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Coordinates: 60°N 86°W

Hudson Bay
Hudson Bay (Inuktitut: Kangiqsualuk ilua[2] or Tasiujarjuaq;[3] French:
Hudson Bay
baie d'Hudson), sometimes called Hudson's Bay (usually historically), is a
large body of saltwater in northeastern Canada with a surface area of
1,230,000  km2 (470,000  sq  mi). It is located north of Ontario, west of
Quebec, north east of Manitoba and south east of Nunavut, but politically
entirely part of Nunavut.[4] Although not geographically apparent, it is for
climatic reasons considered to be a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It
drains a very large area, about 3,861,400  km2 (1,490,900  sq  mi),[5] that
includes parts of southeastern Nunavut, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario,
Quebec, all of Manitoba, and parts of the U.S. states of North Dakota, South
Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana. Hudson Bay's southern arm is called
James Bay.

The Eastern Cree name for Hudson and James Bay is Wînipekw (Southern
dialect) or Wînipâkw (Northern dialect), meaning muddy or brackish water.
Lake Winnipeg is similarly named by the local Cree, as is the location for the
city of Winnipeg. Hudson Bay, Canada

Contents
Description
History
Geography
Extent
Climate
Waters
Shores
Islands
Geology
Southeastern semicircle
Economy
Arctic Bridge
Port
Coastal communities Location Canada
Military development Coordinates 60°N 86°W
See also Native name Kangiqsualuk
References ilua  (Inuktitut)
General sources Tasiujarjuaq  (Inuktitut)
External links Wînipekw  (Southern
East Cree)
Wînipâkw  (Northern
Description East Cree)
baie d'Hudson  (French)
The bay is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch
East India Company, and after whom the river that he explored in 1609 is Ocean/sea Arctic Ocean, North
also named. Hudson Bay encompasses 1,230,000  km2 (470,000  sq  mi), sources Atlantic Ocean

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making it the second-largest water body Catchment area 3,861,400 km2

using the term "bay" in the world (after (1,490,900 sq mi)
the Bay of Bengal). The bay is relatively
Basin countries Canada and the United
shallow and is considered an
States
epicontinental sea, with an average depth
of about 100  m (330  ft) (compared to Max. length 1,370 km (850 mi)
2,600 m (8,500 ft) in the Bay of Bengal).
Max. width 1,050 km (650 mi)
It is about 1,370  km (850  mi) long and
1,050 km (650 mi) wide.[6] On the east it Surface area 1,230,000 km2
is connected with the Atlantic Ocean by (470,000 sq mi)
Hudson Bay drainage basin Hudson Strait; on the north, with the Average depth 100 m (330 ft)
Arctic Ocean by Foxe Basin (which is not
considered part of the bay), and Fury and Max. depth 270 m (890 ft)[1]
Hecla Strait. Frozen mid-December to mid-
June
Hudson Bay is often considered part of the Arctic Ocean;[7] the International
Hydrographic Organization, in its 2002 working draft[8] of Limits of Oceans Islands Islands of Hudson Bay
and Seas defined the Hudson Bay, with its outlet extending from 62.5 to 66.5 Settlements Rankin Inlet, Arviat,
degrees north (just a few miles south of the Arctic Circle) as being part of the Puvirnituq, Churchill
Arctic Ocean, specifically "Arctic Ocean Subdivision 9.11". Other authorities
include it in the Atlantic,[9] in part because of its greater water budget
connection with that ocean.[10][11][12][13][14]

History
The search for a western route to Cathay and the Indies, which had been actively
pursued since the days of Columbus and the Cabots, in the latter part of the 15th
century, directly resulted in the first sighting of Hudson Bay by Europeans.[15]
English explorers and colonists named Hudson Bay after Sir Henry Hudson who
explored the bay beginning August 2, 1610 on his ship Discovery.[16]:170 On his
fourth voyage to North America, Hudson worked his way around Greenland's west
coast and into the bay, mapping much of its eastern coast. Discovery became
trapped in the ice over the winter, and the crew survived onshore at the southern
tip of James Bay. When the ice cleared in the spring, Hudson wanted to explore the
rest of the area, but the crew mutinied on June 22, 1611. They left Hudson and
Canada, routes of explorers, 1497
others adrift in a small boat. No-one knows the fate of Hudson or the crew to 1905
members stranded with him, but historians have found no evidence that they
survived for long afterward.[16]:185 In May 1612, Sir Thomas Button sailed from
England with two ships to look for Henry Hudson, and to continue the search for the north-west passage to Asia.[15]

In 1668, Nonsuch reached the bay and traded for beaver pelts, leading to the creation of the Hudson's Bay Company
(HBC) which still bears the historic name.[17] The HBC negotiated a trading monopoly from the English crown for the
Hudson Bay watershed, called Rupert's Land.[18]:4 France contested this grant by sending several military expeditions
to the region, but abandoned its claim in the Treaty of Utrecht (April 1713).[19]

During this period, the Hudson's Bay Company built several factories (forts and trading posts) along the coast at the
mouth of the major rivers (such as Fort Severn, Ontario; York Factory, Churchill, Manitoba; and the Prince of Wales
Fort). The strategic locations were bases for inland exploration. More importantly, they were trading posts with the
indigenous peoples who came to them with furs from their trapping season. The HBC shipped the furs to Europe and
continued to use some of these posts well into the 20th century.

HBC's trade monopoly was abolished in 1870, and it ceded Rupert's Land to Canada, an area of approximately
3,900,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi), as part of the Northwest Territories.[18]:427 Starting in 1913, the Bay was extensively
charted by the Canadian Government's CSS Acadia to develop it for navigation.[20] This mapping progress led to the
establishment of Churchill, Manitoba, as a deep-sea port for wheat exports in 1929, after unsuccessful attempts at Port
Nelson.

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The Port of Churchill was an important shipping link for trade with Europe and Russia until its closure in 2016 by
owner OmniTRAX.[21] The Port and the Hudson Bay Railway were then sold to the Arctic Gateway Group—a
consortium of First Nations, local governments, and corporate investors—in 2018.[22] On July 9, 2019, ships on
missions to resupply arctic communities began stopping at the port for additional cargo,[23] and the port began
shipping grain again on September 7, 2019.[24]

Geography

Extent

The International Hydrographic Organization defines the northern limit of

Hudson Bay as follows:[25]

A line from Nuvuk Point (62°21′N 78°06′W) to Leyson Point, the

Southeastern extreme of Southampton Island, through the Southern
Map including Hudson Bay and Western shores of Southampton Island to its Northern extremity,
thence a line to Beach Point (66°03′N 86°06′W) on the Mainland.

Climate

Northern Hudson Bay has a polar climate (Köppen: ET) being one of the few
places in the world where this type of climate is found south of 60 °N, going farther
south towards Quebec, where Inukjuak is still dominated by the tundra. From
Arviat, Nunavut, to the west to the south and southeast prevails the subarctic
climate (Köppen: Dfc). This is because in the central summer months, heat waves
can advance from the hot land and make the weather milder, with the result that
the average temperature surpasses 10 °C or 50 °F. At the extreme southern tip of
the extension known as James Bay arises a humid continental climate with a
longer and generally hotter summer. (Köppen: Dfb)[26] The average annual
Polar bear walks on newly formed
temperature in almost the entire bay is around 0  °C (32  °F) or below. In the
ice in early November at Hudson
Bay.
extreme northeast, winter temperatures average as low as −29 °C or −20.2 °F.[27]

The Hudson Bay region has very low year-round average temperatures. The
average annual temperature for Churchill at 59°N is −6 °C or 21.2 °F and Inukjuak,
facing cool westerlies in summer at 58°N, an even colder −7 °C or 19.4 °F. By comparison, Magadan, in a comparable
position at 59°N on the Eurasian landmass in the Russian Far East and with a similar subarctic climate, has an annual
average of −2.7  °C or 27.1  °F.[28] Vis-à-vis geographically closer Europe, contrasts stand much more extreme.
Arkhangelsk at 64°N in northwestern Russia has an average of 2 °C or 36 °F,[29] while the mild continental coastline of
Stockholm at 59°N on the shore of an analogous large hyposaline marine inlet – the Baltic Sea – has an annual average
of 8 °C or 46 °F.[30]

Water temperature peaks at 8–9 °C (46.4–48.2 °F) on the western side of the bay in late summer. It is largely frozen
over from mid-December to mid-June, when it usually clears from its eastern end westwards and southwards. A steady
increase in regional temperatures over the last 100 years has been reflected in a lengthening of the ice-free period,
which was as short as four months in the late 17th century.[31]

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Climate data for Arviat Airport (1981–2010)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high −1.5

−1.5
3.5
4.0
14.5
30.8
33.9
30.0
23.0
18.1
2.1
−0.4
33.9

°C (°F) (29.3) (29.3) (38.3) (39.2) (58.1) (87.4) (93.0) (86.0) (73.4) (64.6) (35.8) (31.3) (93.0)

Average −25.4
−24.2
−18.0
−9.1
−1.2
7.7
15.1
14.2
7.3
−1.0
−12.0
−20.3
−5.6

high °C (°F) (−13.7) (−11.6) (−0.4) (15.6) (29.8) (45.9) (59.2) (57.6) (45.1) (30.2) (10.4) (−4.5) (21.9)

Daily mean −29.3

−28.3
−22.8
−14.0
−4.3
4.4
11.1
10.8
4.8
−3.6
−16.1
−24.1
−9.3

°C (°F) (−20.7) (−18.9) (−9.0) (6.8) (24.3) (39.9) (52.0) (51.4) (40.6) (25.5) (3.0) (−11.4) (15.3)

Average low −33.1

−32.4
−27.5
−18.7
−7.4
1.0
7.0
7.3
2.2
−6.2
−20.1
−27.9
−13.0

°C (°F) (−27.6) (−26.3) (−17.5) (−1.7) (18.7) (33.8) (44.6) (45.1) (36.0) (20.8) (−4.2) (−18.2) (8.6)

Record low −48.3

−47.0
−41.5
−36.7
−26.7
−11.0
−4.0
−0.6
−8.3
−26.0
−34.0
−42.5
−48.3

°C (°F) (−54.9) (−52.6) (−42.7) (−34.1) (−16.1) (12.2) (24.8) (30.9) (17.1) (−14.8) (−29.2) (−44.5) (−54.9)

Average
10.1
6.6
11.4
12.5
18.2
29.6
36.7
56.0
44.0
24.5
18.6
18.3
286.5

precipitation
(0.40) (0.26) (0.45) (0.49) (0.72) (1.17) (1.44) (2.20) (1.73) (0.96) (0.73) (0.72) (11.28)
mm (inches)

Average
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
6.1
26.3
36.7
56.0
41.2
7.6
0.0
0.0
174.4

rainfall mm
(0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.02) (0.24) (1.04) (1.44) (2.20) (1.62) (0.30) (0.0) (0.0) (6.87)
(inches)

Average
10.1
6.6
11.4
12.1
12.1
3.2
0.0
0.0
2.8
16.9
18.8
18.3
112.4

snowfall cm
(4.0) (2.6) (4.5) (4.8) (4.8) (1.3) (0.0) (0.0) (1.1) (6.7) (7.4) (7.2) (44.3)
(inches)

Average
precipitation
7.4 7.2 9.1 7.1 7.6 8.0 8.9 14.1 12.6 10.8 10.3 8.1 111.3
days
(≥ 0.2 mm)

Average
rainy days 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.0 7.4 8.9 14.1 11.6 2.8 0.0 0.0 47.0
(≥ 0.2 mm)

Average
snowy days 7.4 7.2 9.1 7.0 5.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.1 8.2 10.3 8.1 65.0
(≥ 0.2 cm)

Average
relative 69.1 69.9 74.4 79.8 84.6 76.8 72.7 74.7 74.6 84.1 80.7 73.3 76.2
humidity (%)

Source: Environment Canada[32][33]

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Climate data for Churchill Airport (1981–2010)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 1.7

1.8
9.0
28.2
28.9
32.2
34.0
36.9
29.2
21.7
7.2
3.0
36.9

°C (°F) (35.1) (35.2) (48.2) (82.8) (84.0) (90.0) (93.2) (98.4) (84.6) (71.1) (45.0) (37.4) (98.4)

Average −21.9
−20.2
−13.9
−5.1
2.9
12.0
18.0
16.8
9.5
1.6
−9.0
−17.8
−2.3

high °C (°F) (−7.4) (−4.4) (7.0) (22.8) (37.2) (53.6) (64.4) (62.2) (49.1) (34.9) (15.8) (0.0) (27.9)

Daily mean −26.0

−24.5
−18.9
−9.8
−1.0
7.0
12.7
12.3
6.4
−1.2
−12.7
−21.9
−6.5

°C (°F) (−14.8) (−12.1) (−2.0) (14.4) (30.2) (44.6) (54.9) (54.1) (43.5) (29.8) (9.1) (−7.4) (20.3)

Average low −30.1

−28.8
−23.9
−14.4
−5.0
2.0
7.3
7.7
3.2
−3.9
−16.4
−25.9
−10.7

°C (°F) (−22.2) (−19.8) (−11.0) (6.1) (23.0) (35.6) (45.1) (45.9) (37.8) (25.0) (2.5) (−14.6) (12.7)

Record low −45.6

−45.4
−43.9
−33.3
−25.2
−9.4
−2.2
−2.2
−11.7
−24.5
−36.1
−43.9
−45.6

°C (°F) (−50.1) (−49.7) (−47.0) (−27.9) (−13.4) (15.1) (28.0) (28.0) (10.9) (−12.1) (−33.0) (−47.0) (−50.1)

Average
18.7
16.6
18.1
23.6
30.0
44.2
59.8
69.4
69.9
48.4
35.5
18.4
452.5

precipitation
(0.74) (0.65) (0.71) (0.93) (1.18) (1.74) (2.35) (2.73) (2.75) (1.91) (1.40) (0.72) (17.81)
mm (inches)

Average
0.0
0.0
0.4
1.1
16.1
41.0
59.8
69.3
66.0
20.9
1.3
0.1
276.0

rainfall mm
(0.0) (0.0) (0.02) (0.04) (0.63) (1.61) (2.35) (2.73) (2.60) (0.82) (0.05) (0.00) (10.87)
(inches)

Average
21.7
19.3
20.4
24.9
15.5
3.3
0.0
0.0
4.2
29.8
39.2
22.9
201.2

snowfall cm
(8.5) (7.6) (8.0) (9.8) (6.1) (1.3) (0.0) (0.0) (1.7) (11.7) (15.4) (9.0) (79.2)
(inches)

Average
precipitation
11.9 10.2 11.0 8.9 10.2 12.0 13.9 15.4 15.9 15.7 15.5 11.9 152.6
days
(≥ 0.2 mm)

Average
rainy days 0.09 0.05 0.45 1.4 5.1 10.7 13.9 14.9 14.5 6.5 0.91 0.24 67.5
(≥ 0.2 mm)

Average
snowy days 11.9 10.3 11.1 8.3 6.7 1.5 0.0 0.06 2.6 11.6 15.6 12.3 92.1
(≥ 0.2 cm)

Mean
monthly
79.7 117.7 177.8 198.2 197.0 243.0 281.7 225.9 112.0 58.1 55.3 53.1 1,799.5
sunshine
hours

Percent
possible 36.2 45.1 48.7 45.8 37.7 44.3 51.6 47.2 29.0 18.2 23.5 26.7 37.8
sunshine

Source: Environment Canada[34][35][36]

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Climate data for Coral Harbour Airport (1981–2010)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high
−0.6 −1.9 −0.5 4.4 8.9 22.8 32.8 30.1 19.9 7.6 3.7 3.2 32.8
humidex

Record high −0.6

−1.1
0.0
5.0
9.4
23.3
28.0
26.1
18.5
7.6
4.0
3.4
28.0

°C (°F) (30.9) (30.0) (32.0) (41.0) (48.9) (73.9) (82.4) (79.0) (65.3) (45.7) (39.2) (38.1) (82.4)

Average −25.5
−25.5
−20.4
−10.9
−2.9
6.4
14.7
11.7
4.6
−3.0
−11.9
−20.1
−6.9

high °C (°F) (−13.9) (−13.9) (−4.7) (12.4) (26.8) (43.5) (58.5) (53.1) (40.3) (26.6) (10.6) (−4.2) (19.6)

Daily mean −29.6

−29.7
−25.2
−16.1
−6.7
3.1
10.0
7.7
1.7
−6.1
−16.1
−24.4
−11.0

°C (°F) (−21.3) (−21.5) (−13.4) (3.0) (19.9) (37.6) (50.0) (45.9) (35.1) (21.0) (3.0) (−11.9) (12.2)

Average low −33.7

−33.9
−29.9
−21.1
−10.5
−0.3
5.3
3.6
−1.2
−9.1
−20.3
−28.6
−15.0

°C (°F) (−28.7) (−29.0) (−21.8) (−6.0) (13.1) (31.5) (41.5) (38.5) (29.8) (15.6) (−4.5) (−19.5) (5.0)

Record low −52.8

−51.4
−49.4
−39.4
−31.1
−15.6
−1.1
−3.3
−17.2
−34.4
−40.6
−48.9
−52.8

°C (°F) (−63.0) (−60.5) (−56.9) (−38.9) (−24.0) (3.9) (30.0) (26.1) (1.0) (−29.9) (−41.1) (−56.0) (−63.0)

Record low
−69.5 −69.3 −64.3 −55.1 −39.7 −23.2 −8.2 −11.8 −23.7 −43.7 −54.8 −64.2 −69.5
wind chill

Average
9.5
7.0
11.2
18.2
19.0
27.6
34.1
59.4
45.4
33.8
22.9
14.8
302.9

precipitation
(0.37) (0.28) (0.44) (0.72) (0.75) (1.09) (1.34) (2.34) (1.79) (1.33) (0.90) (0.58) (11.93)
mm (inches)

Average
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
4.3
20.8
34.1
58.9
36.7
7.2
0.5
0.0
163.0

rainfall mm
(0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.02) (0.17) (0.82) (1.34) (2.32) (1.44) (0.28) (0.02) (0.0) (6.42)
(inches)

Average
9.6
7.1
11.3
18.2
14.9
6.9
0.0
0.6
8.6
26.7
22.9
14.8
141.6

snowfall cm
(3.8) (2.8) (4.4) (7.2) (5.9) (2.7) (0.0) (0.2) (3.4) (10.5) (9.0) (5.8) (55.7)
(inches)

Average
precipitation
8.5 6.7 9.0 9.5 10.4 9.6 9.6 12.6 11.2 14.6 13.0 10.4 125.1
days
(≥ 0.2 mm)

Average
rainy days 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.8 7.2 9.6 12.5 8.2 3.6 0.6 0.1 43.8
(≥ 0.2 mm)

Average
snowy days 8.6 6.6 9.0 9.5 9.4 3.3 0.0 0.3 4.3 13.1 12.9 10.4 87.3
(≥ 0.2 cm)

Average
relative 64.9 64.2 67.5 73.8 80.3 73.9 63.1 68.9 75.6 84.8 77.6 69.7 72.0
humidity (%)

Mean
monthly
37.9 112.1 187.4 240.2 239.9 262.2 312.3 220.4 109.8 70.8 47.9 18.8 1,859.7
sunshine
hours

Percent
possible 22.4 47.0 51.6 53.2 42.0 41.9 51.2 43.3 27.9 23.3 24.3 13.9 36.8
sunshine

Source: Environment Canada Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010[37]

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Climate data for Inukjuak (1971–2000)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high
−0.6 2.4 4.4 6.5 16.0 32.4 34.0 28.4 19.8 12.2 7.2 1.4 34.0
humidex

Record high 0.6

5.0
3.9
7.2
23.3
30.0
27.8
25.6
22.8
16.7
8.3
16.1
30.0

°C (°F) (33.1) (41.0) (39.0) (45.0) (73.9) (86.0) (82.0) (78.1) (73.0) (62.1) (46.9) (61.0) (86.0)

Average −21.0
−21.6
−16.3
−7.1
1.2
8.4
13.2
12.5
7.7
2.0
−4.2
−15.0
−3.4

high °C (°F) (−5.8) (−6.9) (2.7) (19.2) (34.2) (47.1) (55.8) (54.5) (45.9) (35.6) (24.4) (5.0) (25.9)

Daily mean −24.8

−25.8
−21.2
−11.7
−1.9
4.6
9.4
9.2
5.1
−0.3
−7.4
−18.9
−7.0

°C (°F) (−12.6) (−14.4) (−6.2) (10.9) (28.6) (40.3) (48.9) (48.6) (41.2) (31.5) (18.7) (−2.0) (19.4)

Average low −28.6

−29.9
−26.1
−16.3
−5.1
0.8
5.5
5.9
2.5
−2.6
−10.6
−22.7
−10.6

°C (°F) (−19.5) (−21.8) (−15.0) (2.7) (22.8) (33.4) (41.9) (42.6) (36.5) (27.3) (12.9) (−8.9) (12.9)

Record low −46.1

−49.4
−45.0
−34.4
−25.6
−9.4
−6.7
−2.8
−11.1
−22.8
−33.9
−43.3
−49.4

°C (°F) (−51.0) (−56.9) (−49.0) (−29.9) (−14.1) (15.1) (19.9) (27.0) (12.0) (−9.0) (−29.0) (−45.9) (−56.9)

Record low
−60 −58 −55 −46 −36 −15 −7 −5 −12 −31 −47 −55 −60
wind chill

Average
14.4
11.6
15.5
22.6
27.0
38.2
60.1
61.1
70.1
58.6
50.6
30.3
459.9

precipitation
(0.57) (0.46) (0.61) (0.89) (1.06) (1.50) (2.37) (2.41) (2.76) (2.31) (1.99) (1.19) (18.11)
mm (inches)

Average
0.0
0.1
0.1
3.6
12.6
33.6
59.5
61.1
62.2
28.2
3.2
0.4
264.6

rainfall mm
(0.0) (0.00) (0.00) (0.14) (0.50) (1.32) (2.34) (2.41) (2.45) (1.11) (0.13) (0.02) (10.42)
(inches)

Average
15.0
12.0
16.1
19.4
14.6
4.4
1.0
0.0
7.5
32.6
50.0
32.0
204.5

snowfall cm
(5.9) (4.7) (6.3) (7.6) (5.7) (1.7) (0.4) (0.0) (3.0) (12.8) (19.7) (12.6) (80.5)
(inches)

Average
rainy days 0.09 0.04 0.09 1.2 4.5 8.5 12.8 15.1 16.2 8.6 1.2 0.13 68.5
(≥ 0.2 mm)

Average
snowy days 10.8 9.2 9.3 9.9 8.4 3.6 0.26 0.13 5.0 15.6 20.3 15.3 107.8
(≥ 0.2 cm)

Mean
monthly
63.5 122.5 182.5 183.2 159.4 209.4 226.0 171.7 97.9 50.4 31.8 35.2 1,533.5
sunshine
hours

Percent
possible 28.6 46.7 49.9 42.5 30.6 38.4 41.6 36.0 25.4 15.8 13.4 17.5 32.2
sunshine

Source: Environment Canada[38]

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Climate data for Kuujjuarapik Airport (1981−2010)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 3.3

9.4
11.1
21.9
32.0
33.9
37.0
33.3
33.9
23.9
11.8
7.2
37.0

°C (°F) (37.9) (48.9) (52.0) (71.4) (89.6) (93.0) (98.6) (91.9) (93.0) (75.0) (53.2) (45.0) (98.6)

Average −18.7
−17.5
−10.8
−2.0
6.2
12.4
15.9
16.1
11.2
5.1
−2.1
−11.1
0.4

high °C (°F) (−1.7) (0.5) (12.6) (28.4) (43.2) (54.3) (60.6) (61.0) (52.2) (41.2) (28.2) (12.0) (32.7)

Daily mean −23.3

−22.9
−16.7
−7.2
1.6
7.2
11.1
11.8
8.0
2.4
−4.9
−15.0
−4.0

°C (°F) (−9.9) (−9.2) (1.9) (19.0) (34.9) (45.0) (52.0) (53.2) (46.4) (36.3) (23.2) (5.0) (24.8)

Average low −27.8

−28.3
−22.6
−12.3
−3.0
2.0
6.2
7.6
4.7
−0.3
−7.6
−18.7
−8.3

°C (°F) (−18.0) (−18.9) (−8.7) (9.9) (26.6) (35.6) (43.2) (45.7) (40.5) (31.5) (18.3) (−1.7) (17.1)

Record low −49.4

−48.9
−45.0
−33.9
−25.0
−7.8
−2.2
−1.1
−6.1
−15.0
−28.9
−46.1
−49.4

°C (°F) (−56.9) (−56.0) (−49.0) (−29.0) (−13.0) (18.0) (28.0) (30.0) (21.0) (5.0) (−20.0) (−51.0) (−56.9)

Average
27.9
22.7
23.2
23.7
33.5
59.6
75.8
91.6
109.3
81.6
65.9
46.1
660.8

precipitation
(1.10) (0.89) (0.91) (0.93) (1.32) (2.35) (2.98) (3.61) (4.30) (3.21) (2.59) (1.81) (26.02)
mm (inches)

Average
0.05
0.64
2.1
6.9
19.9
55.1
75.9
91.6
106.5
53.4
9.4
0.65
422.0

rainfall mm
(0.00) (0.03) (0.08) (0.27) (0.78) (2.17) (2.99) (3.61) (4.19) (2.10) (0.37) (0.03) (16.61)
(inches)

Average
29.3
22.8
22.1
17.3
14.3
4.4
0.0
0.0
2.9
29.4
58.5
47.9
248.8

snowfall cm
(11.5) (9.0) (8.7) (6.8) (5.6) (1.7) (0.0) (0.0) (1.1) (11.6) (23.0) (18.9) (98.0)
(inches)

Average
precipitation
17.2 14.0 12.7 11.3 12.2 12.1 13.9 16.5 20.8 21.6 22.0 21.3 195.5
days
(≥ 0.2 mm)

Average
rainy days 0.17 0.38 1.0 3.2 6.9 10.6 13.9 16.5 20.0 14.1 3.6 0.41 90.9
(≥ 0.2 mm)

Average
snowy days 17.2 13.9 12.5 9.6 7.0 2.8 0.0 0.0 2.0 12.1 20.6 21.2 118.9
(≥ 0.2 cm)

Mean
monthly
71.7 112.7 155.8 165.2 166.4 205.0 213.5 163.7 81.8 64.4 34.2 40.0 1,474.3
sunshine
hours

Percent
possible 29.6 41.5 42.5 39.0 33.2 39.4 41.0 35.2 21.3 19.8 13.5 17.8 31.2
sunshine

Source: Environment Canada[39]

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Climate data for Rankin Inlet Airport (1981–2010)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high
−3.0 −4.4 1.1 2.5 13.4 26.3 32.2 31.8 21.8 11.7 1.4 0.8 32.2
humidex

Record high −2.5

−4.4
1.3
3.4
14.1
26.1
28.9
30.5
20.6
11.8
1.5
0.9
30.5

°C (°F) (27.5) (24.1) (34.3) (38.1) (57.4) (79.0) (84.0) (86.9) (69.1) (53.2) (34.7) (33.6) (86.9)

Average −27.3
−26.1
−20.6
−11.1
−2.4
7.9
14.9
13.1
6.3
−1.9
−13.0
−21.9
−6.9

high °C (°F) (−17.1) (−15.0) (−5.1) (12.0) (27.7) (46.2) (58.8) (55.6) (43.3) (28.6) (8.6) (−7.4) (19.6)

Daily mean −30.8

−29.9
−25.0
−15.6
−5.8
4.2
10.5
9.7
3.8
−4.6
−17.0
−25.7
−10.5

°C (°F) (−23.4) (−21.8) (−13.0) (3.9) (21.6) (39.6) (50.9) (49.5) (38.8) (23.7) (1.4) (−14.3) (13.1)

Average low −34.4

−33.6
−29.2
−20.1
−9.0
0.5
6.1
6.2
1.3
−7.3
−20.9
−29.4
−14.2

°C (°F) (−29.9) (−28.5) (−20.6) (−4.2) (15.8) (32.9) (43.0) (43.2) (34.3) (18.9) (−5.6) (−20.9) (6.4)

Record low −46.1

−49.8
−43.4
−35.7
−23.8
−9.4
−1.9
−1.4
−9.0
−27.4
−36.5
−43.6
−49.8

°C (°F) (−51.0) (−57.6) (−46.1) (−32.3) (−10.8) (15.1) (28.6) (29.5) (15.8) (−17.3) (−33.7) (−46.5) (−57.6)

Record low
−66.8 −70.5 −64.4 −53.6 −35.9 −17.6 −5.3 −8.8 −18.1 −42.7 −55.3 −62.4 −70.5
wind chill

Average
8.7
8.2
12.3
19.9
19.5
26.6
42.0
57.4
42.9
38.0
21.7
12.8
310.1

precipitation
(0.34) (0.32) (0.48) (0.78) (0.77) (1.05) (1.65) (2.26) (1.69) (1.50) (0.85) (0.50) (12.21)
mm (inches)

Average
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
7.0
22.1
41.9
57.2
39.1
12.9
0.3
0.1
181.8

rainfall mm
(0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.04) (0.28) (0.87) (1.65) (2.25) (1.54) (0.51) (0.01) (0.00) (7.16)
(inches)

Average
8.9
8.5
12.5
19.2
13.0
4.6
0.1
0.2
3.8
25.5
22.4
13.3
131.9

snowfall cm
(3.5) (3.3) (4.9) (7.6) (5.1) (1.8) (0.0) (0.1) (1.5) (10.0) (8.8) (5.2) (51.9)
(inches)

Average
precipitation
7.8 6.6 9.0 8.5 8.7 7.7 10.4 13.2 12.7 14.9 12.6 10.0 122.1
days
(≥ 0.2 mm)

Average
rainy days 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 2.3 6.3 10.4 13.2 10.5 4.2 0.4 0.1 48.4
(≥ 0.2 mm)

Average
snowy days 7.8 6.7 9.0 8.2 7.1 2.0 0.1 0.1 3.3 12.4 12.5 10.0 79.3
(≥ 0.2 cm)

Average
relative 66.2 67.3 71.3 79.0 82.3 72.3 66.6 70.6 76.3 84.5 78.4 70.2 73.7
humidity (%)

Source: Environment Canada Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010[40]

Waters

Hudson Bay has a lower average salinity level than that of ocean water. The main causes are the low rate of evaporation
(the bay is ice-covered for much of the year), the large volume of terrestrial runoff entering the bay (about 700 km3
(170 cu mi) annually, the Hudson Bay watershed covering much of Canada, many rivers and streams discharging into
the bay), and the limited connection with the Atlantic Ocean and its higher salinity. Sea ice is about three times the
annual river flow into the bay, and its annual freezing and thawing significantly alters the salinity of the surface layer.

One consequence of the lower salinity of the bay is that the freezing point of the water is higher than in the rest of the
world's oceans, thus decreasing the time that the bay remains ice-free.

Shores

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The western shores of the bay are a lowland known as the Hudson Bay Lowlands
which covers 324,000 km2 (125,000 sq mi). The area is drained by a large number
of rivers and has formed a characteristic vegetation known as muskeg. Much of the
landform has been shaped by the actions of glaciers and the shrinkage of the bay
over long periods of time. Signs of numerous former beachfronts can be seen far
inland from the current shore. A large portion of the lowlands in the province of
Ontario is part of the Polar Bear Provincial Park, and a similar portion of the
lowlands in Manitoba is contained in Wapusk National Park, the latter location
being a significant polar bear maternity denning area.[41]

In contrast, most of the eastern shores (the Quebec portion) form the western edge
of the Canadian Shield in Quebec. The area is rocky and hilly. Its vegetation is
typically boreal forest, and to the north, tundra.

Measured by shoreline, Hudson Bay is the largest bay in the world (the largest in
area being the Bay of Bengal).
In late spring (May), large chunks of
The distinctive arculate segment on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay is referred to ice float near the eastern shore of
as the Nastapoka arc. the bay, while the center of the bay
remains frozen to the west. Between
1971 and 2007, the length of the
Islands ice-free season increased by about
seven days in the southwestern part
There are many islands in Hudson Bay, mostly near the eastern coast. All the of the Hudson Bay, historically the
last area to thaw.
islands, including those in James Bay, are part of Nunavut and lie in the Arctic
Archipelago. Several are disputed by the Cree.[42] One group of islands is the
Belcher Islands. Another group includes the Ottawa Islands.

Geology
Hudson Bay occupies a large structural basin, known as the Hudson Bay basin, that lies within the Canadian Shield.
The collection and interpretation of outcrop, seismic and drillhole data for exploration for oil and gas reservoirs within
the Hudson Bay basin found that it is filled by, at most, 2,500  m (8,200  ft) of Ordovician to Devonian limestone,
dolomites, evaporites, black shales, and various clastic sedimentary rocks that overlie less than 60  m (200  ft) of
Cambrian strata that consist of unfossiliferous quartz sandstones and conglomerates, overlain by sandy and
stromatolitic dolomites. In addition, a minor amount of terrestrial Cretaceous fluvial sands and gravels are preserved
in the fills of a ring of sinkholes created by the dissolution of Silurian evaporites during the Cretaceous
Period.[43][44][45][46]

From the large quantity of published geologic data that has been collected as the result of hydrocarbon exploration,
academic research, and related geologic mapping, a detailed history of the Hudson Bay basin has been
reconstructed.[44] During the majority of the Cambrian Period, this basin did not exist. Rather, this part of the
Canadian Shield area was still topographically high and emergent. It was only during the later part of the Cambrian
that the rising sea level of the Sauk marine transgression slowly submerged it. During the Ordovician, this part of the
Canadian Shield continued to be submerged by rising sea levels except for a brief middle Ordovician marine
regression. Only starting in the Late Ordovician and continuing into the Silurian did the gradual regional subsidence of
this part of the Canadian Shield form the Hudson Bay basin. The formation of this basin resulted in the accumulation
of black bituminous oil shale and evaporite deposits within its centre, thick basin-margin limestone and dolomite, and
the development of extensive reefs that ringed the basin margins that were tectonically uplifted as the basin subsided.
During Middle Silurian times, subsidence ceased and this basin was uplifted. It generated an emergent arch, on which
reefs grew, that divided the basin into eastern and western sub-basins. During the Devonian Period, this basin filled
with terrestrial red beds that interfinger with marine limestone and dolomites. Before deposition was terminated by
marine regression, Upper Devonian black bituminous shale accumulated in the south-east of the basin.[43][44][45][46]

The remaining history of the Hudson Bay basin is largely unknown as a major unconformity separates Upper Devonian
strata from glacial deposits of the Pleistocene. Except for poorly known terrestrial Cretaceous fluvial sands and gravels
that are preserved as the fills of a ring of sinkholes around the centre of this basin, strata representing this period of
time are absent from the Hudson Bay basin and the surrounding Canadian Shield.[43][46]

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The Precambrian Shield underlying Hudson Bay and in which Hudson Bay basin formed is composed of two Archean
proto-continents, the Western Churchill and Superior cratons. These cratons are separated by a tectonic collage that
forms a suture zone between these cratons and the Trans-Hudson Orogen. The Western Churchill and Superior cratons
collided at about 1.9–1.8 Ga in the Trans-Hudson orogeny. Because of the irregular shapes of the colliding cratons, this
collision trapped between them large fragments of juvenile crust, a sizable microcontinent, and island arc terranes,
beneath what is now the centre of modern Hudson Bay as part of the Trans-Hudson Orogen. The Belcher Islands are
the eroded surface of the Belcher Fold Belt, which formed as a result of the tectonic compression and folding of
sediments that accumulated along the margin of the Superior Craton before its collision with the Western Churchill
Craton.[47][48]

Hudson Bay and the associated structural basin lies within the centre
of a large free-air gravity anomaly that lies within the Canadian
Shield. The similarity in areal extent of the free-air gravity anomaly
with the perimeter of the former Laurentide Ice Sheet that covered
this part of Laurentia led to a long-held conclusion that this
perturbation in the Earth's gravity reflected still ongoing glacial
isostatic adjustment to the melting and disappearance of this ice
sheet. Data collected over Canada by the Gravity Recovery and
Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission allowed geophysicists
to isolate the gravity signal associated with glacial isostatic
adjustment from longer–time scale process of mantle convection
occurring beneath the Canadian Shield. Based upon this data,
geophysicists and other Earth scientists concluded that the
Laurentide Ice Sheet was composed of two large domes to the west Map of post-glacial rebound. Hudson Bay is in the
and east of Hudson Bay. Modeling glacial isostatic adjustment using region of the most rapid uplift.
the GRACE data, they concluded that ~25 to ~45% of the observed
free-air gravity anomaly was due to ongoing glacial isostatic
adjustment, and the remainder likely represents longer time-scale effects of mantle convection.[49]

Southeastern semicircle

Earth scientists have disagreed about what created the semicircular feature known as the Nastapoka arc that forms a
section of the shoreline of southeastern Hudson Bay. Noting the paucity of impact structures on Earth in relation to the
Moon and Mars, Carlyle Smith Beals[50] proposed that it is possibly part of a Precambrian extraterrestrial impact
structure that is comparable in size to the Mare Crisium on the Moon. In the same volume, John Tuzo Wilson[51]
commented on Beals' interpretation and alternately proposed that the Nastapoka arc may have formed as part of an
extensive Precambrian continental collisional orogen, linked to the closure of an ancient ocean basin. The current
general consensus is that it is an arcuate boundary of tectonic origin between the Belcher Fold Belt and undeformed
basement of the Superior Craton created during the Trans-Hudson orogeny. This is because no credible evidence for
such an impact structure has been found by regional magnetic, Bouguer gravity, or other geologic studies.[47][48]
However, other Earth scientists have proposed that the evidence of an Archean impact might have been masked by
deformation accompanying the later formation of the Trans-Hudson orogen and regard an impact origin as a plausible
possibility.[52][53]

Economy

Arctic Bridge

The longer periods of ice-free navigation and the reduction of Arctic Ocean ice coverage have led to Russian and
Canadian interest in the potential for commercial trade routes across the Arctic and into Hudson Bay. The so-called
Arctic Bridge would link Churchill, Manitoba, and the Russian port of Murmansk.[54]

Port

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The biggest port in the Hudson bay is the city of Churchill, which lies on
the river with the same name, Churchill River. The Port of Churchill is a
privately owned port on Hudson Bay in Churchill, Manitoba, Canada.
Routes from the port connect to the North Atlantic through the Hudson
Strait. As of 2008, the port had four deep-sea berths capable of handling
Panamax-size vessels for the loading and unloading of grain, bulk
commodities, general cargo, and tanker vessels. The port is connected to
the Hudson Bay Railway, which shares the same parent company, and
cargo connections are made with the Canadian National Railway system at
HBR's southern terminus in The Pas. It is the only port of its size and
scope in Canada that does not connect directly to the country's road
system; all goods shipped overland to and from the port must travel by
rail.

The port was originally owned by the Government of Canada but was sold
in 1997 to the American company OmniTRAX to run privately. In
December 2015, OmniTRAX announced it was negotiating a sale of the
port, and the associated Hudson Bay Railway, to a group of First Nations
based in northern Manitoba.[55][56] With no sale finalized by July 2016,
OmniTRAX shut down the port and the major railroad freight operations The Arctic Bridge shipping route (blue line) is
in August 2016.[57] The railway continued to carry cargo to supply the hoped to link North America to markets in
town of Churchill itself until the line was damaged by flooding on May 23, Europe and Asia using ice-free routes across
2017. The Port and the Hudson Bay Railway were sold to Arctic Gateway the Arctic Ocean
Group—a consortium of First Nations, local governments, and corporate
investors—in 2018.[58] On July 9, 2019, ships on missions to resupply
arctic communities began stopping at the port for additional cargo,[59] and the port began shipping grain again on
September 7, 2019.[60]

Coastal communities
The coast of Hudson Bay is extremely sparsely populated; there are only about a dozen communities. Some of these
were founded as trading posts in the 17th and 18th centuries by the Hudson's Bay Company, making them some of the
oldest settlements in Western Canada. With the closure of the HBC posts and stores, although many are now run by
The North West Company,[61] in the second half of the 20th century, many coastal villages are now almost exclusively
populated by Cree and Inuit people. Two main historic sites along the coast were York Factory and Prince of Wales
Fort.

Communities along the Hudson Bay coast or on islands in the bay are (all populations are as of 2016):

Nunavut

Arviat, population 2,657[62]

Chesterfield Inlet, population 437[63]
Coral Harbour, population 891[64]
Rankin Inlet, population 2,842[65]
Sanikiluaq, population 882[66]
Whale Cove, population 435[67]
Manitoba

Churchill, population 899[68]

Ontario

Fort Severn First Nation, population 361[69]

Quebec
Akulivik, population 633[70]
Inukjuak, population 1,757[71]

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Kuujjuarapik, population 686[72]

Puvirnituq, population 1,779[73]
Umiujaq, population 442[74]
Whapmagoostui, population 984[75]

Military development

The Hudson's Bay Company built forts as fur trade strongholds against the French or other possible invaders. One
example is York Factory with angled walls to help defend the fort. In the 1950s, during the Cold War, a few sites along
the coast became part of the Mid-Canada Line, watching for a potential Soviet bomber attack over the North Pole. The
only Arctic deep-water port in Canada is the Port of Churchill, located at Churchill, Manitoba.

See also
Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal
Lake Agassiz – Enormous lake in central North America at the end of the last glacial period
List of Hudson Bay rivers
Tyrrell Sea – Prehistoric sea covering Hudson Bay

References
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2. "Wissenladen – Willkommen" (https://www.posterwissen.de/?Canada_(Hudson_Bay)&id=72&ln=en).
www.posterwissen.de.
3. "Makivik Folding Map" (https://www.itk.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Inuit_communities_of_Canada.pdf) (PDF).
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami.
4. "Quebec calls for 'urgent' extension of northern border" (https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-calls-for
-urgent-extension-of-northern-border-1.3261668). 2015-10-08. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2015101023
2835/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-calls-for-urgent-extension-of-northern-border-1.3261668)
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5. "Canada Drainage Basins" (http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/archives/5thedition/environment/water/mcr40
55). The National Atlas of Canada, 5th edition. Natural Resources Canada. 1985. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
6. Private Tutor (http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0824440.html). Infoplease.com. Retrieved on 2014-04-12.
7. Wright, John (30 November 2001). The New York Times Almanac 2002 (https://books.google.com/books?id=G81H
onU81pAC&pg=PA459). Psychology Press. p. 459. ISBN 978-1-57958-348-4. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
8. "IHO Publication S-23 Limits of Oceans and Seas; Chapter 9: Arctic Ocean" (https://web.archive.org/web/2014020
2105534/http://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/S-23WG/S-23WG_Misc/Draft_2002/Draft_2002.htm). International
Hydrographic Organization. 2002. Archived from the original (https://www.iho.int/mtg_docs/com_wg/S-23WG/S-23
WG_Misc/Draft_2002/Draft_2002.htm) on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
9. Calow, Peter (12 July 1999). Blackwell's concise encyclopedia of environmental management (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=0E0LP-pPCWwC&pg=PA7). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-632-04951-6. Retrieved
29 November 2010.
10. Lewis, Edward Lyn; Jones, E. Peter; et al., eds. (2000). The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean (https://books.
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General sources
Atlas of Canada, online version (http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/index.html).
Some references of geological/impact structure interest include:
Rondot, Jehan (1994). "Recognition of eroded astroblemes". Earth-Science Reviews 35, 4, pp. 331–365.
Wilson, J. Tuzo (1968). "Comparison of the Hudson Bay arc with some other features". In: Science, History and
Hudson Bay, v. 2. Beals, C. S. (editor), pp. 1015–1033.

External links
"Hudson Bay"  (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hudson_Bay). Encyclopædia
Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). 1911.

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