by a single phenomenon called the Mahavisfot theory.

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Solar family table

Name of Diameter Revocation period Revolving period Number of

planets (km.) (on its axis) (around the sun) satellites
Mercury 4,878 58.6 Days 88 Days 0
Venus 12,104 243 Days 224.7 Days 0
Earth 12,756-12,714 23.9 Hrs. 365.26 Days 1
Mars 6,796 24.6 Hrs. 687 Days 2
Jupiter 1,42,984 9.9 Hrs. 11.9 Years 79
Saturn 1,20,536 10.3 Hrs. 29.5 Years 82
Uranus 51,118 17.2 Hrs. 84.0 Years 27
Neptune 49,100 16.1 Hrs. 164.8 Years 13

Planets/Stars :
The planets can be divided into two classes –
Internal or Terrestrial:
Planets - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.
Outer or Jovian:
Planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Apart from the Earth, only five planets can be seen with naked eyes - Mercury, Venus,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn.

Sun The only star in our solar system and powerhouse of the solar system.
Composed of Hydrogen (73%), Helium (25%) gases and other metals.
Sun carries almost 99% mass of our solar system. Approximately 15 crore
Kilometres further away from Earth. It takes around 8 minutes 30 seconds
for light at the speed of 3 lakh Km/sec to reach the earth.
Temperature at surface= 5800 K or 5600 degree Celsius.
Temperature at the centre= 15.7 million K

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Mercury It is the Closest planet to the Sun and very hot planet. Smallest planet in
the solar system with a diameter of 4900 Km. Fastest Planet with speed
of 172500 Km per hour to complete revolution around Sun in 88 days.
This planet with no water and gases like Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Oxygen
and Carbon Dioxide.
Venus Hottest planet in the solar system with the surface temperature of 478
degree Celsius. Also known as “Earth’s Twin”. It is because of the
similarity in size and mass between Venus and Earth. One of the two
planets in the solar system which rotate around the axis in a clockwise
direction. Brightest Star in the Solar system. It can be seen in the morning
and evening with open eyes. So known as “Evening Star” and “Morning
Star”.
Earth The only Planet to give support to life with a pleasant atmosphere. Also
known as “Blue Planet” because of the presence of water on it. It has one
natural satellite named “Moon”.
Mars It is known as “Red Planet” because of Iron-rich red soil. Second
smallest planet in the solar system after Mercury. It has two natural
moons “Phobos” and “Deimos”. It has a thin atmosphere and surface
with valleys, craters, deserts, and ice caps etc. “Olympus Mons” –
Largest volcano and the tallest mountain in the solar system lies on
Mars.
Jupiter Largest planet of the solar system with the shortest rotation. It has an
atmosphere filled with Hydrogen, Helium and other gases. The third brightest
object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus. Great Red Spot, a giant
storm in the solar system exists on this planet. It has at least 79 moons,
including 4 large Galilean Moons “Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto”
which were discovered by Galileo. “Ganymede” is the largest among them.
It has an unclear ring around it.
Saturn Second largest planet in the solar system and a gas giant. It has bright and
concentric rings around it which are made up of tiny rocks and pieces of
Ice. Saturn can float on water because it has less density than water. Has at
least 82 moons and Titan is the largest among them.
Uranus It is the third-largest planetary radius and fourth-largest planetary
mass in the Solar system. Greenish in colour. Discovered by William
Herschel in 1781. Known as “Ice Giant”. The atmosphere of Uranus
is composed of Hydrogen and Helium primarily, but it also contains
more water, ammonia etc. It is coldest planetary atmosphere in the
solar system. Rotates clockwise on its axis like Venus but unlike
other planets Has at least 27 moons. Famous moons- Miranda, Ariel
and Umbriel

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Neptune It is farthest planet from the Sun. It is also “Ice Giant”. Atmosphere primarily
composed of Hydrogen and Helium. Bluish in colour because of Methane.
Fourth largest planet and the third most- massive planet in the solar system
Discovered by Johann Galle and Urbain Le Verrier in 1846. The only planet in
the solar system found by Mathematical Predictions. Has known 8 satellites.
Famous moon – Triton.

Planets by size (in descending order)

1. Jupiter
2. Saturn
3. Uranus
4. Neptune
5. Earth
6. Venus
7. Mars
8. Mercury

Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

Earth Venus Mars Mercury

By 2006, there were nine planets in the solar system. Pluto was the farthest planet from
the Sun. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted a new definition of
planets according to which Pluto does not fall within the scope of this definition of planets.
Therefore, it is no longer considered a planet in the solar system. Therefore, at present the
number of planets is eight.

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Some useful important facts for Exam:

(1) There are 8 planets in the Solar System - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
(2) Pluto was the 9th planet in the solar system, but scientists removed Pluto from the
planet's category because it was too small.
(3) There are also satellites of planets which revolve around their planets.
(4) The Sun is about 30,000 light years away from our Milky Way Galaxy.
(5) Sun is revolving around the Milky Way at a speed of 250 km / s.
(6) The time taken to rotate around the Milky Way is 25 million years, which is also
called the universe year.
(7) The Sun rotates on its axis from east to west.
(8) Our solar system came into existence about 4.6 billion years ago.
(9) The Sun is 13 million times larger than our Earth.
(10) The largest planet is Jupiter and the smallest planet is Mercury.
(11) The diameter of the Sun is 13 lakh 92 thousand kilometers, and it is 110 times more
than the diameter of the Earth.
(12) Mercury, Venus, Saturn, Jupiter and Mars these five planets can be seen with naked
eyes.
(13) Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system.
(14) Sun contains 71 percent hydrogen, 26.5 percent helium and 2.5 percent other
elements.
(15) In the solar system, the Sun and celestial bodies are tied to each other in the force
of gravity.
(16) Sun is the largest body of our solar system.
(17) The objects in the solar system are divided into three categories - traditional planets,
dwarf planets and miniature cosmic bodies.
(18) Traditional planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune.
(19) Among the dwarf planets are Pluto, Eris, Ceres, Makemake, Homia.
(20) Small solar atmospheric bodies include comets, satellites and other small celestial
bodies.
(21) There are very small billions of objects in the solar system, which are called comet
or tail stars.
(22) Moon revolves around 6 planets and 3 dwarf planets.
(23) According to a 2019 research, according to American astronomers, Saturn has
surpassed Jupiter in terms of the highest moon.
(24) Researchers have discovered 20 new moons revolving around Saturn and thus their
number has increased to 82. While 79 moons revolve around Jupiter.

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Polity
After the Battle of Plassey of 1757 AD and the Battle of Buxar in 1764 AD, the British
East India Company took control of Bengal over the British. In order to keep this rule
favorable, the British passed several Acts from time to time, which became the staircase for
the development of the Indian Constitution. They are:

1- Regulating Act of 1773 AD: Under this Act, a government was established in the
Calcutta Presidency, consisting of the Governor General and four members of his
council, who used their power jointly. Its main points are as follows -
¼i½ Parliamentary control was established over the governance of the company.
¼ii½ The Governor of Bengal was appointed as the General of the three
Presidencies.
¼iii½ A Supreme Court was established in Calcutta.

2- Pitt's India Act of 1784: The dual administration started by this act-
¼i½ Court of Directors - for business matters
¼ii½ Board of Controllers - for political affairs.

3- Charter Act of 1793 AD: It provided for the payment of salaries etc. of the members
of the Board of Control from the Indian revenue.

4- Charter Act of 1813 AD: By -

¼i½ The Charter of the company was extended for 20 years.
¼ii½ The company's monopoly on trade with India was taken away. But it had
a monopoly for 20 years regarding trade with China and the trade of tea
with eastern countries.
¼iii½ Trade with India was opened to all British citizens subject to certain
limitations.

5- Charter Act of 1833 AD: By -

¼i½ The trading rights of the company were completely abolished.
¼ii½ Now the task of the company has been to rule India only on behalf of the
British government.
¼iii½ The Governor of Bengal came to be known as the Governor General of India.
¼iv½ Indian laws were classified and arrangements were made for the appointment
of Law Commission for this work.

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6- Charter Act of 1853 AD: By this Act, the principle of nomination in services was
abolished and arrangements were made to fill important posts of the company on
the basis of competitive examinations.

7- Charter Act of 1858 AD:

¼i½ The rule of India was handed over from the company to the British
Crown.
¼ii½ Ministerial position was arranged in India.
¼iii½ 15-member India Council was created.
¼iv½ The British Parliament established direct control over Indian affairs.

8- Government of India Act of 1861 AD:

¼i½ The Executive Council of the Governor General was expanded,
¼ii½ Departmental system started,
¼iii½ The Governor General was empowered to issue ordinances for the first
time.
¼iv½ Governor Jarnal was empowered to establish the Legislative Council in
Bengal, North-West Frontier Province and Punjab.

9- Government of India Act of 1892 AD:

¼i½ Indirect election system was introduced,
¼ii½ It gave power to debate revenue and expenditure or budget and to ask
questions to the executive.

10- Government of India Act of 1909 AD Morle-Minto Reforms -

¼i½ 'Separate electorate' was provided for the Muslim community for the first
time.
¼ii½ Indians were appointed to the Executive Councils of India Secretary and
Governor General.
¼iii½ The Central and Provincial Legislative Councils were empowered to debate
the budget for the first time, to propose proposals on subjects of public
interest, to ask supplementary questions and to vote.
¼iv½ The number of provincial legislative councils was increased.

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11- Government of India Act of 1919, Montagu Chelmsford Reforms, -

¼i½ A bicameral legislature was established at the center - first the Council
of States and the second Central Legislative Assembly. The number of
members of the Council of State was 60, of which 34 were elected and
had a term of 5 years. The number of members of the Central Legislative
Assembly was 145, of which 104 were elected and 41 nominated. His
tenure was 3 years. The rights of the two houses were the same. The only
difference was that the lower house had the authority to approve the budget.
¼ii½ The system of diarchy was introduced in the provinces. According to this
plan, the provincial subjects were divided into two subclasses - reserved
and transferred. Reserved subjects were - Finance, Landlord, Famine
Assistance, Justice, Police, Pension, Criminal Castes, Raids, Newspapers,
Irrigation, Waterways, Mines, Factories, Electricity, Gas, Violence, Labor
Welfare, Industrial Disputes, Motor Vehicles, Small Ports and Public
services etc.
Transferred Subject -
¼i½ Education, library, museum, local autonomous government, medical aid.
¼ii½ Public Works Department, Excise, Industry, Weights and Measures, Control
of Public Entertainment, Religious and Agrahar Donations etc.
¼iii½ The reserve subject was administered by the Governor through its Executive
Council, while the transferred subject was administered by the Indian
Ministers responsible to the Provincial Legislature.
¼iv½ The system of diarchy was abolished by the Act of 1935.
¼v½ The Secretary of India was empowered to appoint the Auditor General
of India.
¼vi½ This Act provided for the formation of a Public Service Commission in
India.

12- Government of India Act of 1935: The Act of 1935 AD had 451 sections and 15
appendices. The salient features of this Act are as follows:
¼i½ All India Union: This federation was to be made up of 11 British provinces,
6 Chief Commissioner's territories and those native states that voluntarily
joined the Union. It was compulsory for the provinces to join the Union,
but it was voluntary for the princely states. The princely states did not join
the union and related to the establishment of the proposed union. There
was no opportunity to issue a declaration.
¼ii½ Provincial Autonomy: By this act, they were given an independent and
self-governing constitutional basis by ending the diarchy in the provinces.
¼iii½ Establishment of diarchy at the Center: Some federal subjects such as security,
foreign relations, religious matters, were kept in the hands of the Governor
General. Cabinet was arranged to assist and advise the Governor-General for
other federal subjects, which was responsible to the Cabinet Administrator.

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¼iv½ System of Federal Court: Its jurisdiction extended to the provinces and
princely states. A Chief Justice and two other judges were arranged
in this court. The ultimate power of the court was the Privy Council,
Khalandan.
¼v½ Supremacy of the British Parliament: The British Parliament had the
right to make any change in this Act. Provincial legislatures and federal
administrators: could not change it in any way.
¼vi½ End of Council of India: The Council of India was abolished by this Act.
¼vii½ Expansion of Communal Election System: The communal electoral system
was continued to represent the various sects in the federal and provincial
administrations and was also extended to the Anglo-Indian Christians,
Europeans and Harijans.
¼viii½ The Act lacked preamble.
¼vi½ By this, Burma was separated from India, Aden was subjugated to the
colonial office of England and Berar was incorporated into the Central
Province.

13- Indian Independence Act of 1947 AD: The Indian Independence Act was
proposed in the British Parliament on 4 July 1947, which was approved on 18
July 1947 AD. There were 20 sections in the act. The major provisions of the
Act are as follows -
¼i½ Establishment of two dominions: On August 15, 1947, two dominions,
namely India and Pakistan, will be made, and the British government will
hand over power to them. The responsibility of power will be entrusted to
the Constituent Assembly of both the empires.
¼ii½ There will be one Governor-General in each of the India and Pakistan
Governments, to be appointed with the advice of his Cabinet.
¼iii½ Functioning of the Constituent Assembly as a Legislature- By the time
the Constituent Assembly makes a new constitution, it will continue to
function as a Legislature.
¼iv½ The posts of Minister of India will be abolished.
¼v½ Governance by the Indian Government Act of 1935, unless the new
constitution is prepared by the Constituent Assembly, till that time it will
be ruled only by the Indian Government Act of 1935.
¼vi½ Britain's supremacy over native princely states was abolished. They were
given the freedom to join India or Pakistan in any dominion and decide
their future relations.

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Some useful important facts for Exam:

(1) In 1935 the Congress first demanded the Constituent Assembly to draft the Indian
Constitution.
(2) The British Government accepted this demand for the first time in the 1940 August
proposal.
(3) The Indian Constituent Assembly created or adopted the Indian Constitution.
(4) The Constituent Assembly was formed in November 1946 under the Cabinet
Mission Scheme of 1946.
(5) Its members were elected in proportion to one member out of every 10 lakh
population by the provincial assemblies.
(6) There were a total of 389 members in the Constituent Assembly, of which 296
members were elected by the provincial assemblies and the remaining members
were nominated by the princely states.
(7) The 'Mountbatten Plan' of June 3, 1947 announced the partition of the country and
a separate Constituent Assembly for the proposed Pakistan.
(8) As a result, the members of the Constituent Assembly representing these areas to
be included in East Bengal, North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, Sindh,
Baluchistan and Assam's Sylhet District-Pakistan are no longer members of the
Indian Constituent Assembly.
(9) North-West Frontier Province and Sylhet decided to stay with Pakistan through a
referendum.
(10) The number of members of the Constituent Assembly of India was reduced to 299
after partition for the above reasons.
(11) Its first meeting was held on 9 December 1946, with 'Interim President
Sachchidananda Sinha'.
(12) The Muslim League boycotted the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly.
(13) On 11 December 1946, ‘Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected the President of the
Constituent Assembly.
(14) ‘Shri B.C. N. Rao 'was appointed the' Legal Advisor ' of the Constituent
Assembly.
(15) On August 29, 1947, the Drafting Committee was formed, headed by Dr. Bhimrao
Ambedkar.
(16) The members of the drafting committee were- N. Gopalaswamy Iyengar, Alladi
Krishnaswamy, Iyer, K.K. M. Munshi, Mohammad Sadulla, B.C. L. Mittar (later
succeeded by N. Madhav Rao) and DP Khaitan (TT Krishnamachari succeeded
him after his death in 1948).
(17) Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar is famous for being called the 'Father of the Indian
Constitution'.

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(18) On 13 December 1946, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru passed the historic 'Objective
Resolution' in the Constituent Assembly.
(19) Constituent Assembly constituted 13 important committees for framing the
Constitution.
(20) On 21 February 1948, the draft of the Constitution of India prepared by the Drafting
Committee was submitted to the President of the Constituent Assembly.
(21) Between November 15, 1948 and October 17, 1949, each provision of the draft
constitution was discussed.
(22) On 26 November 1947, the people of India adopted, enacted and surrendered the
Indian Constitution through the Constituent Assembly.
(23) Finally, on 24 January 1950, which was the last day of the Constituent Assembly,
its members signed their constitution.
(24) The constitution was fully implemented from 26 January 1950.
(25) In this period (August 15, 1947 - November 6, 1949) the Constituent Assembly
functioned as a 'Provisional Parliament'.
(26) The members of the Constituent Assembly approved the constitution and 284
members signed it.
(27) Originally, it consisted of 22 parts, 395 articles and 8 schedules.
(28) The Constituent Assembly took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to formulate the
Constitution.
(29) The fiscal expenditure of the constitution was Rs 6.4 crores.
(30) On 22 July 1947, the Constituent Assembly accepted the draft of the national flag.
(31) On 24 January 1950, the Constituent Assembly adopted the national anthem.
(32) On 26 November 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India was converted into the
First Parliament, (Provisional Parliament).

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Science
General Science: Units, Measurement, Force and Speed
Units and Measurement
Principal amount and their units
Principal Amount Basic Unit Principal Amount Basic Unit
Length Meter (M) Electric current Ampere (A)
Mass Kilogram (kg) Light Intensity Candela (cd)
Time Second (s) Quantity of Mole (mol)
Substance
Thermal Calvin (K)

Derivative unit of certain physical quantities

Physical quantity Formula Unit

Area length × width meter2 or square meter
Volume length × width × height meter3 or cubic meter
Velocity displacement / time meter / second
Acceleration velocity change/time meter / second
= meter / sec ond 2
sec ond
Density mass / volume ki log ram
= kg / m3
meter 3
Force mass × acceleration m
kg × = kg − m / s 2 or newton
s2
Work force × distance kg − m 2
= kg − m 2 / s2 or jule
s2

Various systems of measurement

The following four systems are popular for the measurement of physical quantities:

¼i½ Meter-kilogram-second system (MKS system) In this system, the unit of length
is meter, unit of mass is kilogram and unit of time is second. This system is used
in engineering and industrial sector.
¼ii½ Centimeter-gram-second system (CGS system) In this system the unit of length
is centimeter, unit of mass is gram and unit of time is second. It is also called the
metric system or the French system.

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¼iii½ Foot-pound-second system (FPS system) In this system, the unit of length is the
foot, the unit of mass is the pound and the unit of time is second. This system is
used more in England, hence it is also called British system. In the above three
systems, length, mass and time are taken as the fundamental quantities.
¼iv½ App system of basic units (SI system) This method is a modified and enhanced
form of Dagna method, hence it is also called Rational Dagai system. Currently
this system is used. Seven basic units (known on the previous page) and two test
units are included in this method, which are given in the following table:

Complementary unit
Complementary Complementary Complementary
amounts units unit symbols
Angle Radian Radian¼rad½
Solid Angle Steradian Steradian ¼sr½

Force

In physics, force is a vector quantity that can change the velocity of a body. According
to Newton's Second Law of Motion, the force is proportional to the rate of momentum
change.
The force can also cause deformation or rotation of the stereoscopic body, or pressure
changes. When the angular velocity changes with force, it is called force moment.
People have been studying force since ancient times. Archimedes and Aristotle had certain
beliefs that Newton proved wrong in the seventeenth century. In the twentieth century
Albert Einstein gave the modern concept of force by his theory of relativity.
Four basic forces are known in nature: gravitational force, electromagnetic force, strong
nuclear force, and weak nuclear force.

The mathematical definition of force is:

Where there is force, momentum and time. A simpler definition is:

Where is mass and is accelaration

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Newton's laws of motion

Newton's three laws of motion tell the relationship between the force exerted on an object
and the motion of that object.

First law

1- The first law states that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion
will stay in motion unless acted on by a net external force. According to Newton,
every object has a natural tendency to resist a change of position. This tendency is
called inertia and hence the first law is sometimes called the 'inertia law'. Newton
put this rule first because this rule defines directive mechanisms in which other
rules are valid. These reference systems are called inertial systems.

Second law

2- The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force

applied on it and this change in momentum takes place in the direction of the applied
force. The second law can be expressed in a mathematical equation:

According to this equation, when there is no external force on a body, the momentum
of the body remains constant.
When the mass of the body is constant, the equation can be written in a simpler form:

That is, the acceleration of a body is proportional to the force applied.

Impulse
The impulse relates to the Second Rule. Impulse means a change in momentum.
That is

Where p is momentum. Impulse is very important in the analysis of collisions.

Third law

3- Every action has its equal and opposite reaction. Newton used this rule to describe
the law of momentum conservation, but actually momentum conservation is a
more fundamental principle. There are several examples in which momentum is
preserved but the third rule is not valid.

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Lever

In physics, mechanics and mechanical Class 1 — A seesaw, a crowbar or a

technology the lever or lever is called a simple pair of scissors
device. In French 'levere' means to raise. Class 2 — A wheelbarrow, a nutcracker,
Levers exist in many forms. In its simplest a bottle opener or the brake pedal of a
form it can be a long rod with a support car, the load arm is smaller than the
(fulcrum) placed near one end to lift a heavy effort arm
object. Lever works on the principle of theory
of moments. In ordinary life, the lever is very Class 3 — A pair of tweezers, a hammer,
important and can be seen everywhere. See- or the jaw
Saw is a lever.

Some exam useful facts

1- Rate of change of position of a moving object (distance traveled in 1 second),

what is called that object → speed
2- What is the rate of displacement of a moving object, ie the displacement of the
object in 1 second → velocity
3- What is called the study of objects in a state of rest → Statics

4- What the actual dynamics call → kinematics

5- What are the physical quantities that have direction along with the magnitude,
called → vector quantities
7- What are the examples of scalar quantities → mass, speed, volume, work, time,
energy, current, heat, pressure, distance.
8- What are examples of vector quantities → velocity, displacement, force,
impulse, momentum, acceleration, force-moment
9- Which Italian scientist discovered the principle of inertia → Galileo

10- The line joining the moving particle from the center of the circle on a circular
path rotates at an angle of one second, what is that particle's → angular
velocity
11- From which is the angular velocity expressed → ω (omega)

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12- Linear speed is equal to the product of→ Angular speed × radius

13- In which book did Newton introduce the laws of motion → Principia

14- In which year did Newton formulate the laws of motion → in 1687 AD

15- What other name is the first law of motion → Galileo's law or law of Inertia

16- Force is the product → mass and acceleration

17- What is the value of the gravitational acceleration on Earth Surface → 9.8 meters
/ second
18- If an object is in resting state, its velocity will be → nil

19- There are three parts to all levers: →Fulcrum, Effort and Load

20- The fixed point around which the lever rod can freely rotate is called → Fulcrum

21- A force which is applied at one point on the lever in order to move an object is
called → effort force
22- What is the weight that is lifted or lifted by the lever called → Load

23- At average gravity on Earth, a kilogram mass exerts a force of about → 9.8
newtons.
24- Which rules is helpful to lift up a rockets → Newton's Third Law

25- When a person lands on the moon, what changes in his weight → There seems
to be a decrease in weight
26- When a static motor or train suddenly starts, the passengers sitting in it lean
backwards, it happens due to → Inertia

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Economy
Economic activities performed by economic goods and economic services are studied under
economics or economy. Kautilya, the minister of Chandragupta Maurya, showed both
political and economic ideas in his book called Arthashastra. Aristotle named Economics as
House Management in his book Economica.

Adam Smith is said to be the real father of economics. Because he compiled all the ideas
spread in the context of economics and published his book An Inquiry into the nature and
causes of wealth of nations in scientific form in 1776.

Economy

Economy refers to the statutory and institutional framework in which economic actions
(production, exchange, and distribution) are handled.

1. Capitalist Economy - In this economy, what is to be produced, how much to produce

and at what price to sell it all determines the market, the government has no economic
role in it.

Note- Adam Smith's book The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776 AD, is considered
to be the source of capitalist economy.

2. Socialist economy - This economy originated against the popularity of the capitalist
economy, in which production, supply and price are all decided by the government. Such
economies are called concentrated planned economies which are non-market economy.

There are two different styles of state economy. The economy of Soviet Union is called
socialist economy whereas before 1985 AD, Chinese economy was called communist
economy. Socialist economy consisted of collective control over the means of
production and running the economy. The government had a big role, in the communist
economy, all assets were controlled by the government and resources were also under
the government.

Note- The first state economy theory was given by the German philosopher Karl Marx
(1818–1883), which first appeared in the Soviet Union after the Bolshevik Revolution
of 1917 AD and its ideal form appeared in China (1949).

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3. Mixed economy - There are some characteristics of the state economy and some of
the characteristics of the capitalist economy, it is a mixed form of both. After the
end of World War II, many countries of the world which came out of the clutches of
colonialism adopted mixed economy. These include countries like (India, Malaysia,
and Indonesia)

Note- Keynes suggested that the capitalist economy should move more towards the
socialist economy whereas Professor Lones had said that the socialist economy should
take some steps towards the capitalist economy.

Mixed economy has the characteristics of both capital and socialist economies, that is,
there is presence of public sector as well as private sector. It was adopted in India in
1948 Industrial Policy. By 1956 there were close to socialism in a mixed economy. But
in 1991, capitalism came closer.

Open economy
An economy that does not have any kind
Closed economy of restriction on imports and exports, as
An economy in which the rate of import well as domestic economy, which is free
and export is zero and the government from government control, is called open
controls the domestic economy is called economy.
a closed economy. Prior to 1991, there was a closed economy
in India. After this, the open economy came
into existence.

Type of economy (based on study)

1. Micro economics
In microeconomics, we demand a personal householder. For example, a consumer,
a firm, studies the economic activities of an industry and the value of a particular
commodity.

2. Macroeconomics
In macroeconomics, economic activities are studied at the level of the entire
economy such as national income, full employment, normal price level, collective
demand etc.

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Public finance
Public finance is studied as a branch of economics. It is also the common boundary of
economics and administration and political science. Public finance is the study of the financial
activities of government and public officials. It explains and describes the expenditure of
the government as well as the techniques adopted by the government to raise funds for its
financing.
Public finance analysis also explains to us why we get some special service from the
government. And why does the government only trust a particular type of tax. Public finance
has both positive and qualitative dimensions.
In India, when the total income (revenue account + capital account income) of the government
is less than its total expenditure, for this reduction, the government withdraws money from its
cash funds deposited in the Reserve Bank or loans from the Reserve Bank and commercial
banks. When it receives or prints new notes, it is called Deficit finance.
All these measures increase the amount of currency in circulation. All the financial resources
of the central government are called Public Finance. This includes all public income and all
expenditure.

Public income
Public income has two parts:
1. Revenue income
2. Capital income
Revenue income - Tax revenue income and non-tax revenue income are included.
Capital income - includes debt-derived income and non-debt capital income.
Plan expenditure and non-plan expenditure are included under public expenditure. Plan
expenditure is developmental in nature and can be helpful in increasing public income in the
coming years. Non-plan expenditure is non-developmental type like defense expenditure,
interest, subsidy, administrative expenditure etc.
Fiscal policy is concerned with improving the growth performance of the economy and
providing social justice to the people. This government's public expenditure is related to public
income public debt and its management. Through fiscal policy, the government achieves the
objectives of employment in the economy, national production, internal and external economic
stability etc.
It affects the growth of the economy in two ways, first is to collect resources for development
and second to improve efficiency by allocation of resources. A legal system has been put in
place in India for Fiscal Responsibility Budget Management.
Fiscal responsibility refers to balancing the fiscal deficit. Deficits are assess in the following
ways.

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1. Fiscal deficit 2. Revenue deficit

## Fiscal deficit is derived when borrowing If the total revenue expenditure is more than
and other liabilities are added to the the total revenue receipts, it is called revenue
budgetary deficit. deficit.
## The fiscal deficit expresses the true Revenue deficit = revenue receipts -
picture of the economy more clearly revenue expenditure
than the budget deficit.
= (Tax Revenue + Non Tax Revenue)
## Public debt is also considered an
- (Non-Plan expenditure on Revenue
income in the budgetary deficit while
debt is not considered in the fiscal Account + Plan expenditure on Revenue
deficit. Account)

3. Budgetary deficit 4. Primary deficit

If the total expenditure is more than the total A primary deficit is obtained when interest
receipts in the government budget, it is called liabilities are subtracted from the fiscal
budgetary deficit. deficit.
Budgetary deficit = Total receipts - Total Primary Deficit = Fiscal Deficit - Interest
expenditure Repayments

5. Monetized deficit
An increase in the net worth of the Reserve Bank of India for the central government is called
a Monetized deficit.
Monetized deficit = net increase of RBI's outstanding treasury bills + RBI's contribution
to the government's market borrowings.

Fiscal Responsibility Management Act 2003

Fiscal Responsibility Management Bill is a very important step towards fiscal consolidation
and public expenditure management.
The government constituted a committee in January 2000 to formulate fiscal responsibility
legislation under the chairmanship of Dr EAS Sarma to examine the various aspects of the
fiscal system.
The Ahluwalia Committee's report on fiscal transparency was the basis of this bill in 2001.
The FRBM bill passed on 26 August 2003 after some amendments to the Parliament in
December 2000 and was notified on 5 July 2004 with the FRBM rule.

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Areas of Economy
All the activities of human beings that are helpful in income generation have been termed as
economic activity. Economic activity is related to the consumption, production and distribution
of goods and services by a country's commercial sector, domestic sector and the use of scarce
resources by the government. Economic activities are called (sector) of the economy divided
into three categories.
1. Primary Sector - The area of the economy is directly dependent on the environment.
These activities are related to natural resources like ground water vegetation and
minerals. Agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, mining and related activities are
included under it, in this case the nature of labor is indicated through a red collar job.
2. Secondary sector- The area of ​​economy which uses the products of primary sector as
raw material in its activities is called second sector such as iron, steel industry, textile
industry, vehicles, electronics, etc. In fact, manufacturing work is done in this area. For
this reason, it is called industrial sector. The skilled workers engaged in it are placed
under (white collar job) whereas in the production process the workers are directly
placed under (blue collar job).
3. Tertiary Sector - Various types of services are produced in this area such as insurance,
banking, medicine, education, tourism etc. This area is also known as service sector.
The most appropriate criterion for economic growth of a country is the per capita real income.

Parliamentary control with reference to public expenditure

1. Public accounting committee
This committee was formed under the Government of India Act 1919 for the first time in 1921.
At present, this committee has a total of 22 members (15 Lok Sabha and 7 Rajya Sabha). The
Chairman of this committee is the Leader of the Opposition. This tradition has been going
on since 1967. , It examines the accounts of the departments and ministries of the Central
Government and makes them responsible to the Parliament.
Under the functions of the Public Accounts Committee, the examination of the annual reports
of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is main, which is presented by the President
in Parliament. Three reports are submitted annually to the President by the Comptroller and
Auditor General (CAG) –
1. Auditor's Report on Appropriation Accounts.
2. Auditor's Report on Finance Accounts.
3. Auditor's Report on Public Enterprises.
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) also participates and assists in committee
meetings. This committee is also called the twin sister of the estimates committee.
This committee also has some limitations. As such - it does not investigate the policy related
topic and prepares tax report once it is done, yet it has exposed many scams like - Jeep,
Bofors, Coal etc. scams.

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2. Estimate committee
This committee was formed in 1950 based on the recommendations of John Mathai (Finance
Minister). It originally had 25 members but in 1956, their membership was increased to 30. It
is also the largest committee. All the members of this committee are elected from the members
of the Lok Sabha by a single transferable method of proportional representation every year
by the Lok Sabha.
The chairman of this committee is appointed by the Lok Sabha from among the elected
members, but if the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha is a member of this committee, he
/ she is automatically appointed as the chairman of the committee. It is a committee to be
constituted every year, it has the following functions –
1. Examining annual grants
2. To discuss additional grants
3. Formulation of an alternative policy to reduce expenditure and improve administration
4. Keeping recommendation of seeking Demands for Grants in Parliament

3. Public undertaking committee

This committee was formed on the basis of the recommendations of the Krishna Menon
Committee in 1964. Initially it consisted of 15 members (10 Lok Sabha + 5 Rajya Sabha) but
in 1974 their member strength was increased to 22 (15 Lok Sabha + 7 Rajya Sabha).
The term of this committee is 1 year. The chairman of this committee is elected only from
the Lok Sabha and its members are elected by a single transferable method. Every year 1/5
members of this committee retire and new members are elected in their place. The task of this
committee is to examine the accounts of government undertakings.

Components of Indian Economy

Central Bank
Central banks are the apex body of a country's monetary and financial system. The central bank
has an important role in the organization of commercial banks and other financial institutions
in the country, in running, supervising and controlling them.
Its special responsibilities are to design and conduct monetary and credit policies. Hence the
central bank plays an important role in the balanced development of the modern economy.
All developed countries and most developing countries have a central bank.
But in most countries the central bank is a twentieth-century financial institution. Although
the world's first central bank was established in 1668 in Sweden. But the "Bank of England",
established in 1694 AD, is the "mother of central banks".
★ Because the practices and traditions it adopted were later adopted by other central banks
as well. ★

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The Bank of England had the right to issue notes from the beginning, but it started functioning as
a central bank from 1844 and since then its history is a replica of the history of central banking.
The Bank of Russia (Tnepp) was established in 1860 and the Risch Bank in Germany in 1875.
The Bank of Japan was established in 1882. The Federal Reserve System Bank was established
in the United States in 1913. The central bank "Reserve Bank of India" was established in
India on 1 April 1935 under the Reserve Bank of India Act 1934.
The central bank has a central place in each country's monetary and banking system.

The main reasons for the progress of central banks in the years following
1940 are:
(A) Achieving political independence for various countries of Asia and Africa.
(B) To arrange managed mudraman after the fall of Swarnaman.
(C) With the expansion of banks, to arrange for their direction and regulation.
(D) Dealing with international monetary institutions.

Definition of Central Bank

Different economists of the central bank have given different definitions -
## "In W.A. Shah's opinion" the central bank is the bank that controls credit.
## The Acts of Bank for International Settlements defines central banks as "the bank of a
country tasked with regulating the amount of currency and credit in the country."
## On the basis of these definitions, we can conclude that the central bank is the highest
financial institution of a country whose main function is to regulate, coordinate and
organize and guide the monetary and banking structure so that the national and public
To achieve certain expected goals of welfare.

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State Special
Uttar Pradesh
Brief introduction
Uttar Pradesh is a state in northern India.
With roughly 200 million inhabitants, it is
the most-populous state in India as well as
the most-populous country subdivision in
the world. It was created on 1 April 1937
as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
during British rule, and was renamed Uttar
Pradesh in 1950, giving it the acronym UP.
The state is divided into 18 divisions and 75
districts, with the capital being Lucknow. On
9 November 2000, a new state, Uttarakhand,
was carved from the state's Himalayan hill
region. The two major rivers of the state, the
Ganges and Yamuna, join at Triveni Sangam
in Allahabad and flow further east as Ganges. Other prominent rivers are Gomti and
Saryu. The forest cover in the state is 6.09% of the state's geographical area. Hindi
is the most widely spoken language in the state, and is also the official language of
the state.
Uttar Pradesh is divided into 75 districts under these 18 divisions:

Uttar Pradesh Divisions

1- Aligarh 7- Chitrakoot 13- Mirzapur

2- Agra 8- Jhansi 14- Moradabad
3- Azamgarh 9- Devipatan 15- Meerut
4- Prayagraj 10- Ayodhya 16- Lucknow
5- Kanpur 11- Basti 17- Varanasi
6- Gorakhpur 12- Bareilly 18- Saharanpur

State Animal: State Bird: State Tree:

Swamp deer Sarus crane Ashoka

State Flower: State Dance: State Sport:

Palash Kathak Field hockey

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Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly

The Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral legislature. It has a
total of 403 members excluding one Anglo-Indian member who is nominated by the governor.
Till 1967, it had a strength of 431 members, including one nominated Anglo-Indian member.
According to the recommendation of the Delimitation Commission, which is appointed after
every Census, it was revised to 426. After reorganisation of the state on 9 November 2000,
the strength of the Legislative Assembly has become 404 including one nominated member
to represent the Anglo-Indian community. The term of the Vidhan Sabha is five years unless
dissolved earlier. The first Legislative Assembly was formed on 8 March 1952. Since then it
has been formed seventeen times. The current Seventeenth Legislative Assembly was formed
on 14 March 2017.

Honorable Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath Assembly Lucknow

Honorable Shri Yogi Aditya Nath is the Chief Minister and Leader of the State, House from
19 March 2017. Honorable Shri Hridaynarayan Dixit is the Speaker, Legislative Assembly
from 30 March 2017. Since 27 March 2017, Honorable Shri Ram Govind Chaudhary is
Leader of Opposition.

All major dams in Uttar Pradesh

Jirgo Reservoir Dam & Located on the Jirgo River in Mirzapur.
Mata Tila Dam & Located on the Betwa River in Jhansi.
Rihand Dam & Pipri is situated on the Rihand River in Sonbhadra.
Ramganga Kathi Dam & Located on the Ramganga River in Bijnor.
Sukma Dukma & Located on the Betwa River in Baadhan - Jhansi.
Pariksha Dam & Located on the Betwa River in Jhansi.
Rajghat Dam & Located on the Betwa River in Lalitpur.
Govind Sagar Dam & Located on the Sahajad River in Lalitpur.

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Chandraprabha Dam & Located on the Chandraprabha River in Chandauli.

Mohuda Dam & Located on the Virma River in Hamirpur.
Musa Kahand Dam & Located on the Karmnasha River in Chandauli.
Pathrai Dam & Located on the Pathri River in Jhansi.
Kanrahar Dam & Dudhi is located on the Kanhar River in Sonbhadra.
Meja Reservoir Dam & Located on the Belan River in Mirzapur.
Ahraura Dam & Located on the Garai River in Mirzapur.

Some major cities along the rivers in Uttar Pradesh

Major cities on the banks of river Yamuna
## Mathura, Vrindavan, Agra, Etawah, Kalpi, Kosambi, Hamirpur.
Major cities on the banks of river Ganges
## Kanpur, Varanasi, Gudmukteshwar, Kannauj, Allahabad, Ghazipur.
Major cities on the banks of Saryu river
## Ayodhya
Major cities situated on the banks of river Gomti
## Lucknow, Jaunpur, Sultanpur, Shahjahanpur, Sitapur, Lakhimpur Kheri.
Major cities situated on the banks of Ramganga river
## Bijnor, Moradabad, Bareilly, Badaun.
Major cities situated on the banks of river Rapti
## Gorakhpur, Basti, Gonda.

Uttar Pradesh Population 2011

As per details from Census 2011, Uttar Pradesh has population of 19.98 Crores, an increase
from figure of 16.62 Crore in 2001 census. Total population of Uttar Pradesh as per 2011 census
is 199,812,341 of which male and female are 104,480,510 and 95,331,831 respectively. In
2001, total population was 166,197,921 in which males were 87,565,369 while females were
78,632,552. The total population growth in this decade was 20.23 percent while in previous
decade it was 25.80 percent. The population of Uttar Pradesh forms 16.50 percent of India in
2011. In 2001, the figure was 16.16 percent.

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## The most populous district of the state - Prayag > Moradabad > Ghaziabad >
Azamgarh
## The least populated districts of the state - Shravasti > Hamirpur > Chitrakoot >
Mahoba
## Population of the state - 829
## Sex Ratio - 912
## Total literacy rate of the state - 67.7%
## Place in the country according to literacy rate - 29th
## Male Literacy Rate - 77.3%
## Female Literacy Rate - 57.2%
## Ranking in the country according to decadal population growth rate - 14th
## The most populous districts of the state - Ghaziabad > Varanasi > Lucknow > Bhadohi
## Minimum Density Districts - Mahoba > Hamirpur > Sonbhadra > Lalitpur
## Total decadal population growth of the state - 20.02%
## The most decadal growing districts of the state - Gautam Budh Nagar > Ghaziabad >
Shravasti > Bahraich
## Districts with minimum deciduous growth of the state - Fatehpur > Baghpat >
Hamirpur > Kanpur Nagar
## Districts with highest sex ratio - Jaunpur > Azamgarh > Deoria > Pratapgarh
## Districts with minimum sex ratio - Hardoi > Gautam Buddha Nagar > Kanpur Nagar
## Districts with highest literacy - Ghaziabad > Gautam Budh Nagar > Kanpur Nagar
> Oraiya
## Districts with minimum literacy - Badaun > Balrampur > Bahraich > Shravasti

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Delhi
Brief Introduction
Delhi General Knowledge - Located on the banks
of river Yamuna, Delhi was inhabited by the Tomar
rulers. In Chanderbardai's work Prithviraj Raso,
Tomar ruler Anandpal has been described as the
founder of Delhi. Then it was named as Dhillika
or Dillika. Prithviraj Chauhan is considered the
last Hindu emperor of Delhi. The earliest mention
of Delhi is found in the Mahabharata period as
Indraprastha, the capital of the Pandavas. It is one
of the 7 union territories of India. New Delhi is the
capital of India located in this state. It is the only
Union Territory of India with a Chief Minister.
Delhi has its own political significance in the history of India. Iltutmish first made Delhi his
capital during the Sultanate period. Shah Jahan made it his capital during the Mughal period.
In 1911, the British formally declared it the capital. After this, Delhi was declared a union
territory on 1 November 1956. In December 1991, Delhi was declared as National Capital
Territory (NCR) under the 69th amendment of the Constitution.

Delhi General Knowledge

S.No. Question Answer
1- Capital of Delhi Delhi
2- The official language of Delhi Hindi
3- First Chief Minister of Delhi Mr. Chaudhary Brahm Prakash
4- The current Chief Minister of Delhi Mr. Arvind Kejriwal
5- First Lieutenant Governor of Delhi Mr. Adityanath Jha
6- The current Deputy Governor of Delhi Mr. Anil Baijal
7- State animal of Delhi Neel gaaye
8- Delhi's state bird Sparrow
9- Area of Delhi
​​ 1483 sq km
10- Major folk dances of Delhi Kumi, Kolattam, Kavadi etc.
11- Major rivers of Delhi Yamuna
12- Boundaries of Delhi Haryana, Uttar Pradesh
13- Major Agricultural Production of Delhi Wheat, gram, paddy, maize, millet,
jowar, tobacco etc.

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14- Major tourist places of Delhi Qutub Minar, Red Fort, India Gate,
Jantar Mantar, Akshardham, Rajghat etc.
15- Major Industries of Delhi Drugs, chemical materials, textiles,
television sets etc.
16- Number of districts in Delhi 11
17- Lok Sabha seats in Delhi 7
18- Rajya Sabha seats in Delhi 3

Particulars Description
Capital New Delhi
Area of Delhi 1484 sq km
Population of Delhi 1,10,34,555
First Lieutenant Governor Adityanath Jha
of Delhi

Delhi is divided into 11 districts in total:

Earlier there were only 9 districts in Delhi but later after the creation of two more districts
in South East Delhi and Shahdara, now the total number of districts in Delhi has increased
to 11. Physically, it is surrounded by Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

1- New Delhi - This is the capital of 7- North East Delhi

India.
8- Northwest Delhi - Largest district
2- Central Delhi in terms of population
3- East Delhi 9- South East Delhi
4- West Delhi 10- South West Delhi
5- North Delhi - Largest district of 11- Shahdara - the smallest district in
Delhi in area the area
6- South Delhi

State animal: State Bird:

Neelgai sparrow

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Delhi Legislative Assembly

The Legislative Assembly of Delhi is a unicameral legislative body of the National Capital
Territory of Delhi. There are a total of 70 MLAs in this Legislative Assembly. The Delhi Assembly
meets in the old secretariat building. The Delhi State Legislative Assembly was first constituted
on 17 March 1952 under the Part-C State Government Act, 1951. But it was abolished on 1
October 1956. Then in September 1966, the Legislative Assembly was replaced by a Metropolitan
Council consisting of 56 elected and 5 nominated members. However, the Council of Delhi
ruled that this Council had only one advisory role and the Council had no power to legislate.
In the year 1991, the 69th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1991 and subsequently the National
Capital Territory Act, 1991 formally gave the identity of the Union Territory of Delhi to the
National Capital Territory and laid down the constitutional provisions relating to the Legislative
Assembly and the Council of Ministers.
Elections were held on 8 February 2020 for Delhi's 70-member assembly. Delhi had 62.82%
votes in this election, which was 4.65% less than the previous assembly elections. The Aam
Aadmi Party also won the 2020 Delhi Assembly elections and won 62 out of 70 seats.
On 16 February 2020, Arvind Kejriwal was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Delhi for the
third time

Important member

S.No. From Till Post Name Party

1 2020 Present Chief Minister Arvind kejriwal AAP

2 2020 Present Speaker Ram Niwas Goyal AAP

4 2020 Present Leader House Arvind kejriwal AAP

Leader of Ramveer Singh

5 2020 Present BJP
opposition Bhadoria

Honorable Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal Assembly Delhi

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Lt. Governor

The Lieutenant Governor of Delhi is the constitutional head of the National Capital Territory
of Delhi.
The post was first established in 1966, when the Delhi Administration Act, 1966 came into
effect. The Delhi Metropolitan Council was thus ranked as the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi
with 56 elected and 5 nominated members. The council had no legislative power, only an
advisory role in the governance of Delhi, until 1990.
When the Delhi Assembly was reinstated, the Lieutenant Governor played his role. The
former Union Home Secretary since 31 December 2016 is the current Lieutenant Governor
Anil Baijal, whose official residence is the Raj Niwas in Delhi.

2011 Census (Delhi)

The total population of 16,787,941. Children's Population 0-6 2012454

Delhi in 2011 was years
Males Population 8,987,326 Boys 0-6 years 1075440
Female Population 7,800,615 Girls Population 0-6 years 937014
Population of India (%) 1.39% Literacy 86.21%
Sex ratio 868 Literacy Male (%) 90.94%
Sex Ratio of Children 871 Literacy Women (%) 80.76%
Density (per square km) 11320 Total Literate 12737767
Density (miles per square) 29298 Literate Male 7194856
Area (miles per square) 573 Literate Women 5542911

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Current Affairs

1. Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her Indian counterpart Narendra Modi
will hold virtual meeting in December.
2. Dr. Harsh Vardhan and Santosh Kumar Gangwar released booklet on ‘COVID-1
Safe Workplace Guidelines for Industry’.
3. Uttar Pradesh government will establish L2 level covid hospitals in each and every
district of state for better treatment of Covid patients.
4. Noted Filmmaker Shekhar Kapur has been named as the President of Film and
Television Institute of India, FTII Society and Chairman of Governing Council of
FTII.
5. The Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports, Kiren Rijiju launched the Sports
Authority of India’s (SAI) new logo at Delhi’s Major Dhyan Chand Stadium.
6. The combined Index of Eight Core Industries stood at 117.6 in August, 2020, which
declined by 8.5 (provisional) per cent as compared to the Index of August, 2019.
7. NTPC signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Ministry of Power,
Govt. of India, setting key targets for the year 2020-21.
8. Science and Technology Minister Harsh Vardhan has launched CSIR technologies
for rural development.
9. Non-food bank credit growth decelerated to 6 per cent in August as against 9.8 per
cent in the same month last year, RBI data showed.
10. Keshubhai Patel has been re-appointed as Chairman of Shri Somnath Trust for one
more year.
11. US private equity firm Silver Lake Partners will invest an additional Rs 1,875 crore
in the retail arm of Reliance Industries.
12. Hindu Munnani founder Rama Gopalan, who had tested positive for COVID-19,
died in Chennai. He was 94.
13. ISRO is scheduled to launch its Venus mission in 2025 and France will participate
in it, French space agency CNES said.
14. Shareholders of Dhanlaxmi Bank ousted Managing Director and Chief Executive
Officer Sunil Gurbaxani, little over seven months after he assumed charge of the
lender.
15. The indigenously developed Laser Guided Anti Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) was
successfully test fired defeating a target located at longer range.

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16. Major General Sonali Ghosal assumed the charge of Additional Director General
Military Nursing Service.
17. Air Marshal Vikram Singh took over as Senior Air Staff Officer, Headquarters
Western Air Command.
18. Air Marshal RJ Duckworth took over as Air Officer in charge Personnel at Air
Headquarters Vayu Bhawan, Indian Air Force.
19. The Sabarmati Central Jail in Ahmedabad launched ‘Radio Prison’ on the occasion
of the 151st Birth Anniversary of the Father of the Nation.
20. Prime Minister Narendra Modi dedicated to the nation the world's longest high
altitude tunnel, the Atal Tunnel, at Rohtang.
21. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated Vaishvik Bhartiya Vaigyanik, VAIBHAV
Summit through video conferencing.
22. Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Union Minister for Health & Family Welfare launched Decade
of Healthy Ageing (2020-2030.
23. REC Ltd signed MOU with Power Ministry detailing targets for FY20-21.
24. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Summit RAISE 2020 - ‘Responsible
AI for Social Empowerment 2020.
25. Piyush Goyal, Minister of Railways and Commerce & Industry, Government of India
inaugurated Phoolbagan Metro station of East-West Metro.
26. Scientists at S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences find new “BreathPrint”
for detecting ulcer-causing gastric pathogen.
27. Minister for Development of North Eastern Region, DoNER, Dr Jitendra Singh
released a Coffee Table Book on Discovering the Heritage of Assam.
28. Indian Olympic quota winner Yashaswini Singh Deswal won the 10m air pistol
event in the 5th edition of the International Online Shooting Championship (IOSC).
29. Software industry major Dassault Systemes has established a research centre in
collaboration with Shiv Nadar University in Uttar Pradesh's Greater Noida.
30. Bollywood Actress Mishti Mukherjee, who worked in films and music videos, died.
31. Senior Congress leader and former Legislative Council member (MLC) Naseeb
Pathan died. He was 68.
32. Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo (SMART) has been successfully
flight tested from Wheeler Island off the coast of Odisha.

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33. Railway Minister Piyush Goyal through a video link inaugurated the renaming of
Naugarh railway station to Siddharthnagar railway station.
34. The 12th BRICS Summit will be held on 17th November 2020 via video conference.
35. Veteran actor Vishal Anand, best known for featuring in the 1976 hit film "Chalte
Chalte", passed away. He was 82.
36. Justice Anantkumar Surendraray Dave, a former judge and Acting Chief Justice of
the Gujarat High Court has passed away.
37. IT company IBM will set up a centre of excellence for artificial intelligence (AI) in
India in partnership with Government e-Marketplace.
38. Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) skipper Virat Kohli became the first Indian
player to score 9,000 runs in T20 cricket.
39. Senior IPS officer M A Ganapathy has been appointed as the Director General of
Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS).
40. The government appointed SBI’s senior-most Managing Director Dinesh Kumar
Khara as the chairman of the the country’s largest lender.
41. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman launched ‘MSME Prerana’, an online business
mentoring programme for MSMEs by state-run Indian Bank.
42. India's largest telecom operator Reliance Jio has partnered USP Studios, a content
creator for kids, to strengthen the platform's offering for children.
43. Vistara and Axis Bank launched a co-branded forex card that can load up to 16
currencies.
44. Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched a Campaign by way of a Tweet on Jan
Andolan for COVID-19 Appropriate Behaviour.
45. Minister of Textiles Smriti Irani launched the first ever Brand and Logo for Indian
Cotton on Second World Cotton Day through video conferencing.
46. The Government gave nod to major reforms in the marketing of Natural Gas in the
country.
47. The Cabinet has given its approval for the revised estimate cost for East West Corridor
of the Kolkata Metro Rail Project.
48. The legendary guitarist Eddie Van Halen has died aged 65.
49. All India Institute of Ayurveda signed MoU with Amity University for Ayurveda
Research.

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50. Gujarat Chief Minister Vijay Rupani e-dedicated online e-Sanjeevani OPDs scheme
across Gujarat through video conferencing.
51. In Himachal Pradesh, Captain Sanjay Chauhan Dwar was inaugurated at Solan City.
52. The world famous Jog falls in Karnataka will get a face lift at a cost of Rs. 120 crore.
53. Union Minister and founder of Lok Jansakti Party (LJP), Ram Vilas Paswan, died
in Delhi. He was 74.
54. Paramount Cables Group Chairman and CEO Sanjay Aggarwal has taken over as
the president of PHDCCI for 2020-21.
55. Veteran Marathi actor Avinash Kharshikar, died in Maharashtra's Thane city. He
was 68.
56. New generation Anti Radiation Missile (RUDRAM) was successfully Flight tested
onto a radiation target located on Wheeler Island off the coast of Odisha.
57. Indian Air Force achieved a new record of the highest Skydive Landing at Khardungla
Pass,Leh at an altitude of 17982 ft breakingits own earlier record.
58. The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for
2020 to the World Food Programme (WFP) for its efforts to combatting world hunger.
59. In major announcements, RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das proposed that the RTGS
system, for real time fund transfer will become 24×7 from December 2020.
60. In Leh, Central Reserve Police Force Srinagar Sector Inspector General Ms. Charu
Sinha has inaugurated prefabricated hutments for CRPF personnel.

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Current Affairs

Q.1. Which campaign has been launched by Bangladesh against fake information, rumors
on social media?

(A) Asol Chini (B) Bhalo maasi

(C) Stop Rumors (D) None of these

Correct Answer:- (A)

Explanation: - Bangladesh campaigned against fake information and rumors. The

Bangladesh government has launched a campaign named 'Asol Chini' or 'Asli-
Chinese' to fight fake information and rumors circulating on social media.

Q.2. In the presence of which of the following, five Rafale fighter jets were formally
inducted into the Indian Air Force's Golden Arrows Squadron at Ambala Airport in
Haryana?

(A) Home Minister of India (B) Foreign Minister of India

(C) French Defense Minister (D) Prime Minister of India

Correct Answer:- (C)

Explanation:- In the presence of "French Defense Minister Florence Parly",five

Rafale fighter jets were formally inducted into the Golden Arrow Squadron of the
Indian Air Force at Ambala Airport in Haryana.

Q.3. Who was appointed as the Officiating President of Hockey India, after Hockey India
President Mohammad Mushtaq Ahmed resigned from the post of Chairman on July
7, 2020?

(A) Sardara Singh (B) Praveen Kumar

(C) Gyanendro Nigombaum (D) Dhanraj Pillay

Correct Answer: - (C)

Explanation:- 'After Hockey India President Mohammad Mushtaq Ahmed resigned

from the post of Chairman on 7 July 2020, Hockey India officiating President
Gyanendro Nigombaum was appointed'.

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Q.4. Which of the following writ 'can be filed to test the justification for captivity of a
person'?

(A) Habeas Corpus (B) Mandamus

(C) Quo-warranto (D) Certiorari

Correct Answer: - (A)

Explanation:- "Habeas corpus (habeas corpus) can be filed to test the justification
of a person being held captive" for the right to personal liberty.

Q.5. National Security Committee is headed by-

(A) Prime Minister (B) Home Minister

(C) Finance Minister (D) Minister of Defense

Correct Answer: - (A)

Explanation:- The Prime Minister is the head / chairman of the National Security
Committee.

Q.6. Who is the Chairman of the Fifteenth Finance Commission?

(A) C. Rangarajan (B) Dr. Nand Kishore Singh

(C) Shanta Kumar (D) Indira Rajaraman

Correct Answer: - (B)

Explanation:- The Chairman of the Fifteenth Finance Commission is Dr. Nand

Kishore Singh. The description of the Finance Commission is given in Article
280.

Q.7. Acharya Alar Kalam is concerned-

(A) From Nyay Darshan (B) From Sankhya Darshan

(C) From Yog Darshan (D) From Vedanta Darshan

Correct Answer:- ( B)

Explanation:- Acharya Alar Kalam is related to 'Samkhya

Darshan'. He was the Guru of Mahatma Buddha.

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Q.8. What did Jafar Khan change the name of Gulbarga, the capital of the Bahmani empire?

(A) Daulatabad (B) Zafarabad

(C) Ahsanabad (D) Fatehabad

Correct Answer:- (C)

Explanation:- Jafar Khan (Hassan Gangu) renamed the capital of Bahmani kingdom
'Gulbarga' to 'Ahsanabad'.

Q.9. Singapore was part of which country when the Azad Hind Fauj was formed?

(A) Malaysia (B) America

(C) British Malay (D) Japan'

Correct Answer:- ( C)

Explanation:- Singapore was a part of 'British Malay' at the time of formation of

Azad Hind Fauj in 1942. It became part of Malaysia on 16 September 1963. It was
made independent on 9 August 1965.

Q.10. Which of the following Indian leaders resigned from the post of President of the
Indian Congress in 1922 and established the 'Swaraj Party' in January 1923?

(A) Motilal Nehru (B) C.R. Das

(C) Vitthal Bhai Patel (D) Sarojini Naidu

Correct Answer:- ( B)

Explanation:- C.R. Das had resigned from the post of President of the Indian
Congress in 1922 and established the 'Swaraj Party' in January 1923.

Q.11. Pangi valley is the habitat of which tribes?

(A) Pangwal (B) Bhotia

(C) Baiga (D) A, B both

Correct Answer:- (D)

Explanation:- Pangi valley is the habitat of Pangwal and Bhotia tribes. Pangi valley
is located in Himachal Pradesh.

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Q.12. Where was the elephant conservation project named 'Gajatme' launched in 1992?

(A) Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh

(B) Singhbhumi District, Jharkhand

(C) Mathura District, Uttar Pradesh

(D) Erode District, Tamil Nadu

Correct Answer:- (B)

Explanation:- In the year 1992, elephant conservation project named 'Gajatme' was
launched from Singhbhum district, Jharkhand. The project is currently running in 16
states.

Q.13. 'Karnal bunt disease' is caused by which fungus?

(A) Tiletia Indica (B) Cercospora personata

(C) Alternaria Solani (D) None of these

Correct Answer:- (A)

Explanation:- 'Karnal bunt disease' is caused by Tiletia indica fungus. This disease
was first identified in 1931.

Q.14. Leh city of Union Territory of Ladakh is situated on the right bank of which river?

(A) Jhelum (B) Ravi

(C) Indus (D) Sutlej

Correct Answer:- (C)

Explanation:- Leh city of Union Territory of Ladakh is located on the right bank of
the Indus River.

Q.15. 'Idukki dam' is situated between two mountains?

(A) Kuranmala and Kurathimala (B) Kuravanmala and Sabarimala

(C) Annamalai and Kurathimala (D) None of these

Correct Answer:- (A)

Explanation:- The 'Idukki Dam' is situated between two mountains namely

'Kuravanmala' and 'Kurathimala'. The project is located on the Periyar River in the
state of Kerala.

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Q.16. Which winds fall in the New Zealand capital Wellington?

(A) Roaring forties (B) Furious fifties
(C) Shrieking sixties (D) None of these
Correct Answer:- (A)
Explanation:- New Zealand's capital, Wellington, the thundering chalisa falls in the
path of winds. In the southern hemisphere at 40°latitude, westerly winds are called
'Roaring forties'.
Q.17. Through which of the following devices, height is measured by finding the boiling
point of water at a given height?
(A) Dynamo (B) Cathetometer
(C) Colorimeter (D) Hypsometer
Correct Answer:- (D)
Explanation:- By measuring the boiling point of water at a given height, the height
is measured through a hypsometer.
Q.18. The color of light is determined by its-
(A) Amplitude (B) Reflection
(C) Intensely (D) Wavelength
Correct Answer:- ( D)
Explanation:- The color of light is determined by its 'wavelength'. Red color light
has the highest 'wavelength', and blue light has the lowest 'wavelength'.
Q.19. Which was India's first indigenously built computer?
(A) TIFRAC (B) HEC2M
(C) Param Brahma (D) Param 8000
Correct Answer:- (A)
Explanation:- India's first indigenously built computer was 'TIFRAC (Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research Automatic Computer)' which was developed in the year 1962.
Q.20. Which gas is used to make mustard gas?
(A) Hydrogen (B) Acetylene
(C) Ethylene (D) Oxygen
Correct Answer:- (C)
Explanation:- Mustard uses ethylene gas to make gas. It is a poisonous gas, which
is used in war.

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Q.21. Under which branch of biology do you study different types of pollinators?

(A) Serology (B) Bionomy

(C) Teratology (D) Palynology

Correct Answer:- ( D)

Explanation:- Study of different types of pollinators under "Palynology".

Q.22. How much oxygen is there in 100 ml blood hemoglobin?

(A) 20 ml (B) 30 ml

(C) 40 ml (D) 50 ml

Correct Answer:- ( A)

Explanation:- 100 ml blood hemoglobin contains about 20 ml oxygen, 100 ml blood

contains about 15 grams of hemoglobin.

Q.23. Where is the National Agro-Forestry Research Center located?

(A) Mysore (B) Lucknow

(C) Jhansi (D) Kanpur

Correct Answer:- ( C)

Explanation:- National Agro-Forestry Research Center is located in Jhansi. It was

established in the year 1988.

Q.24. Who is the author of "Foundation of Indian Culture"?

(A) Mahatma Gandhi (B) Aurobindo Ghosh

(C) Radhakrishnan (D) Rabindranath Tagore

Correct Answer:- (B)

Explanation:- "Foundation of Indian Culture" is authored by Aurobindo Ghosh. The

Mother is a major work of Aurobindo Ghosh.

Q.25. Which commission had said in its report that a central bank should be formed by
merging the three presidencies. Whose name should be called Imperial Bank?

(A) Radhakrishnan Commission (B) Chamberlin Commission

(C) Hilton Young Commission (D) None of these

Correct Answer:- (B)

Explanation:- The Chamberlain Commission (1914) had said in its report that a
central bank should be established by merging the three presidencies. Whose name
should be named Imperial Bank.

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