Experiment 3
Title: Acid base titration
Purpose: To become familiar with the techniques of titration, a volumetric method
of analysis; to determine the molarity and pH of an acid solution.
Theory
According to Arrhenius, acid is a chemical substance which gives hydronium ion,
H3O⁺, when dissolved in water. Also, Bronsted-Lowry defined that acid acts as a
proton donor. On the other hand, Arrhenius defined base in a way that it gives
hydroxide ion, OH⁻, when dissolved in
water.According to Bronsted-Lowry, base acts as a proton acceptor.One of the most
common and familiar reactions in chemistry is the reaction of an acid with a base.
This reaction is named as neutralization reaction, and the essential feature of this
process in aqueous solution is the combination of hydronium ions with hydroxide ions
to form water.
H3O⁺ (aq) + OH⁻(aq) = 2H2O(l)
The point at which stoichiometrically equivalent quantities are brought together is
known as the equivalence point of the titration. It should be noted that the equivalence
point in a titration is a theoretical point.
Molarity (M) is used to define concentration of a solution more clearly , and it is
defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution, or the number of
millimoles of solute per milliliter of solution:
⁻3
M = moles solute = 10 moles = MMOL
Volume of solution 10⁻3 litre ML
Ph concept
pH is a concept that is used to measure the acidity of a solution. It is related to
concentration of H3O⁺ ion in molarity.
HA + H2O ↔ H3O⁺(aq) + A⁻(aq)
The concentration of [H⁺] may change over a wide range of values and these values
are frequently expressed in terms of exponential numbers. For this reason, a simpler
form of representation for [H⁺] is provided as follows:
pH = -Iog[H⁺]
There is another concept named aas pOH.It is used to measure the basicity of the
solution and related to concentration of OH in molarity:
pOH = -log[OH-]
When water is self ionized, hydronium and hydroxide ion formed in equal amounts:
H2O ↔ H3O⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq)
Kw= [H⁺][OH⁻]
⁻14
Kw= 1.0x10 at 25⁰C
Therefore;
pH + pOH = 14
Example: What are the pH values for
a) 0. 1 M HCl and
b) 0. 1 M NaOH?
Solution:
a) HCI is a strong acid, it dissociates almost completely in aqueous solution.
Therefore 0.1 M HCl gives 0.1 M H⁺ and 0.1 M Cl⁻.
HCl ➡H⁺ + Cl⁻
[H⁺] = 0.1 M
pH = -Iog(0.1) = 1.00
b)NaOH is a strong base; it dissociates almost completely in aqueous solution. 0.1 M
NaOH gives 0.1 M Na⁺ and 0. 1 M OH⁻.
NaOH ➡Na⁺ + OH⁻
[OH ⁻] = 0.1 M
⁻14 ⁻13
[H⁺] = Kw/ [OH⁻] = 1 x 10 / 0.1 = 1.0 x 10 M.
13
pH = -log(10 x 10 ) = 13.00
or, pH + pOH = 14 1 + pOH = 14 then, pOH = 13
Strong Acid-Base Titrtion
As an example for neutralization reaction between strong acid (e.g. HCl) and a strong
base (e.g. NaOH);
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
As a result, for a monoprotonic acid and base at the end point;
MacidVacid = MbaseVbase
In this experiment, we use an acid-base indicator, phenolphthalein to determine the
end point in the titration.We choose an indicator such that its color change occurs as
closely as possible to the equivalence point.
Materials
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 600 mL beaker Ring stand
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 250 mL Erlenmeyer Buret clamp
flasks
Phenolphthalein solution 50 mLburet Balance
Wash bottle 500 mL erlenmeyer flask
Procedure
Part A: Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide Solution
1. Fill the buret with the NaOH solution and remove the air from the tip by running
out some of the liquid into an empty beaker. Make sure that the lower part of the
meniscus is at the zero mark or slightly lower.
2. Take 15.00 mL of standard HCl solution into a clean Erlenmeyer flask and add a
few drops of phenolphthalein solution.
3. Start to add the sodium hydroxide solution slowly to your flasks of HCl solution
while gently swirling the contents of the flask. As the sodium hydroxide solution is
added, a pink color appears where the drops of the base come in contact with the
solution.This coloration disappears with swirling. As the end point is approached, the
color disappears more slowly, at which time the sodium hydroxide should be added
drop by drop. The end point is reached when the colour of the solution turns from
colorless to pink.
4. Read the buret and record it. Repeat this procedure for two times. From the data
you obtain in the three titrations, calculate the molarity of the sodium hydroxide
solution to four significant figures.
Part B: Analysis of an Unknown Acid
1. Obtain 15 mL of the unknown solutions. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein
solution and titrate against the standard NaOH solution as in Part A.
Part1: Affect of phenolphalein indicator in reaction
Reagents added observation
Tube C HCl Clear solution
Tube D Vinegar White color loud at top
Tube E Ammonia Pink color loud at top
Part 2: Vinegar and NaOH Titration
Part 2 Trial
Volume of Vinegar 0.005 Litres
Molarity of NaOH 5M
Volume of HCl(Initial reading) 6ml
Volume of HCl(Final reading) 59ml
Calculations
1. For the titration of vinegar, calculate the volume of NaOH needed to reach the
equivalence point.
59mL – 6mL = 53mL = 0.053L
2. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH needed to neutralize the vinegar.
0.053L NaOH x .5mol NaOH = 0.0265mol NaOH 1L
3. How many moles of acetic acid are contained in the sample of vinegar?
.0265mol NaOH = .0265mol Acetic Acid
4. Calculate the mass of the acetic acid in the vinegar.
.0265mol Acetic Acid x 60g Acetic Acid = 1.59g Acetic Acid 1mol Acetic Acid
5. Calculate the mass of the vinegar sample.
.005L Vinegar x 1g H2O = 5g H2O
.001L
5g H20 + 1.59g Acetic Acid = 6.59 g Vinegar
6. Calculate the percent acetic acid in vinegar by dividing the mass of the solute by
the mass of the solution and multiplying by 100.
1.59g Acetic Acid x 100 = 31.8% acetic acid in vinegar 5g H2O
Observation
In this experiment we will perform this reaction to determine accurately the
concentration of a sodium hydroxide solution that we have prepared. The process of
determining the exact concentration (molarity) of a solution is called standardization.
Next we will measure the concentration of the unknown acid solution. For this
purpose we are expected to measure the volume of our standard base that is required
to exactly neutralize the unknown acid solution.The technique of accurately
measuring the volume of a solution required to react with another reagent is termed
titration.
During titration, you will use an indicator solution to understand whether we could
neutralize your acid with a base or vice versa. Indicators change colors at different pH
values.
For example, phenolphthalein changes color from colorless to pink at a pH of about 9;
in slightly more acidic solutions it is colorless, whereas, in more alkaline solutions it
is pink. The color change is termed the end point of the titration.
Analysis and Conclusion
1) Would you use an acid or a base as a standard when titrating against
a solution of soda pop? Why?
A base would be used since soda pop is acidic. In order to neutralize the solution, a
base would be needed to combine with the acid
