Proceedings of

International Conference
on
Energy & Environment
(ICEE 2021)
April 09-10, 2021

Organized by
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL & CIVIL ENGINEERING
JYOTHI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Jyothi Hills, Vettikattiri Post, Cheruthuruthy,
Thrissur, Kerala-679531, India

In association with

Indian Society for Technical Education

About the Institution:
Jyothi Engineering College (JEC), an outcome of Thrissur Educational Trust founded by the
Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur, started functioning at Cheruthuruthy from the year 2002.
With a visionary management, a team of dedicated faculty, devoted staff and with the ample
infrastructural facilities, Jyothi has emerged as one of the model self-financing engineering
colleges in Kerala. Within a decade, it has achieved an envious position among the Engineering
Colleges affiliated to the University of Calicut and APJ Abdul Kalam Technological
University. Today Jyothi is a NAAC accredited institution which offers NBA accredited
programmes. The vision of Jyothi is to create eminent and ethical leaders through quality
professional education with emphasis on holistic excellence. Jyothi is located on Thrissur-
Shoranur highway about 6 kms from Shoranur Junction Railway station and 77 kms from Cochin
International Airport.

The institution is currently offering following degree programs.

Bachelor degree Program (Under graduate Courses):

Civil Engineering#
Computer Science and Engineering#
Electrical & Electronics Engineering#
Electronics & Communication Engineering#
Mechanical Engineering#
Mechatronics Engineering
Artificial Intelligence & Data Science
Robotics & Industrial Automation
#
NBA accredited programs

Master degree Program (Post Graduate Courses):

Computer Science & Engineering
Communication Engineering
Power Electronics
Transportation Engineering
Industrial Automation & Robotics

Research Program:
PhD in Science and Technology streams

ii
Organizing Committee:
Chief Patron:
His Grace Mar Andrews Thazhath, Chairman
Patron:
Msgr. Thomas Kakkassery, Manager

Co-Patron:
Rev. Fr. Roy Joseph Vadakkan, Secretary & Campus Head
Conference Chair:
Rev. Dr. Jose Kannampuzha, Director of Academics
Vice – Chair:
Dr. Sunny Joseph Kalyathankal, Principal
General Chairs:
Sr. Dr. Rose Anitha, Director of Research
Dr. U. Lazar John, Director of Industry & HR
Prof. Ratnan P, Vice Principal & Dean (UG)
Organising Chairs:
Dr. Biju P. L, Professor & Head, Mechanical Engg. Dept.
Prof. Vincy Verghese, Professor & Head, Civil Engg. Dept.
Organising Secretary:
Dr. Deepanraj B, Associate Professor
Coordinators:
Ms. Jisha Akkara, Assistant Professor Dr. George Rapheal, Associate Professor
Ms. Nisha Sherief, Assistant Professor Dr. Agnes Anto C, Associate Professor
Organizers:
Mr. Lawrance C.A, Associate Professor Mr. Nice Menachery, Assistant Professor
Mr. David K. J, Associate Professor Mr. Sukesh O. P, Assistant Professor
Mr. M G Cyriac, Associate Professor Mr. Jithin K. Kuriakose, Assistant Professor
Mr. Manoj Kumar V. K, Assistant Professor Ms. Neeraja P G, Assistant Professor
Mr. Praveen Raj, Assistant Professor Ms. Anju M. J, Assistant Professor
Mr. Christy V. V, Assistant Professor Ms. Archana S , Assistant Professor
Mr. Suneeth Sukumaran, Assistant Professor Ms. Carol Varghese, Assistant Professor
Mr. Melvinraj C. R, Assistant Professor Mr. Alwyn Varghese, Assistant Professor
Mr. Anto Zacharias, Assistant Professor Dr. K. Athiappan, Assistant Professor
Mr. Nikhil N. S, Assistant Professor Mr. Parthiban P, Assistant Professor
Mr. Cijil B. John, Assistant Professor Ms. Soorya M Nair, Assistant Professor

iii
International Advisory Committee:

Dr. Ong Hwai Chyuan, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Dr. Hector. A. Ruiz, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Mexico
Dr. Martin Kaltschmitt, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg
Dr. Jingzheng Ren, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Dr. Sumathy Krishnan, North Dakota State University, USA
Dr. Kamaruzzaman Sopian, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Pietro Bartocci, University of Perugia, Italy
Dr. Nazmul Ahsan, University of Tokyo, Japan
Dr. M. M. Noor, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia
Dr. John W. Sheffield, Purdue University, USA
Dr. Abd El-Fatah Abomohra, Chengdu University, China
Dr. Saravanan A. M, National University of Science and Tech, Oman
Dr. Md. Mizanur Rahman, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Wichitra Singhirunnusorn, Mahasarakham University, Thailand
Dr. Yerzhan Belyayev, Satbayev University, Kazakhstan

National Advisory Committee:

Dr. S. Ayoob, APJ Abdul Kalam Tech University, Kerala

Dr. Kaustubha Mohanty, IIT Guwahati, Assam
Dr. E.J James, Karunya University, Coimbatore
Dr. S. Jayaraj, NIT Calicut, Kerala
Dr. Sunil Kumar, IJG Punjab Tech University, Punjab
Dr. Abhilash Suryan, CET, Trivandrum
Dr. R. Thundil Karuppa Raj R, Vellore Inst. of Tech., Vellore
Dr. S. Murugan, NIT Rourkela, Odisha
Dr. K. K. Ramachandran, GEC Thrissur, Kerala
Dr. M. Mohanraj, HCET, Coimbatore
Dr. Jayashri N. Nair, VNR VJIET, Hyderabad
Dr. Sabu Joseph, University of Kerala, Trivandrum
Dr. J. Ranjitha, Vellore Inst. of Tech., Vellore
Dr. N. Sendhil Kumar, NIT Puducherry, Karaikal
Dr. Rahumahtunza I, MES Engg College, Kerala
Dr. Biji P, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore
Dr. T.V Anjunan, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur
Dr. C.P Jawahar, Amity University, Gwalior
Dr. Rupesh S, PES College of Engineering, Mandya
Dr. D. Mala, University College of Engineering, Panruti
Dr. R. Shivashankar, Hindustan Inst. of Technology & Science, Chennai
Dr. M. Mubarak, MEA Engineering College, Perinthalmanna
Dr. Hemant Kumar Gupta, Shroff SR Rotary Institute of Chemical Tech, Gujarat
iv
 MAR ANDREWS THAZHATH
ARCHBISHOP OF TRICHUR
Archbishop’s House, Trichur, Kerala, 680005, India
Ph. 0091-487-2333325; (M) +919447321599
Email: [email protected]
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 April 2021

MESSAGE

It gives me immense pleasure to know that Mechanical & Civil

Engineering Departments of Jyothi Engineering College in association with
Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE) is organizing an International
Conference at Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur on April 9 & 10, 2021. I
wish all the best and success to this conference.

It is worth to notice and appreciate that many young researchers

within and outside our country will be participating and presenting their
research papers in the conference through on-line mode. Even though the
present Covid pandemic scenario has pulled back the charm of many such
events, I hope the outcome of the conference would definitely pave the way
for innovative ideas and new researches in the respective fields.

I do congratulate and appreciate all the faculty members and students

who have worked earnestly to make this event a grant success. Once again I
wish you all wonderful wisdom days at Jyothi!!

Yours truly,

Mar Andrews Thazhath

Archbishop of Trichur.
 INEER CO

EAD KINO
JyothiEEngineering College NAAC Accredited College with N Accredited Programmes
Approved by AICTE&affiliatedto APJAbdul Kalam Technological University
CREATING TECHNOLOGY
LEADERS OF TOMORKOW
A CENTREOF EXCELLENCE INSCIENCE&TECHNOLOGYBY THE CATHOLICARCHDIOCESE OF TRICHUR
JYOTHI HILLS, VETTIKATTIRI P.O. CHERUTHURUTHY, THRISSUR. PIN-679531 PH:+91- 4884-259000. 274423 FAX:04884-274777D
ESTD 2002

MESSAGE
The growth of any educational institution is mainly depending on its holistic approach on
conducting various programs that are beneficial to its stakeholders. I am quite sure that
organizing an International Conference is one of the key programs of such kind to achieve
that goal. I hope, this Conference would definitely enable staff and students of Mechanical
and Civil engineering discipline to interact on new trends and developments in the academic
as well as industrial field in their respective arena. This will give a new outlook on academic
orientation and also will help to nurture research aptitude among staff and students.

I do congratulate the co-coordinators, all the staff members and students for their whole
hearted support extended for conducting this event. I wish you all the success.

a4homninbusnem
Msgr. Thomas Kakkassery
Manager,Jyothi Engineering College

www.jecc.ac.in Email:[email protected]
"NBA accredited B.Tech Programmes in Computer Sclence &Engineering, Electronlcs & Communicatlon Engineeting.Elechicalk Blectonies nino1920/2
Mechanical Engineering valld tor the academic years 2016-2022. NBA accredited B.Tech Programme in Civil Engineering valid for the academic years 2017-2022.
ENGIN
EERING

N D LL I a
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JyothiE
Engineering College NAACAcCredited College with NB Accredited Programmes
Approved by AlCTE &affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University E
CREATING TECHNOLOGY ACTNIR O1 INCEUNCT INSCU NCT &I1UNOIoGY BY 1HE CATHOL IC ARCHDIOCESE OF TRICHUR
LEADERS OF TOMORROW PH: +91 4884-259000. 274423 FAX: 04884-274777
D*
ESTD 2002 JYOTHIHILLs, VETTIKATTIRI P O. CHERUTHURUTHY, THRISSUR. PIN 679531

Greetings to all

Many definitions are given for education. These all definitions have a common focus point
acquiring knowledge. Research is one of the main knowledge acquiring area especially for
homo sapience. As you know, International conferences are intended to showcase such
research ideas which are beneficial to the entire world without any reservations. In this
special Covid pandemic situation, the efforts taken to organize and conduct such an event is
highly appreciable and I do congratulate all the Mechanical & Civil Engineering Department
staff and students for steering this conference in a well-mannered way. I am very happy to
wish all the very best to the participants and coordinators of this International Conference
here in Jyothi Engineering College

God bless.

Fr. Roy Joseph Vadakkan

Campus Head, Jyothi Engineering College

whw.jecc.ac.in Eanail :iutoa jece.ae.in

"NBA acCredited B.Tech Programmes in Computer Science &Engineering Eiectonics s Communication Engineering Elechical & ElechonicsEginei nd
Mechanical Engineering valid tor the acodemic years 2016 2022 NBA acciedited 8 Tech Programme in Civi Engineering valid tor the academic years 2017-2022.
ENGINS
ERING CO
Jyofhi
Engineering College NAACACcredited College with NR Accredited Programmes
MONGS Approved by AlCTE & affiliated to AP] Abdul Kalam Technological University
CREATING TECHNOLOG
LEADERS OF TOMORROW
ACENTRE OFENGELLENGE IN SCENCE&TECHNOLOGY BTHE CATHOLIC ARCHDIOCESEOFTRICHLR
YOTHI HILLS. VETTIKATTRI P.O. CHERUTHURUTHY THRISSUR. PIN-679531 PH:-91- 4884-259000. 274423 FAX: 04884-274777
ESTD 200n

MESSAGE
20h century categorization of engineering disciplines is undergoing a thorough change in the
recent years. The latest trend is to group all existing disciplines of engineering into computer
engineering. materials engineering. bio- engineering and energy or power engineering to
which all conventional branches are merged unceremoniously. No matter what basic branch
one belongs to, every researcher is focusing on works related to the above four. It is in this
background that Jyothi Engineering College is undertaking the great responsibility of
conducting an international conference on energy and environment scheduled for 9 and 10
of April 2021. Environment is a topic of utmost interest for the public, for any infringement
on the nature's immaculate existence the humanity has to pay very heavy cost. Hence. the
topic!
This international conference is jointly organized by Jyothi's mechanical engineering and
civil engineering departments. The hard work. drilling deep into the abyss of the academic
webs, by the faculty and staff members of both the departments spearheaded by
Dr. Deepanraj B in ME and Dr. Vincy Varghese in CE makes the entire exercise streamlined
and smooth. Each one deserves accolades from every corner. The students also have played
an excellent role putting real efforts for the successful conduct of the same.

Every conference is a gold mine of opportunities for networking. Research exercise and
results can be shared by individuals and institutions situated at different parts of the globe.
Every time wheels need not be reinvented sharing platform can become stationary foundation
for future research pursuits.

Here I am to wish all the best for the excellent conduct of this international conference.

Rev. Dr. Jose Kannampuzha

Director of Academics
Jyothi Engineering College.

www.jece.ac.in Email: info@ jece.ac.in

NBA aceredted B.Tech Programmes in Computer Science & Engineering, Electonics & Communication Engineering Electical &Elechonics Engineering and
Mechanical Engineering vaid for the ocademic years 2016-2022. NBA accredited B.Tech Programme in Civil Engineering valid for the academic years 2019-202.
 NEER

GCo JyothiEngineering College NAACAccredited College with NA ACcredited Programmes

OLY Approved by AlCTE&affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam TechnologicalUniversity D
CREATING TECHNOLOGY
LEADERS OF TOMORROW
A CENIREOF EXCELLENCEINSCIENCE&1ECHNOLOGYBY THECATHOLICARCHDIOCESEOFTRICHUR 3
JYOTHI HILLS. VETIKATIRI P.O, CHERUTHURUTHY, THRISSUR. PIN-679531 PH: +91- 4884-259000, 274423 FAX: 04884-274777
ESTD 2002

MESSAGE
I am very glad that Mechanical Engineering Department of Jyothi Engineering college is
organising the International Conference in Mechanical Engineering with the general theme
"Energy and Environment".

Energy is the prime mover of economic growth and it is vital to sustain the economy. Energy
consumption is the indicator of economic growth of a nation. Human beings are utilising
different kinds of energy sources in the modern era. Demand for energy in the world has been
steadily increasing with the rise in global population and living standards. The primary
energy consumption has been increasing through the years especially in the later half of 20
century. The same trend is continuing in the early decades of 21 century.
Concerns about energy security and environmental apprehensions have compelled the
policymakers in the energy sector to consider renewable and sustainable energy options to
satisfy ever growing energy demands. The geopolitics of energy is also important, as the
impacts of environmental regulations and advancing technologies on national and local
politics, and even global energy politics are interrelated. Energy & Environment conference
is a forum for constructive, professional information sharing, as well as debate across
disciplines and professions, including the financial sector.

I congratulate all the efforts taken by Dr. Biju P.L., Prof. Vincy Varghese,
Dr. Deepanraj B and all the staff members of Mechanical and Civil Engineering Department,
for the successful conduct of this conference. I wish all the very best and hope this
conference will stimulate fruitful intellectual discussions during and after the days of the
conference.

Dr.Sunny Joseph Kalayathangal

Principal,
Jyothi Engineering College.

www.jec.ac.in Email : [email protected]

NBA accrediled B.rech Programmes in Computer Sclence &Engineering, Electronics &Communlcation Engineering.Elechical Elecronics Engin9a1 2027
Mechanical Engineering valid for the academic years 2016-2022. NBA accredited B.Tech Programme in Clvil Engineering valld for the academic years 2019-2022.
 NEER
AING CO
JyothiaEngineering Collegee NAACACcredited College with NB Accredited Programmes
EADKINDLK Approvedby AICTE &affiliated toAP] Abdul Kalam Technological University
CREATING TECHNOLOGY
ACENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN SCIENCE& TECHNOLOGY BY THE CATHOLIC ARCHDIOCESE OF TRICHUR
LEADERS OF TOMORROW JYOTHI HILLS, VETTIKATTIRI P.O, CHERUTHURUTHY, THRISSUR. PIN-679531 PH: +91- 4884-259000. 274423 FAX: 04884-274777 D
ESTD2002

MESSAGE
It is a great pleasure for me to pen down a few words of appreciation for the International
Conference on Energy and Environment to be held at Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur on
9th and 10h of April 2021. Learning is life-long. International Conference is a good venue
for learning. It is a platform to share one's views, knowledge and research ideas without any
boundaries. With much appreciation, I extend Hearty Congratulations and Best Wishes to
the Staff and Students of Mechanical and Civil Engineering Departments of Jyothi
Engineering College, the expert Organizers of ICEE 2021. With the whole-hearted
cooperation of all the participants and all those who are involved in this endeavour,
the conference will be a great success.

The theme of the Conference is one of the most relevant one for the welfare of the
whole Universe. Without energy, we are nothing. Without environment, we are no
more. World is in dire need of this awareness. It is the need of the time. Hopefully,
we are looking for the fruitful outcome of ICEE.

Once again, by conducting this important Conference, Jyothi is proving, it can rise above
anything even the pandemic COVID - 19 with full bright glittering. Let this Jyothi of
knowledge from 1CEE shine upon all the participants and through them to the whole
world. A better environment with best energy resources are possible. Wish you all, a
new horizon of research with innovative ideas and a grand success to the
Conference.

Sr. Dr. Rose Anitha

Director (Research). Jyothi Engineering College

www.jecc.ac.in Email: info@ jecc.ac.in

"NBA accredited B.Tech Programmes in Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Electrical & Electonics Engineering and
Mechanical Engineering valid for the academic years 2016-2022. NBA accredited B.Tech Programme in Civil Engineering valid tor the academic years 2019-2022.
HGINEER

alNG COL
NiEngineering Collegee
NAAC Accredited College with N3R Accredited Programmes
wDLY Approved by AICTE & affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University A D
CREATING TECHNOLOGY
LEADERS OF TOMORROW
ACENTRE OFEXCELLENCE IN SCIUNCE&TECHNOLOGYBYTHE CATHOLICARCHDIOCESE OF TRICHUR 4777 O E
ESTD 2002 JYOTHIHILLS. VETTIKATTIRI P.O, CHERUTHURUTHY, THRISSUR. PIN-679531 PH: +91-4884-259000, 274423 FAX:04884-274777

MESSAGE

An ever-increasing human population continues to drive the need for the energy conservation
and environment protection. The unpredictability of climatic changes and depletion of natural
resources hinder the vision for long-range planning and resource allocation. This global
scenario requires integration of sustainable infrastructure into the multi-dimensional domain.
Our work is vital in preserving what persists today and opening the way for the ecosystem to
thrive into the future. I hope this conference, ICEE-2021, provides a premier interdisciplinary
platform for academicians, industrialists, researchers to present and discuss the recent
innovations as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of
Energy and Environment. I wish all the participants the best and hope this conference will
address all the issues related to Energy and Environment specifically, energy production and
management, green energy, environmental engineering, environmental management, climate
change and sustainable development.

Head of the Department Head of the Department

Mechanical Engineering Civil Engineering

www.jece.ac.in Email : iufoa jece.ac.in

NAaccredited B.Tech Programmes in Computer Sclence & Engineering. Electonics & Communic ation Engineering, Electical & Electonics Engineering and
Mechanical Engineering valid for the academic years 2016-2022. NBA accredited 8.Tech Programme in Civil Engineering valid tor the academic years 2019-2022.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Titles and Authors Page No.

Characteristic changes induced in soil using industrial waste
1 1
Amardeep Kaur, Rajiv Chauhan
Photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds using copper based
2 nanoparticles 1
Chandhini Priya S, Vijayalakshmi S, Ranjitha J
Utilization of waste product as an alternative fuel
3 2
Sunil Kumar, Ravi Kumar Yadav
Flex sensor based gesture controlled assist device for COVID-19 patients
4 M. Neela Harish, Praveen Kumar K, Prasanth Kumar R, Aparna V, 2
Athaf Khanam N
Remote sensing based comparative analysis of soil erosion models
5 3
Gopikrishnan T, Akhil Mehrotra
Smart framework for air pollution monitoring using IoT
6 3
B. Reshma Shree, Dr.R. Sathiyaraj
Experimental investigation on polymer sand bricks
7 4
P.K.Ranganathan, K. Marimuthu, S. Girija, R. S. Arjun, M. Santhiya
Self-compacting concrete reinforced with natural fiber and by partial
8 replacement of cement with lime 4
Bhagyalaxmi Sindagi, P Neeraja
Effect of a pervoskite catalyst on ceramic and metallic type catalytic
9 converter for the reduction of automotive exhaust emission 5
Prof. Kuldip D. Patel, Dr. Femina Patel, Prof. Sujal Dadhaniya
Experimental investigation on use of recycled aggregate and waste
10 plastic for manufacturing eco-friendly solid brick 5
K. Athiappan, P. Parthiban, S. Sivaramakrishnan, Anju M J, Neeraja P G
Integration of sensors for dam water quality analysis – A prototype
11 6
Lina Rose, X Anitha Mary, C Karthik
Temporal and strata based evaluation of physico-chemical water
12 characteristics of Peechi Dam (India) 6
Anitta Rose, Titus James, Agnes Anto C. , M. G. Cyriac, Archana S
A Comparative study on prediction of ambient air quality using
13 machine learning algorithms 7
Jamuna M , Jayaprakash C, Gandhimathi A
Municipal solid waste management with special reference to
Bhimavaram in West Godavari District, India, under Covid 19:
14 7
Challenges and recommendations
Ch.J.Pavany, D.Hanisha Gayathri, D.Harshitha
A systematic study of Uranium in ground water and its correlation with
15 other water quality parameters 8
P.K.Srivastava, Ajay Kumar Dharmendra Kumar, Mansi Srivastava
Aquaculture waste water treatment technologies and their
sustainability: A review
16 9
Dr. Asha P Tom, Jayalekshmi S J, Minnu Biju, Jithin Somarajan,
P E Muhammad Ajas Ibrahim
 Seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete frames using steel bracings
17 9
Silpa S., Chinsu Mereena Joy
An overview of developments in trickling filter and media
18 10
Shraddha Vivekanand Gurlhosur, Er. Devendra Dohare
An appraisal of nutrient status and productivity with emphasis on
19 phytoplankton assemblage in Karamana River, Kerala, India 10
Nivedi S. Mohan, Vishnu Sagar M.K, Sabu Joseph
Carbon neutral in Thrissur Municipal Corporation in Kerala State: A
20 case study 11
Carol Varghese, Olfy Nixon , Eloi C. J., Clodiya Charly, Saison Xavier
Analysis of potential of napier grass, vetiver and equisetum for the
21 treatment of domestic greywater using constructed wetlands 12
Sijimol MR, Mansa M L, Sabu Joseph
Design and logistics of constructed wetlands in the domestic
environment of Kerala
22 12
Akhil.A.R, Anjali Suresh, Fiza.U, Mohamed Thanish.K.A, Mr. Alwyn
Varghese, Dr. E. J. James
Site selection and designing of landfill using review approach
23 13
Mohammad Wasif Quadri, Devendra Dohare
Development of environmentally sustainable habitat in a domestic
housing system
24 14
Aadhil Mohammed C P, Arnold P J, Basima P, Sruthi Kunnath
Unnikrishnan, Prof. M G Cyriac
Ranking of CORDEX – SA datasets for Meenachil river basin, Kerala
25 using Multi-criteria decision making method 14
Saranya M.S., Vinish V. Nair
A Study on radon concentration vis-a’-vis groundwater quality in the
selected part of midland and coastal regions of Neyyar River Basin,
26 15
Kerala, India
Akhil, R, Sabu Joseph
Salt water intrusion in Kallada River and its impact on ground water
27 quality of Munroe Island, Kerala, South West Coast of India 15
Chithra S, Sabu Joseph
Evaluation of spatio-temporal variation of Radon (222Rn) activity in the
groundwater vis-à-vis geological setting in Vamanapuram River Basin,
28 16
Kerala, India
Anurani G R, Sabu Joseph
Effects of sulphate resistant cement on marine structural concretes
29 17
Mr. Anish.C, Dr. R. Venkata Krishnaiah
A study of engineered cementitious composites by investigating its
30 compressive and flexural strength 17
Cenya S Kumar, Shivani, Sona Rose Bins, Sona Togi, Ms. Mareena George
Automatic microphone height adjustment system using image
31 processing 18
Chaithanya.K.P, Dr. Roshini.T.V
Impacts of environmental factors on the COVID-19 transmission for the
32 tropical region in India 18
L Ramesh Krishnan, L Gangadhara Kiran Kumar
 Isolation, characterization of C. muelleri, culture media & parameter
optimization and study for its potential as natural feed system for
commercial marine aquaculture of Penaeus sp.- an approach to
33 19
sustainable ecosystem management and sustained livelihood.
Debasish Sahoo, Virendra Kumar Vaishnav, Tanushree Chatterjee, Navita
Gupta, Shailenedra Kumar Sinha
Green building rating systems from the prospect of sustainability
34 dimensions through the building lifecycle 20
Nina Lazar, Chithra K
Comparative study of different filter media on the performance of
35 biologically aerated filter (BAF): A review 20
Beena P. Nambiar, Dr. Renu Pawels
Review of impact assessment on agricultural watershed due to change in
36 environmental factors 21
Soumya Pandey, Neeta Kumari
Photocatalytic degradation of refractory organic compounds in
37 wastewater using ZnO nanoparticles- A Review. 22
Sakshi Gyanesh Sharma, Dr. Reshma Patel
Understanding the basic science behind the menace of climate change
38 22
Dr Rafi Ramzan Dar
Bio-sequestration of CO2 via microalgae: A review
39 23
Sakshi Gyanesh Sharma, Jignesh Brahmbhatt
Performance of cement grouts and their applications
40 23
Yogita Gaude, Dr. K. G. Guptha, Er. T. Mohan
Recycling of vehicle wash effluent by natural coagulation and filtration
41 methods 24
Salini P J, Dr. G Madhu
Performance of Pultruded GFRP Beam-Column Infilled With HVFA-
42 ECC Under Lateral Loading 24
Yoganantham C, Jagan A, Karthikeyan k and Joanna P S
Treating waste water with sugarcane bagasse as absorbent
43 25
Lakshmi C, Ranjitha J, Vijayalakshmi Shankar
Microbial degradation of kraft and lignin and its optimization
44 25
Lakshmi C, Ranjitha J, Vijayalakshmi Shankar
Isolation, identification and characterization of microbes capable for bio
45 remedial activities isolated from Jharia Coalfield, Jharkhand 26
Amita Singh, Dr. Navita Gupta, Debasish Sahoo, Virendra Vaishnav
Quality issues of traditional water sources of kerala and remedial
46 measures 26
M.G. Cyriac, Dr Agnes Anto, Neeraja P.G, Anju .M.J
Sustainable solutions for effective housing environment
47 Parthiban P, Cyriac M G, T.S Balagopalan Prabhu, Geethu Asok, 27
Neeraja PG, K. Athiappan
Engineering properties of steel fibre reinforced ternary blend
48 geopolymer concrete 28
D. Leela1, Dr. R. Manjula
Study of noise pollution and air pollution due to railway and vehicular
49 traffic at level crossing 28
Sreelakshmi K S, Chandini Divakaran P, Jisha Akkara
 A review on green transportation system
50 29
Anagha Suresh, Archana.S
Methods of optimizing riser and gating system: a systematic review
51 Jalaj Bhatt, Dhyan Vyas, Akshat Rajput, Somasundaram M, 29
Narendra Kumar U
Crumb rubber-based geopolymer concrete: a review
52 Bala Gopal Adapala, Durga Chaitanya Kumar Jagarapu, Syed Hamim 30
Jeelani, Arunakanthi Eluru, B. Sarath Chandra Kumar
Utilization of agricultural waste (POFA) in concrete: A review
53 Kristam Srikanth, Durga Chaitanya Kumar Jagarapu, T. Venkat Das, Syed 30
Hamim Jeelani, Arunakanthi
Effect of chloride ion penetration and corrosion resistance in predicting
54 service life of high volume GGBS self compacted concretes 31
Mr. C. Rajamallu, Dr T. Chandrasekhar Reddy, Dr E. Arunakanthi
Removal of zinc and copper from contaminated soil by using adsorbents
55 and mulches 32
Abhijith L, Elza Mathew Varghese
Development of nano thin films from natural polymers and its
applications in industrial wastewater treatment
56 32
Khadija Salim Abdullah Al Balushi, Alaa Saif Al Hudaifi, Geetha Devi,
Amira Suleiman Rashid Khamis Al Garibi
Fabrication, characterization and application of PAH/(PSS/ZnO)n
57 bilayers in the removal of pollutants from industrial effluents 33
B. M. Sangeetha, M. Geetha Devi, Susmita Dutta
Application of nano structured coating in corrosion inhibition of oil
pipelines
58 34
Ms. Hebatallah AL Jabri, Muhannad Ali Al-Shukaili, Geetha Devi, Dinesh
Keloth Kaithari
Production of sustainable structural lightweight fiber reinforced
59 concrete containing oil palm industrial solid waste 34
Durga Chaitanya Kumar Jagarapu, Arunakanthi Eluru
Chromium removal using natural adsorbents: A review
60 35
Gajendran Chellaiah, Saranya N and Anirudh Gupta
Development of urban water management model: A water evaluation
61 and planning approach 35
S.S.Pravin, Gajendran Chellaiah, T.Divya
Inter-basin transfers in semi-arid region challenges and possibilities
62 36
Gajendran Chellaiah, Gopalakrishnan Narayanaperumal
Hydrologic flow regimes in humid tropics river basin
63 36
Gajendran Chellaiah, Daniel Biju Eazon
Water stress management under climate change scenarios: A Review
64 37
Gajendran Chellaiah, Hema Honeyma
Comparative study on load resistance of eco-friendly interlocking blocks
65 for sustainable construction 37
Venkata Veera Himakar Chunduri, Veerendrakumar C. khed
Numerical approaches for modeling seawater intrusion and mitigation
66 measures in coastal aquifers 38
Gajendran Chellaiah, V. Sagaya Sheela
 Waste/rain water harvesting and purification
67 38
S. Paul, P. Mahapatra, M. Banerjee, Dr. T.K. Nandi
Energy saving, waste management, and pollution free steps for
68 University campuses 39
G S Prakasha, Rituparna Chakraborty, Anthony Kenneth
Improving the physical characteristics of tannery waste water using
69 natural coagulants 39
R.Tharani, E.Alishiya
Isolation, characterization and optimization of chrysene degradation
70 using bacteria isolated from oil-contaminated water 40
Smeera Thomas, Nitha TV, Dr.S Kavitha
Optimization and efficacy studies of Laccase immobilized on Zein-
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone nano fibrous membrane in decolorization of Acid
71 40
Red 1
Ranimol.G, Chinju Paul, Swetha Sunkar
Phycocyanin pigment extraction from cyanobacterium, phormidium
valderianum
72 41
Maya S Nair, Dr.V.Sivasubramanian, Dr.R.Ravikumar, A.Loganathan,
N.Radha Krishna
Adsorption of Heavy metals in Plant and Soil from Treated wastewater
73 42
J. Blessy, J. Brema
An integrated IOT and fuzzy logic controller system for biogas digester
74 to predict methane generation 42
P.Ilangovan, Dr.M.Sharmila Begum, Dr.P.K.Srividhya
Quantitative analysis of indoor air quality
75 43
Dr. Nidhi M.B, Salma Asraff, Vaibhav.K
Public perception study on implementation and usage of autonomous
76 vehicles in indian scenarios 43
Devika S, Lekshmi J S, Carol Varghese
Performance of Conventional algorithms for classification of Airborne
77 hyper spectral data using random and optimum number of samples 44
Aswin P Vijayan , Amba Shetty, U.Pruthviraj
Utilization of waste ammonia fumes as a nitrogen source for plant
78 germination 44
Sylvester Avijit Gomes, Parvati Ramaswamy, V.R. Reghu
Design and Analysis of Gas Sensor based on Floating Contact Bottom
79 Gate Organic Transistor 45
Arun Pratap Singh Rathod, Abhilasha Mishra
Feasibility study of sustainable transportation In Thrissur
80 45
Raveena V, Archana
Studies on the physico-chemical and heavy metal analysis of selected
81 sites in river cauvery, Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu. 46
N.A.Mohamed Shahila, R.Soranam
Decarbonising transport; A review
82 47
Nivya Varghese V, Anjima Joseph, Rosmin Thomas, Carol Varghese
Valorisation potential of the levels of the waste management hierarchy
leading to efficient segregation in wastewater management practices:
83 47
The Indian chemical industry
Sandra D’Sa, Debasis Patnaik
 Evaluation of pedestrian accessibility around bus stops – A review
84 48
Rosmin Thomas, Archana S
Temporal variability of meteorological drought monitoring using
85 standardized precipitation index 48
A Vijay Kumar, Sanjeet Kumar
Time controlled crackers for crop fields
86 Franco D Alappat, Alphin Sojy, Krishna, Naveen Jayaraj, Needhu Varghese, 49
Sunil Paul
Shade Analysis of different glaze materials as passive cooling measures
87 in residential buildings in hot dry climatic zone 49
Deepmala Meena, Antima Sharma, Namrata Sengar
Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of friction stir-
88 welded joints of aluminium alloy 50
Siddharth, Surabhi Lata
Impact of transportation on climate change
89 51
Mahima Mary Thomas, Vincy Verghese
WS2 nanosheets based electrical detection of heavy metal ions
90 51
Ashamoni Neog and Rajib Biswas
sustainable and eco-friendly approach for controlling industrial
91 wastewater quality 52
surabhi lata, siddharth
preserve mountains and hills to preserve the fragile ecosystem
92 52
dr kirti agarwal
A comparative study of the impact of thermal indices on indian coral
93 ecosystem 53
Hussain Ali, Mausumi Goswami
A comparative analysis of opinions and sentiments on clean India
94 campaign and sustainability goals of 2030 54
Mausumi Goswami, Dhrubasish Sarkar
Inverse modelling of groundwater flow system for the sub-basin of
95 Kakatiya Canal 54
Challa Venkateswarlu, Dr. R. Manjula
Experimental investigation on the effect of distillation temperature of
96 tyre pyrolytic oil on smoke pollution in a DI engine fuelled with blends 55
Dr. Vinod V, Dr Resmi G., Dr. Suresh P R, Dr. Sudeep U

Investigation of sesame processing wastewater treatment with combined

97 electrochemical and membrane processes 56
Zelal Isik, Raouf Bouchareb, Mohammed Saleh, Nadir Dizge
Investigative approach for identification of contamination in traditional
98 water sources of Kerala State 56
Anju M J, Cyriac M G, Vincy vergehse ,Neeraja P.G, Archana
A review on properties of concrete with fine aggregates partially
99 replaced by granite fines 57
Linda David K, Dr. Prebhakumari K
Parametric study of basin saline water in single slope solar still using
100 CFD modeling 57
R. Dhivagar, A. Prakash, S. Balaji, A. Sivaramakrishnan
 Adsorption of malachite green from aqueous solutions using pyrolyzed
101 pine ash 58
Brijesh Prasad, Abhilasha Mishra, Rekha Goswami, Neha Bhatt
Fluoride removal from water using locally available bentonite clay in a
continuous fixed-bed column
102 58
Adane Woldemedhin Kalsido, Beteley Tekola, Beshah Mogessie, Arun
Kumar, Esayas Alemayehu
Efficiency of vetiver filter in defluoridation of water
103 Soorya M. Nair, Anjali P. Sasidharan, Sneha C. Shaju, Praseeja K.C, 59
Surya N.R, Swathi K.S
Zeolite A and its modifications for CO2 capture: A review
104 60
V Indira, K Abhitha
Coagulation of reactive red 195 dye by using polyaluminium chloride as
105 coagulant 60
Krissana Thammachai and Charuepon Charoensuk
Fabrication of superhydrophobic coating on cotton fabric for separation
106 of oil-water mixture 61
Neha Bhatta, Abhilasha Mishraa, Rekha Goswami
Promoting greasy sewage management using online media for Talad Noi
107 Market Vendors in Mahasarakham University 61
Thapanee Chandabut and Adisak Singseewo
Hydrus-1D simulation of two-stage cross-flow pre-filtration of turbid
108 river water 62
Goldie Davis, Edwin Ekwue
Study on variation of physical properties of concrete due to
109 contaminated water 62
Alwyn Varghese, Femin K A, Alfrin Anto K, Anjali Raju, Savio Jobson
Simulation modelling of wastewater treatment plants using anaerobic
110 digestion model no. 1: a review 63
Rajshree Mathur, Barkha Chaplot, Meena Kumari Sharma
Environmental pollution and management
111 63
M.Poojitha, J.Soundariya, S.Priyadarshini, S.Srinithi
Effectiveness of existing green rating systems towards zero waste
112 construction 64
Anil Soharu, Naveen BP
An approach towards zero waste building construction
113 64
Anil Soharu
Influence of moisture in strength of flexible pavement
114 65
Parthiban P, Vishnu N D, Dins Thomas, Arun N, Fadel Abdul Rehman
Design of plumbing system for an IT Building, Ernakulam
115 Shini. K. J, Vineeth. J, Silpa Ouseph, Alfred Thomas, Er. A. Siva Iyer, Prof. 66
M. G. Cyriac
Accident detection system in two wheelers
116 Cijil B. john, Prejulesh K., Rinu Rose Varghese T., Vishnu K.K., 66
Abel Sam Mammen
 The evaluation of growth performance, feed utilization and flesh quality
of red tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) fed with different feeding regime
117 67
Niwooti Whangchai, Bundit Yuangsoi, Rungkan klahan, Rameshprabu
Ramaraj, Kanda Whangchai and Tipsukhon Pimpimol
Assessment of pollution scenario of Bharathapuzha and remedial
measures
118 67
M.G. Cyriac, Anto Raffy, Irene Francy, Nimmy Rose Anto, Varsha Vinod,
Vincy Verghese, Dr Agnes Anto
Effect of changed traffic scenario due to Covid-19 on environment
119 68
Blessy Samuel, Vincy Verghese, Anju Agnes, Nandana Vinod, Christo Shaji
Effects of C:N ratio in biofloc aquaculture system on off-flavors taints in
Tilapia
120 69
Niwooti Whangchai, Rameshprabu Ramaraj, Kanda Whangchai,Tipsukhon
Pimpimol
Effect of water temperature for shipping of berried female broodstock
121 macrobrachium rosenbergii on survival, egg removal, and hatching rate 69
Krasindh Hangsapreurke, Boonyarath Pratoomchat
Nutrient, off-flavor substance removal performance and microbial
diversity of bioreactor packed with volcanic rock carrier and water
122 hyacinth in aquaculture pond system 70
Udomluk Sompong, Manisorn Panyada, Niwooti Whangchai,Mujalin
Pholchan
Application of chicken manure powder for increasing productivity of
123 lanchester’s freshwater prawn 71
Buncha Tongmee, Nattakarn Mukdajaturaphak,Siriporn Tola
A review on the prospects of electric vehicles to improve the dynamics of
124 renewable energy rich power system
72
Aneesh Rajendran, Sarath Krishnan, Hany S F, Guruprasad A, Harikumar R
Biodiesel production from equivalent blend of waste animal fat and
Mimusops elengi oil as heterogeneous feedstock
125
Gokul Raghavendra Srinivasan, Vijayalakshmi Shankar, Anand Mohanam, 72
Ranjitha Jambulingam
Nanofluids effect on performance of solar flat plate collector
126
Dr. Chirra.Kesava Reddy, Dr. Ch.Indira Priyadarsini, Dr. T. Ratna Reddy 73

Biodiesel Production from the seeds of Caryota Urens using a novel

127 heterogeneous catalysts
73
Shalini. P, Vijayalakshmi Shankar, Ranjitha Jambulingam
Smart Hybrid E-Bike
128 74
Naveen Varghese V, Dr. Sreenivas Parameswaran
A Study the fuel characteristics of ethanol and waste engine oil
129 pyrolytic oil blends 74
Nivedita Patel and Krushna Prasad Shadangi
UV-Visible mediated CO2 fixation to synthesize alpha-amino acids
130 75
Shobana R, Ranjitha J
 Hybrid power generation by solar tracking and vertical axis wind
131 turbine
75
N.B.V. Lakshmi Kumari, Mohammed Abdul Noor, Abdul Muqtadir
Smart wireless water quality monitoring system
132
Naveen Varghese V, Dr. Sreenivas Parameswaran 76
Research on electric vehicle based on printed circuit board motor
133
Deepu.S.R 76
Current control of brushless DC motor for electric vehicle: A
134 comparative study 77
Neethu.U
Design and development of smart solar grass cutter with lawn coverage
135 Vinaya Ranade, Chaitra Mahindrakar, Ruchira Nabar, Rakesh Borase,
77
Sushant Pawar
Energy conservation: A case study at KIIT, Bhubaneshwar
136 Arjyadhara Pradhan, Babita Panda, Chitralekha Jena, 77
Srikanta Mohapatra, Lipika Nanda, Soubhagya Ranjan Prusty
Thermodynamic analysis of single slope solar still using graphite plates
137 and block magnets at seasonal climatic conditions
78
R. Dhivagar, M. Mohanraj, Praveen Raj, Radha Krishna Gopidesi
Contribution of CO2 (aircrafts emissions) in upper troposphere to
138 global warming
79
R. Karthik, Dr. R. Srinivasa Rao
Feasibility study of Coconut Testa biodiesel as diesel engine fuel
139
Muhammed Niyas M, A. Shaija 79
A green process for producing biodiesel from chicken skin and its
feather as a cost-effective feedstock
140 Wafa Juma AlHasani, Lakkimsetty Nageswara Rao, Motilal Lakavat and 80
G.Kavitha
Comparative analysis on production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil
by using transesterification and microwave methods
141
Ahoud AL Mukhaini, Motilal Lakavat, Nageswara Rao Lakkimsetty, Sunam 80
Gandi
Solar photocatalytic treatment of oil produced water using zinc oxide
142 photocatalyst
81
Suman Gandi, Nageswara Rao Lakkimsetty, Motilal Lakavat
Effect of shape of vortex generator and reynolds number on heat
143 transfer in an inclined channel for cooling of electronic chips
82
Jaideep Shukla, Prashant Kumar Jangde
Fuzzy logic and its recent applications on welding problems
144
Shyamjith korambeth, Jose M.J 82
Biomass briquetting towards meeting the energy demand of J&K state
145 R. Khursheed, M.A.Rather 83
 Parametric study of tapered fluidized bed reactor under varied taper
angle using TFM
146
Gokul Gopan, Lalhmingsanga Hauchhum, Renjith Krishnan, Satyajit 83
Pattanayak
The smart grid as the future of electric energy system
147
Mithulkiruthik K S, Karthick K, Kiritharan C 84
Vibratory welding and its effects on metallurgy of welds
148
Abin Alias, Jose M.J 85
Simulation & optimization of based perovskite solar cells by SCAPS 1-D
149
Dr Sarita Baghel, Apra Sancerwal, Ikshvaku Shyam 86
Preliminary design and hydrodynamic analysis of three-legged tension
150 leg platform with wind turbine
86
Nadir ,C. M. Joy
A review on solar photovoltaic systems and its application in electricity
151 generation 87
C. Soumya, B. Deepanraj and J. Ranjitha
Energy saving potential of retrofits in existing building: a case study of
152 composite climate
87
Jasani Brijesh Kumar J, Gangadhara Kiran Kumar L
Comparison of CFD simulation and experimental study of a counter
153 flow liquid desiccant dehumidifier
88
Amulya Y, M Ijas Ahmed, Gangadhara Kiran Kumar L
Energy audit-way of energy conservation
154
Pratibha Patil, Nitin Banegaon 88
Artificial neural network and its recent applications in welding
155 problems
89
Arunima Rajeev, Jose MJ
Effect of temperature, precursors concentration and distance between
precursors on synthesis of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) using chemical
156
vapor deposition (CVD) technique. 89
Aparna, Satakshi Pandey, Bharti Singh
Preliminary experimental investigations on an ultra-low head hydro
157 turbine energised by gravitational water vortex flow
90
Anil Kumar G, Dr. Nanthagopal K
Numerical investigation on the heat transfer enhancement in a jet
158 impingement with the aid of vortex generator
91
Akhiljith A ,Vignesh V, Johaan Thanikkal Soni, Rahul R
Effect of natural convection on the performance of nano-enhanced PV-
159 PCM
91
Unnikrishnan K S, B Rohinikumar
Equilibrium modelling based performance prediction of sewage sludge
160 gasification
92
Kolekar Aditya Suresh, P. Sura, P. Arun, C. Muraleedharan
 Influence of residence time on syngas composition in CaO enhanced
161 air-steam gasification of biomass
92
S. Rupesh, Jibin Mathew, C. Muraleedharan, P. Arun

Investigations on the physico-chemical characteristics of Sapindus

162 Mukorossi: A potential feedstock for pyrolysis
93
L. Karunakarreddy, P. Suraj, P. Arun and C. Muraleedharan
Design and analysis of gravity based dual-axis solar tracker
163
A. Sowndarya rani, Dr. Rohinikumar. B, Dr. C. Muraleedharan 94

The prediction of methane generation from the mixture of fish waste

164 and fresh sewage using stoichiometries equation
94
A. Suvalakshmi, S. Anand Kumar Varma, S. Shyam Sundar., M.E.,

Analysis of an improved solar energy based drying chamber for the

165 efficient drying of sewage sludge
95
Rahul Kanaje, P. Suraj, P. Arun
Energy audit in a seafood processing plant
166
Harikrishnan V H, Vyshag V V, Uddhav G, Sreenivas Parameswaran 95
Solar PV fed BLDC motor Drive using ZETA Converter
167
Sandhya P 96
The performance and emission analysis on a CI engine fuelled with
168 saturated and unsaturated biodiesels
96
Tennison K.Jose
CO2 Mitigating Synechococcus elongatus cyanobacterial species isolated
from wastewater used for the Production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid
169 97
and its industrial applications
Jeevitha P, Ranjitha J
A review on removal of industrial dyes using low cost natural
170 adsorbents 97
M. Lakshmi, D. Vivek, S. Vijayalakshmi, J. Ranjitha
Advancement in heliostats power generation systems: Development and
171 performance
98
Karn Parashar, Harshit Tongaria, Anil Kumar
Effects of biodiesel blends on performance and emission parameters of
172 diesel engines: A review
98
S. Patel, S. Torgal, S. Rathore, S. Jain
Emissions from HCCI Engine using different fuels
173
Sanjeev Kumar Verma, Subhashish Gaur, Tabish Akram, Anil Kumar 99
A comprehensive review on performance evaluation of CI engine using
174 diesel/ biodiesel/ alcohol mixtures
99
Shashi kumar Anthadupula
 Performance evaluation and emission characteristics of a common rail
175 direct injection diesel engine using jatproha bio diesel and its blends
100
V.K.Shahir, C.P.Jawahar, P.R.Suresh,V.Vinod, Anders Malmquist

A sustainable facial recognition based heart rate monitoring system for

176 the detection of atrial fibrillation in paralyzed
100
Soji Anna Saji, Alan Jose, Karthika A.M, Abhijith D, Reshma Jose, Jarin T
A comprehensive review on performance evaluation of ternary and
quaternary biodiesel/diesel blends
177
Jayashri N Nair, Shiva Kumar Reddy Devasani, Sudeshna Vodnala, 101
Dharmasai Singarapu,

Synthesis and characterisation of lipase immobilised magnetic

178 nanoparticles and its role as a catalyst in biodiesel production 101
Shobana.R, Ranjitha Jambulingam

Cellulosic ethanol production from sugarcane Bagasse by Candida

tropicalis NITCSK13: Statistical evaluation of thermo-tolerance and
179 inhibitory compound tolerance
J. Kanimozhi, R. Divyabharathi, V.Sivasubramanian, Ganesh Moorthy I, 102
Sivashankar R
Scalable constructed wetland integrated with microbial fuel cell for
domestic wastewater treatment and to facilitate recovery of
180 bioelectricity 103
Anamika Yadav, Dipak A. Jadhav, Makarand M. Ghangrekar,
Arunabha Mitra
A critical study on acetylene as an alternative fuel for transportation
181 M Anand, G Devi, S Gokul Raghavendra, G S Prakasha, Lakshmanan T
103

Assessment of public acceptance on electric vehicles

182
Hitha A J, Neelu Mammen 104
Power quality in high tension consumer
183
Parvathy A 104
Estimation of methane emission from municipal solid waste landfill site,
184 India
105
Naveen. B.P, Thakur Ramjiram Singh
A study on Al2O3 based sputter deposited spectrally selective solar
185 absorbers for mid and high temperature applications
105
Rohini H.S., Shwethashree.B., Dr. Ravindra. S. Kulkarni, G. Vijaya
Potential of hydrogen as an alternative fuel to replace non renewable
186 energy sources for transport sector
106
Ramachandran V.P., Reghu V.R.
Conventional steam distillation system for oil extraction from
187 peppermint leaves
106
Ravi Kant, Anil Kumar
 Heat and water flux modeling in an earth dam
188 Sushant Kumar, A.K. Sahu, Munendra Kumar 107
Theoretical performance on energy and exergy analysis of methyl esters
189 of rubber seed oil fuelled on supercharged VCR engine
107
Murugapoopathi S
Numerical analysis of modified thermophotovoltaic cell with Fresnel
lens concentrator and absorber-emitter materials of Au/Cr/Graphene
190 and Si3N4 108
S. Sundararaj, S. Aadhishwaran, P. Ayyankalai, John George,
PR.Sivaraman
Strength enhancement of different types of masonry wall units
191
M. Soundar Rajan,, Dr. D. Jegatheeswaran 109
Numerical Analysis of sloshing due to horizontal movement of liquid in
192 baffled tank
109
Sajeesh N , Leo A J, Suresh P R, Rekha L
Study of Power delivery and EMI issues involved in the design of DC-
193 DC converters
110
Darshan G, Ramya S, V. Champa
Biofuels in transportation sector: A review
194
Arul Jose, Athira C, Thanuja Sasi, Carol Varghese 110
The impact of biomass consumption on co2 emissions: cointegration
195 analyses with regime shifts
111
Lekshmi M. G.
Correlation of head rice yield and energy use in a rice milling machine
196 Muhammad Fanseem E.M, Sidharth C, Sourav K.V, Sreelakshmi Vijayan,
111
Sukesh A
Waste heat harvester
197
A.K. Gupta, Dr. T.K. Nandi 112
Comparative performance and emission analysis of CI engine run on
198 biodiesel octanol blend
112
S.Lalhriatpuia, Amit Pal
Hydrogen production from biogas: Methods and economic analysis
199
R. Kumar, Anil Kumar, Amit Pal 113
Design - development and study of a community solar hot case for
200 offices/institutes.
113
Namrata Sengar, Yogita Meena, Archana Singh
Green building for environment protection and sustainable development
201
L.Mynavathi, Ratnan P, Noonu Mary Jose, Deepk.N 114
Formulation of microemulsion based biofuel from used oil
202
Deepak B., Ibrahim,M.M. 114
Durability analysis of a compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel
203 derived from waste cooking oil
115
Arvind P, Asok Kumar N.
 Analysis of reflectivity and emissivity of roofs on building energy use
204
Rohit Thakur, Anil Kumar 115
Technology and socio-economic impact of bio fuels from rice and wheat
straw- a feasibility study
205
V.R. Reghul, Manikandan MK Manicka, Dharanidharan Desikan, David 116
Joseph
Effect of orifice plates in transesterification of fried oil using
206 hydrodynamic cavitation reactor and engine performance with biogas
116
Neeraj Budhraja, Amit Pal, R.S. Mishra
Enhanced biogas production from animal waste using a gas-membrane
absorption anaerobic reactor
207 Dinesh Keloth kaithari, Buthaina Hamed Sulaiman Al Mahrouqi, Pradeep 117
kumar Krishnan
Simulation of PV cell characterization under different ambient
208 conditions: an experimental validation 118
Vrishty Kundu, Anil Kumar
Efficient solar drying techniques: A review
209
Prashant Kumar Jangde, T.V. Arjunan, Anurag Singh 118
A critical review on passive suspension element in active mode operation
using Quarter Car test rig model
210
Jaikumar Mayakrishnan, Arulanantha Samy Santhiyagu, Godwin John 119
Johnrose
Automatic speed controlling system for low visibility detection
211 Godwin John J, V. Vinod, V.J. Sasidhar, A. Hemchand Vardhan, 119
N. Sai Ooha
Combined pedal for brake and acceleration
212 Godwin John J., C. Venu Gopal, V. Jagadeesh, C. Venkata Teja,
120
N. Yella Reddy
Assessment of performance characteristics of the diesel engine powered
213 with corn biodiesel
120
Godwin John J, G Amarnath, A Yogeshwaran, I Mukesh, C Dinesh Kumar

Solar power based agricultural control system using internet of things

214 (IoT) in Arbaminch, Ethiopia.
121
Dr. M. Sundar Rajan, Abraham Mesfin.F

A mathematical modelling framework for quantifying production of

215 biofuel from waste banana
121
Monzur Alam Imteaz, A.B.M. Sharif Hossain, Maryam Bayatvarkeshi
Rescheduling based Congestion Management using Particle Swarm
216 Optimization strategy
122
Nisha P V, A R Gayathri, Sudhagar G, Jarin T
 Green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using Allium cepa peels for
degradation of congo red direct dye: An environmental remedial
217 approach
123
Shumaila Kiran, Muhammad Asim Rafique, Sadia Javed, Ikram Ahmad,
Sumaira Yousaf, Nazar Iqbal, Gulnaz Afzal, Fouzai Rani
Feasibility study of a compressed air - electric parallel hybrid vehicle
218 Harikrishnan S, Ashwin Ajith, Daya Babu, Harikesh M S, Suresh Lal S R
123
,Abhilash Suryan
An insight into nanocellulose as potential material for water
219 remediation: A review
124
Rekha Goswami , Abhilasha Mishra, A.K.Bajpai, Neha Bhatt
Development of total sugar and reducing sugar from fresh elephant ear
220 plant for bioethanol production
125
Marlen Trejo, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Rameshprabu Ramaraj
Improvement of fermentable sugar for enhanced bioethanol production
221 from Amorphophallus spp. tuber obtained from northern Thailand 125
Prakash Bhuyar, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Rameshprabu Ramaraj
Anaerobic co-digestion of fallen teak leaves and blue green algae as a
potential approach for sustainable biogas production
222
Kanda Whangchai, Rameshprabu Ramaraj, Sawitree Tipnee, 126
Yuwalee Unpaprom
Enhancement methane generation by tiger grass with co-digestion of
223 cow dung using biological purification
127
Kanda Whangchai, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Rameshprabu Ramaraj
Microalgae cultivation in wastewater effluent from tilapia culture for
enhanced bioethanol production
224 128
Prakash Bhuyar, Natthawud Dussadee, Yuwalee Unpaprom, Rameshprabu
Ramaraj, Kanda Whangchai
To increase the efficiency of solar air heater: design and analysis
225
Nisha Sherief, Akhil Krishna. K, Akhil Raj. K. R, Adarsh Sunil, Amal Shaji 128
Biomass generation and biodiesel production from macroalgae grown in
the irrigation canal wastewater
226
Kanda Whangchai, Prakash Bhuyar, Rameshprabu Ramaraj, 129
Yuwalee Unpaprom
Random PWM for DC-AC converter for adjustable speed drives
227
Kapildas K S, Shahina E P, Sudhagar G, T.Jarin, Muthukumar Paramasivan 130
Electricity generating shock absorber
228 130
Nisha Sherief, Mathew Francis, Joshva Joy, Edwin Joy, Goodwin Paulson
Anti soiling chemical for solar panels
229 Mahant Shiyani, Jay Vaghasiya, Yashkumar Khunt, Rashmita Patel 131
Experimental investigation of R1270 in a direct expansion solar assisted
230 heat pump system
131
Lokesh Paradeshi, Durga Prasad C.
 An emergent accession for the optimal systematize of waste water
231 utilizationplants using artificial intelligence
132
Mohd Abul Hassan
Second law thermodynamic analysis of a direct expansion solar assisted
232 heat pump system using R1270
132
Lokesh Paradeshi , Durga Prasad C
Performance enhancement study of solar PVT Collector – A
233 comprehensive review
133
Disha Dewangan, T. V. Arjunan, Jasinta Poonam Ekka
Improved efficiency of solar air heater: Design and analysis
234 Nisha Sherief , Akhil Krishna.K, Akhil Raj.K.R, Adarsh Sunil, Amal Shaji 133
Cogasification kinetics of coconut shell and its biochar with palm kernel
235 shells at various blending ratios
J. Thiagarajan, Abhijeet Pathy , P.K. Srividya, P. Balasubramanian 134
Physico-chemical characterization study of coffee husk for feasibility
236 assessment in fluidized bed gasification process
134
P. Suraj, P. Arun, C. Muraleedharan
Green synthesis strategy for producing doped and undoped ZnO
nanoparticles: Their photocatalytic studies for industrial dye
237 degradation
Ahamed Fazil A, Sheeba Narayanan1, Meera S. Begum, 135
Manikandan G., Yuvashree M.
Experimental analysis of water loss due to evaporation in cooling tower
by using ceramic material
238 Dr. Biju P. L., Melvinraj C. R., Mohammed Salih K. Jaleel, Lipson Poulose, 136
Muhammed Shahabas K. S., Viney Paloli
A review on recent advances in micro-algal based biofuel production
239 R. Shobana, B. Deepanraj, M. Anand, J. Ranjitha 136
Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants using nanomaterials
240
Chandhini Priya S Vijayalakshmi S, Ranjitha J 137
Optimization of para-nitro phenol degradation using achromobacter
241 denitrifacians isolated from industrial effluent water
137
Sandhyasree M, Vijayalakshmi S, Ranjitha J
CO2 sequestration and biodiesel production from Volvox aureus a newly
242 isolated green microalgal species from industrial wastewater
138
Shobana R Vijayalakshmi S, Ranjitha J
Life cycle analysis of biogas
243 Nawin Vishwaa P. A, Tarun A., Aswin S., Pranav A.R., Aravind A.G., Sujith,
138
Siddharth Kumar, Ananda Kumar
Life cycle assessment of biodiesel and overview of the challenges in
production of the biodiesel
244 Anshul Jose Anthony, Ayush kumar, Udit Bhojwani, Anshul Mittal, 139
Bhavnadar Singh, Uchit Rehani, Ranjitha J, Vijayalakshmi S
generating power using high speed wind by bullet train
245 Aryak Sathye, Nimish Dutta, Snehasish Chinara, Ashwin Toms,
139
Manu Varghese, Mohammed Abdullah
 Life cycle analysis of hydrogen
246 Ashwath J, Kanishka S., Jannan B., Janardhan A., Shailesh A., Shivam
140
Rathore, Vijayalakshmi S., Ranjitha J

Process optimization and modeling of biodiesel production from

Capparis spinosa L and Mimusops elengi
247 Aniruddh S. Kumar, A. C. Devadathan1, Muhammed Nazer, 140
Vijayalakshmi S., Ranjitha J.
Techno - economic analysis of hydrogen fuel production
248 Srinivasan Ramaraj, Nithiesh D, Srujeshwaran TK, Pavishkar P,
141
Mukilarasan S, Suveer Balaji
Process optimization and modeling of biodiesel production from Hevea
brasiliensis L and Mimusops elengi
249 Abhinav PV, Amal Paul Joby, Muhammed Nazer, 141
Vijayalakshmi S, Ranjitha
Process optimization and modeling of biodiesel production from
Calophyllum Inophyllum oil
250 Keerthana S, Paurush Kumar, Bhaskar Syamal, 142
Vijayalakshmi S, Ranjitha J.
Techno-economic analysis of hydrothermal liquefaction of chlorella
(microalgae) powered by renewable energy
251
Anirudh Ram Sriram, Dheeraj Mouli, Shahul Irfan, Ranjitha J, 142
Vijayalakshmi S
Sustainable method of automatic detection of tumor using super pixel
252 segmentation
143
Reshma Jose, Shanty Chacko, Jarin T.
Process and statistical optimization of biomethane production from
253 withered flower waste
144
Karthick M., Vijayalakshmi S , Ranjitha J
Glycerol as a key reactant in the production of 3-Hydroxypropanoic
254 acid using engineered microbes
144
P. Jeevitha, K. S. Elango, Ganesh Babu L, S. Vijayalakshmi, J. Ranjitha
Automated Laundry Wardrobe
255 Fredin Jo Ans , Johnpaul T.J, Krishnanand U, Krithik Krishna, 145
Needhu Varghese

Analysis of Treatment Plant for Dyeing Industry Effluent

256
Sujnani Kadakolmath, R. Saravanakumar, Parthiban P, Anju M.J 145

A novel water quality testing method Using IOT

257
Christina Shaju, Jesil Johnson, Jewel Jain, Rose Jose, Nithin KS 146
Techno-economic, life cycle and resource assessment modeling of biofuel
258 Anmol Verma, Arpit Bhatia, Nehal Ratnesh Shah, Kinshuk Sharma, Karan
146
Pahuja, Ribhav Sharma
 Review on the utilization of underbuilt shield wires in overhead
259 transmission lines for lightning protection
147
Joshmi Davis, Ashy Sebastian, Lisa Varghese, Jaseena J., Nithin K.S

Evaluation of soil properties and soil stabilization using polypropylene

260 fibre 147
Anju M J, Parthipan P, Neeraja P G, Soorya S
Exploring potential of algae crude oil as fuel in CI engine: An
261 Experimental investigation 148
Jayashri N. Nair, Y. V.V.Satyanarayana Murthy
A critical evaluation of additive blended cashew nut shell liquid blended
262 biodiesel performance in compression ignition engine 148
B. Deepanraj, Praveen Raj, V.K. Manoj Kumar, N. Senthilkumar
Characterization of groundwater chemistry in a tropical mountainous
asin, Southern Western Ghats, India– Integrated chemometric and
263 149
geochemical modeling approaches
S. Sukanya , Sabu Joseph, Jacob Noble
Study of hydrogen sulphide removal from heavy crude oil
264 Dinesh Keloth kaithari, Maryam Moosa AL. Balushi, Pradeep Kumar 149
Krishnan
Reduction of hazardous incinerated bio-medical waste ash and its
environmental strain by utilizing in green concrete
265 Suresh Kumar A, Muthukannan M, Kanniga Devi R, Arun Kumar K, 150
Chithambar Ganesh A
experimental studies on drying of strawberries without chemicals
266 through solar dryer 151
aastha joshi, namrata sengar
banana peel powder and coco peat as organic substrates for soil less
cultivation of plants - A review
267 jeffrin vincent, levin anbu gomez, david paul raj robert suthan, 151
gajendran chellaiah
Influence of compression ratio on the operating characteristics of a
268 direct injection diesel engine using hemp biodiesel as fuel 152
Cijil B. John, S. Antony Raja, O.P. Sukesh, B. Deepanraj
Heavy metal removal from biological waste water
269 152
Jarushnitha A, Gajendran Chellaiah, Anirudh Gupta
Development of composite ceramic membrane using activated carbon
from pistachios shell and its performance evaluation in microbial cell
270 153
application
Vidhyeswari D, Surendhar A, S. Bhuvaneshwari
A review on recent trends in the microbial production of biodiesel
271 P. Shalini, L. Anantha Raman, S. Santhanakrishnan, S. Vijayalakshmi, 153
J. Ranjitha
 Biofuel for road transport sector: infrastructure and public opinion
272 154
Parthiban P, Merina Ann Martin, Jeena Johnson, Anu Joshy, Sewtha Suresh
Assessment of diesel engine characteristics by using soybean oil as a
biofuel
273 154
Nageswara Rao Gangolu, Chunchu Bala Rama Krishna, Kommu Mohan
Kumar, Radha Krishna Gopidesi
Experimental study on infiltration pattern: Opportunities for
sustainable management in the Northern region of India
274 Vikram Kumar, Barkha Chaplot, Padam Jee Oman, Shaktibala, 155
H.Md. Azamathulla
Evaluation of power generation and treatment efficiency of dairy
275 wastewater in microbial fuel cell using SPEEK–TiO2 as proton
155
exchange membrane
Vidhyeswari D, Surendhar A, S. Bhuvaneshwari
Application of coagulation and floculation of water and re use
wastewater treatment in agriculture
276 156
Dr. R. Sethupathi, Dr. Chandra Kumar Dixit, Dr. V.V. Hari Babu,
G. Ramachandran, Mr. A. Arunraja, T. Muthumanickam
Future of electric vehicles with reference to national electric mobility
mission plan at Tamil Nadu
277 157
S. Shrilatha, K. Aruna, Sunanda Bhagavathy, Gajendran Chellaiah,
Anirudh Gupta
Design & development of a hybrid EHR-ECD retrofit for C.I. engines
278 Akhildas K. H., Arjun B. Anil, Athira Mary Winny, Chrisle Joseph Charls, 158
Dr. Deepak Eldho Babu
Composite slum performance index: A methodology to make city slum
279 free 158
Sneha Mary Paul, Prabhakaran K, Vidhya K, Manishankar S, Mohan S
Experimental study on validating the performance of hair fibre
reinforced concrete beam under monotonic loading
280 159
Sri Pranap K, Dr. Gandhimathi A, Vijayakumar G, Santhosh Kumar R,
Kathiresan M
Solar Based Hybrid Combination of Electrocoagulation and Filtration
281 Process in Domestic Grey water Treatment 159
Sanket Devikar, Khalid Ansari, Charuta Waghmare
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Characteristic Changes Induced in Soil Using Industrial Waste

Amardeep Kaur*, Rajiv Chauhan
I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Construction on weak soil is a significant challenge for geotechnical engineers since time
immemorial, thus numerous soil stabilizers are used to stabilize weak soil. The purpose of
present research is to evaluate the potential of mixture of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBAS)
and EggShell Powder (ESP) to stabilize weak soil. The physical and engineering properties
of soil samples can be evaluated by executing sieve analysis, direct shear strength,
California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Liquid Limit (LL) and Plastic Limit (PL), Standard Proctor
and Specific Gravity test. Eggshell is a squandered material from food and poultry industry.
It has almost 53% calcium content which is nearly similar to that of limestone. Sugarcane
bagasse ash is a waste obtained after using bagasse as a fuel by burning it at a temperature
of 750ᵒ -850ᵒCelsius under controlled condition. Optimum proportion of ESP and SBAS
required to replace the Virgin soil to stabilize it, is determined by altering proportions of
ESP from 3% to 18%. Since, the research is directed towards investigating the effect of
eggshell powder on weak soil thus the various combinations [Soil:SBAS:ESP] ranging from
[100:0:0] to [62:20:18] are selected with increase in egg shell powder content by 3% in each
sample. From standard proctor test it was found that OMC has least value of 15.3% at mix
proportion of [Soil: SBAS: ESP] in ratio 68%:20%:12% and MDD has maximum value of
1.713g/cc. This optimum mix proportion can be effectively used as a stabilizer for
foundation soil as it improves CBR, shear strength parameters e.g. angle of internal friction
and cohesion value maximum dry density (MDD) and also optimum moisture content
value.SBAS when used solitary increases MDD and nature of ESP as an additive is to
increase in shear strength and angle of internal friction attributing to reducing in clay
content.

Keywords: Sugarcane Bagasse Ash, California Bearing Ratio, Standard Proctor.

Photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds using copper based

nanoparticles
Chandhini Priya S, Vijayalakshmi S, Ranjitha J+
*CO Research and Green Technologies Center, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore-14
2
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Due to various anthropogenic activities environmental pollution is increasing day by day.

Currently human as well as the whole living population is in threat due to Organic
pollutants. Several pertaining measures have been done for the reduction of organic
pollutants. Various petrochemical activities resulted in the release of organic pollutants into
the environment. These organic pollutants are measured as lethal, oncogenic, and unsafe.
Hence their reduction is essential for hours with effective and sustainable techniques.
Recently, scientists and researchers all over the worldwide are focusing their research
activities on these topics due to various emerging environmental problems. Among the
several techniques, photocatalytic degradation gained much attention to the removal of
organic pollutants present in the environment. In the present review paper, we had discussed
the efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds using various copper-based
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

nanomaterials. We have elaborated in detail about the most efficient copper-based

nanoparticles as a photocatalyst used in the wastewater treatment for the removal of various
organic pollutants.

Keywords: Copper-based nanoparticles, Photocatalysts, Organic pollutants.

Utilization of Waste Product as an Alternative Fuel

Sunil Kumar1,*, Ravi Kumar Yadav2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT Sindri Dhanbad, Jharkhand India, JUT
Ranchi, 2Research Scholar, BIT Sindri Dhanbad Jharkhand India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The present works highlights the production of alternative fuel source from food waste
through compactor which has been developed at B.I.T. Sindri campus. This food waste can
be utilized as an alternative source of energy. Inevitable food waste are collected separately
and recycled them in order to utilize the useful resources. This waste creates problems of
dumping and also environment pollution in the society. It also directly effects our health’s
and global warming. The most effective strategy for food waste management is avoidance
and minimization of food waste. It can be anticipated that kitchen waste of different hostels
of B.I.T.Sindri can be utilized as a potential source of BIO GAS production, fertilizers for
farming at very low cost by using two stage digestion process and thus effective waste
management can be achieved.

Keywords: Recycle, Reuse, Recover, Waste management.

Flex Sensor Based Gesture Controlled Assist device for COVID-19

Patients
M. Neela Harish, Praveen Kumar K, Prasanth Kumar R, Aparna V, Athaf Khanam N
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

All over the world new and fast spreading disease have been affecting human health. This
led to degradation of the living being’s health immunity, support system, mental and
physical stability. So the need of assistance requirement for all bed ridden patients is an
increasing demand on daily basis. In our present situation the COVID-19 virus’s crisis have
caused a drastic change to the world. An enormous number of fields such as destruction of
employment, economic losses, pandemic growth, food supplies and etc. have been affected.
In this paper, an initiative step towards the replacement of man power supply to take care of
COVID-19 patients have been proposed. A flex sensor glove wore by a patient would be
able to communicate commands to the nurse or a care taker. The system consists of a 2.2
and 4.5 inches’ flex sensors fixed over the right hand of the patient, connected with a
microcontroller and wireless transmission unit. A corresponding receiver unit would be
placed in the nurse station or to the care taker. The movement of patient’s hand is associated
to different commands. This reduces the need of the nurse to accompany a patient for 24
hours, in this crisis situation and also supports them with an electronic assistance.

Keywords: COVID-19 patients, assist device, bed-ridden, Flex sensor, hand gestures.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Remote Sensing Based Comparative Analysis of Soil Erosion Models

Gopikrishnan T1, *, Akhil Mehrotra 1
1Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Soil erosion is a prime issue arising from agricultural intensification, land degradation,
construction, mining, and other human activities. To conserve and plan watersheds it is
necessary to estimate soil erosion. The modeling of soil erosion can provide a quantitative
approach to estimate soil erosion. Remote Sensing data covers a large area within a dataset.
This study compares the soil erosion model Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)
and Modified Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) through Arc Map-based Soil and Water
Assessment Tool (SWAT). These models are used to estimate soil erosion in the Barakar
river basin situated in the state of Jharkhand of India. The remote sensing data is used to
calculate the parameters required for the RUSLE model and SWAT tool. The Arc GIS is
used to create maps of parameters adapted by the soil erosion models. The RUSLE model
provided an output of sedimentation 6 t ha-1 yr-1 and the SWAT tool provided an output of
sedimentation 26 t ha-1 yr-1. A suitable soil erosion model is recommended by comparing
the two models’ outputs. The results of the models can aid in the execution of soil
management and conservation practices to reduce soil erosion in the Barakar river basin.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, Soil Erosion, RUSLE, MUSLE, SWAT, GIS.

Smart Framework for Air Pollution Monitoring Using IoT

B. Reshma Shree1, *, Dr. R. Sathiyaraj2
1Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
2Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology &

Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
The impact of air pollution is drastically increasing, resulting in several health problems and
affecting the agricultural productivity basically affecting all life means. This addresses the
need of smart framework for air pollution monitoring, which can be widely adopted in smart
cities. This paper aims to monitor the ambient air quality on roads and track vehicles those
emits pollution over a limit specified by installing visual AQM. Real time AQMs in
roadsides are effective means of sharing the air pollution data with public making them
more aware. We propose to use Internet of Things (IoT) to address the issue, which can
monitor the quality of air pollution at any place with the integration of Electrochemical
Toxic Gas Sensors, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and IoT device. The proposed
solution will be the integration of environmental engineering and IoT technology. With the
installation of this technology relative air quality data with solutions and suggestions are
given for public display along with AQMs to avoid the critical stages .This results in
monitoring and achieving the suitable environment and a healthy society.

Keywords: Air Pollution, Air Quality Meter (AQM), Air Quality Index (AQI), Internet of
Things (IoT), and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID).

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Experimental investigation on polymer Sand bricks

P.K. Ranganathan*, K. Marimuthu, S. Girija, R. S. Arjun2, M. Santhiya,
Department of Civil Engineering, Excel Engineering College (Autonomous),
Anna University, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic objects (used water bottles, carry bags,
household articles, plastic wrappers etc.,) in the Earth’s environment adversely affects all
living beings and pollutes the environment. In order to develop an efficient way and to
effectively utilize the waste plastics, it is used in the process of manufacturing of bricks.
The brick is manufactured by adding M-sand, cleaned plastic and Ground Granulated Blast
Furnace Slag (GGBS). GGBS is obtained by quenching molten iron slag. Plastic give high
compressive strength, possess thermal and sound insulation properties to control pollution.
Addition of GGBS gives increases strength to the brick. Hence, polymer sand bricks are
more suitable for the construction and it can reduces the environmental pollution by
recycling the plastic wastes.

Keywords: Eco-friendly, Recycling, Waste Plastics, GGBS

Self-Compacting Concrete Reinforced With Natural Fiber and By Partial

Replacement of Cement with Lime
Bhagyalaxmi Sindagi*, P Neeraja
Department of Civil Engg., Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
In recent years as SCC is gaining tremendous popularity in terms of its usage as
construction of high-rise structures in urban areas is increasing, as it is readily flowable and
efficiently fills all the congested formwork without any external application of vibrators.
SCC requires paste of high viscosity, this property can be enhanced by increasing the
cement content but this not feasible due to cost constraint and also due to associated
environmental pollution hazards. In order to reduce the cement content and also improve the
viscosity of matrix, in the current study cement has been partially replaced by lime powder
as it has similar binding properties as cement. Also, to improve the tensile strength and to
overcome occurrence of the internal micro crack’s coconut fibres are used. The fibres are
added at the percentage of 1%, 1.5%, 2% for the obtained optimum percentage of lime
powder. The study is carried out for the various fresh and hardened properties of modified
SCC. The obtained results provide an insight about the optimum percentage of lime
replacement which would provide similar strength as the proposed target strength. Flexure
tests of concrete show that when fibres are added to it the tensile strength is enhanced.

Keywords: SCC, Lime, Coconut fibre, Compression test, Flexural test, Split tensile test,
workability.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Effect of a Pervoskite Catalyst on Ceramic and Metallic type Catalytic

Converter for the Reduction of Automotive Exhaust Emission
Prof. Kuldip D. Patel1,*, Dr. Femina Patel2, Prof. Sujal Dadhaniya3
1Dept of Automobile Engineering, A.D. Patel Institute of Technology, Gujarat, India
2Dept of Chemical Engineering, Vishwakarma Government Engineering College,

Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

3Department of Mechanical Engineering, CHARUSAT, Changa, Gujarat, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
The use of automobiles has been increasing exponentially, therefore increase in emissions
such as CO, HC, and NOx. These pollutants are having hazardous effects on several living
things such as air quality, environment, and human health. A number of alternative
technologies developed so far are being considered as to decrease the emissions from the
engine exhaust. Among all technologies, the use of catalytic reactors depends on noble
catalyst Rhodium Platinum and Palladium is one of the best-suited processes to control
automotive exhaust emissions. But, as far as the economic point is concern these become
costliest to the vehicular system are the costliest catalyst. Looking at the other alternatives
of catalyst, the pervoskite based category can fulfill the I.C Engine needs being a low-cost
catalyst. Catalytic converter coated by non-noble catalyst has been developed and layered
for a single-cylinder petrol engine of ceramic and metallic type monoliths. The structure of
a pervoskite is also known as a crystal structure. Many pervoskite oxides are having the
chemical formulae ABO3. This non-noble metal has attracted enormous interest in the
reduction of I.C engine exhaust gas pollution due to being low cost, stability at high
temperature, and good oxidation properties. The formation of the pervoskite catalyst has
been prepared as LaCoO3 and has been tested and evaluated for exhaust emission reduction
and the results show that this catalyst possesses a good conversion rate of catalytic activity
of exhaust emission gases.
Keywords: Automobiles, LaCoO3catalyst, Substrates, Petrol fuel, single cylinder Petrol
Engine.

Experimental Investigation on Use of Recycled Aggregate and Waste

Plastic For Manufacturing Eco-Friendly Solid Brick

K. Athiappan1, P. Parthiban1, S. Sivaramakrishnan2, Anju M J1, Neeraja P G1

1Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
2Sairam Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to utilize the non-degradable waste such as construction
and demolition wastes and plastic waste. Utilization of these wastes reduces the land
required for dumping these waste. As the earth based clay material resulted in resource
depletion and environmental degradation, so we are making rehash brick which can be
replaced for earth clay bricks. Another main objective is to reduce the air pollution caused
due to processing of toxic material. The methodology of this project is to use construction
and demolition waste as fine aggregate by grinding and sieving the material. Plastic waste

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

are shredded and dissolved by using a solvent. For binding of materials lime, cement and an
admixture is used. The mortar is casted in a brick mould and kept for curing for a certain
period. The required tests are done for the bricks and it is open to market. The outcome of
the project is to reduce the land, air, water pollution and to produce an eco-friendly brick.
This brick is cost efficient and can be used for various applications such as in filled wall
panels, partition walls and compound walls. Acoustics and waterproof properties are also
inculcated into this brick. As a whole this brick acts as a thermal insulator and a
replacement for earth clay bricks.

Keywords: Recycled aggregate, waste Plastic, Eco-Friendly Solid Brick.

Integration of Sensors for Dam Water Quality Analysis – A Prototype

Lina Rose1, X Anitha Mary2,*, C Karthik3,
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Karunya Institute of technology and Sciences,
Coimbatore, India
2Department of Robotics and Automation Engineering, Karunya Institute of technology and

Sciences, Coimbatore, India

3Department of Mechatronics, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Water consumed is stored in several water bodies in and around us, out of which dams
accommodate a major portion of water. The quantity and quality monitoring of water in
Dams is troublesome due to its large surface area and high depths. The uniformity of water
scale varies with the geographic condition of the location of Dam. The conventional
methods of water quality analysis proved to be ineffective in several cases and are highly
hazardous to natural living system. Hence an effective quality analysis is the demand of
hour in this context. Thus the problem statement is identified in developing a system to
check water quality at various depths in a dam. In addition, the water quality measured at
various distribution centers are also to be reviewed for a safe water consumption.

Keywords: turbidity, sensor integration, online monitoring.

Temporal and Strata Based Evaluation of Physico-chemical Water

Characteristics of Peechi Dam (India)
Anitta Rose, Titus James, Agnes Anto C*, M. G. Cyriac, Archana S
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
Peechi dam is the source of drinking water for one million people in the state of Kerala,
India. It is often reported in the local media that the water quality in the reservoir
deteriorates, especially during the summer season in the state. However, the possible causes
and processes involved in the temporal and spatial variations in the water quality from the
reservoir have not been studied yet. With this in view, the water from the different strata of
the reservoir is sampled periodically and its physico-chemical characteristics are studied. It
is inferred from the present study that the water quality deteriorates due to the existence of
anoxic conditions, presence of sediments consisting of iron and manganese, and formation

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

of complexes comprising of iron in the bottom layers of the reservoir from where the water
is withdrawn for supplying. Nevertheless, it is observed that the quality of the surface water
in the reservoir is good and is rendered potable by simple methods of water treatment.
Under these circumstances, it is opined that by providing intake wells with multiple inlets
along the depth of the reservoir and floating well to withdraw the surface water of the
reservoir will be a panacea. Furthermore, it is proposed that using the best quality
coagulants (viz., non-ferric alum and poly aluminum chloride) to treat water taken from the
bottom of the reservoir would be effective in enhancing its quality.

Keywords: Pphysico-chemical water characteristics, temporal and spatial variations, water

quality, reservoir, remedial measures

A Comparative Study on Prediction of Ambient Air Quality Using

Machine Learning Algorithms
Jamuna M, Jayaprakash C, Gandhimathi A
Department of Civil Engineering, Kumaraguru College of technology, Coimbatore, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

In densely populated metropolitan areas, air pollution is typically concentrated, especially in

developing countries where environmental regulations are relatively lax or inexistent.
However, still urban areas are hitting unhealthy levels of emissions in developing countries.
To forestall air contamination, prediction and forecasting of air quality are needed. With
advances in AI innovation, it is currently conceivable to predict the concentration of
contaminants dependent on past information. This study proposes AI techniques through
which it is possible to predict the rates of conceivably expanded air contamination in a few
zones, by handling both the meteorological data and pollutant data. The information was
collected over a ten-year period to ensure precision in prediction. Pollutant data were used
as dependent variable and climate data were used as independent variable, then the
appropriate Linear and Non-linear Algorithms were trained and tested for prediction. Then
the model is compared with each other for best fit. Among those Model, Linear discriminant
analysis model is found to be best fit and the CART model is over-fitting.

Keywords: Machine learning, Linear Algorithms, Non-linear Algorithms, Air quality.

Municipal Solid Waste Management with Special Reference to

Bhimavaram in West Godavari District, India, Under Covid 19:
Challenges and Recommendations
Ch. J. Pavany*, D. Hanisha Gayathri, D. Harshitha,
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Shri Vishnu Engineering College for
Women, Bhimavaram, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
COVID-19 is proving to be an unprecedented disaster for human health, social contacts and
the economy worldwide. It is evident that SARS-CoV-2 may spread through municipal
solid waste (MSW), if collected, bagged, handled, transported or disposed of

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
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inappropriately. Under the stress placed by the current pandemic on the sanitary
performance across all MSW management (MSWM) chains, this industry needs to re-
examine its infrastructure resilience with respect to all processes, from waste identification,
classification, collection, separation, storage, transportation, recycling, treatment and
disposal. The current paper provides an overview of the severe challenges placed by
COVID-19 onto MSW systems, highlighting the essential role of waste management in
public health protection during the ongoing pandemic in Bhimavaram in West Godavari
district. It also discusses the measures issued by various international organisations and
countries for the protection of MSWM employees (MSWEs), identifying gaps, especially
for developing countries, where personal protection equipment and clear guidelines to
MSWEs may not have been provided, and the general public may not be well informed. In
countries with high recycling rates of MSW, the need to protect MSWEs’ health has
affected the supply stream of the recycling industry. The article concludes with
recommendations for the MSW industry operating under public health crisis conditions.

A Systematic Study of Uranium in Ground Water and Its

Correlation with Other Water Quality Parameters
P.K.Srivastava1, Ajay Kumar Dharmendra Kumar2, Mansi Srivastava3,*
*Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835215,
Jharkhand
**Scientist, Health Physics Division, BARC Mumbai- 400085.
*corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
Life is not possible without water. Under ground water below the earth surface is known as
fresh water. Ground water is a major source of drinking water, irrigation, domestic, and
industrial uses throughout the district Deoghar, Jharkhand. Natural ground water consist of
major ions, minors ions, trace elements, heavy metals, radionuclide’s and organic matters.
Ground water quality needs to be periodically checked for its suitability for drinking and
other purposes. Uranium is naturally present in almost all environmental matrixes like
sediments, soils, food materials, biota and water. Its concentration varies from matrixes to
matrixes. Natural radioactivity and radiation have always been present in the environment
since the existence of the earth. Natural radiation exposure terrestrial, inhalation and
ingestion through air, water and food materials plays an important role in delivering
radiation to the public and poses some radiation risk to human life. Chronic exposure of
uranium radionuclide can lead to severe health risk. Uranium is present in water in ppb level
and sub-ppb levels depending on local geology and geochemistry of specific areas. On
uranium exposer in the human body through water, it gives radiation through its alpha
emission. Uranium is also known for nephrotoxic heavy metal toxicity in humans. The
uranium occurs in rocks, sands and soil samples at trace levels whereas in water samples at
ultra-trace levels. Physico-chemical parameters (conductivity, pH, salinity, TDS and
temperature and small amount of organic matters etc.) of water are important in the sense
that these parameters can provide important first hand in-situ information about the
suitability of water for drinking and other uses. A systematic study was carried out to
estimate the Uranium concentration in the ground water in Deoghar District Jharkhnad. The
ground water sample were also analyzed for other parameters such as pH, TDS, EC,
ORP, temperature, salinity, DO, fluoride, chloride, Nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, Uranium,
total hardness, calcium, magnesium, total alkinity and bicarbonate. The histogram of the

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

radiation , pH, TDS, DO, nitrate, sulphate and Uranium data have been plotted for
premonsoon and post monsoon. Further an attempt has been made to correlate the uranium
concentration with the other water quality parameters. It has been observed that pH, ORP,
nitrate, and phosphate show positive correlation with uranium concentration on the other
hand TDS, EC, temperature, DO, fluoride, chloride and sulphate show negative correlation
with Uranium for premonsoon. Further, the ORP, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate have
positive correlation on the other hand pH, TDS, EC, temperature, salinity DO, fluoride and
chloride have negative correlation for post monsoon. It is observed that the uranium
concentration in ground water varies from 0.10 to 11.30 ppb premonsoon and 0.15 to 6.50
ppb in the post monsoon.The uranium concentration in ground water samples are well
below the permissible level the normal tolerance limit 30 μg/l of WHO and 60μg/l limit of
AERB. It is observed that the ground water of Deoghar district Jharkhand is suitable for
human consumption.
Keywords: Ground water, water quality parameters, Drinking water, Uranium.

Aquaculture Waste Water Treatment Technologies and Their

Sustainability: A Review
Dr. Asha P Tom*, Jayalekshmi S J, Minnu Biju, Jithin Somarajan,
P E Muhammad Ajas Ibrahim
Department of Civil Engineering, Mangalam College of Engineering, Ettumannoor, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
The three problems faced by the human population for survival are population increase,
resources depletion and environment quality. The food and nutrition for the increasing
population is a major challenge faced by the world, in wake of the unpredicted change in
climatic conditions .The aquaculture industry plays an important role in solving the global
food problem. The major adverse impact of the traditional aquaculture systems include
effect on water quality and the secondary pollution resulting in serious damages to the
aquatic resources. The key to the development of sustainable aquaculture is to improve the
water recycling efficiency and reduce the discharge of waste water. The present study is
carried out to compare the various aquaculture waste water treatment technologies and their
role towards achieving sustainability. The recirculation systems are more effective in
managing the volume of waste water and hence more sustainable. Development of more
efficient reactor systems and a holistic, integrated approach to waste water treatment can
ensure sustainable aquaculture systems.

Keywords: Aquaculture, waste water, sustainability

Seismic Retrofitting Of Reinforced Concrete Frames Using Steel Bracings

Silpa S.*, Chinsu Mereena Joy
Department of Civil Engineering, TKM College of Engineering, Kollam, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Reinforced concrete structures are vulnerable to seismic activities and need to be retrofitted
to resist the seismic loads. Retrofitting is one of the best methods which can be used to
strengthenthe structures safe against seismic loads. Retrofitting techniques will increase the

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
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strength, stiffness, ductility and stability of structures. The retrofitting of buildings results in
increase in building adaptability, durability and resiliency as well as the reduction in
operation costs and environmental impacts. Various techniques of retrofitting can be
adapted to improve the stability of the structure. One of the most effective method for
retrofitting of structures is the use of steel bracings. Steel bracing can be effectively used
for strengthening seismically inadequate reinforced concrete frames to withstand the effects
of seismic loads. This paper studies the effect of steel bracing in the seismic behaviour of
structures analytically. Structure with different story height employed with and without
steel bracing are designed and are analyzed in ETABS software.

Keywords: Retrofitting, Steel bracings, Reinforced concrete frames.

An Overview of Developments in Trickling filter and Media

Shraddha Vivekanand Gurlhosur 1,*, Er. Devendra Dohare 2
1 M. Tech. Student Environmental Engineering, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology &
Science, Indore, India-452003
2 Assistant Professor, Department of CE & AMD, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology &

Science, Indore, India-452003

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

In the past there was a prevalent use of trickling filter due to its simple working and efficient
contaminant removal. But as the population increased more wastewater was produced and
stricter regulations of wastewater treatment came into existence. Filter problems such as
clogging, flies were burdensome. The operation of filter was cheap since energy
consumption was less but owing to large area required for trickling filter a need for other
treatment options was observed. Earlier stone was used as media which was replaced by
plastic cross flow media to increase the surface area and prevent filter problems. New type
of random plastic media which incorporated various shapes and sizes proved to be
revolutionary since tall filters could be built in smaller footprint. Sponge also has potential
to be used as media. Many researchers are still studying various kinds of innovative media
such as agricultural waste, fruits like Luffa cyllindrica, ceramics etc. which can be used as a
economical and durable option. This paper gives an overview of trickling filter, various
kinds of media that has been used or studied and results of trickling filter when used in
combination with other biological methods.

Keywords: trickling filter, plastic media, sponge, innovative media

An Appraisal of Nutrient Status and Productivity with Emphasis on

Phytoplankton Assemblage in Karamana River, Kerala, India
Nivedi S. Mohan, Vishnu Sagar M.K, Sabu Joseph*
Dept. of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, India 695581
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Nutrient pollution of river is one of the prime threats facing the aquatic systems. In present
study water samples were collected from 10 different locations of Karamana river during

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

premonsoon (PMN) and monsoon season (MN). The water samples were analyzed for
various physico-chemical parameters and measured to understand the nutrient status of
Karamana river. Present study reveals that concentration of TDS (2268 mg/L), EC (4352
µS/cm) and Cl- (851 mg/L) increased at downstream station in PMN. Similarly, all nutrients
show their higher values during premonsoon except TP, PO4-P and SiO3-Si. While, PO4-P
and TP shows their higher values during monsoon season. The correlation analysis shows
that significant strong positive relationship exhibit between nutrients and productivity of the
river in PMN season. In MN season, PCA analysis shows positive loading for pH (0.984),
PO4 (0.783), TP (0.784) and negative loading of DO (-0.598) and NH4-N (-0.400) with a
variance of 39.61%. The F values indicating physico-chemical and productivity variables
such as EC, TDS, alkalinity, chloride, NH4-N, Chl a, GPP and NPP shows significant
(p<0.05) variation between the season and locations. In this investigation a total of 23
phytoplankton genera, representative of three classes were identified. The community
structure of phytoplankton species like the Shannon wiener index, Evenness index and
Margalef richness index indicating high evenness of species. The CCA ordination plots
reveals that the environmental variables such as DO, pH, SiO3-Si, TP, GPP and NPP shows
significant positive relationship with Oedogonium fragile, Pleurosigma sp., Coelastrum
microporum and Fragilaria capucina. Palmer’s pollution index shows that most of the
stations are organically polluted.

Keywords: productivity, chlorophyll a, TOC, biodiversity index, Palmer’s pollution index

Carbon Neutral in Thrissur Municipal Corporation in Kerala State: A

case study
Carol Varghese1, Olfy Nixon 2,*, Eloi C. J.3, Clodiya Charly4, Saison Xavier5
1*Assistant Professor, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur,Kerala,India
2, 3, 4,5 U.G.Students, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur,Kerala,India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The potential threat due to rising carbon levels in the atmosphere alarms the world nations
to mitigate excess carbon production. In light of this, the current study aims to propose
sector-wise strategies to develop Thrissur Municipal Corporation in Kerala state (study area)
as a ‘Carbon Neutral Corporation’ by carrying out a carbon emission analysis in the sectors
of Transportation, Energy, Waste, and sequestration capacity analysis of present vegetation.
The idea of ‘carbon neutrality’ points out a net-zero carbon emission. A carbon emission
profile was prepared considering the above sectors for the baseline year 2019-2020. The
existing vegetation cover in the region was considered for estimating the amount of
sequestered carbon in the corporation for the same time period. Emission factors for various
sectors were considered according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) 2006 guidelines with TIER 1 precision level. Activity data pertaining to various
sectors was collected through primary data collection and secondary data from respective
Government departments. Chiefly inspired by the project ‘Carbon neutral Meenangadi’ by
Thanal, the study proposes strategies for achieving carbon neutrality by 2030.

Keywords: Carbon neutral, GHG, Sequestration

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
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Analysis of Potential of Napier grass, Vetiver and Equisetum for the

Treatment of Domestic Greywater using Constructed Wetlands
Sijimol MR, Mansa M L, Sabu Joseph*,
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
The management of greywater generated as a byproduct of various human activities is a
matter of global concern today. In this context, constructed wetlands come handy with
environmental and economic friendly options. Constructed wetlands make use of natural
processes, plants, media and microbes for the treatment of waste water. In the present study,
box type horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands were designed (65cm x 45cm x
35cm) at laboratory level. Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Vetiver (Vetiveria
zizanoides) and Equisetum (Equisetum hyemale) were planted in the constructed wetlands to
assess their effectiveness in treating domestic greywater. Sand and gravel was used as
medium. Plants were planted in the top layer with sand, soil and coir pith mixture. Domestic
greywater was added in batches, for five weeks and the hydraulic retention time was 24hrs.
Influent and effluent samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters like pH,
temperature, EC, TDS, total alkalinity, acidity, DO, BOD, COD, hardness, calcium,
magnesium, chloride and salinity. There was a significant increase in DO with 47.0% in
Vetiver, 92.5% in Napier grass and 97.2% in Equisetum. Average percent pollutant removal
of some major parameters was 92.4% for turbidity, 92.7% for acidity, 81.3% for BOD,
91.0% for COD with Napier grass. In the case of Vetiver, the removal percent was 82.5%
turbidity, 87.9% acidity, 81.8% BOD and 92.9% COD. For Equisetum the average pollutant
removal efficiency varied with 94.6% turbidity, 91.4% acidity, 80.0% BOD and
88.1%COD. Among the selected plants, Napier seems to be more potential in improving
water quality, followed by Equisetum and Vetiver plants. This shows that box type
constructed wetland is feasible for domestic greywater treatment at small scale levels.

Keywords: Constructed wetlands, greywater treatment, water quality.

Acknowledgements: First author deeply acknowledges UGC-DSKPDF for the funding
provided.

Design and Logistics of Constructed Wetlands In The Domestic

Environment Of Kerala
Akhil.A.R1, Anjali Suresh1, Fiza.U1,*, Mohamed Thanish.K.A1, Mr. Alwyn Varghese1,
Dr. E. J. James2
1Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
2 Former Director, CWRDM, Calicut, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
A clean, healthy, and sustainable environment is now recognized globally and nationally as
a basic entitlement of the people. However, domestic and industrial pollution are increasing
day by day and as a result, there is an immediate need for a well-versed system for treatment
of greywater as it is a major source of water pollution in the domestic environment of our
state. This project mainly focuses on the design of constructed wetlands for the treatment of
greywater produced from houses, colonies, apartments, etc. This is relevant as treatment of

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Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

greywater in conventional waste water treatment system is having certain shortfalls. The
present attempt is to propose a pragmatic logistics with the objective to popularize the same
among relevant groups in the state which is likely to provide healthy and hygienic
conditions. Type designs have been proposed by estimating the quantity of greywater from
various establishments like small houses, colonies and apartments with wetland area of
10.416 m2, 416 m2 and 312.5 m2 respectively. Hydraulic retention time was estimated as 6
days in all cases. Different auxiliary systems like sedimentation tank, skimming tank,
filtration tank and treatment tank were proposed for pre-treatment of greywater before its
discharge to the wetland. But in case of a single house, direct discharge into the wetland is
sufficient as the concentration of contaminants and oil is very less. Necessary details
regarding the type of plant species suitable in the climatic conditions of Kerala, and other
details like sowing and propagation are discussed. The different substrates and filter media
to be used are also discussed. Coarse sand along with gravel and organic materials is
considered the best medium for the plants to treat greywater. A detailed guideline on
different aspects like planning, site selection, hydrology, maintenance and monitoring of
wetlands is also stated.

Keywords: domestic pollution, grey water, wetlands, wastewater treatment, hydrology,

plant species

Site Selection and Designing of Landfill using Review Approach

Mohammad Wasif Quadri*, Devendra Dohare
Department of CE & AMD, Shri G.S. Institute of Technology and Science,
Indore, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Landfill site choice is a complex multi-models and tedious cycle. “The current examination
means to distinguish, assess, and organize the landfill site choice measures lastly study the
connection among them, and how much they influence or are influenced by each other.
Quite possibly the main sources of natural contamination is absolutely a deficient waste
management. The strong garbage removal is one of the offices which can make hurt human
wellbeing and furthermore add to serious ecological contamination in the event that it isn't
appropriately overseen. In this manner, a successful choice on a landfill site choice to
recognize the most appropriate region as another landfill is significant. In this exploration
paper we are portraying the different creators audit ashore fill plan and appropriate site
determination alongside different techniques. A rundown of choice models got from the
writing considered in choosing the best landfill site is additionally introduced.” One of the
significant test in waste administration is the issue of choosing a suitable site for the
removal of m strong waste (SW). We are executing on appropriate determination of landfill
site based on audit considered as methodical writing survey (SLR).

Keywords: Route optimization, selection of landfill site, site selection, landfill

management, various methods.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Development of Environmentally Sustainable Habitat in a Domestic

Housing System
Aadhil Mohammed C P, Arnold P J, Basima P, Sruthi Kunnath Unnikrishnan,
Prof. M G Cyriac*
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
This project work is on the Development of Environmentally Sustainable Habitat in a
Domestic Housing System. The colony consist of 100 houses, the area provide for one
house is 7.5 cents and therefore 29750sqm area of land is provided for housing and
remaining 6000sqm of area for treatment plants, and 4250sqm of area for planting trees and
for providing border from treatment plant. There is a separate land of 0.5 acre for
transportation facilities. This project is mainly aims in construction of housing colony with
zero waste by treating and utilizing the waste for many beneficial purposes and thus
providing an eco-friendly environment. The main additional components are septic tank,
constructed wetland, rainwater harvesting, solid waste management, drip irrigation system,
solar energy, planting of trees and management system for the colony.The source of water
provided is open well with rainwater harvesting system. Water is supplied through pipe
network which is designed using EPANET software.Waste water is treated in the treatment
plant, located within the site. The grey water and sewage waste are treated separately. The
grey water is treated using constructed wetland of size. Only the important components are
designed in detail other units like sludge digestion etc are to be provided as per requirement.
A management system is also proposed with 5 members of the community and one being
the coordinator.

Ranking of CORDEX – SA datasets for Meenachil river basin, Kerala

using Multi-criteria decision making method

Saranya M.S.*, Vinish V. Nair

Dept. of Civil Engineering, R.I.T. Govt. Engineering College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
Climate model selection studies are becoming increasingly critical because they play a
crucial role in the reliability of climate change impact studies. This study analyses the
performance of nine GCM – RCM combinations selected from CORDEX-SA datasets in
simulating precipitation and surface air temperature over Meenachil river basin, Kerala. The
simulation skill of the models was tested using four performance indicators: correlation
coefficient (R), percentage bias (PBIAS), skill score (SS), and root mean square error
(RMSE). The PROMETHEE-2 (Preference Ranking Organisation Method of Enrichment
Evaluation) multi-criteria decision making approach was used to rank the models based on
their ability to simulate observed climate data measured over a baseline period (1980-2005).
Ranking of GCM – RCM combinations were performed under equal weight and varying
weight scenario. The results of the study suggest that GFDL-ESM2M – RCA4, CNRM-
CM5 – RCA4 and GFDL-ESM2M - RegCM4 are suitable models for prediction of
precipitation and CNRM-CM5 – RCA4, NorESM1-M - RCA4 and GFDL-ESM2M – RCA4
are suitable models for prediction of surface air temperature for the Meenachil river basin.
Keywords: Climate models, rank, PROMETHEE-2, Entropy, performance indicator

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

A Study on Radon concentration vis-a’-vis groundwater quality in the

selected part of midland and coastal regions of Neyyar River Basin,
Kerala, India
Akhil, R., Sabu Joseph*
Dept. of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram 695581, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

This study was aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal variation of water quality
parameters and radioactive Radon (222Rn) concentration in the groundwater of midland and
coastal region in Neyyar river basin-NRB (L=56 km, A=483 km2), Kerala, India. The
groundwater samples (n= 18) were collected during pre-monsoon (April) and monsoon
(September) of 2018. The physico-chemical analysis of water quality parameters were done
using standard methods (APHA, 2012). Spatial and temporal variation of Radon
concentration was assessed using RAD7-H2O instrument (Durridge Co. USA).Most of the
groundwater quality parameters are within permissible limits for both seasons. The content
of radon in the samples range from 442 to 12000 Bq/ m3 with an average value of 2740 Bq/
m3 in pre-monsoon, radon concentration in one groundwater sample in the coastal region
was higher (12000Bq/ m3) than the maximum contaminant level (MCL) value of
11000Bq/m3..In monsoon, , the radon concentration in the groundwater samples varies from
442 to 19230 Bq/ m3 with an average value of 8222Bq/ m3, seven samples from the coastal
area were close or higher than the MCL. The variation in radon concentration between
midland and coastal region warrants explanation. The data generated is used to assess the
groundwater quality of the basin and to manifest the data using statistical tools like
correlation analysis and factor analysis, and further to understand the hydrochemical
processes controlling the groundwater quality based on major ion chemistry.

Keywords: Neyyar River Basin, Ground water quality.

Salt water intrusion in Kallada River and its impact on ground water
quality of Munroe Island, Kerala, South West Coast of India
Chithra S., Sabu Joseph*
Dept. of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Munroe Island in Kollam District of Kerala, India is a typical backwater village situated at
the confluence of Ashtamudi backwater and Kallada river system. The island extends from 9
0 0’0’’ N to 76 0 35’0’’ E to 9 0 0’0’’N to 76 0 40’0’’E and is an amalgamation of eight
small islands with a total area of 13.4 sq.km. The area surrounding the Munroe Island is a
part of Ashtamudi estuary which forms an important geological segment of South Indian
peninsular shield. Sedimentary rocks belonging to the Warkalli and Quilon formation
constitute the dominant lithology of the main island, whereas quaternary sediments of
marine and fluvial origin are mostly seen in the low lying areas of the island, mostly by the

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Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

side of Kallada river.The present study focus on seasonal variation in physico-chemical

characters of ground water system of island and Kallada river with special reference to
saline water intrusion. Salinity intrusion has been a serious threat in the downstream areas of
Kallada river for more than one decade and affecting the ground water quality of Munroe
Island. The water quality analysis of river surface water at various seasons revealed that
relatively high (11.5 ppt) salinity was observed during pre-monsoon, low (9.3 ppt) during
post monsoon and comparatively very low (6.8 ppt) salinity during monsoon season. The
results also revealed spatial variation of salt water intrusion in the river. i.e., in pre monsoon,
samples near the river confluence with Ashtamudi lake showed a maximum salinity of 9.02
ppt, whereas samples taken 10 kms away from river mouth, at the proximal end of island
showed a decrease in value of 4.25 ppt only. Thus, salinity decreases with increasing
distance from the river mouth. Concentration of anions like sulfate, chloride and cations like
sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were also decreased with increasing distance
from river mouth. Physico-chemical analysis of island ground water revealed that most of
the samples are unsuitable for drinking (BIS, 2012) as well as irrigational purpose due to
higher content of anions such as Na and Ca. Microbiological analysis of ground water
showed that most of the samples had the presence of coliform and Ecoli bacteria above
permissible limit (BIS, 2012), especially in monsoon and post monsoon seasons in water
logged and tidal upwelling regions. The results further showed significant correlation
between salinity and anions like chloride and sulfate. Cations like Mg, Na, Ca and K are
also significantly correlated with salinity of both surface water and ground water.

Keywords: Munroe Island, Kallada river, Ground water quality.

Evaluation of Spatio-temporal variation of Radon (222Rn) activity in the

groundwater vis-à-vis geological setting in Vamanapuram River Basin,
Kerala, India
Anurani G R, Sabu Joseph*
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, India 695581
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The present study was carried out to examine the spatio-temporal variation of radon (222Rn),
a radioactive noble gas (t1/2=3.8 days) in groundwater of Vamanapuram River Basin (n=7th,
L=88 km, A=787 km2), Kerala, India. Groundwater samples were collected from 38 wells
(Grid=4 km) during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons of 2019. The analysis of radon was
done using RAD7 radon-in-air monitor (Durridge Co., USA) and the physico-chemical
parameters were measured using standard methods. The study investigates the spatial and
temporal variability of 222Rn activity with respect to the physico-chemical parameters of
groundwater and with geology and hydrogeology of study area. The observed results show
that, radon activity is in the range of 646-79939 Bq/m3 (mean=7987 Bq/m3) in pre monsoon
and 255-36954 Bq/m3 (mean=4532 Bq/m3) in monsoon season. Upon comparing the radon
activity values with contaminant level of USEPA (11000 Bq/m3), it is found that about 82%
of samples have radon activity value far below this threshold level. At the same time, seven
samples are exceeding the permissible limit during both seasons.The concentration of
physico-chemical parameters of groundwater are within permissible limit of Bureau of
Indian Standard (BIS) in both seasons. Besides, the results reveal that radon activity has no

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significant correlation with depth of well and any of the physico-chemical parameters
analysed. Remarkably, the areas exceeding permissible limit of radon falls in highland
terrain of study area under khondalitic and migmatitic type of rocks. Moreover, most of the
samples fall under high radon activity zone lies in the NW-SE trending lineament, which is
the most active type of lineament falls under same lithological unit. Since lineaments are
loci of groundwater possible regions, the study highlights the usefulness of 222Rn as a
potential tool in exploring groundwater development locations in hard rock terrain by
unearthing active type of lineaments.

Keywords: Groundwater, Hydrochemistry, Radon activity, Vamanapuram River Basin.

Effects of Sulphate Resistant Cement on Marine Structural Concretes

Mr. Anish.C*, Dr. R. Venkata Krishnaiah
Department of Civil Engineering, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research,
Chennai, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
This project is focused on the ability of concrete mode of mortar mixture with different
cement types which when exposed to chloride and sulphate in marine environment affect
their strength and durability of the concrete.The source of sulphate may either external or
internal. The internally occurring sulphate in the environment like sea water on the sulphate
which are the products of industrial wastes. Internal source of sulphate is the composition of
chlorides plus sulphates introduced in the cement during manufacture.The specimens made
of different cements are subjected to the standard test which evaluates the resistance of
concrete to chloride and sulphate which are present in the sea water.
Keywords: Sulphate resistant Cement, Marine structure, Sea water.

A study Of Engineered Cementitious Composites by Investigating its

Compressive and Flexural strength
Cenya S Kumar, Shivani I, Sona Rose Bins*, Sona Togi, Mareena George
Department of Civil Engineering, Rajagiri School of Engineering and Technology,
Kakkanad, Kerala, India
*Corresponding author email:[email protected]

Abstract

Concrete has become an essential material as a part of construction field. Its behavior is
weak in tension and strong in compression. The high demand of tensile strength in concrete
is always a critical issue for engineers because 10% of the compressive strength is not
sufficient to withstand higher loadings. Another major issue faced by normal concrete is
lack in ductility and strain capacity. Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC), also
known as Bendable Concrete, has been designed to overcome the brittleness of concrete. It
has tensile ductility of 3-5% and its self-controlled tight crack width is less than 100μm. It is
an exclusive type of cement mixture with unique composition of low volume fibers (~ 2%)

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and different composites so as to impart ductility, high tensile strength besides ability to
repair. It also has low maintenance and is environment friendly in nature. The ECC
composition does not contain coarse aggregate because they tend to have a negative effect
on ductile behavior of ECC. This paper demonstrated a detailed review of ECC and studied
the effects of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibres on the compressive and flexural strength of
engineered cementitious composite (ECC) cubes and beams. Six cubes (75mm x 75mm x
75mm) and three beams (500mm x 100mm x 100mm) have been cast for an ECC mix and
tested at the age of 28 days for compressive strength and flexural strength. Workability test
also have been conducted to access the fresh properties and consistency of the concrete.

Keywords: Engineered cementitious composite (ECC), Polyvinyl alcohol fibres (PVA),

Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength

Automatic Microphone Height Adjustment System Using Image

Processing
Chaithanya. K.P*, Dr. Roshini. T.V
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vimal Jyothi Engineering
College, Kannur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

This project aims at reducing the effort of height according to person height and movement.
The system is introduced to reduce the external human interference by using image
processing. The system is automatic in function so a person who unaware of MIC system
can handle easily. Mostly it can be used in all type of microphone system. Webcam images,
MATLAB functions for interfacing and motor control mechanism is used to adjust the
position of MIC.

Keywords: Image processing, Microphone, Matlab.

Impacts of Environmental Factors on the COVID-19 Transmission for the

Tropical Region in India.
L Ramesh Krishnan, L Gangadhara Kiran Kumar*
Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Calicut,
Kozhikode, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The novel COVID-19 as the respiratory virus, triggers a quest to understand how the spread
and survival of the virus are influenced by environmental factors. This study aims to
investigate the climatological parameters correlated with daily COVID-19 cases and the
mortality rate of the tropical region in India. The present study involves the different
districts in India such as Thiruvananthapuram, Bangalore Urban, Chennai, Hyderabad,
Vishakhapatnam and Mumbai. The data collected from the COVID-19 dashboard and the
analysis has been piloted from April 26 to end of the October during the lockdown and

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

unlock period. The data were examined by Spearman’s Rho and Kendall Tau rank
correlation techniques. The different climatological parameters such as ambient
temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, wind speed, precipitation and
pressure have been analyzed with the overall situations of COVID-19 during the study
period. Furthermore, the population density and socio-cultural aspects of those places have
been considered. Results showed that the relative humidity, dew point temperature and
precipitation were having positive significant correlation with the new cases and death rate.
These findings have repercussions for the containment of this epidemic and much useful for
the future pandemic.

Keywords: COVID-19, Meteorological factors, Pandemic, India.

Isolation, characterization of C. muelleri, culture media & parameter

optimization and study for its potential as natural feed system for
commercial marine aquaculture of Penaeus sp.- an approach to
sustainable ecosystem management and sustained livelihood

Debasish Sahoo1,*, Virendra Kumar Vaishnav1, Tanushree Chatterjee3, Navita

Gupta4, Shailenedra Kumar Sinha5.
1Department of Biotechnology, CSVTU, Bhilai, Chhattishgarh, India.
3
Department of Biotechnology, RITEE, Raipur, Chhattishgarh, India
4Department of Life science, BBMKU, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
5Department of Zoology, Environmental Science and Disaster Management, BBMKU,

Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

*corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
Chaetoceros can be a better alternative to overcome environmental pollutants especially
from extensive aquaculture practices. They can be also potential source of recycling
nutrient and waste matter thereby reduction in the usage and dependency on synthetic
entities in aquacultures.Study on isolated C.muelleri was carried out with respect to widely
available C.calcitrans. Cell Growth, Total biomass production at invitro/insitu was studied
for different nutrition media along with their nutrient content. Physiological characteristics
of Penaeus monodon (Tiger prawn) and Fenneropenaeus indicus (common Indian prawn)
co-cultured with Chaetoceros was studied to find suitability of microalgae for sustainable
aquaculture practice.Chaetoceros isolated and identified microscopically. The size, Total
protein and lipid content, energy content was greater in C.muelleri as compared to
C.calcitrans. Growth rate was higher in-vitro as compared to in-situ for both Chaetoceros
sp. in modified Guillard F/2 media suggesting relationship of higher N:P ratio to higher
growth rate. FAME-GC reports suggest content of arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid,
and eicosapentaenoic acid in Chaetoceros sp. C.muelleri gave a bit better physiological
response to both test prawn sp. as compared to C.calcitrans .Exploring indigenous diatoms
can be better alternative for aquaculture management, reduce chances of exotic species
invade natural ecosystem and can be developed as a model for socio-economic model by
technology transfer to farmers.

Keywords: Chaetoceros, Penaeus, FAME-GC, Sustainable.Aquaculture.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Green Building Rating Systems from the prospect of sustainability

dimensions through the building lifecycle
Nina Lazar*, Chithra K
Department of Architecture & Planning, NIT Calicut, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Rapid developments followed by the industrial revolution had a huge impact on the
ecosystem. The concern for the ecosystem paved the way for the concept of sustainable
development along with its three mutually reinforcing and interdependent Economic, Social
and Environmental dimensions. The need for sustainable development is reflected in almost
every field and is also seen in the construction industry in the form of green/sustainable
building practices. In 2002 World Green Building Council (WGBC) was established with
Green Building Councils (GBCs) representing various countries for promoting sustainable
buildings. Green Building Rating Systems (GBRS) were established by GBCs to
acknowledge buildings that adopt sustainable construction practices. In this context, GBRS
needs much attention along with their structural framework. Many researchers have
analyzed the structural framework of GBRS and most of the studies were confined to
general and category levels. Therefore, the current study attempts to investigate the
weightage of sustainability dimensions through the building lifecycle by conducting a
criteria-level analysis of GBRS. The weightage for three sustainability dimensions
considered by GBRS were investigated through a questionnaire survey. The weightage for
each stage of the building lifecycle considered by GBRS were also investigated. The study
has also explored the relationship between three sustainability dimensions and building
lifecycle stages. The general framework of GBRS were analyzed and presented along with
suggestions for improving and refining GBRS. Even though the study is restricted to the
analysis of four GBRS, the research outcome would be beneficial for developing/improving
the GBRS towards accomplishing sustainability.
Keywords: Green Building Rating Systems, Sustainability, Sustainable development,
weighing factors.

Comparative Study of Different Filter Media on the Performance of

Biologically Aerated Filter (BAF): A Review
Beena P. Nambiar1,*, Dr. Renu Pawels1
1Research Scholar, Division of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Cochin University
of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
2
Professor, Division of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Cochin University of
Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Biological Aerated Filters (BAF) is a technology developed for secondary and tertiary
treatment of wastewater. This biofilm system comprises of three phases. Firstly, a solid
phase which acts as a support medium for growth of microbes, then, a liquid phase in which
the media remains submerged, and a gas phase induced by aeration in the reactor. This
unique system accomplishes the physical filtration of suspended solids and the biological

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

oxidation of organic matter simultaneously in a single unit. Backwashing the filter at regular
intervals is required to remove the accumulation of inert constituents and decomposition
products.The performance of a BAF depends on the type of support media and its properties
like particle size, surface area, capability to form biofilm, adsorption, ion exchange,
regenerative properties etc. This review paper presents and discusses the influence of the
different types of support media (viz. sand, natural zeolite and geo-fabric) and its particle
size on the performance of BAF. Based on the review, natural zeolite of smaller particle size
(1-3mm) seems to be providing more promising results than geo-fabric and sand in
wastewater treatment for removal of COD, BOD, TDS, TSS and ammonia-nitrogen.
Keywords: BAF, Zeolite, Geo-fabric, Bio-film.

Keywords: Biological Aerated Filters, Cod, BOD, TSS.

Review of impact assessment on agricultural watershed due to change in

environmental factors
Soumya Pandey1, Neeta Kumari2,*
1PhD student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of
technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India, Pin- 835215
2Assistant professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of

technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India, Pin- 835215.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Agricultural watersheds are globally facing major environmental challenges like extreme
climate changes, droughts, flood, urbanising of landscape, Nonpoint source pollution etc.
Intensive agriculture practices cause soil erosion and nutrient loss. Excessive use of
fertilizers causes eutrophication and algal bloom in nearby waterbodies. Changes in land use
has led to water stress condition and threatened food security. climate change and nonpoint
source pollution have caused loss of microbial and aquatic ecosystem diversities which
severely impacted human health. All these issues are attributed to the increase in rate of
population growth and unplanned development which pollute both soil and water resources.
The impact of all the above environmental challenges deteriorates the soil and water quality
of the watershed, on which the sustainability and productivity of the watershed depends.
For better understanding the gravity of these problems, there is a need to identify and
analyse the sources, causes, and interdependency of the influencing factors. In this review, a
synthesis of past research based on both observational and modelling studies are presented
with major focus on climate change, land use and nonpoint source pollution on soil and
water quality in agricultural watershed. Understanding of synergetic influences of the
climatic and other environmental factors on soil quality and water quality, it may help in
developing better watershed protection and management plans.

Keywords: watershed, agriculture, climate change, soil quality, water quality, pollution,
nutrient loading, nutrient pollution

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Photocatalytic degradation of refractory organic compounds in

wastewater using ZnO nanoparticles- A Review.
Sakshi Gyanesh Sharma *, Dr. Reshma Patel
Civil Engineering Department, BVM Engineering College, Gujarat, India.
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Presence of organic compounds in wastewater is observed as a rising environmental issue

because of its deleterious effects on living beings even at low concentration. Photocatalytic
degradation can be termed as eco-friendly technology because of its low cost and simple
end products or complete degradation. Till now extensive research has been done for
removal of dyes from wastewater using this technology, but not much in the case of other
organic compounds. ZnO nanoparticles are found to be more effective for degradation of
organic compounds than dyes, also, it is a promising photocatalyst due to its non-toxic
characteristic. In this review, we will discuss about the synthesis methods for nanoparticles,
enhancement of morphology using varied methods like capping agents, surfactants, doping,
co-doping, etc. and will wind up with some aspects which are required for further
development. We hope that this review will benefit, the researchers by presenting insights
into the research done in this field so far, which can provide the basis for further progress in
this area.

Keywords: Refractory organics, ZnO nanoparticles, photocatalyst.

Understanding the Basic Science behind the menace of Climate Change

Dr Rafi Ramzan Dar
Lecturer on Academic Arrangement at GDC Kulgam- J&K
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Climatologists, researchers and environmentalists all over the globe are expressing deep
concerns regarding changes in the overall climate of earth. The hazard of global warming
and climate change- due to the continuous burning of fossil fuels to produce greenhouse
gases- is causing irreparable damage to man and his environment. According to NASA’ data
on Global climate change, carbon dioxide levels have reached to 415 parts per billion in
November 2020 in earth’s atmosphere and global temperature has increased by 1.4 degree
Celsius since 1880. This has led to an increase in sea level by 3.3 mm/year. Yet there are
many nuances regarding global warming and climate change and the threats they represent
that are not well understood by the general public. This paper, based largely on secondary
sources of data, has tried to look into the science underlying the menace of global warming
and climate change. It has also made an attempt to assess the causes as well as impacts of
global warming and climate change on human society, ecosystems and our environment.
Finally, the steps to mitigate the impacts of global warming and climate change have also
been presented by the researcher.

Keywords: Greenhouse gases, Energy balance, Fossil fuels, IPCC, Mitigation.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Bio-sequestration of CO2 via microalgae: A review

Sakshi Gyanesh Sharma*, Jignesh Brahmbhatt.
Civil Engineering Department, BVM Engineering College, Gujarat, India.
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Carbon sequestration is an important technology to combat the climate change and global
warming. Biological sequestration or bio-mitigation of carbons by micro algal systems, in
spite of its early stage, constitutes a promising and sustainable alternative to current carbon
mitigation methods. Algae have high carbon fixation capacity than other terrestrial plants
and its biomass generated has wide range of applications that can improve the economic
feasibility of the process. The percentage of biomass energy using carbon capture and
storage technologies will increase with the increase of carbon prices contributing to zero or
even negative emissions of CO2. This paper reviews bio-sequestration typically focusing on
microalgae, how it works, its value-added products, recent advancements and future
prospects.

Keywords: microalgae, biological sequestration, carbon dioxide mitigation, algae-based

capture, climate change.

Performance of Cement Grouts and their Applications

Yogita Gaude1,*, Dr. K. G. Guptha1, Er. T. Mohan2,
1Department of Civil Engineering, Goa College of Engineering, Farmagudi-Goa, India
2AGM QA/QC at Dilip Buildcon Ltd.-Goa, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Cement grouts are extensively used in many of the construction areas such as prestressed
cable coatings, repair, and rehabilitation of masonry and RCC structures, soil grouting, etc.
They comprise a fluid mixture of cement, sand if used, water, and possibly, admixture(s)
higher compressive strength. Their rheology and properties can be easily modified by
varying the mix proportions and dosages of the various components. Cement grouting is
used on large-scale applications for grouting of cable ducts of prestressed bridges to fill in
the voids or gaps between ducts and prestressing steel. These structures are vulnerable to
deteriorations and damages such as strength and durability losses which occur due to
corrosion and breaking of prestressing tendons/strands resulting from inadequate grouting
and/or chloride attacks from airborne salts, use of de-icing salts, or even the use of sea sand
in the concrete. Therefore, it is very much essential that this passive layer i.e. grout should
be properly mixed and grouting should be carried out with utmost precautions. Proper
material proportioning, mixing and placement is a must so that grout can fulfill the desired
properties after hardening. Pure cement grout bleeds thus lowering the w/c ratio but
increasing strength. Thus, to improve its rheological properties like bleeding, shrinkage,
strength, certain admixtures like Cebex 100, Cebex 200 and Cebex EN or equivalent will be
added and their properties will be evaluated. This study aims at understanding the
performance of cementitious grouts based on dosage and other additives at a major River
Bridge Project in Goa.
Keywords: Cementitious grouts, bleeding, shrinkage, strength, Cebex 100, Cebex 200.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Recycling of Vehicle Wash Effluent by Natural Coagulation and Filtration

Methods
Salini P J1,*, Dr. G Madhu2
1Department of Biotechnology, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Thrissur,
India
2Department of Chemical Engineering, SOE, CUSAT, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Large quantity of vehicle wash effluent is generated from auto mobile service stations
through washing activities. Though, various effluent treatment methods are available,
majority of the service stations do not have any treatment facility and these ultimately lead
to environmental pollution. Existing treatment processes are very expensive and it is the
main reason for not having any treatment plant in service stations. This study aims to utilize
naturally available materials for the effective treatment of vehicle wash effluent to make it
reusable and thereby to reduce the cost of effluent treatment plants.
We aim to focus on the following parameters pH, Total suspended solids (TSS), Chemical
oxygen demand (COD), Oil & grease, sulphate etc. and make these within the desirable
limit. We will be utilizing Jack fruit seeds and common bean as natural coagulants and
powdered Jack fruit seed, Moringa oleifera, saw dust as filtering materials. The dosages of
these materials will be optimized for getting better results.

Keywords: Vehicle wash effluent, Natural Coagulant, Filtration

Performance of Pultruded GFRP Beam-Column Infilled With HVFA-

ECC Under Lateral Loading
Yoganantham C* Jagan A, Karthikeyan K and Joanna P S,
1Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and
Science, Chennai 603103, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

This paper presents the performance of Pultruded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP)
beam-column infilled with High Volume Fly Ash Engineered Cementitious Composites
(HVFA-ECC). The mechanical properties of Pultruded GFRP Sections & HVFA-ECC were
carried out using different codes. Characteristics like Hysteretic behaviour, Peak load
displacement were examined. Two GFRP box sections of size 100 mm with 10 mm thick
infilled with HVFA-ECC containing 60% fly ash is compared with hollow GFRP section.
The beam & column were connected using through bolts & angle plates. All the specimen
were subjected to lateral loading. The analytical investigation was carried out using a
commercial software RSA (Robot Structural Analysis). Result show that the High-Volume
Fly Ash Engineered Cementitious Composites having 60% of Fly Ash has exhibits higher
load carrying capacity.

Keywords: Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC), High Volume Fly ash (HVFA),
Pultruded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP), Hysteretic curve.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Treating Waste Water with Sugarcane Bagasse As Absorbent

Lakshmi C1, Ranjitha J2, Vijayalakshmi Shankar2*
1SJB Institute of Technology, Bangalore
2CO Research and Green Technologies Centre, VIT University, Vellore – 14
2
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract:

This project compares the effectiveness of chemical and physical methods in treating the
wash water collected from automobile service stations. Wastewater was collected from the
service stations in the city of Vellore, and the effluent was characterized for different
parameters such as pH, turbidity, conductivity, total solids, oil and grease, COD (chemical
oxygen demand), BOD (biological oxygen demand), chlorides, sulphate and total hardness.
For chemical treatment, alum was used and locally available natural materials such as
sawdust and sugarcane bagasse were used for physical treatment. Alum at different
concentrations was agitated with the effluent for a prescribed contact period, which led to
the formation of flocs. The filtered samples were tested for COD and oil & grease in the
form of filter columns of three different heights. The percentage reduction in COD and oil
and grease was correlated with the depth and type of filter media. A comparison of physical
and chemical methods of treatment revealed that natural materials are effective in removing
oil & grease and COD from the automobile effluent and hence provide a viable solution
because of its eco-friendliness. From the experimental studies, it is observed that in physical
treatment, the sorption capacity of any material is dependent on its porosity, surface area
and height of filter bed.

Keywords: Wastewater, Treatment, absorbent, Physical method, Chemical method,

Analysis

Microbial degradation of kraft and lignin and its optimization

Lakshmi C1, Ranjitha J2, Vijayalakshmi Shankar2
1SJB Institute of Technology, Bangalore
2CO Research and Green Technologies centre, VIT University, Vellore – 14
2
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Eight bacterial strains were isolated from the soil sample collected near Karigiri hospital
(forest area) by digging upto 1 cm near the roots of the trees. Out of eight, four potential
bacterial strains were found capable to effectively degrade lignin, a major byproduct of the
chemical pulping process and main contributor to the colour and toxicity of Kraft effluent.
Optimal culture conditions for lignin degradation was studied and analyzed. During growth
curve analysis of FTB1, lag phase was observed till 4th hour, then log phase initiated which
occurred till 10th hour, Stationery phase occurred from 10th to 18th hour, after which Death
Phase was seen.

Keywords: Bacterial strain, Kraft color reduction, Lignin degradation, Optimization

25
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Microbes Capable for Bio

Remedial Activities isolated from Jharia Coalfield, Jharkhand
Amita Singh1, Dr. Navita Gupta2, Debasish Sahoo3, Virendra Vaishnav3
1PhD
Scholar, Singhania University, Rajasthan
2Department
of Life Science, BBMKU, Dhanbad, Jharkhand
3Department of Biotechnology, Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University

Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, INDIA

*Corresponding author Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The present study focused on identifying heavy metal degrading bacteria in soil sample
collected from jharia coalfield sites Jharkhand. For isolation of bacteria from the soil sample
was serially diluted tenfold; the highest dilution (10-6) sample was inoculated onto BBH
agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. Colonies with diverse morphological features
from the mixed cultures were sub cultured in order to obtain pure colonies. These colonies
were then grown on nutrient agar containing diverse molarities of salts of heavy metals (Pb,
Cu, Zn and Mn). The highest concentration of each heavy metal growth was observed were
as follows: Zn-8mM, Cu-4mM, Pb-6mM and Mn-4mM. The bacteria having multiple
tolerances were identified as Bacillus spp. on the basis of colony morphology, microscopic
examination and biochemical tests. Bacilluslicheniformis was identified through FAME GC.
The tolerant isolate was further subjected to in vitro antibiotic cultural sensitivity assay and
were found resistant to multiple antibiotics. The study is of significance in that such bacteria
can be utilized for bioremediation of heavy metals in the environment particularly in the
treatment of heavy metal contaminated soil.
Keyword :- Bacillus licheniformis, Bioremediation, Antibiotic, Heavy metal.

Quality Issues of Traditional Water Sources of Kerala and Remedial

Measures
M.G. Cyriac, Dr Agnes Anto, Neeraja P.G , Anju .M.J
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India.
Abstract
In spite of all the developments in water supply sector in the state , people largely depends
on traditional water sources like open wells , bore wells , tube wells filter points etc for
their day today requirements of drinking water . Pollution of such water sources and
consequences are not uncommon and hence Water testing laboratories and commercial
establishment for supply of water treatment equipment are prevalent in the state. The data
collected from various water testing laboratories of Kerala water authority and from the
Government approved commercial water testing laboratory owned by the Jyothi
Engineering College provide information on this menace which is liable for serious
consideration for remedies at all appropriate levels Increased density of population and
subsequent accommodation of dwellings and subsidiary requirements like drinking water
source, excreta disposal. Solid waste and liquid waste disposal in a limited area pose
intrusion of pollutants in the drinking water source and quite often it becomes unpalatable .
It is approximately estimated that we have more than 50 lakhs of open wells in our state and
all the concerned ie individuals , government , local self govt departments etc are at an
obligation to formulate and implement hypotheses and guidelines to protect these type of
traditional water sources. The prominent water quality issues affecting these water sources
are low pH value , presence of excess iron, excess fluoride ,presence of organic matter ,

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

presence of coliform and such other issues which exhibit temporal uniform increasing
trend in the quality problems experienced by the traditional water sources in the state .
Some of the bad effects are apparent and some are only exposed with serious outburst of
diseases like cholera .fluorosis etc Remedial measures start with common man who should
maintain their water sources neat and tidy and whatever encouragement required can be
given by the Local self-government. Those peoples are at an obligation to maintain the
house and premises in an environmentally sustainable manner so that the out flow of
pollutants should be bare minimum after disposal in septic tank ,soak pit , solid waste
collection unit etc . The appropriate methodology for maintenance and upkeep of house and
surrounding is discussed in details as well the different water quality issues and simple and
costly remedies The treatment options also play an important role for remediation of water
quality issues . Simple household treatments systems with less cost as well as costly
equipment are overwhelming the water treatment systems market .Reverse osmosis based
equipment are enormous with reasonable treatment efficiency for removal of fluoride
chloride etc . Steps are also essential for sufficient IEC (information, Education and
communication activities as a part of social initiatives to create awareness among the people

Keywords. Traditional, water sources, quality issues ,cholera ,upkeep of house ,IEC

Sustainable Solutions for Effective Housing Environment

Parthiban P1, Cyriac M G1, T.S Balagopalan Prabhu2, Geethu Asok3, Neeraja P G1,
K. Athiappan1
1Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
2Retired Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Calicut, India
3Building Structural Consultant, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding Author email; [email protected]

Abstract
Houses play an important role in the life of human beings. People generally consider it as a
symbol of status and often during planning of the building more considerations are given for
form of the building rather than its function. In order to assess all these various aspects of
housing scenario representative survey i.e., household survey, economic survey and builders
survey was carried out in selected rural and urban area in Thrissur district. The version of
the house owners were analysed in details after using the house for sufficient period and it
showed subsequent significant change. The main recommendations of the house owners are,
double storied buildings with flat top are advantageous especially in urban area where land
is restricted. Environmental planning of house and the surroundings is important since it
provides a healthy environment in the housing premises. Trees should be planted in the
premises of houses to make the housing surroundings healthy. Bath rooms should be
separated as wet and dry area as it will be safe. Water sources should be maintained
properly. To the extent possible bio gas production to be encouraged. Engineering and
traditional planning principles to be strictly observed. Based on the economic survey the
people were divided in to six categories and the possible outlay on housing by each group is
assessed on the basis that on an average five-year family income can be spent for building a
house. From this we were able to find the corresponding affordable area of the houses as
60sqmeter, 120sqmeter, 180sqmeter, 225sqmeter, 300sqmeter, 400sqmeter and the rate per
square metre as Rs. 1500, Rs. 1500, Rs. 1650, Rs. 2000, Rs. 2000, Rs. 2300 respectively.

Keywords: Buildings, Housing, Planning, Surroundings, Survey.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Engineering Properties of Steel Fibre Reinforced Ternary Blend

Geopolymer Concrete
D. Leela1,*, Dr. R. Manjula2
Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli,
Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Lots of research studies has been carried out recently on geopolymer concrete. This leads to
the development of an environmental friendly ternary blend geopolymer concrete utilizing
metakaolin, GGBS, fly ash and an alkaline solution. The objective of this work is to replace
cement with metakaolin, fly ash and GGBS in nominal proportions to achieve a concrete of
strength 50 N/mm2. Crimped steel fibres having an aspect ratio of 66 is being added in
percentages of 0.5, 0.75 and 1. The mechanical properties that has been included in this
study consists of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and
modulus of rupture. Also relationships has been derived between the above properties with
the percentage of fibres used. An effort has been made to arrive the relations between the
various properties with the various percentages of steel fibres.

Keywords: Fly ash, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Steel Fibers.

Study of Noise Pollution and Air Pollution Due To Railway and Vehicular
Traffic at Level Crossing
Sreelakshmi K S, Chandini Divakaran P, Jisha Akkara*
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College,
Thrissur, Kerala, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Noise and Air are two major environmental problem that uncomforts in daily life. Noise
pollution and Air pollution has become major concern for populations living within the
cities. Considering the sudden increase in the number of trains, rapid growth and malady
effects due to noise pollution and air pollution, there is need to study noise pollution and air
pollution. In this study an attempt is made to observe the noise pollution and air pollution
due to railway and vehicular traffic at one of the key level crossing. The contrast in the
noise level due to railway crossing, traffic flow and traffic volume data in peak hour are
studied.At level crossings, a long delay may occur to the road traffic. The main reason for
the traffic delay is that gates are closed at the level crossing for train passage. And this will
interrupt the smooth flow of vehicles. The delay occurs not only due to rate of train
occurrences. It varies based on the road condition, track condition, the width of the road,
presence of shoulders and land use pattern. The road vehicles involved in great loss of time
and fuel due to congestion, delay, and crashes. It will also cause a loss of money due to fuel
loss.

Keywords: Delay, Road geometry, Environment pollution.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

A Review on Green Transportation System

Anagha Suresh*, Archana. S
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email::[email protected]
Abstract

Green transportation is in a way rigorous, effective and environment friendly mode of

transportation with zero greenhouse gas emission, along with less energy utilisation and
pollution. Green transportation system is a system that provides tonnes of advantages to rail
traffic, road traffic, bicycle and walking, and even-handed labour benefits grounded on
distance, adjustments to various clusters and well-organised association. There is an
escalation in the knowledge for the necessity to reduce GHG emissions which are resulted
due to fuel powered engines. This provoked the demand to increase sustainable
transportation systems with zero or minimum pollution. Trip approachability, user safety
and convenience, minimization of cost, resource and land and environment-friendly are the
fundamentals of Green Transportation. Endorsement of green transportation offers strategic
use of resources, less traffic congestion, less energy consumption, improved air quality,
nutritious and relaxed lives. This paper gives a compilation of green transportation along
with a detailed review on the green transportation system in major metropolitan cities. On
the basis of overview of green transportation under CDM the probable emission cutbacks
from Indian transportation sector are evaluated. The upcoming improvements in green
transportation are also discussed in this paper.

Keywords: Green transportation, CDM, Sustainable transportation, Energy consumption

Methods of Optimizing Riser and Gating System: A Systematic Review

Jalaj Bhatt, Dhyan Vyas, Akshat Rajput, Somasundaram M, Narendra Kumar U*
School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Casting industries play a very crucial role in various industrial sectors like Defense,
Automotive sectors, Construction, Agriculture, Aerospace, Oil & Gas (energy sector),
Mining, Railroad, Water infrastructure, Transportation, and Health & Medical care. The
review article integrates various algorithms, methods, and processes to design an
industrially accepted, scientifically sound, and reliable feeding system. This systematic
review brings out the use of various software which is used in industry to design and to
analyse the overall process of casting like PRO-cast, MAGMA, ANSYS, CAD software,
etc. It also highlights various kinds of gating systems for many important metals and alloys
like Al-12Si, steel, magnesium, etc. Moreover, it gives an insight over the casting
technology for manufacturing profound components of industrial locomotives and machines
like turbine housing, large full-spade carrier housing with axisymmetric large offshore
structures with the optimization of the gating system. It concludes that designing a sound
feeding system is thoroughly based on adequate mathematical tools and applicable
numerical simulations.

Keywords: Casting, Riser, Gating, Feeding System, Software, Optimization, Simulation.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Crumb Rubber-based Geopolymer Concrete: A Review

Bala Gopal Adapala1, Durga Chaitanya Kumar Jagarapu2,*, Syed Hamim Jeelani2,
Arunakanthi Eluru3, B. Sarath Chandra Kumar4
1Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah

Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education

Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India.

3Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, JNTU Anantapur,

Ananthapuram, AP, India.

4Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Kallam

Haranadhareddy Institute of Technology, Chodavaram, Guntur, AP, India.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
Due to massive growth in infrastructure development, consumption of Portland cement is a
binder in conventional concrete, results in the emission of huge amounts of CO2, and
accountable for 10% of manmade CO2 emissions only through cement. There is a keen
research interest and develop an environmentally friendly and sustainable concrete to
replace conventional binder, geopolymer concrete has been developed and considered
meanwhile the 2000’s. This research focuses on to studied the mechanical belongings &
durability properties of Geopolymer concrete by crumb rubber. One of the potential
answers aimed at the utilization of excess tire rubber is to consolidate into geopolymer
concrete by way of a replacement of normal aggregate. In this investigation, fly ash, an
alkaline solution mixture of sodium hydroxide & sodium silicate, & crumb rubber was
used by way of the elementary ingredients of the geopolymer.

Keywords: Geopolymer concrete, fly ash, crumb rubber, alkali activators, aggregate

Utilization of Agricultural Waste (POFA) in Concrete: A Review

Kristam Srikanth1, Durga Chaitanya Kumar Jagarapu 2,*, T. Venkat Das2, Syed
Hamim Jeelani2, Arunakanthi Eluru3
1Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education

Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education

Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India.

3 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, JNTU Anantapur, Ananthapuram, AP, India.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Utilisation of Agro -Industrial wastes in construction industry has been examined for many
years but the influence has been found to be of variable degrees of achievement. In
countries where abundant Agro -Industrial wastes are liquidated, these wastes can be used
as possible material or replacement material in construction industry. The properties of
concrete are investigated in this current work by replacing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) with
Ordinary Portland Cement. The primary purpose of this is to use the dumping landfill in the

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

vacant lands and also to minimize the use of cement in the building industry. By applying
these to concrete, the strength obtained is distinct in various proportions. Various concrete
features are presented, such as mechanical properties and durability studies are presented.

Keywords: Palm Oil Fuel Ash, Ordinary Portland cement, Strength and durability studies.

Effect of Chloride Ion Penetration and corrosion resistance in Predicting

Service Life of High volume GGBS Self Compacted Concretes
C. Rajamallu1,*, T. Chandrasekhar Reddy2, E. Arunakanthi3
1 Research Scholar, JNTUA Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.
2 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College,

Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.

3 Professors in Civil Engineering Department, JNTUA, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a high-performance concrete which is having good
segregation resistance, possess high strength and is having easy flow-able property, so that
it can reach every corner of the mould easily when compared with conventional concrete.
Corrosion of reinforcement is one of the major concerns in the service life of the structure.
Nowadays, in the Reinforced Concrete Structures, Corrosion of the reinforcing steel leads
to the reduction in strength and serviceability of the structure. It is due to the fact that the
environmental conditions keep varying from place to place and also from time to time.
Thereby reinforced concrete structures, major forms of environmental attack are Chloride-
ion ingression and Carbonation. As per the literature, the effect of Carbonation is always
lesser than Chloride-ion penetration in corrosion of the reinforcement. Hence, Chloride-ion
penetration in SCC is considered as a main concern for the corrosion of the reinforcement.
Generally, Chloride-ion ingress in SCC occurs in two ways; Capillary Suction and
Diffusion. But, depth of capillary suction is relatively low compare to the normal concrete
reinforcement cover. Hence, Diffusion alone is assumed in ingression of Chloride-ion. The
main emphasis of this proposal is given to SCC mix design modifications i.e. reducing
water to cement ratio, usage of permeability reducing admixtures like GGBS, Silica-fume.
Different proportions of these mineral admixtures are considered in the mix design to
improve the service life of SCRC2 structures against the chloride-ion penetration. In this
research to study the mechanical properties of SCC by partial replacement of cement with
GGBS and silica fume as one parameter, and Chloride ion penetration in SCC is another
parameter. In this investigation the electrolytic accelerated corrosion test was conducted by
using (RPS) system for a specific period of (30days). A direct current (DC) has given with
constant rate of voltage (V),Then current(I),voltage(V),and resistances(R) were measured at
the rate of every 12hours interval, It is been observed from the research, blended self-
compacted concrete has high strength and also high corrosion resistant.

Keywords: Service life, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Silica fume, Self-
compacting Concretes, Chloride Ion Penetration, corrosion of reinforcement.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Removal of Zinc and Copper from Contaminated Soil by Using

Adsorbents and Mulches
Abhijith L1*, Elza Mathew Varghese2
1Departmentof Civil Engineering, Mar Baselios Christian College of Engineering &
Technology, Peermade, India
2Department of Civil Engineering, Gregorian Institute of Technology, Kangazha, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Human activities such as mining, expanding industrial areas, application of fertilizers and
pesticides on land, petrochemical spillages, etc. lead to an increase in the number of heavy
metals in the soil, thereby causing soil contamination. Similar to air and water
contamination, soil contamination also has a severe impact on the ecological balance. Iron,
chromium, zinc, copper, lead, cadmium, and mercury are the major heavy metal pollutants
found in the contaminated soil. The existence of these toxic metal traces in the soil prevents
the biodegradation, leading to soil-plant-animal-human imbalance. Nowadays, various ex-
situ and in-situ methods are adopted for removing these heavy metal traces from the ground.
This paper discusses a cost-effective way of removing the contaminants such as zinc and
copper by the usage of natural adsorbents and mulches. Soil column method is adopted for
studying the permeability characteristics and adsorption capacity of various natural
adsorbents such as RHA, SDA, CSA, Biochar, and Mulches such as straw and crumb
rubber. Test results from the study indicate that these natural adsorbents, mulches and a
combination of these are suitable in removing zinc and copper traces from the soil.
Keywords: Heavy metals, Soil contamination, Adsorbents and Mulches.

Development of Nano Thin Films from Natural Polymers and Its

Applications in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Khadija Salim Abdullah Al Balushi1, Alaa Saif Al Hudaifi2, Geetha Devi3*, Amira
Suleiman Rashid Khamis Al Garibi4
1, 2, 4 Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, National University of Science &

Technology, Oman
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Fish processing industries are one of the pollution causing sectors all over the world due to
the generation of large quantity of solid waste and lack of proper waste disposal.
Wastewater treatment using Nano-thin films will be one of the most promising technologies
for the treatment of industrial effluents by saving considerable amount of money. Therefore
the current research aims to develop energy-efficient, eco-friendly, cost-effective, and green
extraction techniques for the isolation of natural polymer from crab shell and development
of Nano thin films by dip-coating technique for waste water treatment applications. The
stability studies of the Nano thin films were performed at different environmental
conditions. The characterization techniques employed are Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and
UV spectroscopy. A series of batch experimental studies were performed using the
fabricated thin films for the degradation of methylene blue by varying the dye solution pH,

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

concentration of dye solution, exposure time and number of layers of thin film deposition
for the optimization of processing conditions. The best processing conditions obtained from
the study are pH 6.0, 0.60 mg/L dye concentration, 120 minutes of contact time and 12
layers of film deposition. The experimental study demonstrates that the natural polymer
based nano thin films are effective in the treatment of industrial effluent containing
methylene blue dye.

Keywords: Crab shell, effluent, green technology, natural polymer.

Fabrication, Characterization and Application of PAH/(PSS/ZnO)n

bilayers in the Removal of Pollutants from Industrial Effluents
B. M. Sangeetha1, M. Geetha Devi2*, Susmita Dutta1
1ChemicalEngineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur
2Mechanical &Industrial Engineering Department, National University-College of

Engineering, Oman
*Corresponding Author E- mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The significance of nano materials in environmental applications has been widely studied
and explored particularly in the field of wastewater treatment. However, the excess residuals
present in the spent catalyst and their toxic level is a matter of concern. Therefore, the
development of polyelectrolyte nano thin films could be a feasible solution to this issue. The
film tends to enhance the adsorption property, increases the shelf life, and provide excellent
stability of materials. These polymeric nano thin films have recently become an area of
interest amongst researchers. In this research, multilayer nano thin films fabricated using
poly (allyl amine hydrochloride) (PAH), ZnO and poly(styrene sulfonate sodium salt)
(PSS), on glass template by Layer-by-Layer (L-b-L) technique and its potential application
for the photo degradation of textile and oil refinery wastewater has been reported. The L-b-
L assembly was carried out at pH 8.0. The morphological characteristics of the fabricated
film were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and elemental composition
was determined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM
characterization depicted the uniform deposition of ZnO particles on the polyelectrolyte
matrix. FTIR analysis results justified the presence of strong C  C bonds favoring the
strength of bilayer deposition. A comparative study had been carried out using textile and
oil refinery effluents for the photo degradation of ZnO/PSS/PAH thin films and suspension
form of ZnO by varying the process parameters such as number of bilayer and contact time.
The ZnO/Polyelectrolyte multilayer thin films performed extremely well in the reduction of
COD and TOC to the standards. A maximum removal of COD of 80.1% was observed at
conditions where PAH/ (PSS, ZnO)5 bilayers were used at a pH 7.2 and contact time 120
minutes. TOC removal of around 55% under optimum conditions of pH 7.2 and PAH/ (PSS,
ZnO)5 at 120 minutes was observed. The study illustrates that immobilized ZnO
nanoparticles could effectively remove pollutants from wastewater and the process seems to
be attractive in the environmental applications.

Keywords: Effluent, immobilization, Layer-by-Layer, Nano particles, photo degradation.

33
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Application of Nano structured Coating in Corrosion Inhibition of Oil

Pipelines
Hebatallah AL Jabri1, Muhannad Ali Al-Shukaili2, Geetha Devi3*,
Dinesh Keloth Kaithari4
1,2,3 Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, National University of Science &

Technology, Oman
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Oil and gas pipelines play an important role in distributing the energy resources. Corrosion
is a major threat to oil and gas industry, which results in the deterioration of the pipe
material and complete control or elimination of corrosion in pipelines, is difficult. Corrosion
in oil transmission pipeline would be effectively addressed by conventional corrosion
control practices. Most of the conventional techniques are not effective in controlling the
deterioration rate of the pipe materials. However, preventative measures may be taken to
protect the metal surface from corrosion is a possible way to reduce corrosion. In this work
Polyaniline – TiO2 (PANI-TiO2) composite films were fabricated on mild steel specimen
using dip coating technique and the coated specimen was subjected to stability studies at
different pH solutions and exposure time. The stable thin film coated specimen was
employed in the corrosion studies at various processing environments. The polymerization
reaction was performed to synthesize PANI-TiO2 powder. The characteristics of PANI-TiO2
powder was accomplished using Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-
Ray Detraction (XRD). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to study the surface
morphology and micro structural characterization of the preformed thin layer. Atmosphere
test and Wet/Dry tests were carried out to investigate the corrosion behaviour of coated
specimen. The study demonstrates that the development of polymer based nano structured
thin film coating with minimum film thickness could be an ultimate solution for corrosion
prevention in oil pipelines with good film stability, high durability, ecofriendly nature and
cost effective approach.

Keywords: Anti-corrosive coating, corrosion; nano composites, polyaniline; titanium

dioxide, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Production of Sustainable Structural Lightweight Fiber Reinforced

Concrete Containing Oil Palm Industrial Solid Waste
Durga Chaitanya Kumar Jagarapu1,*, Arunakanthi Eluru2
1Research Scholar, JNTU Anantapur, Ananthapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India
2Professor, JNTU Anantapur, Ananthapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
In this present research to produce the lightweight structural concrete, Palm Oil – Industrial
waste is used. The solid waste from the palm oil industry is oil palm shells - OPS and palm
oil fuel ash - POFA are used. The OPS and POFA are partially replaced with coarse
aggregates and cement respectively to produce sustainable lightweight concrete. In addition
to these materials, to increase the ductility properties ECR type glass fibers are introduced.
As per Indian standards, M30 grade lightweight fiber reinforced concrete is produced to

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

evolute the concrete properties. In this research, mechanical properties, chemical attacks,
flexural behaviors, Portal frames (Monolithically and Precast frames) are examined. The
precast frames are examined with dowel bar connections.

Keywords: lightweight concrete, Oil Palm shells, Palm oil fuel ash, dowel bars, sustainable
concrete.

Chromium Removal using Natural Adsorbents: A Review

Gajendran Chellaiah, Saranya N, Anirudh Gupta
Department of civil engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and sciences,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
*Corresponding author email:[email protected]
Abstract
The environment is adversely affected by heavy metals due to their toxic nature. Heavy
metals are continuously discharged into the ecosystem, which causes pollution, diseases,
and death. The effluents from metal processing, mining, cleaning, paint manufacturing, ore
processing, battery manufacturing industries, chemical industries, and tanning industries are
major sources of chromium. The chromium mainly affects the respiratory system and causes
shortness in breathing, lung cancer.In this paper, an attempt has been made to review
different natural absorbents used for chromium (VI) removal.
Keywords: Chromium, industries, natural adsorbents, heavy metals, removal.

Development of Urban Water Management Model: A Water

Evaluation and Planning Approach
S.S. Pravin, Gajendran Chellaiah, T. Divya
Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu, India
Corresponding author: Email id: [email protected]
Abstract

Renewable groundwater and surface water supplies are insufficient for the existing urban
population all over the world as demand for water is increasing rapidly. Usage per capita in
urban areas transcends 160 litters per day. The main objective of this work is to assess the
water supply and demand in the dry condition in the Coimbatore region, Tamil Nadu, India,
and to use the Water Evaluation and Planning method to create a model for supply and
demand in the future. By using the Water Evaluation and Planning framework as a guide,
models were developed to determine potential needs, compare demand and supply, water
usage, lack of water use, and population coverage. The enhanced stormwater drainage
system for Coimbatore city was also designed in such a way that the corporation's different
basins were connected to the major water bodies. The domestic water demand in the future
is predicted to be around 27 MCFT. The possible amount of storm water collection in the
selected water bodies is predicted to be more than 200 MCM. This study has concluded that
for any year in future 100% of the domestic demand can be met by stormwater harvesting.

Keywords: Urban watershed; Per capita Demand; Storm Water; Annual activity; Unmet
Demand

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Inter-Basin Transfers in Semi-Arid Region Challenges and Possibilities

Gajendran Chellaiah1,*, Gopalakrishnan Narayanaperumal2
Department of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and
Sciences,Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract

India is among the few countries in the world with sufficient soil and water opportunities.
Nonetheless, several parts of the country face a shortage of water due to spatial and
temporal rainfall variations. Tamil Nadu receives a two third of annual precipitation from
North-Eastern monsoon during the period from October to December and one third from
the South Western Monsoon during June to August. Hence high floods and severe droughts
are very common and frequently occurring in several parts of the state. The river
Thamirabarani is one of the perennial rivers in Tamil Nadu, it originates from eastern slope
of Western Ghats and traverses through Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi districts and finally it
confluences in Bay of Bengal. After meeting the water requirement for irrigation needs, a
huge quantity of water is found surplus at the tail end wasted into the sea as run off, where
in certain areas within the gross command areas of the basin and adjoining namely
Korampallam and Kaller are suffering for water. The current study focused on two linkages
between Thamirabarani and Kallar for surplus waters. The present study is limited to the
127 km long in Thamirabaranito Kallar connecting canal. The key aims of this paper are to
address environmental issues in Inter-River Link project(IRL). In this study unutilized
water will be utilized on the tail end tank by recharging drought prone area of Ottapidaram.
The surrounding wells get improved also social and economical status of people will be
improved. The migration of the people for water will be minimized.

Keywords: Interlinking, Rivers, Monsoon, Rainfall, Flood, water management, drought.

Hydrologic Flow Regimes in Humid Tropics River basin

Gajendran Chellaiah*, Daniel Biju Eazon
Department of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The study is carried out to understand the impact of the land-use change on the in terms of
alteration in flow regimes, which are understood to be a leading cause of ecological and
environmental deterioration in riverine systems. Meenachil river in the humid tropical region
of Kerala, India, is one of a kind river with human settlement along the banks for all its
78kms of flow though the Kottayam District. The analysis of stream flow from four stream
gauge stations was done using Range Variability Approach. The analysis was down as a
two-time period analysis with the parametric approach with the period separation taken
according to prior studies on land-use change. The analysis shows a high degree of
alteration, which can be attributed to the land-use change and can be understood as the root
cause for the deterioration of water quality and also the ecological distress, which well
documented in the downstream and watershed regions of the river.
Keywords: Range variability; Environmental flow; land-use change; Humid Tropics.

36
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Water stress management under climate change scenarios: A Review

.Gajendran Chellaiah*, Hema Honeyma
Department of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences,India.
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

In this paper an attempt is made to review the impact of climate change on river basins in
India. This review highlights the dominance of models used to understand water
management. In order to predict evapotranspiration and water yield, the SWAT (Soil &
Water Assessment Tool) along with Bias-correction and CORDEX-SA RCM (Regional
Climate Model) has been used. Sensitivity analysis, validation and calibration of the model
has been carried out using the SUFI-2 method. With the results obtained, it is reasonable to
predict that, under both RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) 4.5 and RCP 8.5, the
evapotranspiration and precipitation processes and hence the water yield is expected to rise
in the future. Future availability of water in terms of per capita water availability has been
forecasted using suitable indicators. This study will be helpful to understand how climate
change will affect water availability and to improve the current water management plans
and possibly the future ones also.

Keywords: Bias-correction, Hydrological modelling, SWAT,Water management.

Comparative Study on Load Resistance of Eco-Friendly Interlocking

Blocks for Sustainable Construction
Venkata Veera Himakar Chunduri*, Veerendrakumar C. khed
Department of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation,
Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
The rapid growth of contemporary construction industry has driven engineers to explore
new construction techniques for sustainable development. Interlocking block wall
construction reduces time, labour and enhances construction efficiency compared to
conventional masonry wall construction. The interlocking pattern has been applied to the
top and bottom surface of block to withstand gravity and lateral loads whereas current
interlocking blocks only serve the purpose of easy alignment. In this study, eco-friendly
blocks have been developed with industrial waste such as fly ash, quarry dust and
geopolymer as binder. Tests to evaluate the compressive strength and water absorption have
been carried on geopolymer interlocking blocks. Later, on two blocks joint, in-plane vertical
load has been applied. Using numerical modelling, horizontal and vertical load resistance of
interlocking block wall and traditional brick wall was compared. The experimental results
revealed that, the compressive strength and water absorption of the geopolymer interlocking
block was high with increase in fly ash content. The vertical load resistance is identical but
horizontal load resistance was high in interlocking block wall. Exploiting industrial waste as
interlocking block composition will help to alleviate environmental concerns and natural
resource consumption. The geopolymer interlocking block was the best approach for
environmental sustainability.

Keywords: Interlocking mechanism, Geopolymer, In-Plane Vertical Load, Sustainable

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Numerical Approaches for Modeling Seawater Intrusion and Mitigation

Measures in Coastal Aquifers
Gajendran Chellaiah*, V. Sagaya Sheela
Department of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Groundwater is a natural resource and has a significant role in the economy. It is the main
source of water for irrigation and food industry. The quality of groundwater determines the
suitability of water for drinking, domestic uses and irrigation purposes. Excessive removal
of groundwater due to over population, human influenced activity has led to saline water
intrusion into the coastal aquifer. This issue is an upcoming crisis as the coastal areas host
40 percent of entire world population. The present research is to review the causes of saline
water intrusion, numerical approaches and mitigation measures in coastal aquifer also
address suitable mitigation measures.

Keywords: seawater intrusion, saline front, hydrogeology.

Waste/Rain Water Harvesting and Purification

S. Paul*, P. Mahapatra, M. Banerjee, Dr. T.K. Nandi

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Techno International New Town, Kolkata, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Poor quality of drinking water is still one of the biggest fatal problems in many parts of
India and the worse situations are triggered immensely by unequal distribution of rainfall
throughout the year. This paper aims to describe an eco-friendly project for low cost
packaged drinking water, water supply for domestic purposes, and water supply to local
food processing industry along with a huge opportunity for large scale employment to serve
the society. Recycling and harvesting of waste/rain water economically is the primary aim
of this study. It will also serve various purposes like an online system monitoring water
quality, leaks, and contamination of drinking water in transmission network and managing
pipeline network i.e. Synchronization of pipeline networks, pumping stations and energy
management, an online system monitoring residual chlorine at end points, cost-effective
mechanism to treat waste water in small villages. Besides, recharging groundwater the paper
also describes the revenue model to boost the associated business chain and to play an
important role for employment of the masses. The eco-friendly packaging in paper bottle
will reduce environmental pollution. The paper serves both ways by waste/rain water
treatment for enhanced sustainability and reduces unemployment simultaneously to
strengthen indigenous technology and country’s economy.

Keywords: Recycling, water harvesting, eco-friendly treatment technology, online

monitoring, low cost packaged drinking water, energy management.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Energy saving, waste management, and pollution free steps for

University campuses
G S Prakasha1,*, Rituparna Chakraborty2, Anthony Kenneth1
1 School of Education, Christ University, Bangalore, India
2Department of Psychology, Christ University, Bangalore, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Global warming is a worldwide concern and need for sustainable measures are well
documented in academic and non-academic literature. In a highly populated country like
India these are more severe worries. Multiple established educational institutions across
India have taken significant steps in educating their students on sustainable development.
Currently there is a need to assess the extent of effect such training has on student
populations of such institutes. Present study attempted to assess the efficacy of
sustainability programs in a reputed private university, through student assessment of
student behaviors outside the institute and in their personal life. Using semi-structured in-
depth interview methods, 10 students of Undergraduate and Postgraduate courses were
interviewed. These students were active participants of community service programmes
arranged by the university within a sustainable development model. Data were analyzed
using reflexive thematic analysis methods. Emerged themes from data analysis indicate a
positive change in their worldview and significant modifications in their personal behavior
towards sustainability as a result of being part of such programmes. Educating others
through practice and increased socio-environmental awareness were also major themes.
Current study contributes in assessing efficacy of sustainability programmes in educational
institutions. This study also suggests few recommendations for increasing competence of
the same.
Keywords: Waste management, Higher education, Sustainable development.

Improving the Physical Characteristics of Tannery Waste Water Using

Natural Coagulants
R.Tharani1*, E.Alishiya2
1Departmentof Civil Engineering, Christian College of Engineering and Technology,
Oddanchatram, Dindigul, Tamilnadu, India.
2Department of Civil Engineering, Ponjesly College of Engineering, Nagercoil,

Kanyakumari, Tamilnadu, India.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

In this project natural coagulants such as ‘Moringa olifera, Sappindus emarginatus and
Strychnos potatorum’ are used for the removal of colour, odour and turbidity from industrial
waste water. Tanning industry is one of the largest scale industries which generate a lot of
waste water per day. The uncontrolled discharge of tannery effluent in natural water bodies
Increases health risks and causes environmental pollution. The colour, odour and turbidity
of waste water give clue about the amount treatment necessary. Coagulation - flocculation is
one of the most important physico-chemical treatment steps employed in industrial waste
water treatment to reduce suspended and colloidal materials responsible for the turbidity of

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waste water and also in the reduction of organic matter present in the waste water. This
treatment process is employed to treat and purify the waste water, making it fit for reuse or
discharge back to the environment.

Keywords: Waste Water, Colour, Odour, and Turbidity.

Isolation, characterization and optimization of chrysene degradation

using bacteria isolated from oil-contaminated water
Smeera Thomas1,2, Nitha TV1, Dr.S Kavitha2*
1Departmentof Biotechnology, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology,
Thrissur, India
2Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed-to-

be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore-641114, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are uncharged, non-polar molecules generated from

natural and anthropogenic activities, where the emissions from anthropogenic activities
predominate. Chrysene is a high molecular weight (HMW) PAH, which is found to be
highly recalcitrant and mutagenic in nature. The aim of this study was to isolate chrysene-
degrading microorganisms from oil-contaminated water and to enhance their degradative
conditions including concentrations of carbon, nitrogen source, pH and incubation period
using design expert. From the various samples collected,19 bacterial strains were obtained
through enrichment culture and the one which showed highest activity was identified by
16S rRNA sequencing as Bacillus halotolerans. Under optimum conditions, B. halotolerans
exhibited 90% chrysene degradation on sixth day. Hence it can be concluded that Bacillus
halotolerans can be a promising candidate for the removal of HMW Hydrocarbons from
contaminated environments.

Keywords: Poly aromatic hydrocarbon, Chrysene, Biodegradation, Design expert, Catechol

2, 3dioxygenase, 16S rRNA sequencing.

Optimization and efficacy studies of Laccase immobilized on Zein-

Polyvinyl pyrrolidone nano fibrous membrane in decolorization of
Acid Red 1
Ranimol.G1, Chinju Paul1, Swetha Sunkar2,*,
1
Department of Biotechnology, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology,
Kodakara, Thrissur, 680684
2 Department of Bioinformatics, Center of Molecular Data science and Systems Biology,

Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Sholinganallur, Chennai 600119

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Azo dyes are widely used in textile industries and a significant portion of these recalcitrant
dyes are being discharged to the natural waters. Due to their low biodegradability these
dyes pose serious pollution problems if untreated. In the present study, a possible method to
reduce the amount of pollutants were studied where in laccase enzyme immobilised onto

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Zein – Polyvinyl pyrrolidone composite nanofiber was developed for the decolourisation
studies of Acid Red 1 (AR1). Characterisation of nano fibers was done by Scanning
Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared analysis. The pH and temperature
profiles of immobilised enzymes were found to be broader than its free counterpart. The
relative activity of immobilised laccase was 64.91% after storage for 30 days at room
temperature while it was 28.64% for free laccase. Preliminary decolorization data showed
38% decolourisation after 30 minutes incubation even in the absence of optimum
parameters for enzyme activity. Therefore the temperature and pH for AR 1 decolourisation
were optimized and was found to be 60oC and 5 respectively. Also decolourisation
percentage was found to be 91.67% for immobilized laccase and 72.03% of free laccase in
the presence of natural mediators like vanillin. Phytotoxicity studies were carried out using
the treated dye. It was found that the germination rate, shoot and root length was found to be
increased compared to untreated dye indicating the positive effect of the immobilized
laccase on the dye. Therefore, laccase immobilized on Zein-PVP nanofiber may be a good
candidate for the textile dye decoloration.

Keywords: Azo dye, laccase, Zein, PVP, mediator, nanofibers.

Phycocyanin Pigment Extraction from Cyanobacterium,

Phormidium valderianum
Maya S Nair1, Dr.V.Sivasubramanian1,*, Dr.R.Ravikumar2, A.Loganathan2,
N.Radha Krishna3
1Department of Chemical Engg, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India
2Department of Chemical Engg, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Tamilnadu,

India
3Singareni Collieries Corporate Limited (SCCL), Telangana, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Cyanobacteria are gram negative photosynthetic prokaryotes that are abundantly found in
freshwater, marine and terrestrial habitats. The photosynthetic nature of this microalga
helps them to grow suitably in all conditions. Cyanobacteria is a source of various
bioactive secondary metabolites like apratoxins, borophycin, lynbyabellin, etc.
Phycocyanin is a pigment–protein complex (phycobiliprotein) found in cyanobacteria
which gives a blue-green colour and hence the name. This pigment plays an important role
in the field of therapeutic studies. It possesses high commercial value as pharmaceutical
products. The extraction of required pigment is possible if the cells of cyanobacterial culture
can be disrupted with the help of ultrasonication for the extraction of required compound.
The extracted sample of pigments or metabolites can be analysed later with the help of any
chromatography or absorbance technique. The pigment can be a promising replacement for
several synthetic cosmetics, dyes and food colourants which can have a negative impact on
human health and environment. This natural pigment can act as an anti-oxidant, anti-
inflammatory agent and is nowadays used in even cancer treatment. The pigment obtained
had a yield of 127.2 mg/g and a purity of 0.72. This paper focuses on enhancing the yield
and purity of phycocyanin pigment from cyanobacteria.

Keywords: Cyanobacteria, Phycocyanin, Sonication, Extraction

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Adsorption of Heavy metals in Plant and Soil from Treated wastewater

J. Blessy*, J. Brema
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Coimbatore, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
As global water resources declined, usage of wastewater for the irrigation purpose is quickly
becoming widespread in many parts of the world. The wastewater is characterized as a mix
of household sewage comprising of dark water (fecal slime, excreta, and urine) and dim
water (kitchen and washing wastewater), water from business foundations and
organizations, including medical clinics, stormwater and another urban overflow, rural,
green and aquaculture discharge, either disintegrated or as a suspended solid. As the
wastewater contains pollutants, the wastewater treatment should be done, in which the
contaminants are removed from household sewage, solid waste and its suitable
for discharge or reuse. This study aims to understand the risk of heavy metals uptake in the
edible crops, when irrigated with treated wastewater. To determine the plant health grown in
soil, treated wastewater and plant samples were collected for the study. Characterization
about wastewater have been carried out and the parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, BOD,
COD, Chlorides, Hardness, Sodium, Potassium and heavy metals were analyzed using
Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy. The plants such as Spinacia oleracea, Amaranthus
tricolor, Solanum nigrum, Alternanthera sessilis, Solanum lycopersium, Capsicum annuum
were identified and cultivated with irrigated wastewater. The soil and plant samples were
tested for the heavy metals and were analyzed. The hazard factors like Health risk index
(HRI), Hazard quotient (HQ), Daily intake of metals (DMI) and Transfer factor were further
determined.

Keyword: Adsorption, Heavy metals, Treated wastewater, Soil

An Integrated IoT and Fuzzy Logic Controller System for Biogas

Digester to Predict Methane Generation
P. Ilangovan1,*, Dr. M. Sharmila Begum1, Dr. P.K. Srividhya2,
1Department of CSE, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology,Thanjavur
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science &

Technology, Thanjavur
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
This research work aims to design and develop, Internet-of-Things (IoT) controlled system
coupled with fuzzy logic controller to monitor and predict the renewable energy from solid
waste. Th e architectural framework for the proposed work consists of three layers, namely,
sensing layer, predicting layer and visualization layer. Sensing layer is to sense data from
the Arduino Uno Microcontroller which is connected to pressure sensor, pH sensor, MQ4
Sensor and a temperature sensor. Predicting layer is part of IoT server that handles data
from the sensing layer and it uses fuzzy logics to predict the output. Data from sensing layer
act as Antecedents and it is transported into the fuzzy domain by a fuzzification procedure, a

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rule base with 256 IF-THEN rules stated in inference engine affects the input parameters in
a linguistic form to produce appropriate consequents. Visualizing layer displays the result in
various forms to the users. From the experimental study of the proposed system, it is
observed that the proposed model is able to optimize the operation and performance of
biogas generation. The proposed model also accurately predicts digester stability,
composition of gases, and biogas output.

Keywords: Internet-of-Things, renewable energy, solid waste, fuzzy logic controller.

Quantitative Analysis of Indoor Air Quality

Dr. Nidhi M.B1,*, Salma Asraff2,*, Vaibhav.K2,
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mar Baselios College of Engineering and
Technology, Trivandrum, India.
2Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mar Baselios College of

Engineering and Technology, Trivandrum, India.

*Corresponding author Mail id: [email protected]

Abstract
Indoor Air quality is the quality of air within and around buildings. It has great influence on
the health and well-being of its occupants. Air quality of a building can deteriorate due to
the presence of toxic gaseous pollutants like Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen dioxide, pollen
from plants, smoke and gases that arise from the burning of household plastic materials,
particulate matter from nearby construction sites and improper ventilation in buildings.
Breathing-in poor air can lead to pulmonary diseases like asthma, acute bronchitis, throat
infection with nose and eye irritation. Quantitative analysis of air at 8 different locations of
an engineering college is carried out to assess the indoor air quality. The measurements are
taken using “Prana Air CAIR” air quality monitor. Parameters like temperature, humidity,
PM1,PM2.5,PM10, Air Quality Index (AQI), concentration of particulate matters and
amount of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and HCHO readings are obtained from
different locations including two staffrooms of minimum occupancy, two air-conditioned
rooms, classrooms near to construction site and laboratories away from the construction site
are taken. The values are compared and analysed to draw conclusions regarding their effect
on human health and environment.

Keywords: Indoor air quality, air pollutants, experimental measurements, air quality
monitor.

Public Perception Study On Implementation And Usage Of Autonomous

Vehicles In Indian Scenarios
Devika S*, Lekshmi J S, Carol Varghese
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Autonomous cars are vehicles which are capable of sensing its environment and operate
itself navigating in a road network, detecting obstacles in the surroundings, and running
safely without human intervention. The autonomous vehicle (AV) can go anywhere a

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traditional car goes and do everything an experienced human driver does. There are five
different levels of automation such as No automation, driver assistance, partial automation,
conditional automation, high automation and full automation, as the levels increase, the
extent of the driverless car’s independence regarding operation control increases.
This paper deals with the public perception towards the implementation and usage of
automated vehicles in Indian scenarios based on survey. Some of the social and behavioural
factors that are taken into account are different classes of people such as age and gender,
state of knowledge, employment, travel mode, social influence, mobility impairment, cost of
travel, Insurance, ownership and modal share, potential impact on energy consumption and
environmental pollution, potential impact of AVs on physical activity and health, equity etc.
Then finally analyzing the findings obtained from the conducted survey, whether the public
attitudes are positive towards owning automated vehicles.

Keywords: Autonomous Vehicle (AV), Behavioural factor, Public acceptance, Public

concerns.

Performance of Conventional algorithms for classification of Airborne

hyper spectral data using random and optimum number of samples.
Aswin P Vijayan,*, Amba Shetty, U. Pruthviraj
Department of Water Resources and Ocean Engineering, N.I.T.K, Surathkal- 575025.
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

This paper focuses on the performance of traditional per pixel algorithms for classification
of hyperspectral datasets using random and optimum number of samples.. The performances
of various classifiers such as minimum distance, maximum likelihood, parallelepiped,
spectral angle mapper, spectral information divergence and support vector machine are
evaluated for mineral mapping using two sampling techniques Chi-square distribution is
used to find out the optimum number of samples and random samples were picked based on
convenience The overall accuracies for the conventional classification methods are low,
data for mineral classification. SVM is much more effective than other conventional
classifiers in terms of classification accuracy.

Keywords: Hyperspectral data sets, Algorithms Sample size, Classification

Utilization of waste Ammonia fumes as a Nitrogen source for plant

germination
Sylvester Avijit Gomes1,*, Parvati Ramaswamy1, V.R. Reghu1
1Department of Mechanical & Automobile Engineering, School of Engineering and
Technology, CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Bangalore, India.
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients in plant germination and growth second only
to water. Plants either extract it from ammonia or ammonium ions present in the soil or self-
create it during photorespiration. Secondary Aluminum Dross (Al dross) is an industrial
waste landfilled in million tons yearly. The aqueous leaching of the nitride phases present in

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the Al dross releases ammonia as one of the fumes. This paper explores the possibility of
utilizing the waste ammonia fumes generated during the nitride phase leaching of Al dross
as a nitrogen source for plant germination. The ammonia fumes are passed through regular
soil samples (RSS) followed by 8-12 hours of diffusion time into different sites of the RSS
to achieve ammonia-infused-soil (FS). Each FS is tilled before planting vegetable seedlings.
Daily watering and monitoring of seedling germination in the (FS) were made against RSS.
5 pairs (FS and RSS) of samples were prepared with 5 different vegetable seedlings. The pH
of the FS was verified using a pH meter to confirm its sustainability for seedling growth.
The findings from this experimental work will testify to the possibility of utilizing waste
ammonia fumes for agricultural purposes.

Keywords: Plant Germination, Ammonia, Aluminum Dross

Design and Analysis of Gas Sensor based on Floating Contact Bottom

Gate Organic Transistor
Arun Pratap Singh Rathod1,*, Abhilasha Mishra2
1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Graphic Era University
Dehradun-248002, India
2Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era, Dehradun, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Environmental pollution especially the air pollution has proved to be a threat to life on
earth. Due to various anthropogenic activities toxic and ozone depleting gases are released
in our environment (ammonia, Sulphur di oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen di oxide etc.).
To check the prevalence of such gases in the atmosphere we need sensors to accurately
detect their presence in our surroundings. To detect these gases various type of sensors like
metal oxide-based gas sensor, optical gas sensor, electro-chemical gas sensor etc. are used.
All these gas sensors are based on inorganic electronics which make them rigid, expensive
and exclusive in nature. With advent of organic electronics such sensors have become
incompatible with modern electronic devices like smart watches, smart fabrics etc.
Therefore, a new Floating Contact Bottom Gate organic transistor-based gas sensor is
proposed in this article that can operate at low power and could readily be integrated with
the modern personal electronic gadgets like smartphones and smart watches. This will give
portability to the sensor and toxic gases could be detected wherever the user is present rather
than at particular points in a city where gas sensors are installed.

Keywords: Floating Contact Bottom Gate, organic electronics, gas sensors.

Feasibility Study of Sustainable Transportation in Thrissur

Raveena V, Archana S*
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Thrissur, the cultural capital of Kerala, is a developing city with a well planned ring and
radial pattern of development. As a growing city, Thrissur is facing challenges related to
transportation such as traffic congestion, inadequacy of transport infrastructure, lack of

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pedestrian facilities etc. The city is in need of a sustainable transportation policy that
favours the overall development of the city and betterment of the people. This project
focuses on the feasibility of developing and promoting sustainable mobility systems in
Thrissur city such as walking, cycling, sharing economy schemes such as car sharing and
bike sharing and integration of public transportation services. The methodology examines
the social perspectives of people regarding sustainable transport options that could be
employed in the city through online surveys. The primary challenges before the public
acceptance of sustainable transportation policy are mainly the safety concerns, lack of
knowledge on the importance and need of sustainability, lack of reliability, flexibility in
time management etc. But for those part of population who have the readiness to accept this
sustainable transport policy is benefitting through this feasibility study. The new sustainable
transport system is designed to overcome all the challenges of existing system and thus
attracting more people to use the same. The project also proposes the best sustainable travel
options for inter- city and intra-city travel.

Keywords: Traffic, Sustainable, Pedestrian.

Studies on the Physico-chemical and Heavy metal analysis of selected sites

in river Cauvery, Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu.
N.A. Mohamed Shahila, R. Soranam*,
Sri Paramakalyani Centre of Excellence in Environmental Science, Manonmanium
Sundaranar University ,Alwarkurichi,Tamil Nadu.
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Many rivers and streams are significantly polluted all around the world by emerging
development in Urbanization and anthropogenic activities. Chemical effluents from near by
industrial processes are sometimes accidentally discharged into river water. These
substances may enter the water in such high concentrations that change the physicochemical
parameters of rivers and significantly affect the aquatic organisms. The present work giving
attention and monitoring of the selected study sites of Cauvery river (in Namakkal district
for a period of May 2019 to Nov 2019) by analyzing physico-chemical parameters and
heavy metal ion concentration. In this investigation, Physico-chemical parameters such as
Dissolved oxygen, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity, pH, Total alkalinity, Total
hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Iron, Manganese, Free ammonia,
Nitrite, Chemical oxygen demand , Biological oxygen demand and heavy metals have
been analyzed in summer and north - east monsoon season. The higher concentration of the
all Physico-chemical characters has been observed in all the study sites. The effluents from
dying industries are the predominant source of the heavy metals in the river water. The
heavy metals like Cadmium, Chromium, lead and Copper were found in the high value in all
study site due to the mixed of untreated dyeing effluent from the near by dying industries.
This may be lead to the impact of the aquatic organisms of the river Cauvery and immediate
steps to taken for conserve the aquatic organisms.

Keywords: Physico-chemical parameters, Aquatic organisms, Cauvery river, Dyes, Heavy

metals.

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Decarbonising transport: A review

Nivya Varghese V*, Anjima Joseph, Rosmin Thomas, Carol Varghese

Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Decarbonisation involves increasing the prominence of low-carbon power generation, and a
corresponding reduction within the use of fossil fuels. This involves especially a use
of renewable energy sources like wind generation, solar energy, and biomass. The use of
carbon power also can be reduced through large-scale use of electrical vehicles alongside
‘cleaner’ technologies. Decreasing carbon intensity within the power and transport sectors
will allow for net zero emission targets to be met sooner and in line with government
standards. Greater energy efficiency is becoming a priority to meet emission targets and
improve air quality and global temperature. This can be achieved through the decarbonising
transport. This paper reviews the different measures that can be adopted to decarbonise the
transportation sector. Decarbonisation innovations not only for the road transport but also
for different transportation modes are discussed in this review. Also the projects or action
plans committed by different countries are reviewed.
Keywords: Decarbonisation, Renewable energy

Valorisation potential of the levels of the Waste Management Hierarchy

leading to efficient segregation in wastewater management practices: The
Indian chemical industry

Sandra D’Sa,* , Debasis Patnaik

Department of Economics and Management, Birla Institute of Technology and Science,
Pilani, K K Birla, Goa Campus, Goa, India
*Corresponding author email : [email protected]

Abstract

The Indian chemical industry generates copious amounts of wastewaters from its
manufacturing processes. Sustainability of this industry requires strategic management of
these wastewaters. Primary data was obtained from 103 senior representatives of the Indian
chemical industry through personal and telephonic interviews over the period 2015-2018.
The study sought to examine the wastewater management strategies and the relevant
wastewater technology options with respect to the Waste Management Hierarchy. The data
obtained was analysed using descriptive statistics as well as Chi square to test for the
association between the concerned variables. The results showed that 18% of respondents
segregated their individual wastewater streams with the remaining mixing all the streams.
With the awareness of the valorisation potential of the wastewaters, there was an increase in
segregation to 60%. The findings revealed that there is an association between the method
of handling wastewater streams and knowledge of the wastewater streams. Also, there is an
association between knowledge of the composition of wastewater streams and the choice of
technology options higher up on the Waste Hierarchy. Mixing of various wastewater
streams containing valuable materials compounds the problem of identifying individual

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constituents. Segregation of wastewater streams is the first step towards sustainable

wastewater management. Characterisation into individual components focuses managerial
attention to recover useful components for recycle and/or reuse, thus making a case for
sustainable manufacturing through sustainable wastewater management strategies.

Keywords: Segregation, Characterization, Waste Management Hierarchy, Industrial

Wastewaters, Sustainable Manufacturing.

Evaluation of Pedestrian Accessibility around Bus Stops – A Review

Rosmin Thomas, Archana S *
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College,
Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Bus stops are one of the important functional unit in the public transportation system.
These public transport stops can play an important role in the urban environment. Indeed,
they can influence in enhancing public spaces. Accessibility is one of the prime factors in
the whole public transport service. Accessibility to public bus stops then becomes
relevant for an efficient public transport system. By increasing the accessibility to bus
stops it enhances attractiveness and sustainability of public transport there by decreasing
air pollution, noise pollution rates in the city. In this paper, the available literature on
public transport bus stop accessibility has been reviewed based on different analytical
methods like connectivity based, GIS based, audit based, and perception based. The
success of bus transport service depends not only on urban transportation network being
served by it and its service quality; but also depends to a large extent on accessibility to
this service for pedestrians and its related infrastructural facilities.

Keywords: Accessibility, Bus stops, GIS, Pedestrian.

Temporal Variability of Meteorological Drought Monitoring Using

Standardized Precipitation Index
A Vijay Kumar*, Sanjeet Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Deemed to be
University, Guntur-522 502, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Drought is a natural hazard that can be seen in all climatic areas around the world, and its
severity varies. Therefore, it is necessary to choose a suitable index for drought monitoring.
The Standardized precipitation index(SPI) is widely used for metrological drought
indicators, and so this research was carried out based on the SPI-Index for different time
scales using the rainfall data for 30 years (1991-2019) over the Andhra Pradesh area for
drought and wet conditions assessment. The SPI values were determined using gamma
distribution at 1-,3-,6-, 9-, and 12-month time scale. The Annual rainfall data distinguish

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Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

low and high rainfall years over the study period which describes the dry and wet years
from various SPI monthly timescales. Also, the SPI values for longer time scales (i.e. 3, 6,
and 12 months) have shown an extended range when compared to the 1-month time scale,
but the sensitivity did not increase significantly in drought years. The spatially interpolated
maps of drought are prepared using ArcGIS software to classify severely drought-prone
areas and to show the difference in drought severity across the field of research. For better
management and planning of drought, the above assessment is applied.

Keywords: Drought, Standardized Precipitation Index, Rainfall, Meteorological drought,

Gamma Distribution.

Time Controlled Crackers for Crop Fields

Franco D Alappat1,*, Alphin Sojy1, Krishna1, Naveen Jayaraj1, Needhu Varghese1,
Sunil Paul2
1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Christ College of Engineering,

Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, India

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Christ College of Engineering, Irinjalakuda,

Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Protecting crop seeds from birds is an issue for farmers. This creates a huge financial loss
for farmers. In the current scenario, seeds in croplands are protected from birds by firing
crackers in regular intervals by using human power. This is loss of time and labour of a
person as he stays at the field for just firing some crackers. This problem is solved by our
time controlled cracker firing system by firing crackers at predetermined time intervals to
scare away birds that feed on crop seeds. For this we use a Real time clock (RTC) for
synchronized time keeping among multiple units in the vast field. The RTC provides the
time for the Microcontroller (Arduino) to trigger the heating of the nichrome wire to heat up
to fire the crackers. It is economical and compact item for the current scenario faced by the
farmers.

Keywords: Real time clock, Arduino, Nichrome wire

Shade Analysis of Different Glaze Materials as Passive Cooling Measures

in Residential Buildings in Hot Dry Climatic Zone
Deepmala Meena1,*, Antima Sharma2, Namrata Sengar1
1Department of Pure and Applied Physics, University of Kota Rajasthan, India
2Career Point University Kota, Rajasthan, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
This paper reports simulation and experimental results with different glaze materials for
windows and interior-exterior shading with cloth material to assess their capability to
minimize solar radiation penetration. Simulation has been done with IES-VE software to

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study the impact of overhang and sun cool glazing. Experiments have been performed with
different coloured glasses such as blue, green, pink and transparent with pyranometer to test
the amount of solar radiation which is allowed through glasses. Different textured cloth
materials of cotton and green net have also been tested with the help of pyranometer.
Experimental results with combination of glass and cloth materials as internal and external
shade have also been presented. From the study it is evident that glazing is much more
effective than overhang and blocks more solar radiation than overhang. Glazing affects
winter solar radiation too, so it is not beneficial in winters. Light thick blue glass for
window is more beneficial in summer than white transparent glass. From the data it can be
concluded that double layered green net can be used for external shading and can cut the
summer sun effectively. Further from comparative study of internal and external shading it
is found that external shading is more beneficial than internal shading so it is preferable.
The blue glass with external shading is found to be effective in controlling the solar gain
through the windows. Shading methods can be low cost passive measures to improve the
thermal comfort and enhance energy savings in residential buildings without much change
in the buildings.

Keywords: Thermal comfort, shading, glaze, solar radiation, passive cooling, solar
penetration.

Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir-

welded Joints of Aluminium Alloy

Siddharth, Surabhi Lata*

Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Experimental investigation for joining aluminium alloy has been performed using a solid
state welding process, known as Friction Stir Welding (FSW), invented at The Welding
Institute (TWI), UK. Number of processes exist for joining metallic components among
which welding is the most common. Technological advancements have enhanced the
standards of life but at the expense of degradation of environment. The need of the hour is
to protect and preserve the environment and hence, FSW is being introduced nowadays as it
is an eco-friendly and clean process. This research analyses mechanical properties of
aluminium alloy weldments at predefined input parameters i.e. spindle speed, feed rate and
pin diameter. The material of pin selected as welding tools is EN 8 steel which were
fabricated with 80 mm shoulder length and 20 mm diameter while pin dimension varied as 4
mm in length and 6 mm in diameter of straight shape and another pin of tapered length 5.5
mm with base diameter 6 mm and top diameter 5 mm. A regression model was developed to
accomplish the analysis of mechanical properties of the welded joint. The result were
concluded through the adequacy check completed during the software analysis of the
mathematical model.

Keywords: Friction stir welding, Tensile strength, Hardness, Regression analysis.

50
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Impact of Transportation on Climate Change

Mahima Mary Thomas*, Vincy Verghese
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
The role of transportation in the development of an area is remarkable and significant. It
paves ways for a better and even for a best tomorrow. But we cannot keep in mind only
about the beautiful tomorrow, but also must focus on the hidden consequences - the impacts
of transportation changes on climate. The climate no longer remains as cool as it was
before. Our struggle has started a bit longer than expected. Various policies and legislations
have been initiated and implemented in view of balancing the equilibrium of our planet. At
this point, it is important to have a qualitative as well as a quantitative understanding on the
impact of transportation towards the experiencing and expecting climate change. This paper
analyses the trend and effect of transportation in climate change, particularly in India. This
paper also discusses some of the remarkable strategies adopted successfully in India to
control the climate change. It briefly discusses the role of Intelligent Transportation System
can play in saving the climate from changing.
Keywords: transportation, climate change, Intelligent Transportation System

WS2 nanosheets based electrical detection of heavy metal ions

Ashamoni Neog* and Rajib Biswas
Department of Physics, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam-784028
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract
In recent years, the growing awareness about environmental impact of Heavy metal
pollution has actuated frequent monitoring of heavy metal ions in water. Present work
investigates detection and quantification of heavy metal ions in water with electrical means.
The sensing was realized by fabricating Cu inter digital electrodes (IDE) on Copper clad
and drop casting chemically exfoliated hexagonal WS2 nanosheets on the top of as
fabricated IDE. Again different concentration of metal ions like Cu, Co, Pb, Hg and Sn were
prepared and drop casted on as-fabricated device to observe its electrical behavior. The
electrical characteristics of pristine nanosheet device were found to be linear, whereas the
device metes out nonlinear response on being treated with metal ions. The comparison
between the current for heavy metal ion treated device with pristine device showed that, for
different ions, the device showed different current values and the values were well
separated. The current gains were found to be of the order of 102 and 103 in the voltage
range from -9V to 9V. The IDE patterned sensing protocol thus provides a facile monitoring
heavy metal ions in aqueous solutions.

Keywords: WS2 nanosheets, heavy metal ion, electrical sensing

51
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Sustainable and Eco-friendly Approach for Controlling Industrial

Wastewater Quality
Surabhi Lata1, Siddharth1,*
1Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Maharaja Agrasen Institute of
Technology, Delhi, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Water pollution has become the biggest threat for the present as well as next generation of
flora and fauna. The alarming increase in number of industries for nation’s technological
developments produces tons of wastewater with toxic elements responsible for risking the
lives of living entities in/above water. For decreasing the declining water quality, various
steps have been taken by the municipal authorities. Presence of chemicals and toxic
elements in water changes the concentration of metals beyond the safe limits assigned by
healthcare sectors which is hazardous to the environment and the society. This research
article proposes a biological technique named as “Rhizo-filtration” as a medium to control
the water quality, long term process capable of eliminating toxins using plant species. After
successful completion of removal of toxic element from water, the plant species can be
harvested and further utilized as biofuel briquette replacing woods and other fuel. Later on,
the remaining ashes can be used as fertilizers for maintaining the fertility of the soil. This
research article defines a cost effective and eco-friendly approach for controlling the water
pollution and saving the lives of aquatic animals and human beings.
Keywords: Rhizofiltration, Wastewater, Aquatic fauna, Water pollution, Sustainability.

Preserve Mountains and Hills to Preserve the Fragile Ecosystem

Dr Kirti Agarwal*
* Professor, Department of Chemistry, B.M.S. College Of Engineering, Bangalore, India
*Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Mountains form major and fragile ecosystem of our planet. They are important sources of
water, energy and biological diversity. They provide nearly 80% of the world's fresh water,
also play a vital role in providing cleaner renewable energy in the form of hydropower, solar
and wind power. They are also an important source of biological diversity, highly essential
for survival of different plant and animal species. Today, several smaller mountains and
hills are cut excessively to get stones required for various reasons like building construction,
road making and other related activities. As a result several mountains and hills are
shrinking in volume or disappearing completely. Unchecked and excessive elimination of
mountains is leading to a great loss of aesthetics and biodiversity of area, and is the cause of
erosion and loss of habitat for many. This need to be stopped and requires regulation to be
enacted.

Keywords: Ecosystem, Fresh water, Soil erosion.

52
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

A Comparative Study of the Impact of Thermal Indices on Indian

Coral Ecosystem
Hussain Ali1,*, Mausumi Goswami2
Chrsit University (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
[email protected]
[email protected]

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The most biologically diverse and economically important ecosystems on the planet are
coral reefs. The advantages of this ecosystem are to provide coastal protection, tourism
opportunities and fisheries production apart from being a source of raw material for valuable
drugs. Coral reefs are similar to tropical rain forests in diversity and distribution. Barring a
the cold water coral in North Atlantic, the distribution of coral reefs is in the tropical region
within the 30o latitude of the equator, where the seawater temperature range from 16oC to
30oC. Though coral reefs cover only and insignificant portion of the ocean area (>0.2%)
they support nearly 25 percent of the marine species. The major coral reef formations in
India are restricted to Gulf of Mannar, Palk Bay, Gulf of Kutch, Andaman and Nicobar
Islands and the Lakshadweep Islands. Globally, coral reefs have deteriorated significantly in the
last decade and the trend no different for Indian ecosystem. The major areas where coral reefs are
found – Gulf of Kachchh, Lakshadweep, Gulf of Mannar, and Andaman Islands are under threat
due to climate change. Each area, particularly the Gulf of Mannar, also faces specific problems
resulting from anthropogenic influences such as high fishing pressure (trawls), high sedimentation
from poor upland and coastal agriculture practices, and high levels of pollution. Furthermore, the
reefs of Lakshadweep and Nicobar Islands are considered the most polluted in the Indian Ocean
because the seas around them serve as major routes for oil tankers3. Apart these, the signal of
mass bleaching events affecting coral reefs occurred in 1998, 2010 and 2016. These
recurring bleaching events affected the coral reefs to various extents leading to widespread
mortality. The main reason is the significant rise in average sea surface temperature. During
1998 bleaching, Andaman and Nicobar Islands suffered the greatest mortality of coral (up to
80%) followed by the Lakshadweep (43% - 87%) and the reefs of the Gulf of Mannar (an
average of 60%). The corals of the Gulf of Kutch were less affected (<30 %), which could be
due to a greater tolerance of higher sea temperatures resulting from their occurrence in the
extreme arid conditions in the north-west of India4. This trend will persist in the future as per the
expert reviews provided by the IPCC. This paper advances this understanding by analyzing the
comprehensive IUCN Red List of Threatened Species database of the conservation status and
distribution of Indian coral reefs in the context of climate change and severe weather threats.
The approach helps to determine the relative risk and identify those species that are facing a
higher risk of extinction. This study provides a framework for better understanding the changes
that have begun in coral reef ecosystems, highlighting the need for a comprehensive and
objective approach for evaluating the conservation status of coral species. This could help in
next steps of proactive.

Keywords: Climate Change, Ecosystems, India Seas.

53
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

A Comparative Analysis of Opinions and Sentiments on Clean

India Campaign and Sustainability goals of 2030
Mausumi Goswami1,*, Dhrubasish Sarkar2
1Chrsit
University (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
2Amity University , Kolkata

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Swachch Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Campaign ) started Swachch Bharat Mission –Urban
(SBM-U )with a few objectives to make India Clean. In this regard a survey started in 2016
which collected opinions from 73 cities. The survey was considered as the biggest
cleanliness survey in the world in 2020 when it included opinions from 4242 cities from
different parts of India. MoHUA and QCI have taken initiatives under SBM-U. In this
paper Artificial Intelligence based approach is used to investigate the opinions of people and
opinion of young adults with an attempt to find effective ways to achieve the objectives of
SBM-U. Sustainability goals 2030 of United Nation is also considered while doing the
Survey. A few major cities of Southern India are focused more. Opinion mining is an
application of artificial intelligence. The opinions expressed in social media can be
extracted using python which can be used as an input for various machine learning
algorithms to identify many patterns which can help policy makers to make effective
policies. This research also investigates the participation of various states with most positive
attitude towards clean India campaign. Young adults of the higher education sector are
considered as the future leaders of India. In this research opinions from young adults are
analyzed through a case study. Different government bodies are putting emphasis on
awareness and contribution towards societal needs. This study is an attempt to bridge the
gaps and putting a step towards sensitizing young minds as a responsible citizen to become
a potential contributor. This can help society to improve the effectiveness of the clean India
Mission and hence to have better policies towards achieving of sustainability goals 2030 of
United Nations.
Keywords: Opinion mining , sustainable goals, sentiment analysis.

Inverse Modelling of Groundwater Flow System for the Sub-basin of

Kakatiya Canal
Challa Venkateswarlu*, Dr. R. Manjula
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Trichirappalli, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
The estimation of Aquifer & Groundwater Flow parameters and fixing Groundwater
pumping rates by manual or experimental methods is difficult to perform due to time and
manpower cost. Inverse modelling is a method to calculate parameter values that provide
the best fit between observed and simulated hydraulic heads and flows. The advantage of
an inverse model is that it can be used directly to build a controller. The Aquifer parameters
like Coefficient of Permeability values that are Kx, Ky, and Kz and Groundwater Flow
parameters like Specific storage (Ss) and Specific yield (Sy), for each soil zone below
ground level are to be found out and fixed by using Inverse Groundwater Flow Modelling.

54
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

The monthly data of Depth to Groundwater Levels (m bgl), recorded in Piezometers of the 6
observation wells in the command area under distributary DBM-46&40 of Kakatiya Canal
for the time period 2003-2015 is collected from Groundwater Department of Warangal
District of Telangana, India. By using Remote Sensing and Visual MODFLOW Flex 6.1,
the initial Aquifer parameters and Groundwater Flow parameters for each soil zone below
ground level are assumed and the iterative procedures are carried out until the sufficient
Correlation Coefficient (R) values as 0.89 for both the Calibration & Validation techniques
are obtained. The Groundwater Flow parameters and the Aquifer parameters are fixed by
using Inverse Modelling technique. Groundwater Pumping rate and the depth of water that
can be pumped from the pumping well are fixed so that no observation well in the
respective Mandal will be inactive. The above fixed parameters and pumping rates will be
used to estimate the present Water Table maps and Drawdown curves for the above study
area which will be useful in Water Management techniques like Conjunctive Use Modelling
in the future.
Keywords: Inverse Modelling, Specific storage, Specific yield, Groundwater Simulation
Model, Remote Sensing, Visual MODFLOW Flex 6.1.

Experimental investigation on the effect of distillation temperature of tyre

pyrolytic oil on smoke pollution in a DI engine fuelled with blends
Dr. Vinod V1*, Dr Resmi G. 2, Dr Suresh P R1, Dr Sudeep U.1
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NSS College of Engineering, Palakkad, India.
2 Department of Civil Engineering, NSS College of Engineering, Palakkad, India.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Tyre Pyrolytic Oil (TPO), is produced from scrap tyres using pyrolysis, thereby addressing
the problem of waste tyre disposal. Two samples of TPO were taken at two distillation
temperatures for investigation. This experimental study has investigated the characteristics
of the smoke emitted from direct injection diesel engine fuelled with these two TPO- Diesel
blended fuel with that of diesel. Experiments were conducted in the DI engine by loading it
from no load to 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 percentage with five blends namely B30, B40, B50,
B60, B70 with the two TPO samples. The smoke opacity and smoke density values of the
engine obtained during its operation with each blend at different loads are compared with
those obtained for diesel. In this analysis, for each load on the engine, the smoke opacity
and smoke density are measured with AVL 437C smoke meter. Thus a full-fledged
performance testing of smoke pollution characteristics of the engine with 3 types of fuel (2
types of TPO fuel oil and diesel), 5 types of diesel TPO blending and engine loading up to 6
loads leading to 90 experiments. The smoke opacity and smoke density values from engine
obtained for various TPO-diesel blends were tabulated, compared and analysed and with
that of pure diesel. The investigation finally identified the optimum fuel blend which
provides the least smoke emission values. Thus that TPO- diesel blend can be produced
commercially for the operations in DI engines for maximizing the efficiency and
minimizing pollution. Thus the study focuses on efficient process of converting waste into
energy and its effective use which is environmental friendly and beneficial to our society.

Keywords: Tyre pyroltic oil, Blending, Smoke pollution.

55
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Investigation of sesame processing wastewater treatment with combined

electrochemical and membrane processes
Zelal Isik1, Raouf Bouchareb2, Mohammed Saleh1, Nadir Dizge1,*
1Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Turkey
2Department of Environmental Engineering, Saleh Boubnider University, Algeria

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The main objective of this research study was to determine the possibility of coupling an
electrochemical process with a membrane filtration system in order to remove chemical
oxygen demand (COD) and phenol concentration in a sesame wastewater effluent. COD and
phenol removal performances were studied for four different cathodes material (iron,
aluminum, platinum and boron-doped diamond) at different current densities in the
electrochemical treatment stage. The best water quality was obtained when BDD cathode
was used at 100 A/m2 of current density and 120 min of electrolysis period, where 40% and
85% of COD and phenol removals subsequently were achieved. The resulting water from
the first stage was passed through two different membrane systems, where ultrafiltration
performed well and has given an additional removal of 27% and 20% of both COD and
phenol reduction subsequently. The final results showed the importance of the studied
combined systems and the additional value to the final obtained water quality.

Keywords: Waste water, Sesame processing, Electrochemical.

Investigative Approach for Identification of Contamination in Traditional

Water Sources of Kerala State
Anju M J1,*, Cyriac M G1, Vincy Vergehse, Neeraja P.G, Archana 1,
1Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Traditional water sources like wells, bore wells and tube wells occupy a significant position
in the drinking water scenario especially in places like Kerala where such water sources are
numerous. It is approximately estimated that there are more than 50 lakhs open well in the
state. The density of population is high in Kerala and thereby people stay in small extent of
land say 3 cents , 5 cents, or 10 cents etc . That ultimately results in to the co-existence of
house, drinking water source (well s), excreta disposal system, solid waste disposal system
in a small extent, thereby causing intrusion of waste in to the water source. Due to the above
mentioned situation many water sources gets polluted and that has become an arena where
inference is severely warranted to ensure potable water to the people. Many factors
contribute to the pollution of traditional water sources. A methodology to identify the
typical polluting source / situation is outlined based on the study by the Centre for Water
Research and Education (CWRE), Jyothi Engineering College during the past four years and
also based on the secondary data from other organizations like Kerala Water Authority. The
document as well outline the various possible remedial measures that can be adopted in
different situation and also provide area wise classification of Kerala state into coastal,
urban, rural and specific area etc. highlighting the pollution scenario and remedies.

Keywords: Pollution, Water systems, CWRE.

56
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

A Review on Properties of Concrete with Fine Aggregates Partially

Replaced by Granite Fines
Linda David K*, Dr. Prebhakumari K S
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Granite fines are the waste product generated from granite stone industries during cutting
and grinding operations. These wastes are normally dumped in the vicinity of granite
industries itself. Being very fine, careless disposal of these gets carried away by air and can
cause health issues and environmental pollution. River sand, which is the natural fine
aggregate are imposed with restrictions regarding its usage and is very expensive. Granite
fines can be used as a good alternative and a partial replacement to fine aggregate which
leads to economy in construction and environmental friendly approach. This review paper
deals with studies involving usage of granite fines as a partial replacement of fine aggregate
in concrete. Literatures indicate that usage of optimum quantity of granite fines has caused
significant improvement in mechanical properties of concrete. As the gradation of aggregate
has relation to the strength of concrete, granite fines whose size lies between that of fine
aggregate and cement, acts as a filler and reduces voids in the concrete and thereby
increases density and strength of the concrete. Benefits of using granite fines not only
improves the strength but also preserve natural resources, prevents powder particles to be
exposed to atmosphere and avoid health problems.

Keywords: Granite fines, Optimum replacement percentage, Strength, Water penetration

Parametric study of basin saline water in single slope solar still

using CFD modeling
R. Dhivagar1, A. Prakash1, S. Balaji2, A. Sivaramakrishnan3
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, QIS College of Engineering and Technology,
Ongole - 523272, India
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology,

Chennai - 603203, India

3Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.A. Engineering College,

Chennai - 600077, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
In this simulation, the parametric performance of basin saline water in single slope solar still
has been analysed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The two-phase and three
dimensional solar still model has been created using ANSYS FLUENT v19.2 software to
anlayse the water volume, water density, water temperature, vapor velocity, vapor density
and vapor volume. The entire solar still model was considered under the quasi-static
conditions and the results observed in mid, right and left planes. The prediction of heat,
mass and momentum transfers in saline water and vapor were differed in each planes. The
predicted results confirmed that, the CFD is a much effective tool for design and modeling
the thermal equipments.
Keywords: CFD; Heat transfer; Productivity; Solar still.

57
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Adsorption of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solutions Using Pyrolyzed

Pine Ash
Brijesh Prasad1, Abhilasha Mishra2, Rekha Goswami3, Neha Bhatt2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Clement
Town, Dehradun, India
Department of Allied Sciences (Chemistry), Graphic Era Deemed to be University,
Clement Town, Dehradun, India
Department of Environmental Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University,
Clement Town, Dehradun, India
Abstract

In this study, a pyrolysis experiment was performed on the waste pine leaves to produce
ash for the adsorption of malachite green dye (MGD) from the solution. Adsorption of
MGD was investigated using the batch adsorption technique aqueous by varying the
experimental conditions like the concentration of ash dosage, pH of solutions, MGD
concentration. The effects of MGD on ash were analysed using FESEM, XRD, FTIR and
DSC techniques. Further, the rate constant of adsorption was identified using the pseudo-
first-order and second-order rate equations, intraparticle diffusion models and the Langmuir
model. The results showed that the adsorption of MG occurred by interparticle diffusion as
the presence can be depicted in the form of uniform porous morphology of the pine leaves.
This presence of MGD increased the crystallinity and pseudo-second-order reaction
defined the chemisorption rate-limiting step of adsorption. Furthermore, the Langmuir
isotherm model indicated that the adsorption process is exothermic and spontaneous. Thus,
it can be concluded that the pine ash can be looked at as low-cost adsorbent material and
can act as an alternative for the commercially available adsorbents for dye removal from
the solutions in the paper, leather, textile, and silk industry.
Keywords: Ash, Adsorption, Dye, Pyrolysis, Malachite green

Fluoride Removal from Water Using Locally Available Bentonite Clay in

A Continuous Fixed-Bed Column
Adane Woldemedhin Kalsido1*, Beteley Tekola 1, 2, Beshah Mogessie3, Arun Kumar4,
Esayas Alemayehu 1, 5
1African Centre of Excellence for Water Management, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
2School of Chemical and Bio Engineering, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
3Water Development Commission, Ministry of Water, Irrigation, and Energy, Ethiopia.
4Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of

technology, New Delhi, India.

5Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma

University, P.O.Box 378 , Ethiopia

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

This study evaluates the feasibility of naturally available bentonite clay in both modified
and un-modified forms for fluoride adsorption from aqueous solutions. The nature and
morphology of modified and unmodified bentonite clay were characterized by SEM, EDX,
XRD, and FT-IR analysis. The physicochemical properties of the adsorbent were also

58
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

investigated by its moisture content, pH, apparent density, point of -zero charge
determination, cation exchange capacity and its specific surface area. Raw bentonite (RB)
clays have shown very low fluoride removal efficiency (47.19%). On the other hand,
modification of the surface of the clay with HCl (ATB) and aluminum oxide (AOMB) has
enhanced fluoride removal efficiency to 79.77% and 94.38% respectively. Higher fluoride
removal capacity of 2.88mg/g was observed at 5 mg/L initial fluoride concentration, 10cm
bed depth packed dose of adsorbent and 180 min breakthrough time. As the result,
aluminum oxide modified bentonite clay was chosen for further investigation and its result
is not presented here. The findings of this study are useful for water utilities with their water
supply is source is rich in fluoride groundwater and it is novel as it gives opportunity to use
locally available material as fluoride adsorbent in large scale field application.

Keywords: Bentonite clay; characterization; low-cost adsorbent; Fluoride adsorption;

Drinking water.

Efficiency of Vetiver Filter in Defluoridation of Water

Soorya M.Nair1,*, Anjali P.Sasidharan2, Sneha C.Shaju 2, Praseeja K.C2,
Surya N.R2, Swathi K.S2
1Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College,

Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur, India

2Department of Civil Engineering, Vidya Academy of Science and Technology,

Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Uncontaminated water is at last turning into an extravagance for humankind. Pollution from
various sources has led to the degradation of the standard of water. The presence of
contaminants has made water treatments as need of the hour. Fluoride is one such element
which despite of being a vital component can cause serious ailments when present in excess
quantity. This study focuses on the power of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) root, an
indigenous material, to scale back fluoride levels within the water. During this study, a low-
cost household filter model has been developed using sand, gravel and locally available
vetiver roots without any chemical activation and tested for Defluoridation efficiency.
Impact of detainment time and thickness of the layers were examined. The filtered water
was tested for pH, turbidity, fluoride level and Escherichia coli count. Statistical analysis of
the data was done using WASP software to verify the obtained results. The results showed
that influent fluoride concentration of 12ppm was brought down to 0.71ppm by a filter bed
of 3cm thickness for a detention period of 1.5 hour. The filter was also found effectively
reducing the coliform bacterial levels in the water (58 % reduction). Thus, vetiver can be
proposed as domestic low-cost water filtering material with excellent defluoridation and
purifying potential.
Keywords: Defluoridation, Vetiver roots, Filtration, WASP, E.coli.

59
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Zeolite A and Its Modifications for CO2 Capture: A Review

V Indira, K Abhitha*
Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and
Technology, Kerala, India.
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission plays a serious role in global warming which results in
global temperature change. Atmospheric CO2 (greenhouse gas) level is increasing
perpetually because of immense energy demand. Carbon capture and sequestration is the
mitigation to this temperature change. CO2 capture by adsorbent materials like zeolites,
carbonaceous materials, metal organic frameworks and mesoporous silica is the
significant approach for carbon dioxide level reduction. Among these adsorbents, zeolites
are microporous crystalline alumino silicate materials which exhibits higher CO2
adsorption capacity. This review focuses on a specific type of zeolite, that is zeolite A or
Line Type A (LTA), its synthesis, carbon dioxide capture and factors affecting CO2
capture capacity. Carbon dioxide has more affinity towards zeolite A as compared to
other zeolites (X and Y) due to its smaller pore diameter. Zeolite A has the CO2 capture
capacity in the range of 3 to 6 mmol/g at 298 K and one bar. Functional modifications
(amine) and pore size (micro-pore to meso-pore) enhancement of zeolite A shows
improved CO2 adsorption capacity as compared to unmodifiedzeolite.

Keywords: carbon dioxide, global warming, adsorption, zeolite A, LTA, micro-pore,

meso- pore.

Coagulation of Reactive Red 195 Dye by using

Polyaluminium Chloride as Coagulant
Krissana Thammachai1,* and Charuepon Charoensuk1
1Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Thailand
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
This research aims to examine the efficiency of Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) to remove a
reactive red 195 dye and find the optimal condition to coagulate this dye. In this
experimental study, the effect of pH (3-9) and PAC dosages (500-5,000 mg/L) were studied
to remove reactive red 195 dye of 1,000 mg/L using the jar test. The results showed that the
efficiency of PAC was influenced by pH variations. With the increase of PAC dosage, PAC
dosages of 500-1,500 and 5,000 mg/L showed the highest percentage of colour removal in
acidic pH, while PAC dosages of 2,000 and 3,000 showed the highest percentage of colour
removal in alkaline pH. The highest percentage of colour removal was 99.47% at the
optimal condition. These results show that PAC is an effective coagulant to remove RR195
in the coagulation process and the optimal condition for PAC to coagulate RR195 is PAC
dosage of 3,000 mg/L and pH 9.
Keywords: Coagulation, colour removal, polyaluminium chloride, reactive dye, wastewater.

60
 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Coating on Cotton Fabric for

Separation of oil-Water Mixtur
Neha Bhatt1, Abhilasha Mishra1, Rekha Goswami 2,3
1Departmentof chemistry, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun
2Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun
3Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Hill University, Dehradun

Email id- [email protected]

Abstract

To separate harmful oil/ water mixing in industrial waste, sea and industries, super-
hydrophobic super-oleophilic coatings are gaining attention. Superhydrophobic and super-
oleophilic textiles were prepared and their separation efficiencies were calculated. The
nano-TiO2 and nano- SiO2 coating was done on the surface of the fabric to create roughness
over the surface and the surface was further modified by low energy material 1, 1, 3, 3-
Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The coated fabrics
were found hydrophobic and the surface free energies of the coated fabrics were also low.
Contact angle, contact angle hysteresis were determine to observe hydrophobic behavior,
Surface free energy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done for surface
characterization. Particle size analysis and zeta potential were performed to know particle
size and stability of sols. The oil/water separation efficiency of coated fabric was also
observed by different oil-water mixture. The coatings were found hydrophobic in nature and
seem to be very useful for water/oil mixture separation.

Keywords: Superhydrophobic coating, fabric, Separation, contact angle.

Promoting Greasy Sewage Management using Online media for Talad Noi
Market Vendors in Mahasarakham University
Thapanee Chandabut1 and Adisak Singseewo*
1Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Thailand
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Garbage pollution has been one of the most serious problems in Mahasarakham University
due to the increase in population. Talad Noi Market is one of the main places in the
university which produces garbage and sewage, fatty oil sewage in particular. This research
aimed to promote greasy sewage management among vendors in the market using online
media. It investigated and compared the knowledge and attitude of target participants
towards greasy sewage management. 30 participants were selected randomly and voluntarily
from the vendors selling food at the Talad Noi market in Mahasarakham University. The
study took one month in total. Six online lessons about the meaning of greasy sewage, types
of greases, usefulness of greases, harms of greases to the environment, reduction of oil and
fat use, and proper use & care of grease traps were designed to train the participants online.
The results revealed that the participants acquired more knowledge and displayed a positive
attitude towards greasy sewage management after the online training at a significance level
of 0.5.

Keywords: Greasy Sewage, Sewage Management, Knowledge Promotion and Attitude, Online
Lessons.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Hydrus-1D Simulation of Two-Stage Cross-Flow Pre-Filtration of Turbid

River Water
Goldie Davis*, Edwin Ekwue
1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of the West
Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
Surface water treatment involves the removal of particles from water via filtration to make it
potable for human consumption. Filtration is a critical step in water treatment as it
physically separates components from suspension or solution in a fluid by passing the fluid
through a permeable barrier. Perpendicular filtration or dead-end filtration is practiced in
surface water treatment with the use of rapid sand filters. In rapid sand filtration, particles
are retained on the surface of the filter media, i.e. surface filtration and within the pores of
the filter media, i.e. in-depth filtration. However, this study aims at investigating the effects
of cross-flow filtration at removing particles from river water in surface water treatment.
The intention is to include it as pre-filtration step in surface water treatment. In continuation
of research on ‘Two-Stage Cross-flow Filtration of Turbid River Water’, execution of this
aim is performed with the use of Hydrus-1D simulation software which simulated cross-
flow using linen, crepe-backed satin, burlap and cotton fabric filter media. Simulation was
performed with a single layer fabric media and then with the fabric media folded four times.
Hydrus-1D simulation revealed linen to be the most suitable fabric for retaining particles in
two-stage cross-flow filtration.
Keywords: Cross-Flow Filtration, Hydrus-1D Simulation, Surface Water Treatment.

Study on Variation of Physical Properties of Concrete Due to

Contaminated Water
Alwyn Varghese1,*, Femin K A1, Alfrin Anto K1, Anjali Raju1, Savio Jobson1
1Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College,

Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
This paper aims to explore the variation in physical properties of concrete due to
contaminated water. Five water samples with different intervals in pH values such as 4 – 11
pH tested for cement concrete. These water samples tested for various concrete mixes in the
specimen size as Indian standard concrete cubes (15cm x 15cm). The investigation had been
conducted after 7 and 28 days of water curing at room temperature. This research identifies
the variation in workability by fresh concrete properties as slump cone, compaction factor,
and Vee-bee tests. The durability of the hardened concrete was also analyzed. The research
develops the idea about the decrement of compressive strength in concrete due to the
variation of pH in water. The decrease in compressive strength within the limit of 3-5%. An
empirical formula had been developed for identifying the compressive strength variation
due to changes in pH. The empirical formulae, help to identify the range of pH value to use
concrete without changing the strength of concrete.
Keywords: Concrete, Contaminated water, pH values.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Simulation Modelling of Wastewater Treatment Plants using Anaerobic

Digestion Model No. 1: A Review
Rajshree Mathur1, Barkha Chaplot2, Meena Kumari Sharma1*
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, 303007, Rajasthan, India,
2Department of Geography, Maharani Janki Kunwar College, Bettiah, India,
*Corresponding Author mail id: [email protected]

Abstract
The important considerations of kinetics of bacterial growth, product formation and
substrate degradation including the physio-chemical and biological background as well as
anaerobic digestion process model. This paper presents several approaches for model
development based on the needs and the developer. Some of the significant variables in
ADM are temperature and pressure. These factors create high inaccuracy in the system due
to which are rarely included in model development. ADM1 implementation requires the
wastewater characterization depending on the estimation of several concentrations of certain
compounds. Although, identification approach needs certain analytical methods and mostly
requires general computations such as the availability of organic nitrogen, TOC and COD.
This paper explains the existing methods for the assessment of wastewater in ADM1
procedure with the composition of the organic substrates. In addition, this paper
demonstrates the procedure of proper waste characterization. It provides the initial
assessment of composition, biogas flow rate and reactor pH. Organic substrate degradation
produces these factors. Such approaches show their importance in the simplification and
stimulation of ADM1 and its future directions. This paper also displays the distributed
parameter model of ADM technique. It includes simulate anaerobic digestion approach
under high-rate reactors like upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors with significant
axial dispersion.
Keywords: Anaerobic digestion, Biofilm reactor, Modelling, Wastewater characterization.

Environmental Pollution And Management

M.Poojitha*, J.Soundariya, S.Priyadarshini, S.Srinithi
Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology,
Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Human population size has increase enormously over the last hundred years. This means
increase in demands for food, water, home, electricity, road, automobile and other
commodities. These demands are exerting more pressure on our natural resources and cause
pollution of air, water and soil. Environmental pollution is one the major problems that
affects biodiversity, ecosystems, and human health worldwide by contaminating soil and
water. This paper examines the types of pollution; the causes and effects of pollution; and
their management.
Keywords: Environmental pollution; effects; remedies.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Effectiveness of Existing Green Rating Systems towards Zero Waste

Construction
Anil Soharu1,*, Naveen BP2,
1Ph.D Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Amity School of Engineering and
Technology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
2Associate Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Amity School of

Engineering and Technology, Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India

Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
A number of rating tools have been developed to evaluate the green building compliance for
any factory, office, apartment, school, or hospital. These green rating systems measure all
parameters for a building, which influence the environmental conditions during its planning,
construction, operations, and demolition phases. Based on the compliances of set parameters
as defined by different green rating systems, a building is certified as green-rated with a
certain level of certification. However, in most cases even if a building is rated with a top
level of certification by a green rating system, then also the large quantum of waste may
generate during building construction and at end-of-life stage. This is mainly due to missing
application of green rating systems for achieving zero waste generation, lack of recycling
infrastructure, high-cost segregation, and no governmental regulations in most of the
countries, thus waste gets directly dumped into the landfill sites. Zero waste construction’ is
one of the most effective approach for this problem, which focus on reducing waste through
reuse and recycling across the entire life cycle of the building. In this paper, perspectives of
the zero-waste construction was reviewed in the context of green building construction, by
comparing the different rating systems. Highlights and limitations of different green rating
assessment tools were discussed to determine the trends in developing and developed
countries towards zero waste construction. This study will assist in the right selection of
appropriate assessment tools by any investors or builders, based on their geographic and
environmental conditions.

Keywords: Green rating systems; Sustainability; Zero waste construction

An Approach Towards Zero Waste Building Construction

Anil Soharu 1*
1PhD Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering,
Amity School of Engineering and Technology,
Amity University Haryana, Gurgaon, India
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract:

The construction industry has been highlighted as one of the key source for waste
generation, exploitation of resources, high energy usage and emission of greenhouse gasses.
With continues development all around us and further growth of population, built
environment is one of the key requirements for socioeconomic wellbeing. Further current
conventional construction practices are not at all addressing the aforesaid problems.

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Therefore, it is critical to incorporate concept of sustainable construction work to minimize

its impact on environment. The building construction area is a natural resource adopting
agent. The construction process must integrate economic, environmental and social criteria
throughout their life cycle. Presently Sustainable buildings are focused for its operational
phase but mostly ignored during its end-of-life condition, wherein buildings are demolished
and tones of generated waste is directly dumped in to the landfills which is one of the main
pressing issue to be addressed. Buildings must be designed and constructed with one of the
primary focus to ensure maximum reuse or recycle of its materials so that at end of life, its
used material should not be dumped into landfills. ’Zero waste’ is one of the most visionary
approach to overcome the waste problems. In this research, zero waste approach is
correlated for building construction work to assess the practical applications on a design and
process throughout the life cycle. Study revealed that for a sustainable construction, we
must ensure preservation of earth natural resources by minimizing the usage of raw
material, further material which is getting used for construction work must be maintain its
original properties throughout its life cycle.

Keywords: Sustainability; Zero Waste Designing; Life Cycle Assessment.

Influence of Moisture in Strength of Flexible Pavement

Parthiban P *, Vishnu N D, Dins Thomas, Arun N, Fadel Abdul Rehman C
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College,
Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
In the modern world which utilizes various kinds of road transportation methods, the quality
of pavement should be well maintained to provide fast-safe-smooth transportation. The
structural and functional capability of pavement systems can be influenced by the climate.
Unbound materials and subgrade soil essentially subsidize the overall structural
performance of the flexible pavement systems, primarily with a thin hot mix asphalt layer.
Moisture content and variation in unbound materials may have a significant impact on
pavement layer stiffness and deformation characteristics. The theory of how moisture
influences the strength of flexible pavement is brought up when discussing the effects of
moisture content on flexible pavement strength the compilation of necessary field data, such
as an active pavement structure, traffic data, and pavement surface quality, is part of this
analysis. The majority of the affected pavement segments had serious cracking and rutting
failures, according to the investigation. Fatigue failure on the pavement structure due to the
passage of a fully-loaded truck-trailer may have triggered these failures. Inadequate
drainage, insufficient construction, and the use of improper pavement materials may also be
blamed for the destruction. Laboratory tests are obligatory to evaluate how moisture
influences the strength and performance of the pavement. By experimenting on dry and
saturated pavement models, using Marshall Stability apparatus. And their results are
compared with the strength of pavement in a normal condition and in saturated condition are
plotted.
Keywords: Moisture Content, Pavement, Transportation, Unbound Materials.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Design of Plumbing System for an IT Building, Ernakulam

Shini. K. J *, Vineeth. J, Silpa Ouseph, Alfred Thomas, A. Siva Iyer, M. G. Cyriac
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

This project work is on the design of plumbing system for an IT Building being constructed
at Kakkanad, Infopark, phase 2. The name of the Building is Caspian Tech Park Phase. The
building is constructed within an area of 1.5 acres of land and have 1 lakh square feet built-
up space. The building consists of 10 floors including the ground with each floor consisting
of office space. The approximate cost of plumbing in this building is estimated as 180 lakhs.
The design of building plays a crucial role on how the structure/ facility would be utilized
and maintained after completion of the project. This project mainly focuses on the design of
a plumbing system for the building. Here we learn plumbing as a building service which
provides potable water. A study regarding the entire plumbing system will be completed
after the project including the type of pipes, pressure management, water supply system,
drainage system etc. Not only do we learn about the plumbing system but we also find
countermeasures for the challenges faced in the system.The type of pipe that will be used is
uPVC (un-plasticized polyvinyl chloride) pipes confirming to IS 13592 and IS 4985. Here,
the type of drinking water pipe used for providing water in convenient and best way is
ASTM schedule 80 uPVC pipes. Design of water supply system and drainage system is
done with the help of Hunter’s Curve and finding the fixture unit in each floor, as per the
design steps mentioned in Unified Plumbing Code.The study of designing a Plumbing
system for an IT Building will be designed which is beneficial for future.

Keywords: Caspian Tech Park, Hunter’s Curve, Unified Plumbing Code

Accident Detection System in Two Wheelers

Cijil B. John, Prejulesh K, Rinu Rose Varghese T*, Vishnu K.K, Abel Sam Mammen
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

In the present situation the use of two wheelers is increasing day by day. As a result
accidents and deaths in two wheeler passengers are also increasing. As two wheeler
accidents are turning out to be a serious disturbing issue, we felt the need of an improved
two wheeler accident detection framework. Through this project we fabricate an accident
detection system that can be incorporated with the vehicle. Here we are trying to detect
accident through three parameters-acceleration/ deceleration, tilt of the vehicle and the
pressure change on the body of the vehicle. Using these minute data values and an apt
algorithm, the accident can be detected with a reasonable success rate. And the
coordinates of the vehicle found using GPS technology is send to the emergency services
for help. If the system detects accident, it will generate a message which includes the
vehicle number and the accident location, and sent it to the emergency number and the
victims’ relatives personal mobile numbers.

Keywords: Two wheeler accident detection, acceleration/deceleration, tilt, GPS, GSM.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

The Evaluation Of Growth Performance, Feed Utilization And Flesh

Quality Of Red Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Fed With Different
Feeding Regime
Niwooti Whangchai1, Bundit Yuangsoi2, Rungkan klahan3, Rameshprabu Ramaraj4,
Kanda Whangchai5 and Tipsukhon Pimpimol1 *
1Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Thailand
2Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
3Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Phetchaburi Rajabhat University, Thailand
4School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
5Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai

University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract
This study aimed to decrease the production cost and increase tilapia yield with a feeding
regime. The trial was divided into 4 treatments with 3 replications followed the feeding
frequency in monosex male Nile tilapia size with average initial weight 17.86 – 18.40 g/fish
was cultured on a net cage in the earth pond for 3 months. Fish fed with 18% protein
supplemented with 5% protein concentrate (35% protein) only first month and followed
with 32 % protein feed with twice time/day (T1, control), fish fed twice time every other
day (T2), fish fed twice time/day per week switch with fed every other day per week (T3)
and fish fed twice time/day per week switch with half of the meal twice time/day per week
(T4). The findings revealed that fish in T2 had the best growth performance and protein
consumption (P<0.05). Also, fish in T2 has the lowest production cost and highest in the
benefit-cost ratio (B/C ratio) (P<0.05). The percentage of edible flesh of T2 was highest
(P<0.05), but proximate analysis of fish flesh in each group was near (P>0.05). Thus, the
appropriate protein and feeding management for Nile tilapia culture is important and
necessary for high growth performance and cost-effectiveness. The perfect protein-
containing and feeding regime positively affected fish health and flesh quality in fish fed
with 18% protein supplemented with 5% protein concentrate only first month and followed
with 32 % protein feed and feeding twice every other day.

Keywords: Nile tilapia, protein concentrate, compensatory growth, feeding regime.

Assessment of Pollution Scenario of Bharathapuzha and Remedial

Measures
M.G. Cyriac*, Anto Raffy, Irene Francy, Nimmy Rose Anto, Varsha Vinod,
Vincy Verghese, Dr Agnes Anto
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Bharathapuzha with a length of 209 km, is the second longest river in Kerala after Periyar.
Pollution of the river is a matter of concern and various steps have been initiated by State
government, National Green Tribunal and other various organizations to protect the river.
The main polluting sources of Bharathpuzha are domestic waste water and solid waste from
the inhabitants on the two banks of the river, toilet waste and waste water from the Shornur

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Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

railway station along with other wastes from Shornur, Pattambi and Ottappalam
municipalities, residue of pesticides used for agriculture on both sides of the river basin,
disposal of untreated waste water from industries on both banks especially in Kanjikode belt
industrial area.As a part of the study, river water quality was studied between Mayannur
Bridge and Thrithala by sampling and analysis of water quality, studying the sociological
aspects by stake holder and transects analysis, sediment quality deterioration analysis,
studying the process of sediment deposit and legal aspects to protect the river. Study
revealed that there is water pollution along the stretch of the river by anthropogenic and
other aspects. River protection process needs Engineering, Social, Geological and Legal
interferences by various sections in the society. The core of remedial measures are
construction and use of sewage treatment plant (STP) for the waste water from Shornur
railway station, creation of awareness among the residents on both sides to dispose their
wastes in their own land rather than dumping in to the river, Interferences by Suchitwa
mission and other government organizations for creating awareness among people on need
of a better sanitary conditions for their dwelling and surrounding, permanent system
through various IEC (Information, Education and communication) activities which are
finalized based on sociological studies.

Keywords: Bharathapuzha, River pollution, National Green Tribunal.

Effect of Changed Traffic Scenario Due To Covid-19 On Environment

Blessy Samuel, Vincy Verghese*, Anju Agnes, Nandana Vinod, Christo Shaji
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

In March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a world-wide
pandemic. The progression and recovery from Covid-19 is occurring in stages, which can be
identified as a series of stages from a public transport supply perspective. These stages are:
Pre-COVID-19, Lockdown, Transition and New Normal. This study examines the changes
that occurred in traffic conditions due to the COVID‐19 pandemic by taking the Pre-
COVID-19 stage and Transition stage into account. The highest priority for public transport
is to maintain the safety of drivers, the frontline workforce and passengers. Covid-19 also
changed any people’s attitude towards using public transport. Both demand and supply
changed in the transportation sector. This may also impact the wider future of our transport
systems. Various measures were recommended or imposed by the governments to control
the spread of COVID‐19. Travel behaviors are significantly influenced due to such
measures. However, people have various travel needs ranging from grocery shopping to
work. This study examines the changes that occurred in travel behavior due to the COVID‐
19 pandemic. All the more, the change in traffic density have in turn affected the global
emission of pollutant gases and also changed the accident frequency and amplitude. These
degree of change is studied by comparing the data from Pre- COVID-19 (March 2019) with
the Transition period (March 2021) and using Gaussian Plumes Model for emission
analysis. Outcomes of this study could be useful in transport planning and policymaking
during pandemics based on the travel needs of people.

Keywords: COVID-19, Traffic Impact, Air Pollution.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Effects Of C:N Ratio In Biofloc Aquaculture System On Off-Flavors

Taints In Tilapia
Niwooti Whangchai1, Rameshprabu Ramaraj2, Kanda Whangchai3,
Tipsukhon Pimpimol1*
1Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Sansai,

Chiang Mai, 50210, Thailand

2School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiangmai, 50290, Thailand
3Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiangmai

University 50200, Thailand

*corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The off-flavor or muddy flavor (geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, MIB) reduces the quality
of freshwater aquatic animal products. These compounds were produced by filamentous
cyanobacteria and actinomycetes in fish ponds and accumulated in water and sediment.
Biofloc aquaculture system (BAS) is currently one of the promising solutions to culture
tilapia because this system provided floc (solid fish waste and microorganism) as
supplementary feed for fish. This study aimed to investigate the geosmin and MIB levels in
commercial BAS ponds water and study the effect of C/N ratio on off flavor in tilapia flesh.
Water were collected from BAS farm and analyzed geosmin and MIB for 1 production crop
(5 months). Geosmin and MIB were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
(GC-MS). For flesh quality of tilapia, two treatments (9:1 C/N ratio, CN9 and 12:1 C/N
ratio, CN12 adjusted by molasses) with three replicates was designed. Biofloc was
established and 60 tilapia with initial size of 58 g were stocked in 2-tons experiment plastic
tanks. Fish were fed twice per day as satiation for 60 days. The survey result showed that
both geosmin and MIB in BAS commercial ponds water were detected in both culture water
and fish flesh and tended to increase when days of culture increase. In 2-tons experiment,
the level of geosmin in CN9 (0.3 µg/kg) was lower than that of CN12 (1.0 µg/kg). This
study revealed that BAS with CN9 was benefit solution due to higher in tilapia quality.

Keywords: Off-flavors, tilapia quality, biofloc aquaculture system, geosmin, MIB, CN ratio

Effect of Water Temperature for Shipping of Berried Female

Broodstock Macrobrachium Rosenbergii on Survival, Egg Removal,
and Hatching Rate
Krasindh Hangsapreurke1, Boonyarath Pratoomchat2,*
1Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiangmai

50290 Thailand
2Department of Aquatic Science, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131

Thailand
*corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
Berried female broodstocks (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) at heart beating stage of eggs at
size of 23±0.07 g and 12 ± 0.1 cm in total length were used.. The biomass of 2.4 kg per box
was shipped in 42.5 x 57.5 x 30 cm3 styrofoam box containing 24L of cleaned freshwater

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for 12 hours. The three levels of temperatures (28.5±0.5⁰C as Control, 25.5±0.5⁰C (T1) and
21.5±0.5⁰C (T2) with three replications were used for the experiment using Completely
Randomized Design. The shipping medium from each replication of treatments and control
was randomly sampled at the beginning and the end of experiment to examining dissolved
oxygen, total ammonia nitrite and pH. The mortality of broodstock and their healthy
considering from the fullness of carried egg and response, hatching period and hatching rate
were examined at the end of experiment. The results showed that the mortality rate of
broodstocks of T2 (2.60+0.41%) and T1 (8.96+2.09 %) were significantly lower than that of
control (24.89+4.96%) and previous both values were not significantly different. Percent
healthy berried female broodstocks of T2 (64.18±3.77%) and T1 (56.12±0.59%) were
significantly higher than that of control (39.43±2.44%) and previous both values were not
significantly different. Removal egg weight after shipping found that T2 (6.17+0.66 g) was
significantly lower than those of control (10.39+0.73 g) and T1 (9.91+0.82 g). Hatching
period and hatching rate of T2 (26.33+3.30 hrs, 90.68+0.34%) were significantly shorter
and higher than those of control (69.33+8.67 hrs, 39.67+2.61% and T1 (43.33+8.67 hrs,
72.89+3.42%), respectively. Decreasing of dissolved oxygen in control group (2.29+0.05
mg/l) was significantly higher than those of T1 (1.32+0.18 mg/l) and T2 (0.68+0.10 mg/l)
and value of T1 was also significantly higher than that of T2. Concentration of total
ammonia from all treatments increased but their increasing values were not significant
different. The increasing value of total nitrite in control (0.13+0.00 mg/l) showed
significantly higher than those of T1 (0.08+0.01 mg/l) and T2 (0.06+0.01 mg/l) and value of
T1 was also significantly higher than that of T2.

Keywords: Macrobrachium rosenbergii, shipment, broodstock, transfer problems.

Nutrient, Off-Flavor Substance Removal Performance and Microbial

Diversity Of Bioreactor Packed With Volcanic Rock Carrier And Water
Hyacinth In Aquaculture Pond System
Udomluk Sompong1*, Manisorn Panyada1, Niwooti Whangchai1, Mujalin Pholchan 2
1 Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Thailand.
4 Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Thailand.

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Biological filtration is one of the biological treatment processes in aquaculture treatment

systems. The bioreactor packed with volcanic rock and aquatic plant (Water hyacinth) was
applied in the wastewater treatment in the aquaculture pond. Fifteen percent of Water
hyacinth with 15% of the bioreactor (WH15%, RA15%) had the highest efficiency in the
reducing ammonia-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N, phosphate-P, total phosphorus, COD and
chlorophyll- a content; the reduced efficiency was 92.56 ± 2.45, 66.12 ± 5.36, 95.98 ± 0.27,
87.03 ± 0.94, 88.23 ± 0.10, 77.92 ± 0.62, 91.75 ± 1.54 %, respectively after installed
system in the aquaculture ponds. Off-flavor compounds (geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol
(MIB)) can reduce the palatability of freshwater fish produced in aquaculture systems. After
30 days, WH15%, RA5% showed the most efficiency in reducing geosmin and MIB in the
water (98.48 and 94.41%) as analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS)
via headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The next-generation sequencing
(NGS) targeting the hypervariable regions of the gene that encodes 16S rRNA was applied

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to exploring microbial diversity and microbial community composition. We found that the
overall system performance and the diversity of the reactors' microbial communities were
affected by the loading of reactors and water hyacinth. Overall diversity in water, volcanic
rock and water hyacinth samples were found Firmicutes followed by Proteobacteria were
the most dominant phyla in water samples. The nitrifying bacteria; Sphingomonadales,
Nitrospirales and Nitrosomonadales, were found in water from bioreactor experiments.
Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria that produce geosmin and MIB were reduced in all
samples except water from the control group (no bioreactor). The bioreactor made from
volcanic rock and Water Hyacinth was effective in wastewater treatment and were
environmentally friendly, and the utilization of invasive plants can assist their sustainable
management in treating wastewater.

Keywords: Bioreactor, Water hyacinth, Next-generation sequencing, off-flavor, Wastewater

treatment.

Application of Chicken Manure Powder for Increasing Productivity of

Lanchester’s Freshwater Prawn
Buncha Tongmee1, Nattakarn Mukdajaturaphak1 and Siriporn Tola2
1Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Maejo University, Chiangmai,

Thailand. 50290 Thailand 2Innovative Agricultural Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture,

Chiang Mai University, 50200 Thailand
*corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The objective of the research was to study some techniques to increase productivity of
Lanchester’s freshwater prawn in earthen ponds. The experiment using completely
randomized design was conducted for about 2 months during April to June 2007. In six
Nattearthen ponds different amounts of chicken manure were applied to produce different
amounts of phytoplankton (green algae). The first pond was controlled (no chicken manure
applied).The 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th ponds were applied with chicken manure in 30, 60,
90, 120 and 150 kilograms/rai/week, respectively. The prawns were fed twice daily with
five (5) percent of total body weight using 40 percent protein diet. The results of the study
showed that feeding with different density of phytoplankton (green algae) affected the
productivity of Lanchester's freshwater prawn significantly (P<0.05). The highest
productivity of Lanchester's freshwater prawn was 566.30 ±4.88 grams from the pond
applied with chicken manure of 120 kilograms/rai/week. The productivity of Lanchester’s
freshwater prawn applied with 90, 30, 60, 150 and 0 kilograms/rai/week of chicken manure
were 416.53 ± 9.89, 295.43 ± 5.46, 281.13 ± 4.63, 275.39±4.78 and 265.86 ±4.79 grams,
respectively. In conclusion, the effect of different densities of phytoplankton (green algae)
was on increasing the productivity of Lanchester's freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium
lanchesteri).

Keywords: chicken manure, productivity, Lanchester's freshwater prawn, Green water.

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A review on the prospects of Electric Vehicles to improve the dynamics of

Renewable Energy rich Power System
Aneesh Rajendran1,2*, Sarath Krishnan1,2, Hany S F1, Guruprasad A1, Harikumar R1
1Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram, India
2Energy Management Centre, Kerala, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Energy is one of the key requirements for development of industrial and commercial sectors
in the country. With the increased demand of energy and faster depletion of conventional
energy sources like petroleum extracts, the alternative solutions to retain the reserves are
increasing Energy Efficiency and integration of renewable energy sources. World action
plans with respect to CO2 mitigation and climate change has a remarkable action in cutting
down of coal and gas based conventional power generation. For a sustainable development,
the penetration of renewable energy sources to the power grid has a commendable increase
in the past five years and will continue as such. With the increased tying of renewable
energy sources such as solar and wind has resulted in attachment of more power converters
to the power system leading to power system stability issues. Frequency instability
including larger ROCOF and reduction of system inertia are addressed. The Battery Energy
Storage System (BESS) seems to be a feasible solution. Also the most economical option to
realize BESS would be to consider the batteries attached to Hybrid solar PV systems tied to
grid and also the batteries attached to Plug in Electric Vehicles (PEV). The battery state of
charge (SOC) balances the load curve as and when required ensuring minimized ROCOF
leading to a reliable and stable power system with higher share of renewable energy.

Keywords: Renewable energy, Battery energy storage, Frequency stability, Electric

vehicles.

Biodiesel production from equivalent blend of waste animal fat and

Mimusops elengi oil as heterogeneous feedstock
Gokul Raghavendra Srinivasan1, Vijayalakshmi Shankar1, Anand Mohanam2,
Ranjitha Jambulingam1,*
1CO Research and Green Technologies Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore
2
2
Department of Science and Humanities, Kingston Engineering College, Vellore, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

This paper deals with production of biodiesel from waste animal fat (WAF) blended with
m.elengi oil (MEO) (in equivalent blend) as heterogeneous feedstock (WAF-MEO Blend)
by means of methanol based transesterification. Waste animal fat was rendered from the
discarded wastes of tanneries and animal slaughter houses whereas oil was extracted from
seed kernels of Mimusops elengi. Oleic acid and methyl oleate were identified as dominant
fatty acid and fatty acid ester in WAF-MEO blend and its biodiesel respectively. The
reaction parameters were optimised and highest yield was obtained for optimum condition
of: molar ratio- 1:6 (WAF-MEO blend: methanol), reaction time-120 minutes and reaction
temperature-60oC; whereas catalyst concentration varied accordingly depending upon the

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type of catalyst used for reaction. In addition, the characterization of the synthesized
catalysts-HCA immobilized AuNPS AMINE grafted SBA-15 and L-valine amido ethyl
methyl imidazolium bromide were done based on its spectral data and XRD paterns. The
properties of WAF-MEO biodiesel were determined as per ASTM standards and were found
to be well with the permissible range.

Keywords: Waste animal fat, Mimusops elengi oil, Heterogeneous feedstock, [L-
Vaemim]Br, Methyl Oleate.

Nanofluids Effect on Performance of Solar Flat Plate Collector

Dr. Chirra.Kesava Reddy1, Dr. Ch.Indira Priyadarsini2, Dr. T. Ratna Reddy2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Newtons Institute of Science & Tehnology,
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology,

Hyderabad, Telangana, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Solar flat plate collectors are devices used to trap solar thermal energy and use it for heating
applications like water heating, room heating and other industrial applications. Flat plate
collectors are popular for low and medium heating applications and there are undergoing
constant development in terms of size reduction and enhanced efficiency. This report
presents an overview on the different techniques that are employed to enhance the efficiency
of flat plate collectors. Effect of different Nanofluids used in combination with water as a
heat transfer fluid increases the efficiency of the solar flat plate collector. The outlet
temperature is maximum when ZnO is added to water when compared to other nanoparticle
like CuO and with water. A numerical simulation of control volume method has been used
to study the heat transfer and the results obtained after simulation are used in the calculation
of efficiencies. The addition of Nanoparticles to water in the volume fraction of 2% shown
the best result.

Keywords: Nanofluids, Zno,Cuo, LMTD, CFD.

Biodiesel Production from the seeds of Caryota Urens using a novel

heterogeneous catalysts
Shalini. P, Vijayalakshmi Shankar, Ranjitha Jambulingam*
CO2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology,
Vellore, India
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Biodiesel production from non-edible plants can compete economically with petroleum
diesel fuels as a future prospective fuel. The present paper is focused on the biodiesel
production from caryota urens using a heterogeneous catalyst CaO derived from white
bivalve clam shell. Initially, bio-oil was extracted from the non-edible seed Caryota urens
by soxhlet extractor using hexane as an organic solvent and then the bio-oil was analyzed

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for their moisture content, pH, specific gravity, density, viscosity, saponification value,
refractive index, peroxide value, acid number, free fatty acid and iodine value. The extracted
bio-oil was analyzed using GC-MS and five different fatty acids were identified. The bio-oil
was converted into biodiesel using CaO white bivalve clam shell catalyst and the biodiesel
yield was calculated as 82%.

Keywords: Caryota urens Linn, Physicochemical Analysis, Bio-diesel, Base catalyst.

Smart Hybrid E-Bike

Naveen Varghese V.1,*, Dr. Sreenivas Parameswaran2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Model Engineering College, Thrikkakara, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

In the current scenario, a hybrid e-bicycle system will help to solve the major problems of
fuel and pollution. There is no doubt that the emission of carbon dioxide from automobile
exhaust is a concern for the increasing rate of global warming. Use of the hybrid-electric
mode of transportation can reduce CO2 emissions and fuel costs. The fuel prices in India and
around the world are increasing day by day thus there is a tremendous need to search for an
alternative to conserve these natural resources. The concept of solar bicycles will be very
useful in India because India has been blessed with nine months of sunny climate. The
hybrid bicycle is driven by a DC motor fitted in front or rear axle housing & operated by
solar energy. The solar panels mounted on the carriage will charge the battery and drive the
bicycle and also the rotation of the wheel drives the shaft of the dc motor/generator which
produces an output voltage, which charges the battery thus increasing the mileage of the
hybrid electric bike. Thus a hybrid bicycle is an electric vehicle that provides an alternative
source of power by utilizing solar energy and a DC motor/generator attached to the rear
wheel of the bicycle to absorb the power generated. The hybrid bicycle contribute to energy
saving and reduced CO2 emissions, therefore is a model for sustainable mode of urban
transportation.

Keywords: Hybrid bicycle, Global warming, Sustainable energy.

A Study on the Fuel characteristics of Ethanol and Waste Engine Oil

Pyrolytic oil blends
Nivedita Patel and Krushna Prasad Shadangi*
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Odisha, India
*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

This study shows the application of pyrolytic oil derived from Waste Engine oil (WEOPO)
as an alternative fuel by blending with Ethanol. For this, the effect of blending of ethanol at
5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, 25 % and 30 % on the fuel properties and compositions were
analyzed. The optimum blending condition was established based on their higher heating
value. The pyrolytic oil used for this study was produced at 550oC which was the optimim

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pyrolytic temperature. A comparison study of the blended oil was done with commercial
available gasoline to observe the similarly in their fuel properties and composition. The
study confirmed that ethanol can be blended with WEOPO at 20% by volume to obtain a
fuel of higher heating value about 44.24 MJ/kg that can be used as fuel. Since, WEOPO
contains 65.80% of C4-C12 (gasoline range) hydrocarbon compounds and rest 31.48 %
C11–C15, 11.84 % C15-C19 and 6.94 % >C19 compounds it can be used as a future fuel.

Keywords: Waste engine oil, Pyrolysis, Ethanol, Blending, FTIR, GC-MS.

UV-Visible mediated CO2 fixation to synthesize alpha-amino acids

Shobana R., Ranjitha J.*
CO2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-14
* Corresponding author email; [email protected]
Abstract

Light-mediated transformations with CO2 have recently attracted great attention, with the
focus on CO2 incorporation into C-C double and triple bonds, organo-halides and amines.
Herein is demonstrated uv-visible light-mediated imine reactivity capable of engaging
CO2 to afford α-amino acid derivatives. By employing benzophenone ketimine derivatives,
CO2 fixation by hydrocarboxylation of C=N double bonds is achieved. Good to excellent
yields of a broad range of α-amino acid derivatives are obtained under mild conditions (RT,
atmospheric pressure of CO2, visible light).

Keywords: CO2 fixation, alpha-amino acids, light-mediated reaction

Hybrid Power Generation by Solar Tracking and Vertical

Axis Wind Turbine
N. B. V. Lakshmi Kumari*, Mohammed Abdul Noor, Abdul Muqtadir
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Muffakham Jah College of Engg& Tech, TS, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. In the present world energy scenario,
renewable energy sources find a huge demand over the conventional type. As the fossil
fuels are getting exhausted, depending on the renewable energy sources is the most viable
solution to fulfil the necessary energy requirements. Solar, wind, ocean and geothermal are
a few examples of renewable energy sources. Amongst them, solar energy and wind energy
sources are best suited for the rural as well as urban applications around the globe. The
application of these renewable energy sources is best suited for the electricity or the power
generation. In 2019, around 11% of global primary energy produced came from renewable
technologies. The most sources around the globe use both solar and wind energy. In the
present work, a Hybrid Power Generation employing Solar Tracking and Vertical Axis
Wind Turbine is designed and fabricated and subsequently the performance of the system is
also measured.

Keywords: Renewable energy, Solar energy, Wind Energy, Power

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Smart Wireless Water Quality Monitoring System

Naveen Varghese V.1,*, Dr. Sreenivas Parameswaran2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Model Engineering College, Thrikkakara, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The traditional methodology of water monitoring requires collecting data from various
sources manually. Afterward, samples will be sent to the laboratory for testing and analysis.
To save time consumption and decrease manual effort, the conventional method can be
replaced with our prototype. The proposed prototype can detect the pollution range of water
and inform the authorized persons through mobile phones. Furthermore, if the water
contamination range is above or below a safe range it will blow alarm using a buzzer
connected to the arduino uno board. If the prototype is installed in the water tank, when the
tank is empty it will blow an alarm and alert the user. The current investigation aims to
develop a wireless water quality monitoring system that aids in continuous measurements of
water conditions based on pH and turbidity measurements. These pH and turbidity sensors
are connected to the microprocessor and transmitted to the database by using a bluetooth
module (HC-05). The developed system successfully detect both the pH and turbidity values
hence update in a mobile phone using a mobile app called Bluetooth Collector. The pH scale
range from 0-14 with a neutral point of 7. For drinking purposes, pH should be in the range
of 6-8.5. Turbidity is the measure of the cloudiness of the water. Due to the presence of
suspended particles in water loses its transparency. If the turbidity value higher, the chance
for the risk of diarrhoea and cholera has been more. Also, we can implement the prototype
in the hydroponics plant cultivation system for sensing the pH of nutrient solution and
subsequently controlling it. Micro-nutrients are abundant in lower pH. The optimal pH
range of hydroponic solution is between 5.8 to 6.3. When the pH level is below the 5.5
range it will adversely affect plants. Using our prototype, real-time pH values of nutrient
solution is monitored and updated on the mobile app. Overall, the developed system offers
fast and easy monitoring of pH and turbidity levels with a mobile application for continuous
maintenance.

Keywords: pH sensor, Turbidity sensor, Bluetooth module (HC-05).

Research on Electric Vehicle Based on Printed Circuit Board Motor

Deepu. S. R.
Senior Electrical Engineer, INKEL, Kerala
Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

This paper proposes a printed circuit board motor for electric vehicle. This paper designs a
Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Modular Neural Network (MNN) to monitor the
function of the motor and to predict the battery level and speed of the motor. The driving
range of the vehicle is increased by connecting Printed Circuit Boards to the motor. The
prediction accuracy is improved by using this algorithm since it can effectively deal with
massive data. It can improve prediction accuracy compared with other deep learning
algorithms.

Keywords: Electrical vehicle, Modular neural network, Battery.

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Current Control of Brushless DC Motor for Electric Vehicle:

A Comparative Study
Neethu U.
Mohandas College of Engineering & Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

This paper proposes a current controlled modulation technique for brushless dc motors for
electric vehicle. Only one controller is used for the three phases and is based on quasi-
square current control technique. In order to improve the performance of the BLDC drive
system, controller is upgraded from PI to PID. Subsrquently, a fuzzy logic based current
controller is developed which further improves the performance of the system. Based on this
study, it is revealed that fuzzy logic based controller is better than all other controllers since
tuning is not required.

Keywords: Electric vehicle, DC motor, Fuzzy logic.

Design and Development of Smart Solar Grass Cutter with Lawn

Coverage
Vinaya Ranade, Chaitra Mahindrakar, Ruchira Nabar, Rakesh Borase, Sushant
Pawar
Department of Instrumentation Engineering, Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

In this paper new design scheme for smart solar grass cutter with lawn coverage has been
proposed. The smart solar grass cutter is a fully automated solar powered robotic grass
cutting vehicle, which also prevents obstacles and is capable of fully automatic grass cutting
without the need for any human interaction. 6V batteries is used to power vehicle movement
and grass cutter motors. A solar panel is used to charge the battery so that there is no need of
external charging. A 8051 Microcontroller controls the the motors for vehicle navigation
and grass cutting function. The design also incorporates an ultrasonic sensor to detect
objects. On no obstacle detection, the microcontroller drives the vehicle in the forward
direction. When an obstacle is detected by the ultrasonic sensor, the microcontroller stops
the vehicle to avert collision and makes a turn until it gets a clear, unobstructed view then
moves in the forward direction again.

Keywords: Ultrasonic sensor, Solar panel, 8051 Microcontroller

Energy Conservation: A case study at KIIT, Bhubaneshwar

Arjyadhara Pradhan, Babita Panda, Chitralekha Jena,
Srikanta Mohapatra, Lipika Nanda, Soubhagya Ranjan Prusty
School of Electrical Engg., Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneshwar, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

With the rising population and increasing energy demand, consumption of energy is
increasing day by day. While from generation point of view as of today, we are depending

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mostly on coal powered power plants. But then again energy extraction from fossil fuels
will be depleted if some other alternate ways are not found out. Non-conventional energy
can provide a solution to it but the amount of energy extraction is less hence on this context,
energy conservation is the need of the time. It is a measure to reduce, reuse and change our
consumption pattern such that bulk energy usage can be sustained without going to energy
crisis situation. The conservation scheme aims to reduce greenhouse emissions and saves
our energy bills. Hence energy efficient systems are beneficial to both mankind and
environment. This paper is aimed to present the energy saving calculations for different
energy conservation projects in KIIT, Deemed to be University. In this case study two
consecutive years and the difference in the amount of energy consumed and energy saved in
terms of money is clearly indicated. Adopting various energy conservation methods, KIIT
has saved 15.32 lakh kilowatt hour of energy.

Keywords: Energy conservation, fossil fuels, emissions.

Thermodynamic Analysis of Single Slope Solar Still Using Graphite Plates

and Block Magnets at Seasonal Climatic Conditions
R. Dhivagar1,*, M. Mohanraj2, Praveen Raj3, Radha Krishna Gopidesi4
1QIS College of Engineering and Technology, Ongole 523272, India
2Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641032, India
3
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur 679531, India
4Vignan’s Lara Institute of Technology and Science, Vadlamudi 522213, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

In this experimental work, the thermodynamic (energy and exergy) performance of a single
slope solar still using graphite plates and block magnets (GPBMSS) were investigated
during summer and winter climatic conditions in Coimbatore (latitude: 11°01'68"N and
longitude: 76°95'58"E), in the year 2019. The outcomes observed in GPBMSS was
compared with conventional solar still (CSS) under the same climatic conditions. It was
observed that, the hourly productivity of GPBMSS was 18.3% and 21% higher in summer
and winter days, respectively when compared to CSS. The cumulative productivity of
GPBMSS was found to be about 3.93 kg/m2 and 3.56 kg/m2 respectively, for 12h
observations during summer and winter days. In addition, the energy and exergy
performance of GPBMSS was substantially improved by 21.4% and 18.1% when compared
to CSS during summer days. Similarly, the energy and exergy performance of GPBMSS
was increased by 23% and 19% than CSS in winter days. The maximum exergy destruction
was involved in the basin of GPBMSS and observed that, the heat storage ability of the
graphite plate and water magnetization were greatly decreased the exergy destructions.
Finally, the water quality analysis proved that, the distillate collected from the both
GPBMSS and CSS satisfiy the requirements recommended by Bureau of Indian Standards.

Keywords: Solar still, Thermodynamic analysis, Energy and exergy, Graphite plates, Block
magnets, Heat storage.

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Contribution of CO2 (Aircraft Emissions) in Upper Troposphere to

Global Warming
R. Karthik1,*, Dr. R. Srinivasa Rao2,
1 Student,
Mechanical Engineering, NIT, Warangal, Telangana, India
2 Rekhapalli Environmental Solutions and Technologies Pvt Ltd, Seethampeta, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Air Pollution is a major threat at the dawn of 21st century. Greenhouse gases are shaping the
blue earth, and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the major contributor among them. CO2
distribution varies from altitude to altitude. CO2 emissions from the ground level is said to
be part of the carbon cycle and theoretically is being ‘balanced out’ as per the carbon cycle
process, but the global mean air temperature continues to rise. At the current rate of
warming 0.2C per decade, global warming will reach 1.5C between 2030 and 2052. The
disruption of the natural carbon cycle gets aggravated with the increase in number of
aircrafts in operation. In this work, the role CO2 emissions from aircrafts play in global
warming is described along with the study of the spectroscopy of CO2 at different
temperatures. This paper hypothesizes the contribution of CO2 from aircrafts in upper
troposphere. The practical evidences are yet to be proved.

Keywords: Air Pollution, Global Mean Temperature, Upper troposphere, Carbon cycle,
Global warming, Spectroscopy.

Feasibility study of Coconut Testa biodiesel as diesel engine fuel

Muhammed Niyas M, A. Shaija
Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Calicut,
Kozhikode, Kerala, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Biodiesel derived from coconut oil has been found to be the best suited as an alternative fuel
for diesel engine. However, its higher cost is the big barrier for commercializing
itsproduction. Coconut Testa is a byproduct of coconut processing industries which is
thrown away usually. In this paper Coconut Testa oil, which is a waste feedstock, is used to
produce biodiesel and subsequently for engine testing. Methanol and KOH were used for
transesterification process for the biodiesel production. Properties like density, kinematic
viscosity, calorific value, flash point, fire point, cloud point, pour point, and carbon residue
were determined and compared with that of diesel and found to be comparable. Engine
performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of B20 (20% biodiesel + 80%
Diesel) blends were also compared with that of pure diesel operation. Lower brake thermal
efficiency, higher brake specific fuel consumption, lower emissions like carbon monoxide,
unburned hydrocarbon, smoke, and oxides of nitrogen were observed with blended fuel
when compared to pure diesel operation.

Keywords: Biodiesel, Engine, Coconut Testa, Emissions.

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A Green Process for Producing Biodiesel from Chicken Skin and Its
Feather as a Cost-Effective Feedstock
Wafa Juma AlHasani, Lakkimsetty Nageswara Rao, Motilal Lakavat and G.Kavitha*
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, National
University of Science and Technology, Sultanate of Oman
*Department of Chemical Engineering, RVR and JC College of Engineering, Guntur, India
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

Rapid industrialization and global population have increased the demand for fossil fuel. This
have resulted in the depletion of non-renewable energy sources and threfore for sustainable
development there is a need for the development ecofriendly alternative to the fossil fuels.
Therefore, the present research study is targeted to introduce a clean, eco-friendly, cost-
effective, and green technology for the production of biodiesel which considered as the
potential and favorable alternative solution for fossil fuels. Biodiesel was produced through
oil extracted from chicken skin and its feather by the alkaline trans-esterification process.
Various parameters were considered to demonstrate their potential and influence in the
conversion of extracted oil into biodiesel such as the molar ratio of methanol/oil, stirring
rate, amount of catalyst, reaction time, and reaction temperature. The properties of the
biodiesel (B100) such as acid value, moisture content, kinematic viscosity, pH, density,
carbon residue, flash point, pour point, and cloud point of the biodiesel (B100) were
determined. Standard diesel fuel blended with 20% of biodiesel (B20) were investigated to
for its conformance with ASTM D6751. The results revealed that B20 provided better fuel
characteristics due to workability and reduced the level of gas emissions. Moreover, the
compositions of fatty acid methyl esters for B100 and B20 were analyzed and various
critical parameters such as saponification value, iodine value, and cetane number were
associated with the composition of methyl ester. The results showed that the cetane number
was a function of the long length of the fatty acid chain. The cost estimated based on the
process design of a stirred batch reactor showed that biodiesel was economically feasible
and cost-effective.

Key words: Biodiesel, Alkaline Trans-esterification, catalyst, Energy, Batch Reactor.

Comparative Analysis on Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil

by using Transesterification and Microwave Methods.
Ahoud AL Mukhaini1,*, Motilal Lakavat1, Nageswara Rao Lakkimsetty1,
Sunam Gandi2
1Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering. National

University of Science & Technology, Sultanate of Oman.

2Department of Applied Sciences, National Institute of Technology Goa, India.
* Corresponding author E-email: [email protected]

Abstract

Biodiesel is a combustible fuel that is biodegradable and made from vegetable oil or animal
fat. It is desirable as an alternative to petroleum fuel because it uses renewable resources that
are less damaging to the environment to produce and emit less harmful greenhouse gases

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when burnt as fuel. Biodiesel fuel can be used in any vehicle with a compression ignition
engine that can take regular diesel fuel. This work aim to provide a comparative study for
producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) by using transesterification and
microwave methods. In addition, this paper describes the conceptual design of a production
process in which waste cooking oil is converted via supercritical transesterification with
methanol to methyl esters (biodiesel). Furthermore, many experiments were carried out to
study the possibility of converting waste cooking oils to produces biodiesel. The viscosity of
the biodiesel ethyl ester by using the microwave method was found to be 6.81 mm2/sec,
while it was measured 40.85 mm2/sec in room temperature at 40°C of waste cooking oil and
by using transesterification method it was equal to 4.95 mm2/sec. From the tests, the
flashpoint of the biodiesel ethyl ester by using the microwave method, waste cooking oil,
and biodiesel ethyl ester by using transesterification method respectively was found to be
145, 340 °C and 150 °C. In addition, the density of the biodiesel ethyl ester by using the
microwave method, waste cooking oil, and biodiesel ethyl ester by using the
transesterification method was found to be 850, 974, and 897.2 kg /m3. Finally, the specific
gravity of the biodiesel ethyl ester by using the microwave method, waste cooking oil, and
biodiesel ethyl ester by using the transesterification method was determined 0.880, 0.888,
and 0.862.

Keywords: Biodiesel, Waste Cooking Oil, Trans-esterification Method, Microwave

Method.

Solar Photocatalytic Treatment of Oil Produced Water Using

Zinc Oxide Photocatalyst
Suman Gandi1,*, Nageswara Rao Lakkimsetty2, Motilal Lakavat2
1Department of Applied Sciences, National Institute of Technology Goa, India
2Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, National

University of Science and Technology, Sultanate of Oman

*Corresponding author Email: [email protected]
Abstract

The research study is based on photocatalytic technologies coupled with nano chemical for
the treatment of the oil produced water. Use of solar energy in oil produced water treatment
is the best choice because of the abundance of year-round solar radiation in the Sultanate of
Oman. In recent years, the photocatalytic process has shown that semiconductors have great
potential as a low-cost, environmentally friendly and sustainable treatment technology.
Heterogeneous photocatalysis has been successfully used to destruct bacteria, viruses,
decompose organic matter, irrigate trees and find several applications in factories and
petroleum industry. In this present research, zinc oxide is used as a photocatalyst because of
its high photocatalytic activity, photo-stability, broad bandgap, and less toxic nature. In this
present paper, the photocatalytic method to degrade organic pollutants in oil produced water
was investigated. As per the outcome of experimental study, it was observed that ZnO was
used as a potential catalyst in treating wastewater. The performance of the ZnO was studied
by different parameters such as pH, TDS, conductivity, salinity, DO, TOC and COD. The
results shows that TOC decreases in the first three hours which is considered as optimum
reaction time. Also, COD and turbidity decreasees within five hours of exposure under solar
radiation.

Keywords: Oil produced water, Treatment technology, Photocatalyst, ZnO and TOC

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Effect of Shape of Vortex Generator and Reynolds Number on Heat

Transfer in an Inclined Channel for Cooling of Electronic Chips
Jaideep Shukla*, Prashant Kumar Jangde
Department Of Mechanical Engineering, School Of Studies Engineering and Technology,
Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur India
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

This research work is a computational study of the effect of shape of vortex generator and
variation of Nusselt number in case of laminar, two dimensional and steady state fluid flow
having mixed convection heat transfer in an inclined channel fitted with a vortex generator
at different positions applicable for cooling of electronic chips. The computational analysis
is performed with three shapes of vortex generator i.e. in triangular, square and circular with
different position of vortex generator in X and Y coordinates. Moreover the investigation is
performed for a value of Reynolds number equal to 250, 500 and 750, taking into
consideration all are in the laminar zone at the beginning of the channel keeping the same
flow situations. Different contours of temperature, velocity profiles and variation of Nusselt
number is plotted and analyzed for the process. After the analysis it is found that there is a
significant increase in the Nusselt number and hence the heat transfer rate due to the
installation of vortex generator. Positive result shows in all three types of vortex generator,
but the enhancement in heat transfer rate is found better in Square shape of vortex generator
i.e. 8.72% as compare to triangular and 4.69% as compare to circular shape of vortex
generator for small range (Re 250) of Reynolds number and 1.04% as compared to
triangular and 4.99% as compared to circular shape of vortex generator for medium range
(Re 500) of Reynolds number and for higher range (Re 750) of Reynolds number the better
results were observed in triangular shape of vortex generator i.e. 2.60% as compared to
square and 8.08% as compared to circular shape of vortex generator. The simulation has
been carried out for the above mentioned case using ANSYS 16.0 by Semi-Implicit Method
for Pressure Linked Equations (SIMPLE).

Keywords: Electronic chip cooling, Vortex generator, Thermal fluid analysis.

Fuzzy Logic and its Recent Applications on Welding Problems

Shyamjith korambeth*, Jose M. J.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering Kannur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Welding is one of the chief manufacturing processes used for the fabrication of engineering
components since it has high efficiency and low cost. However, factors like welding current,
voltage and speed etc. influence the process significantly. The quality of weld joints
depends on many factors including the stability of the arc. The literature survey deals with
the applications of fuzzy logic as a promising tool in welding problems. Fuzzy logic has
been proved to be a powerful tool to control welding system. It is one of the important
artificial intelligence tools employed to handle the idea of partial truth. It gives us the
flexibility in reasoning where we cannot determine whether the state is true or false.

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Mathematical logic can be applied to welding problem in a manner very close to human
thinking and inference process. Hence we can bring the experience of an expert welder to an
extent. Previous literatures give an idea of various welding problems, existing solutions and
limitations. This work provides a review of how fuzzy logic has been applied to problems
associated with welding while discussing its potential for future work.

Keywords: Fuzzy logic, Welding system, Artificial intelligence tools.

Biomass Briquetting towards Meeting the Energy Demand of J&K State

R. Khursheed*, M. A. Rather
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Hazratbal,
Srinagar- Kashmir, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) lies towards the northern most region of India. As per census of
2001-2011 an increase of about 23.71% in population took place, enhancing the overall
energy demand. As per the same census only 64% of the total energy demand was met.
Kashmir region particularly has been facing acute shortage of electricity particularly during
the winters. Biomass existing in J&K state has a potential of generating about 1001 to 2000
MWe of energy. Briquetting technology can serve as one of the effective ways of exploiting
this potential. Briquetting is the technology of compaction and densification of biomass
particles. Briquettes of density 1.2 g/cm3 can be formed from loose biomass of bulk density
0.1 to 0.2g/cm3. The briquettes of calorific value in the range of 15-20 MJ/kg can be
produced for use. More than 120 species of different aquatic weeds (macrophytes) exist in
the Dal Lake a world famous lake in Srinagar city. On an average about 100,000 cubic
meters of such weeds are removed from the lake without being put to any effective use till
date. Present paper investigates the potential of various Dal lake weeds for their use in
briquette making. Proximate analysis, ultimate analysis and calorific values of some
identified weeds have been carried out as per the standard ASTM procedures. The analysis
will be helpful in ascertaining their potential in a briquette making process.

Keywords: Energy demand, calorific value, briquetting.

Parametric Study of Tapered Fluidized Bed Reactor under Varied Taper

Angle Using TFM
Gokul Gopan*, Lalhmingsanga Hauchhum, Renjith Krishnan, Satyajit Pattanayak
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Mizoram,
Mizoram, Aizawl-796012, India
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

Gas solid fluidized bed application has gained popularity as an excellent contacting device
that have been widely used in thermo-chemical processes, drying application in food
processing industries etc. due to its favourable heat transfer characteristics. Most of the
outmoded fluidization activities reported is confined with columnar/cylindrical shaped bed
reactors. Conventionally, tapered/conical reactors are used for energy conversion which has

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substantial dynamic characteristics over the columnar reactors in terms of smooth, steady
operation with marginal pressure variation. This work focuses on the computational
modelling and simulation on the effect of different parameters viz; Particle size, Stagnant
bed height, Superficial velocity, Minimum fluidization velocity and Heat transfer
characteristics upon variation in the taper angle of Tapered Fluidized Bed Reactor (TFBR)
using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) solver FLUENT. The 2D domain has the axial
length of 1.2 m and bottom diameter of 0.15 m. Simulation results shows that the finer the
particle size, greater is the the heat transfer by conduction from bed to wall compared to
larger particles. The increase in particle suspension density, improves the heat transfer to the
membrane wall surface depending upon bed hydrodynamics. As the cross sectional area of
TFBR is more, the particle suspension density increases, which in turn increases the heat
transfer rate. The interphase heat transfer from solid-air is also observed to be maximum in
the reactor core section. The hydrodynamics simulations results obtained are compared with
experimental data stated in the published literatures.

Fig.1 Plot of Bed voidage Vs Suspension density, particle being sand of 500 μm
It was observed that as the fluidization progresses, the suspension density rate falls as the
voidage increases due to fluidization happening at different superficial velocities.

Keywords: Tapered Fluidized Bed Reactor (TFBR), Taper angle, Two-Fluid Model (TFM),
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

The Smart Grid as the Future of Electric Energy System

Mithulkiruthik K S, Karthick K, Kiritharan C
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Sathyamangalam, Erode, India
Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

The governments have recognized a requirement for updating the electric energy
transmission system and installingSmart Grids around the world for the better development.
The world is at the verge of a significant paradigm shift, with the venuesto implement fresh,
intelligent ways and means for producing, distributing, delivering, and consuming
electricity and in this regard implementation of smart grids is a viable solution. Smart
Gridsallow the integration of renewable and traditional energy sources to address global
climate change and permit active customer participation to support better energy
conservation. While the present electric system is based on a one-way flow of energy and
information from the sources to the end-users, the future Smart Grid will make available
multiple available paths (two-way flow) for the flow of electricity, and predominantly
information about that flow, all over the system. The Smart Grid involves the installation of

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much new, intelligent equipment at all critical generation, transmission, distribution, and
consumption points. This paper will provide a framework to implement the Smart Grid with
all its advantages as well as the limitations. The necessary steps to be carried out for the
implementation of the smart grid and the distribution investment, overall framework &
maintenance is also dealt with. The use of real-time data, combined with integrated system
modeling and powerful new analytic outfits and techniques, will make available the
exposure of precursors to failure to drive preventive maintenance and dynamic work
management systems.

Keywords: Smart grid, maintenance, multiple available paths, management system,

renewable energy resources, intelligent equipment.

Vibratory Welding and its Effects on Metallurgy of Welds

Abin Alias, Jose M.J
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Kannur, India
Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Welding is a significant process in manufacturing sector. It has been observed that welding
has not been providing the required joint quality, so essential alterations become necessary
in conventional welding process employed in engineering applications. Researches in
welding have proveed that vibration can improve the mechanical properties of welded
joints. Traditionally vibration in arc welding is applied either during or after the process but
in vibration assisted welding (VAW) or vibratory welding, vibration is done during the arc
welding. Though the process has a greater initial investment, it reduces the cost of heat
treatment processes, and even reduces the production lead time. VAW increases the strength
and fatigue life, endurance limit of the welded joints. Mostly, input parameters are vibration
amplitude, vibration frequency, welding speed, electrode angle etc. Output parameters
commonly used on the other hand are hardness and deposition rate. It can be seen that
welding process assisted by vibration improves the quality and strength welded joints.

We have made an attempt to classify the literature relating vibratory welding into harmonic,
synchronous, ultrasonic, random, torsional and longitudinal vibration. Most of the studies in
this methodology are in ultrasonic and longitudinal vibration. Other modes of vibrations are
equally important and need much more to be explored. Increase in vibration amplitude
creates harder, regular shape and least porous joint. High vibration frequency, low welding
speed and low electrode angle produces a harder and nonporous joint. These afore
mentioned level of each parameter can be employed to obtain better grain refinement and
strength properties. VAW minimizes the residual stresses and distortions moreover it
improves the mechanical properties like tensile strength, impact strength, hardness and
fatigue strength due to the microstructural changes.

Keywords: vibration assisted welding, friction stir welding, heat affected zone, ultrasonic
vibration, longitudinal vibration.

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Simulation and Optimization of Based Perovskite Solar

Cells by SCAPS 1-D
Dr. Sarita Baghel, Apra Sancerwal, Ikshvaku Shyam*
Department of Applied Physics, Delhi Technological University, INDIA
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

There has been a significant efficiency jump in Photovoltaic research of Perovskite Solar
Cells, which can be credited to Perovskite’s optoelectronic properties like tuneable band gap
and high absorption coefficient. Efficiency depends upon exciton generation, as it is a
product function, which in turn depends on the material i.e., a material with low band gap
will absorb the light in near IR range. Even though Perovskite materials have high
efficiency but they have stability issues in ambient conditions, plus metal-halide perovskite
like CH3NH3PbI3 is preferred but Lead (Pb) is a toxic element, hence it should be
substituted with safer elements like Bismuth or Silicon. In this study, several perovskite
materials have been considered and their solar cell parameters were found by numerical
simulation using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) software. Other than the
perovskite materials itself, the thickness of the materials and applied temperature have also
been varied to find optimum values of parameters. Finally, comparisons have been made to
determine the preferred perovskite material along with its optimum layer thickness.

Keywords: Perovskite Solar Cells, optoelectronic, absorption coefficient, efficiency,

CH3NH3PbI3, SCAPS-1D, layer thickness.

Preliminary Design and Hydrodynamic Analysis of Three-Legged Tension

Leg Platform with Wind Turbine
Nadir, C. M. Joy,
Department of Civil Engineering, TKM College of Engineering, Kollam, India
Corresponding author email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Tension Leg Platforms are compliant type of offshore wind platform used for oil exploration
and harvesting energy from the sea. This paper discusses about the preliminary design of a
three-legged tension leg platform supporting an offshore wind turbine and its performance
against hydrodynamic forces. Detailed literature review was carried out for arriving at the
design considerations and procedure for preliminary design. A suitable location was selected
along the east coast of India for assessing the performance of TLP on site. The wind turbine
selected for study is a 5MW wind turbine developed by NREL. The specifications of turbine
and the tower supporting the turbine at top are taken from the study published by NREL.
Once the preliminary design was completed, the three-legged TLP was modelled in ANSYS
using the ‘Designer modeler’ module and all the data were input. The structure was then
analyzed for its response to regular waves simulated by the ANSYS ‘Aqwa’ module. The
responses of the structure to different angles of wave and wind incidence is taken and
compared for performance.

Keywords: Tension Leg Platform, Offshore wind turbine, Offshore structures

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A Review on Solar Photovoltaic Systems and Its Application in

Electricity Generation
C. Soumya1,*, B. Deepanraj2 and J. Ranjitha3
1Department
of Mechatronics Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, Karala
3CO Research & Green Technologies Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN
2
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Energy demand has increased due to the development of industrialization and urbanization.
As a result, renewable energy sources satisfy the energy demand of human, social and
economic development, since fossil fuels are limited in natural resources and causing global
warming in the environment. In current scenarios, scientists worldwide focus on renewable
energy sources like solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydropower, etc. Consequently,
developing countries are run-down in conventional fossil fuel resources and import them
from other countries. A decentralized stand-alone solar system installed in rural areas is one
of the technically feasible resolutions to overcome the issues. Solar energy system offers
many merits in producing electricity since it has zero fuel cost and zero-emission of
greenhouse gas (GHG) - Carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Solar thermal energy is
used for drying, cooking, heating, and electricity generation in thermal systems. PV cells are
the preferred method for the production of electricity in the past decades. Choosing the
suitable photovoltaic cell for a specific application needs a proper understanding of their
basic mechanisms and functions. In this paper, we have reviewed the broad-minded
expansion of solar PV technologies from the first generation to current configurations.

Keywords: Solar Energy, Photovoltaic Systems, Electricity Generation.

Energy Saving Potential of Retrofits in Existing Building: A Case Study of

Composite Climate
Jasani Brijesh Kumar J., Gangadhara Kiran Kumar L.*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut,
Kozhikode, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Residential buildings will become the largest end-users of electricity in the country
contributing to 38% of the total electricity consumption by 2030 (IESS, NITI Aayog). India
is home of 1.5 billion people and will play a crucial role in the forthcoming period of the
global energy markets. In an existing building, retrofits have high energy saving potential at
a minimal cost. This paper aims at improving the energy performance of the existing
residential building with the use of energy retrofit solutions. A building from composite
climate was selected as a base model building. Several retrofits options like window
glazing, shading, cooling set-point temperature, building envelope and solar PV were
selected and applied on it-individually as well as in combination to check the effectiveness
of retrofits. Simulations were done in DesignBuilderTM software by using integrated design

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approach. Excel was used for further data visualization and analysis. Maximum energy
saving potential reached up to 22% in the present study. From the results, it is inferred that
cooling set-point temperature control, lighting control and building envelope have a good
potential of energy conservation in the existing residential buildings.

Keywords: Energy Efficient Building, Energy Efficient Retrofitting, Residential Building,

Design Builder.

Comparison of CFD Simulation and Experimental Study of a Counter

Flow Liquid Desiccant Dehumidifier
Amulya Y, M. Ijas Ahmed, Gangadhara Kiran Kumar L.*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Liquid desiccant dehumidification system is considered as one of the energy efficient

alternative technologies for handling latent loads compared to conventional vapour
compression systems. This paper presents the simulation study on the dehumidification
performance of a spray type counter flow liquid desiccant dehumidifier utilizing calcium
chloride (CaCl2) as liquid desiccant solution for dehumidifying the air. The simulation is
conducted on 3D unsteady multiphase model using ANSYS FLUENT software by varying
the air flow rate and the desiccant flow rate at a fixed temperature and concentration. The
effect of mass flow rate of air and desiccant solution on moisture transfer between air and
desiccant solution in the dehumidifier is studied. It is observed that increasing the desiccant
flow rate from 0.093kg/s to 0.115kg/s at constant air flow rate of 0.187kg/s the change in
specific humidity ratio is between 6.12g/kg of dry air to 7.35g/kg of dry air. When air flow
rate is increased from 0.187kg/s to 0.225kg/s with constant desiccant solution flow rate of
0.115kg/s the specific humidity ratio is observed to be decreased from 7.35g/kg of dry air to
5.78g/kg of dry air. Comparative study has been carried out based on the results obtained
from both the simulation and experimentation.

Keywords: Liquid desiccant dehumidifier, dehumidification, moisture transfer, counter flow

Energy Audit-Way of Energy Conservation

Pratibha Patil1,*, Nitin Banegaon2
1Department of Electrical Engineering, TSSM’s BSCOE, Pune India
2Department of Electrical Engineering, TSSM’s BSCOE, Pune India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Energy audit is an important factor that enables the energy management programme of any
firm for controlling its energy costs. The Scenario of energy storage is compelling the
adoption of energy conservation measure that describes the less energy for same level of
activity. Energy audit basically controls the energy cost and increase the energy efficiency.
Energy audit in business practice is gaining continuous attention due to its vital role. This
paper presents our motives of improving the energy efficiency by practicing actual energy

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audit and finding how energy is being used in the facility. It also presents the ways of
identifying the potential issues within building envelope thereby implementing the energy
efficient technologies for lowering energy losses prominently with effective presentation of
existing building model and its suggestive measures.

Keywords: Energy Scenario, Efficient, Energy Management.

Artificial Neural Network and Its Recent Applications in

Welding Problems
Arunima Rajeev*, Jose M.J.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government College of Engineering,
Kannur, Kerala, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

In welding, two metals are joined together by the application of heat with pressure. Welding
can be done with or without filler rod. Welding technology is used in many industries.
Maximum strength can be achieved by using welding technologies. Welding can be used in
wide variety of material at any direction. Artificial neural network (ANN), usually simply
called neural network is used to obtain relationship between input and output welding
parameters. Artificial neural network is a powerful tool for solving high non-linear mapping
capability.The neural network act as a very useful tool by which input parameters and final
output parameters can be interrelated. The obtaining values are compared and optimized.
The neural network structure consist of an interconnected cluster of artificial neurons, and it
is very useful tool for develop models. This work intends to provide a review for how
artificial neural network has been applied to predict and optimize the welding parameters.

Keywords: Electron Beam Welding, Weld bead area, ANN

Effect of Temperature, Precursors concentration and Distance between

precursors on synthesis of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) using Chemical
vapor Deposition (CVD) technique.
Aparna1, Satakshi Pandey1, Bharti Singh1,2,*
1Nanomaterial Research Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Delhi Technological

University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi 110042, India

2Department of Applied Physics, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India

*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Two Dimensional layered materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides

(TMDCs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) have gained the attention of the scientific
community due to their potential application in the field of electronic and optoelectronic
devices. Various TMDCs that are semiconducting have been widely explored for electronic
devices due to their ultrahigh mobility and semiconducting properties. Several groups have
also investigated the enhanced optical properties of TMDCs in optoelectronic devices such

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as light-emitting diodes, phototransistors, and photovoltaics. The potential use of these

monolayer TMDCs is due to their high absorption coefficient and direct bandgap. Several
methods have been carried out for the synthesis of these TMDCs which include
hydrothermal process, mechanical exfoliation, liquid intercalation, and chemical vapor
deposition. The CVD technique has been most suitable for growing high-quality monolayer
TMDCs. In the present study, monolayer MoS2 has been grown using the CVD technique
where MoO3 and sulfur were used as the precursor. The results reveal that the growth
temperature, precursors concentration, and distance between precursors are parameters that
play a pivotal role in tuning the morphology and crystalline quality of MoS2 nanosheets. It
was observed that the temperature around 750֯C and the distance around 22 cm between the
precursors were optimum for the monolayer growth. The grown triangular flakes have been
characterized using Raman and Photoluminescence spectroscopy. Two characteristics peaks
E2g 1 and A1g were observed at 381.8 cm-1 and 401.5 cm-1, respectively, with a distance of
19 cm-1 indicating the monolayer nature. Further to check the ReRAM applications, transfer
of grown MoS2 on an ITO coated glass has been carried out with the standard PMMA
transfer process and I-V characteristics have been studied.

Keywords: Chemical Vapor Deposition, Molybdenum Disulfide, Grapheme.

Preliminary Experimental Investigations on an ultra-low head Hydro

turbine energised by Gravitational Water Vortex Flow
Anil Kumar G.*, Dr. Nanthagopal K.
SMEC, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Ever increasing energy demand coupled with diminishing fossil fuel reserves and their
detrimental effects on the environment and the species have urged the scientific community
to focus their attention towards the power generation from renewable energy resources. The
contributions from micro and pico-scale hydropower projects are significant in this regard.
Among the ultra-low head hydro turbines for decentralised and independent power
generation, the gravitational water vortex turbine has been a promising candidate due to its
lower capital cost, ease of installation, higher efficiency, lower maintenance requirements,
lower spatial requirement and environmental impact. Franz Zotloterer developed and
installed the first gravitational vortex hydropower plant at Obergrafendorf, Austria, by
making use of this relatively new turbine technology in 2006. The Gravitational Vortex
Turbine (GVT) extracts the energy from a gravity driven and artificially created water
vortex in a chamber, which runs the turbine. Many academic and other research studies have
been reported in recent years, which primarily aimed at improving the efficiency of this
hydropower generation system, employing single stage and multistage runners. The present
study relates to the application of cross flow type blades in the Gravitational Vortex Turbine
(GVT) runner, without obstructing the air core of the irrotational vortex generated in the
basin. Even though the efficiency achieved by employing the cross flow type of runner
blades with angle of deflection of 120 is around 50%, this type of blading will definitely
prove to be more efficient by exploiting the tangential velocity component of the vortex
flow fully, with optimum angle of deflection, dimensions and number of runner blades.
Higher values of the angle of deflection will ensure negative swirl component of velocity at

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the outlet of the runner blade, thereby increasing the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. This
is the preliminary experimental work towards the development of a suitable blading on the
runner, which can harness the maximum available energy of the vortex, resulting in an
efficient gravitational water vortex turbine with improved performance.

Keywords: Gravitational vortex turbine, Cross flow type blades, Ultra-low head power
generation

Numerical Investigation on the Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Jet

Impingement with the Aid of Vortex Generator
Akhiljith A.*, Vignesh V., Johaan Thanikkal Soni, Rahul R.
Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kerala, India
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]
Abstract

In Jet Impingement cooling system, the favourable performance is often degraded by the
cross-flow. For increasing the heat transfer rate of this cooling technique, the jet penetration
in cross-flow is increased. This is done using a delta winglet Vortex Generator Pair (VGP),
Which is installed in the upstream of cross-flow channel. Studies show that using VGP in
converging configuration promotes the jet penetration with the help of two longitudinal
vortices generated by VGP. Also the divergent configuration of VGP is analysed.
Parameters such as Spacing between VGP (L1), Angle of attack of VGP (α), and Spacing
between VGP and Jet inlet (L2) are varied to obtain optimum values for each parameters.
L1 is varied as 1d, 1.2d, 1.4d, α is varied as 30 ̊, 45 ̊, 60 ̊ and L2 as 3d, 4d, 5d where d is the
diameter of jet. Nusselt number on the target plate is analysed using FLUENT analysis.

Keywords: Heat Transfer, Jet Impingement, Vortex Generator.

Effect of Natural Convection on the Performance of

Nano-Enhanced Pv-PCM
Unnikrishnan K. S., B. Rohinikumar*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut,
Kozhikode, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Systems in which PV panel is coupled with phase change materials (PCMs) has attracted
broad attention for thermal management of the panel. Despite of the higher energy storage
capability of PCMs, the main disadvantage is its low thermal conductivity. Low thermal
conductivity of the PCM is compensated with the nano-enhanced PCMs (NEPCMs).
Numerical simulation of PV-NEPCM system is carried out to analyze the natural convection
phenomena inside NEPCM which is subjected to constant heat flux of 1000Wm2. The
convection patterns inside PV-NEPCM at inclinations of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60, 75° and 90°
are compared with simple PV-PCM. The temperature of PV and peak velocity of melted
PCM of PV-NEPCM are compared with PV-PCM system. The use of NEPCM increases the
conduction heat transfer, and decreases convection heat transfer because of the increased

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viscosity of melted PCM. It has also been shown that at lower inclinations, the use of
NEPCM is more effective due to the dominance of conduction heat transfer. The variation
of convection currents with volume fraction of nanomaterial is noted. Average peak velocity
of melted PCM is maximum for inclination angle of 90°.

Keywords: Photovoltaic, nano-enhanced PCM, Convection current.

Equilibrium Modelling Based Performance Prediction of

Sewage Sludge Gasification
Kolekar Aditya Suresh*, P. Sura, P. Arun, C. Muraleedharan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Sewage sludge, the semi-solid residue which is continuously generated in the water
treatment plant is a potential feedstock for gasification. Sewage sludge generation in urban
areas of India is around 61948 million liters per day (MLD). Usage of sewage sludge
directly as fertilizer or disposing in landfill increases the risk of contamination due to its
hazardous contents. Sewage sludge has a calorific value of 11.54 MJ/kg and fixed carbon of
6.35% by weight. The elemental composition and calorific value of sewage sludge make it
suitable for thermochemical conversion. Gasification is identified as a promising method to
extract energy (fuel gases) out of sewage sludge and further dispose it as non-hazardous
fertilizer. In the present study, the sewage sludge performance in the gasification process is
explored using an equilibrium modelling approach. The model developed is validated using
published experimental works. Modified equilibrium constants are used to minimize the
deviation of model-predicted values from experimental results. The equilibrium constants
are modified by multiplying it with a factor (ꞵ). The ꞵ value corresponds to a minimum
RMS error value of 5.32. Modeled results considering tar formation are compared with
experimental results. Using the validated model, the variation of syngas composition with
equivalence ratio (ER) is predicted.

Keywords: biomass, gasification, bioenergy, sewage sludge, bubbling fluidized bed.

Influence of Residence Time on Syngas Composition in CaO enhanced

Air-Steam Gasification of Biomass
S. Rupesh1, Jibin Mathew2, C. Muraleedharan3, P. Arun3
1Department
of Mechanical Engineering, PES College of Engineering,
Mandya 571401, Karnataka, India
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, MBCET, Trivandrum, India
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut,

Calicut 673601, Kerala, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The work deals with modelling and analysis of CaO enabled biomass gasification to analyse
the effect of steam to biomass ratio, sorbent addition and residence time on syngas
composition in MATLAB platform. Rate of homogenous and heterogenous gasification

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reactions and tar cracking reactions are incorporated in the model using Arrhenius reaction
kinetics. The developed model is validated for product gas composition with the
experimental results of air-steam gasification. An RMS error of 3.66 is reflected when the
model estimated syngas composition for air-steam gasification is compared with that of the
experimental results.

It is observed from the analysis that the increase in H2 concentration is not significant
beyond a steam to biomass ratio of unity, for gasification performed with and without
sorbent. It is also found that at a temperature 1000 K, equivalence ratio of 0.25 and steam to
biomass ratio of unity, H2 mole fraction has no appreciable increase beyond a sorbent to
biomass ratio of 1.

Keywords: Gasification, sorbent, kinetic modelling.

Investigations on the physico-chemical characteristics of Sapindus

Mukorossi: A potential feedstock for pyrolysis

L. Karunakarreddy*, P. Suraj, P. Arun and C. Muraleedharan

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut,
Kozhikode, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition process, in which biomass is processed in the absence

of oxygen to yield products such as biochar, pyrolytic oil and fuel gases.The present study
investigates the physico-chemical properties, pyrolysis behaviour and kinetics of Sapindus
Mukorossi (SM). The degradation of solid biomass into end products depends on the
reaction kinetics. Pyrolysis behaviour of SM is studied using thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA) in which the sample is heated at different heating rates (5, 10, 20 ℃/min) under inert
condition. The thermal degradation profile of TGA shows that the maximum degradation of
SM occurred in the temperature range of 200-500 ℃. Kinetic characteristics of SM is
estimated by adopting three model-free methods like Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS),
Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) and Friedman approaches. The average activation energy
determined using different models are 143 kJ mol-1, 145 kJ mol-1 and 158 kJ mol-1,
respectively. The frequency factor shows a wide range variation from 103 to 1015. The
variation in activation energy and frequency factor with progressing conversion indicates
the existence of complex reactions during the thermal degradation of SM. The biomass
degradation occurs by diffusion and nucleation mechanism when the conversion value is
between 0.2 and 0.6 and for conversion value in the range of 0.65-0.75 the degradation
occurs by nucleation mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters (like Gibbs free energy
change ΔG, enthalpy change ΔH and entropy change ΔS) are also determined by model-free
methods. The physico-chemical characteristics of SM are found to be comparable with that
of the commonly available biomasses, and it has a calorific value of 16.06 MJ/kg. Thus the
study also proves the feasibility of SM as a potential feedstock for pyrolysis process.

Keywords: Pyrolysis, TGA, Model-free method, Reaction mechanism.

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Design and analysis of gravity based dual-axis solar tracker

A. Sowndarya rani*, Dr. Rohinikumar. B, Dr. C. Muraleedharan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Calicut, Kozhikode, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

A novel gravity-based dual-axis solar tracker has been designed to increase the solar
irradiance on solar panel. This tracking mechanism eliminates the use of devices like
motors, microprocessors, sensors and operates without any electric supply. Tracker adopts
the solar panel of 430 mm × 665 mm × 35 mm as payload. The mechanism has been
designed in Creo parametric modeling software. The mechanism consists of rope, pulleys,
supporting stand, rotating stand, springs, and sand bucket as varying weights to rotate panel.
The mechanism's working was analyzed to find a variation in weights to rotate the panel
from dawn to dusk. The rotating part for which the panel is attached is simulated in the
ANSYS workbench platform to find effective rotation hours. The data of altitude and
azimuth angles have been taken on January 17th for location Calicut (latitude 11.25⁰ N and
longitude 75.78⁰ E) for simulation. Based on the simulated results, eight hours of tracking
can be achieved using this mechanism.

Keywords: Dual-axis, Solar tracker, Solar irradiance, Tracking mechanism, Gravity

The Prediction of Methane Generation from the

Mixture of Fish Waste and Fresh Sewage Using Stoichiometries Equation
A. Suvalakshmi*, S. Anand Kumar Varma, S. Shyam Sundar
Department of Civil Engineering, E.G.S Pillay Engineering College,
Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

In order to reduce the environmental impact of an oceanic atmosphere caused due to the
improper disposal of both fish waste and sewage in a profitable utilising manner. Capturing
and manufacturing processes in fishing industry can generate a considerable amount of solid
waste that can be digested anaerobically. Similarly sewage produced faces difficulty in
disposing that can also be made to digest anaerobically. These bye-product wastes (mainly
head, bones, skin, viscera and sometimes whole fish) contain good amount of protein rich
material that are normally processed into low market-value products, such as animal feed,
fish meal and fertilizer. Fish waste proved to be a great source of protein (66% dry matter),
fat (19%) and minerals (12%). So fish waste have large amount of biodegradable matter
when compared to fresh sewage and threfore by adding higher amount of fish waste,it is
possible to generate higher methane emissions. The objectiveof the project is to
determinethe optimum methane gas emission from fish waste mixed with fresh sewage
using the anaerobic digestion by experimental methods and byand for the stoichiometry
combustion equations

Keywords: Fish-waste, Fresh-sewage, Anaerobic-digestion.

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Analysis of an Improved Solar Energy based Drying Chamber for the

Efficient Drying of Sewage Sludge
Rahul Kanaje*, P. Suraj, P. Arun
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Calicut, Kozhikode, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Sewage sludge is the semi-solid residue formed in a waste water treatment plant and is
composed of different organic and inorganic substances based on its origin. High moisture
content and presence of heavy metals make it disposal a difficult task. Thermochemical
conversion of sewage sludge helps in the disposal of the sewage sludge and extracting
energy. High amount of moisture in sludge is the major hindrance to utilize it in the
thermochemical processes. Open sun drying is not recommended due to environmental
constraints. In the present study, a novel drying chamber is designed and analyzed using
ANSYS FLUENT for the efficient drying of sewage sludge. A parametric study on the
drying chamber with different inlet and outlet configurations is carried out to study the tray
temperature distribution. Top surface of the modified drying chamber has semi-transparent
glass cover. The drying chamber is simulated using the CFD tool to examine air flow and
thermal behavior inside the drying system at an inlet mass flow rate of 0.012 kg/s. The
simulation is done for a maximum solar radiation intensity of 1000 W/m2. The maximum
tray temperature of conventional drying chamber was found to be 42℃ and with the
modified drying chamber tray temperature increased to 51℃. It is observed that the
modified drying chamber has higher and uniform tray temperature than the conventional
type.

Keywords: Sewage sludge, glass cover, drying chamber modification

Energy Audit in a Seafood Processing Plant

Harikrishnan V. H.*, Vyshag V. V., Uddhav G., Sreenivas Parameswaran
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Model Engineering College,
Kochi, Kerala, India
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Energy is an essential component of life and is a major expenditure in the industrial sector.
Rising energy costs can be met with proper energy management and conservation. Energy
audit is the analysis of energy flow in a facility to identify areas of energy wastage, cost
savings and renewable energy integration. Industrial energy audits can make the industry
more energy efficient, competitive and identify areas of potential danger. This paper is
based on an energy audit carried out at HT Foods Pvt Ltd, a seafood processing plant in
kochi. The paper discusses various aspects of the industrial energy audit such as
methodology, analytical techniques and energy saving proposals.

Keywords: Energy audit, Energy conservation, Industrial audit.

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Solar PV fed BLDC motor Drive using ZETA Converter

Sandhya P.
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mar Baselios College of Engineering
and Technology, Trivandrum, India
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

Abstract

A solar photovoltaic (SPV) powered brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive is presented in this
study. A zeta converter is utilized to extract the maximum available power from the SPV
array. To achieve maximum power point tracking an appropriate control of zeta converter is
incorporated using incremental conductance algorithm. The fundamental frequency
switching pulses are generated to operate the VSI in order to minimize the switching losses
and to enhance the efficiency of proposed system. No additional control or circuitry is used
for speed control of the BLDC motor. The speed is controlled through a variable dc link
voltage of VSI. The SPV fed BLDC drive system is simulated using MATLAB/
SIMULINK environment. The performance of the system is studied under varying
irradiance conditions.

Keywords: Solar Photovoltaic, Zeta converter, Maximum Power Point Tracking, DC Motor.

The performance and emission analysis on a CI engine fuelled with

saturated and unsaturated biodiesels
Tennison K. Jose
Government Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The world’s energy demand is increasing at an alarming rate. The fossil fuels are the
primary energy source which satisfies large portion of energy demand and it also reflect as
an increase in fuel price. It is well understood that fossil fuel combustion emits green house
gases and lead to the global warming and the climate change. The governments in many
countries put up fuel policies to reduce the fossil fuel consumption and to promote alternate
energy sources. The renewable energy sources like wind energy, solar energy, ocean power
and geothermal energy are the alternate energy sources that we can depend for energy but
the huge initial investment and the environmental impacts during the establishment of these
energy sources hinder the use of these energy sources. The major consumer for fossils fuels
are the internal combustion (IC) engines. The invention and use of alternate fuels in IC
engines can reduce the rate of consumptionof fossil fuels and the green house gas emissions.
Biodiesel is an ecofriendly, renewable, non flammable, and alternate and carbon neutral
alternate fuel for the IC engines. Biodiesel, both in direct or blended with petroleum fuels
can be used in IC engines without major engine modifications. Biodiesel contains mono
alkyl esters derived from vegetable oils and animal fats known as feed stocks though
chemical process called trans-esterification. In the trans-esterification process the fatty acids
contain in the feed stock are converted to esters. These fatty acids are either a saturated one
or an unsaturated and they have different properties. The biodiesel properties are correlated
with the nature of fatty acids in feed stocks. This study focused on the effect of saturated
and unsaturated biodiesel on engine performance and emission. The biodiesel selected are

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sunflower biodiesel and palm biodiesel. The sunflower biodiesel is highly unsaturated while
palm biodiesel is highly statured. The research deals with production of biodieseland its
property testing, combustion, performance and emission characteristics in a single cylinder
4 stroke stationary diesel engine. The engine related and fuel related properties of the
biodiesel are determined by various methods and compared to ASTM standards.

Keywords: IC Engine, Biodiesel, Emissions.

CO2 Mitigating Synechococcus elongatus cyanobacterial species isolated

from wastewater used for the Production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid and
its industrial applications
Jeevitha P, Ranjitha J*
CO2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-14
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Recently Photosynthetic conversion of CO to value added chemicals using cyanobacteria is

an attractive approach for direct reusing of CO2 to valuable products. 3-Hydroxypropionic
acid (3HP) is a valuable chemical for the synthesis of polymers and precursor to many other
chemicals. 3HP is naturally manufactured through glycerol metabolic pathway. Though,
cyanobacteria do not possess pathways for manufacturing glycerol and converting glycerol
to 3HP. Moreover, the later pathway needs an oxygen sensitive, coenzyme B12-independent
enzyme. The major challenges for production of 3HP using cyanobacteria is metabolic
pathway. To overcome such difficulties, we constructed alternative pathways in
Synechococcus elongates i.e., a malonyl-CoA dependent pathway. The expression of the
malonyl-CoA dependent pathway genes (malonyl-CoA reductase and malonate
semialdehyde reductase) enabled S. elongatus to produce 3-HP around 610 mg/L and other
metabolic pathway does not give fruitful results. This results demonstrated the feasibility of
converting CO2 into 3HP using cyanobacteria.

Keywords: Carbon dioxide sequestration; 3-hydroxy proponic acid; Synechococcus

elongatus, wastewater, malonyl-CoA dependent pathway

A review on removal of industrial dyes using low cost natural adsorbents

M. Lakshmi1, D. Vivek2, S. Vijayalakshmi1, J. Ranjitha1, *
CO2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore
Department of Civil Engineering, KPR College of Engineering & Technology, Arasur
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]
Abstract

In the present world scenario, environmental problem is a very serious problem due to the
industrialization and urbanization development results in air, water and soil pollutions.
Water is the main consuming sources in the many of the industries and results in waste
industrial effluents discharge into the environment. Their impacts are directly and indirectly
affect our living organism ad vegetation. The present review paper describes about the dyes
effluents removal using natural adsorbents. Generally, dyes are Carcinogenic, Mutagenic
and toxic to life. Adsorption technique is an effective method for the removal of dye.
Recently, many of the scientists working on natural adsorbents, since the removal efficiency

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is significant in case of natural absorbents compared with synthetic adsorbents. Since, the
synthetic adsorbents are very expensive in production process. This review is mainly
focused on removal of dye using low cost natural adsorbent materials. This review paper
clearly brief about the treatment method for the removal of dye using low cost natural
adsorbents.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Astrazon pink FG, pH, M.elengi, Wastewater, Natural adsorbent.

Advancement in Heliostats Power Generation Systems: Development and

performance
Karn Parashar*, Harshit Tongaria, Anil Kumar
Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
Corresponding Author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The solar energy can be harvested to make electricity via different technologies. One such
potential technology is a Heliostat, a CSP technology, in which a high temperature heat
transfer fluid in the central receiver absorbs the concentrated radiation reflected by the
heliostat field and converts this thermal energy into superheated high pressure steam to be
used on the ground to spin a series of turbines. By focusing the sunlight, high temperatures
can be achieved from 800°C to well over 1,000°C. CSP had a global total installed capacity
of 5,500 MW in 2018. Heliostat CSP has been favored due to its higher temperature
operation up to 565°C. Insolation on a 1m2 surface perpendicular to the sun anywhere on
Earth receives approximately 1 kW of solar energy on a clear day. Each practical solar
heliostat is providing 0.6 kW of thermal energy. Generally installations use from 1,500,000
m2 to 3,200,000 m2.

Keywords: Solar thermal power plants, PV Cells, CSP, Solar power tower, Heliostats

Effects of biodiesel blends on performance and emission parameters of

diesel engines: A review
S. Patel1 *, S. Torgal1, S. Rathore2, S. Jain2
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering & Technology, DAVV,
Indore (M.P.), India
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology & Science,

SVVV, Indore (M.P.), India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

In today's automobile industry, diesel engines are more prevalent than Spark-Ignition
engines due to their lean operation and higher fuel efficiency. However, diesel consumption
is accountable for severe air pollution, including hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides, and carbon
monoxide emissions. As fossil fuel mandate is intensifying every day, diesel engines'
principal fuel source, i.e., petroleum-based fuel, is exhausting hastily. Numerous countries
depend mostly on imported fossil fuels due to a deficiency of fuel reserves, which
significantly impacts the country's economy. The consumption of diesel is higher than
gasoline in India, and due to the energy crisis and an extensive hike in energy costs, India

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will face a severe energy lack in upcoming years. In this context, biodiesel blends are
gaining more importance as an auspicious substitute energy source. Besides, it leads to a
decline in pollution by reducing hazardous elements to the atmosphere and has various
benefits like reduced emissions, minor engine oil consumption, lower engine wear, and
equivalent thermal efficiency to the diesel. This review aims to exemplify the engine
performance, emission characteristics, and properties of biodiesel blends employed on diesel
engines under different researches worldwide.

Keywords: Biodiesels, Biodiesel blends, Diesel engines, Performance, Emissions.

Emissions from HCCI Engine using different fuels

Sanjeev Kumar Verma, Subhashish Gaur, Tabish Akram, Anil Kumar*
Department of Mechanical, Production & Industrial Engineering and Automobile
Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi-110042, India
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The main objective of this paper is to study the emission characteristics of homogeneous
charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine using different fuels and additives.
Additionally, the impact of different operating conditions on HCCI engine emissions are
also analysed. Engine and car manufacturers are experiencing a demand concerning fuel
efficiency and low emission from both consumers and the government. The HCCI is an
alternative internal combustion technology which is cleaner and more efficient than
traditional combustion techniques. In this engine, well mixed fuel and oxidiser (typically
air) are compressed to the point of auto-ignition. HCCI is a new combustion concept that
gives benefits such as high efficiency and resolves the high level of NOx and PM emission
simultaneously. Conventional diesel engine emits NOx around 200-1000 ppm, which is a
primary concern, however if diesel is used in HCCI engine, it reduces NOx to only 30-400
ppm. Natural gas cannot be used as a fuel in conventional engine but it can be used in HCCI
engine and it helps in further reducing NOx emission to 10-70 ppm. This paper reviews
several works done by researchers on HCCI engine to reduce its emission and will be
beneficial for future research in this field.

Keywords: HCCI; Engine; Fuel; Additive; Emissions

A Comprehensive Review on Performance Evaluation of Compression

Ignition (CI) Engine Using Diesel/ Biodiesel/ Alcohol Mixtures
Shashi kumar Anthadupula
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bachelor of Engineering, CBIT, Hyderabad, India.
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]
Abstract

In 21st century, the demand for the use of energy has been increased and it is estimated that
there will be an increased demand in future too. The use of fossil fuels is being increased
day by day which is leading to increase in emission of green house gases which results in
Global warming. Threfore, alternative solutions have to be found out to reduce the green
house gas emissions.One of the viable methods is to userenewable forms of energy, such as
biofuels which is one of the alternatives to protect the environment. Biodiesel can be used in

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all the diesel engines without any or a little modifications to the engine. Furthermore, use of
Biodiesel results in economic development of the nation since it can be produced locally
with out the need of importing at a higher price. To overcome a few problems and further to
improve efficiency, blending of Biodiesel, Alcohol, and Diesel is preferred. It is reported
that the use of Biodiesel in CI engines reduces the carbon emissions. In this paper a
comprehensive review on emission and performance characteristics on Diesel Engine using
Biodiesel, Alcohol and Diesel mixture is presented.

Keywords: CI engine, Combustion modelling, Emission, Alcohol, Biodiesel, Performance.

Performance Evaluation and Emission Characteristics of a Common Rail

Direct Injection (CRDI) Diesel Engine Using Jatproha Bio Diesel and its
Blends
V. K. Shahir1, C. P. Jawahar2*, P. R. Suresh3, V.Vinod3, Anders Malmquist4
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, AWH Engineering College, Calicut, India
2 Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, India
3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, NSS College of Engineering, Palakkad, India
4 Department of Energy Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden

*Corresponding Author email address: [email protected]

Abstract

Research and development related to the production and use of alternate fuels have become
essential due to the increased consumption and fast depletion of hydrocarbon fuels. Bio
diesel is widely accepted as a promising alternate fuel for automobiles. Several countries
across the world are involved in the research on alternate fuels and the use of the mixture of
biodiesel with mineral diesel, in the Compression Ignition (CI) engines. The present
research is aimed to analyze the outcome of using biodiesel in the engines using the
Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI). Biodiesel derived from non-edible extract of
jatropha oil is blended with diesel ranging from 10% to 50% and experimental
investigations were carried out to evaluate the engine performance and emissions. The study
shows that, the blend B30 is found to be the best, which is on par with diesel with respect to
the engine output.

Keywords: Biodiesel, CRDI, Emissions, Performance, Jatropha.

A Sustainable Facial Recognition Based Heart Rate Monitoring System

for the Detection of Atrial Fibrillation in Paralyzed
Soji Anna Saji1,*, Alan Jose1, Karthika A.M1, Abhijith D1, Reshma Jose1, Jarin T2
1Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Thrissur, India
2Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India

*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an abnormal cardiac rhythm characterized by disorganized atrial

activity. The rapid heartbeat during AF may lead to clot formation which travels to the brain
thereby causing a stroke. It is most likely to recur in individuals and may be fatal especially
in the case of paralyzed patients. Continuous monitoring would increase the chances of AF

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detection, thereby allowing appropriate primary and secondary stroke prevention. The
technique aims to establish a continuous, non-contact heart rate monitoring system using a
Real-time facial recognition method to detect the presence of atrial fibrillation in paralyzed
patients. A Webcam is used to detect the subtle colour variations in the face as a result of
blood circulation. The required green channel rPPG signal is extracted and is subjected to
cubic spline interpolation and peak detection from which heart rate can be estimated. The
estimated heart rate can either be categorized as normal or abnormal (HR >100 bpm). In
cases of any abnormality, it undergoes for HRV monitoring i.e., difference between two
successive R-R (peak) intervals. If the Root Mean Square of Successive Difference
(RMSSD) of this peak-to-peak interval exceeds a threshold it can be identified that the
patient is experiencing Atrial fibrillation and audiovisual alarms are generated.

Keywords: Atrial Fibrillation, Facial Recognition, Heart rate Monitoring.

A Comprehensive Review on Performance Evaluation of Ternary and

Quaternary Biodiesel/Diesel Blends
Jayashri N. Nair*, Shiva Kumar Reddy Devasani, Sudeshna Vodnala,
Dharmasai Singarapu,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, VNR VJIET Hyderabad, India.
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Global dependency and exhaustive usage of fossil fuels is leading to depletion of fossil fuel
energy resources. The exponential rise in energy demand is an alarming sign and added to
that emission generation from burning of these fossil fuel has caused adverse effect on the
environment. This paves way in harvesting renewable energy options for a futuristic clean
environment. The potentiality of biodiesel as an alternate energy option is well explored in
past couple of decades. However with biodiesel, NOx emissions as well as performance of
engine from biodiesel is reported to be inferior to that of diesel. Ternary or quaternary
blends of biodiesel have reported positive engine results. In this paper, performance,
combustion and emission characteristics of ternary and quaternary biodiesel/diesel blends
on diesel engine is reviewed.

Keywords: Biodiesel, diesel, engine, performance, ternary, quaternary, combustion.

Synthesis and Characterisation of Lipase Immobilised Magnetic

Nanoparticles and its role as a Catalyst in Biodiesel Production
Shobana R., Ranjitha Jambulingam1*
1CO
2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, VIT University, Vellore, India
*Corresponding Author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

We are reporting a rapid, expedient and extracellular method for the synthesis and
characterization of lipase immobilized magnetic nanoparticles. This approach is simple,
economic, and stable for a long time, reproducible at room temperature. In the present study,
an Aspergillus Niger (KP001169) fungi was irradiated in the presence of gamma radiation to
produce lipase enzyme and then immobilized into magnetic nanoparticles. The synthesized

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magnetic nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR, SEM, and XRD analytical
techniques. The free and immobilized lipase enzyme activities were measured at different
pH and temperature variables. The results indicates that MNPs-Lipase (5%) can be reused in
biodiesel production without any treatment with 15% loss of activity after five cycles. The
optimum reaction conditions were found to be 45C, 6 hours and 400 rpm.

Key Words: Lipase from Aspergillus Niger, Magnetic Nanoparticles, Micro-algal Species,
Biotransformation reaction.

Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Sugarcane Bagasse by Candida

tropicalis NITCSK13: Statistical evaluation of thermo-tolerance and
inhibitory compound tolerance
J. Kanimozhi1,*, R. Divyabharathi1, V. Sivasubramanian2,
Ganesh Moorthy I.3, Sivashankar R.4
1 Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Kalasalingam

Academy of Research and Education, Tamilnadu, India

2 Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala,

India
3 Department of Biotechnology, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology,

Virudhunagar, Tamilnadu, India.

4 Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Hindustan Institute of

Technology and science, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The strain Candida tropicalis NITCSK13 (GenBank accession number KX198669) was
isolated from sugarcane juice, the strain produced a maximum of ethanol i.e 44 ± 3 g/L
using sugarcane juice and have shown the ability to tolerate high ethanol content and
inhibitory component. The SEM micrograph depicted that the strain did not show any
physiological difference in ethanol fermentation. The crude cellulase of NITCSK13
exhibited high cellulolytic and ethanol fermentative production at 50ºC. The present study
investigated the tolerant level and interaction of independent variables namely, Temperature
(35 - 55 °C), Ethanol concentration (3 - 15 %), (HMF) hydroxymethylfurfural (0.5 - 6.5 g/L)
and furfural (0.5 - 6.5 g/L) on the growth of Candida tropicalis using response surface
methodology. The cell growth inhibition (CGI %) percentage was considered as dependent
variables. The Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Absolute Average Deviation (AAD)
were found to be 0.999 and 1.23%. The maximum of 44.27% inhibition rate was observed at
higher levels. Half of cell population was viable after exposing to inhibitory compounds.
The predicted yield was validated experimentally and was found to be 25 g/Kg. The study
revealed that the strain can further be evaluated for its potential to use for lignocellulosic
ethanol production.

Keywords: Candida tropicalis, ANN, Cellulosic Ethanol, hydroxymethylfurfural

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Scalable constructed wetland integrated with microbial fuel cell for

domestic wastewater treatment and to facilitate recovery of bioelectricity
Anamika Yadav1, Dipak A. Jadhav2, Makarand M. Ghangrekar3*, Arunabha Mitra4
1Department of Agricultural Engineering, Triguna Sen School of Technology, Assam

University Silchar, Assam – 788011, India

2School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
3Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
4Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,

Kharagpur – 721302, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have gain enormous attention for wastewater treatment due to
robustness and natural pollutant mitigation characteristics. This highly admired technology
possesses enough merits to derive direct electricity by clubbing with Microbial Fuel Cell
(MFC), thus taking advantage of microbial metabolic activity in the anoxic zone of CWs. In
present study, two identical lab-scale CWs having volume of 53 L each were considered,
one of the CW-MFC contained two pairs of electrode materials such as graphite felt cathode
with graphite plate anode for the first pair, and graphite plate cathode with graphite felt
anode for the second pair. The other CW was not integrated with MFC and operated as
traditional CW for performance comparison. CW-MFC and CW were operated in
continuous up-flow mode with a hydraulic retention time of three days and at different
organic loading rates (OLRs) per unit surface area such as 1.45 gm-2d-1 (OLR-1), 2.43 gm-2d-
1 (OLR-2) and 7.25 gm-2d-1 (OLR-3). CW-MFC was able to reduce organic matter,

phosphate and total nitrogen by 92 %, 93 % and 70 %, respectively, at OLR of 1.45 gm-2d-1,

which was found to be higher than that obtained from a conventional CW. With increase in
redox activities, the second pair of electrodes made way for 3-times higher power density of
16.33 mW.m-2 as compared to the first pair of electrodes in CW-MFC (5.35 mW.m-2),
asserting graphite felt as good anode material to be used in CW-MFC. CW-MFC with felt as
an anode material is proposed to improve the electro-kinetic activities for scalable
applications to achieve efficient domestic wastewater treatment and electricity production.

Keywords: Constructed Wetland; Electrode Material; Microbial Fuel Cell; Power Density;
Wastewater Treatment

A Critical Study on Acetylene as an Alternative Fuel for Transportation

M Anand1, G Devi2, S Gokul Raghavendra3, G S Prakasha4, Lakshmanan T5*
1Kingston Engineering College, Vellore, India
2R.M.K. College of Engineering and Technology, Puduvoyal, Thiruvallur, India
3Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
4Christ University, Bangalore, India
5S.R.M Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, India

Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

With the traditional power sector hindered by fuel shortage and climate changes, the
promotion of green energy becomes the most prioritized objective of the government. The
ministry’s move becomes significant because conversion to cleaner energy sources is the

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best way to minimize global warming and to reenergize the global economy. Among the
available alternative gaseous fuels, acetylene caters to these needs because of its property
similarities with hydrogen. In this research, the suitability of acetylene as an engine fuel is
analyzed. Also, the production methods, combustion properties, abnormal combustion, and
safety issues were discussed. This paper also discusses various possible modes of fuel
induction techniques to be adopted. The research establishes the utility of acetylene as a
commercial fuel for internal combustion engines in the future years by the adoption of
suitable methodologies.

Keywords: Acetylene, Alternative Fuel, Transportation.

Assessment of Public Acceptance on Electric Vehicles

Hitha A. J., Neelu Mammen*
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

The rising environmental concerns associated with transportation sector has called in for
better options for personal transport. The potential of electric mobility as a means for a low
carbon mobility system has been in best interests of researchers recently. Though, the
perceived benefits of this innovative and sustainable alternative are many, its acceptance
and employability will solely depend on the assessment of consumer preferences. An
exploratory study is adopted in this research to understand the public acceptance degrees of
varying groups of trip makers subject to socio-economic variables and other trip making
behaviours. The study intends to identify the influencing factors that might influence the
choice of electric vehicles by trip makers in Kerala.

Keywords: Electric vehicles, Public awareness, Trip makers.

Power Quality in High Tension (HT) Consumers

Parvathy A
Assistant Professor, Department of Renewable Energy Management
Sree Shankara College, Kalady, Ernakulam, India
Corresponding Email: [email protected]
Abstract

Power quality is a set of electrical boundaries that allows a piece of equipment to function in
its intended manner without significant loss of performance or life expectancy. All electrical
devices are prone to failure when exposed to one or more power quality problems. The
electrical device might be an electric motor, a transformer, a generator, a computer, a
printer, communication equipment, or a household appliance. All of these devices and
others react adversely to power quality issues depending on the severity of problems. This
paper reviewed the power quality problems in a igh tension (HT) consumer in kerala, effect
of power quality problem in different substations and methods for its correction using filter
designs. Some power quality enhancement devices are also listed. It is necessary for
engineers, technicians, and system operators to become familiar with power quality issues.

Keywords: Filter, High, Power, Quality.

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Estimation of Methane Emission from Municipal Solid Waste

Landfill Site, India
Naveen B. P.1,*, Thakur Ramjiram Singh2
1Departmentof Civil Engineering, Amity University Haryana, India
2Department of Civil Engineering, NRI Group of Institutions, Bhopal, India

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The study aims to quantify methane gas production from the Mavallipura landfill site in
India. Further, the potential of energy and power generation using three independent
methodologies, namely, Yedla, Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and
LandGEM were also deduced. According to Yedla methodology, energy estimation of
MSW is 2578 TJ, while according to IPCC and LandGEM methodology, Energy emitted
from the Mavallipura landfill was 2375 TJ and 1998 TJ. This study also estimates the
maximum electricity generation from LFG. The maximum electricity generation was
estimated at 63.13 MWh from the Mavallipura landfill.

Keywords: Energy potential; Landfill gas; Methane generation; Solid waste; LANDGEM

A study on Al2O3 based sputter deposited spectrally selective solar

absorbers for mid and high temperature applications
Rohini H. S.1*, Shwethashree B.1,2, Dr. Ravindra. S. Kulkarni3, G. Vijaya4
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore,India
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.N.M.Institute of Technology, Bangalore,India
3Department of Aerospace Engineering, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore,India
4Department of Mechanical Engineering, D.S.C.E, Bangalore, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected] (Rohini.H.S.)

Abstract

Metal dielectric composites or cermets, mixture of fine metallic particles embedded in a host
dielectric matrix are deposited by sputtering on metallic substrates. Aluminium oxide plays
the role of a bonding layer, protective and antireflective layer in the design of multilayer
absorbers and metal dielectric composite coating cermets. Optical properties and thermal
stability of the absorber at high temperature plays a major role in the energy conversion.
Degradation of the optical properties is due to the diffusion and oxidation of single metal
ceramic Al2O3. Thermal stability is attained by annealing in vacuum or air to a temperature
around 500C to 600C for different duration of time. Al2O3 based coatings have shown the
most promising results among all the cermets with absorption value ranging from 0.9 to
0.958 and emittance between 0.08 to 0.15, when coated on highly Infra red reflecting metal
surfaces. This paper reviews different Al2O3 based cermets, multilayer coatings, graded
cermets, double cermets films, high temperature transition metal nitrides with metals like
Mo, W, Pt, Ag, Ni, bimetallic combinations and highlights the investigations that have led
to sound thermal stability, optical properties and microstructure stability at high
temperature.

Keywords: Optical properties, Thermal stability, Cermets.

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Potential of Hydrogen as an alternative fuel to replace non renewable

energy sources for transport sector
Ramachandran V. P.1, Reghu V.R.2,*.
1National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Commercial, Bangalore, India
2Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering,

CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

“Great Horse Manure Crisis” of 1894, encouraged mankind to the adoption of Internal
Combustion (IC) engines in the beginning of 20 th century. After 100 years, once again the
mankind is confronted with environmental concerns caused by exasperating discharges from
IC engines. Eventhough, battery vehicles work on clean energy, if fossil fuels are a part in
the electricity production, the advantage will be negated. Solar energy is one of the
promising renewable energy sources in India. Though abundantly available at most of the
parts in India, solar energy faces the major challenges of initial capital cost, storage, and
transmission. As a fuel, Hydrogen is a clean energy source since theenergy release process
produces water, which do not have an impact on the environment. Economical production of
hydrogen, and preparing it for a safe use as a fuel offer challenges. If we could identify an
economical source of hydrogen and a method to use it safely, it will be a turning point
which has the potential to mitigate the dependency on fossil fuels. This paper discusses the
cost-effective source of electricity from solar cells, production of hydrogen, and use of it in
fuel cells to drive the automobiles and other prime movers. An analysis on the cost of
energy per unit production revealed the economics, and huge potential of this system as a
dependable and sustainable substitute for the non-renewable energy sources. The adoption
of hydrogen as an alternative fuel improves the economy and pave way for sustainable
development.

Keywords: Renewable energy, Hydrogen, Fuel cell

Conventional Steam Distillation System for Oil Extraction from

Peppermint Leaves
Ravi Kant1, Anil Kumar1,2,*
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
2Centre for Energy and Environment, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India

*Corresponding Author: [email protected] (ANIL KUMAR)

Abstract

This study presents performance analysis of the conventional distillation system under
change in batch size of the entire peppermint plant (1500, 1700, 1900 kg). Performance of
the system is evaluated by measuring thermal efficiency, productivity, extraction efficiency,

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essential oil yield. Results indicated that the conventional steam distillation unit has been
proven to be a successful technique to extract high-quality peppermint volatile oil.
Maximum hourly system productivity, cumulative productivity, maximum hourly thermal
efficiency, maximum extraction efficiency and maximum Essential Oil Yield (EOY) were
obtained as 8.3 L/h, 20 L, 2 %, 41.5% and 0.461% (w/w), respectively, under condition of
1900 kg batch size. The average increase in total productivity, extraction efficiency and
EOY was 49.25%, 1% and 26%, with an increase in batch size from 1500 kg to 1900 kg,
respectively.

Keywords: Peppermint; Distillation; Performance; Thermal efficiency; Productivity.

Heat and water fluxmodeling in an earth dam

Sushant Kumar1, A.K. Sahu2, Munendra Kumar3
Department of Civil Engineering, DelhiTechnological University, Delhi, India.
India. *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

This study aims to identify the water flux in an earth dam using heat flux due to convection.
Sixteen earth dams model was constructed in a hydraulic flume by varyinggeometrical and
flow input parameters to identify heat and water flux.Homogeneous as well was earth dam
with the clay core was built-in a hydraulic flume. Temperature measurements were doneto
calculate heat flux in the experimental model. A finite element model of the earth dam using
Seep/w was developed to obtain water flux, while temp/wwas to obtain heat flux.
Significant reduction of the heat and water fluxwas seen while comparing the homogeneous
models with central impervious core models.An increase in the heat and water flux was
observed on increasing the downstream filter’s length, longitudinal slope, and vice versa
with the upstream slope and the thickness of the clay core.Heat flux measurements were
found a valuable alternative to detecting water flux and seepage in an earth dam at a reduced
cost.

Keywords: Convection; Earth dam; Heat flux; Porous medium; Temperature; Water flux.

Theoretical Performance on Energy and Exergy Analysis of Methyl Esters

of Rubber Seed Oil Fuelled on Supercharged VCR Engine
Murugapoopathi S
Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology,
Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India.
Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

Alternate fuel are playing dominant role in energy and power sectors due to price rise and
depletion of fossil fuels reserves. In this work, biodiesel produced from non-edible rubber
seed oil is trans-esterified and suitably blended with diesel at 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%
(volume basis) and tested in single cylinder four stroke direct injection variable compression

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ratio engine. Experiments are conducted by varying compression ratio from 18, 19, 20, 21
and 22 at fixed speed of 1500 rpm at 80 % load for different biodiesel blends under
naturally aspirated and supercharging condition. The effect of supercharging reduces the
cooling water loss and unaccounted loss of lower fuel blends under varying compression
ratios. The shaft energy and exhaust gas energy flow increases with increase in compression
ratio and supercharging compared to naturally aspirated condition. The improved brake
thermal efficiency with decrease in fuel consumption is observed with increase in
compression ratio. The peak pressure rises with increase in compression ratio but a slight
drop in heat release rate was observed for the same operating conditions. The entropy
generation and exhaust gas availability decreases with increase in compression ratio. But the
destructed irreversibility was observed to increase with increase in compression ratio. The
exhaust emissions of CO, CO2 and NOx are found to be decrease with supercharging except
HC emission compared with diesel. The exergy efficiency improved with increase in
compression ratio and supercharging of all fuel blends compared to diesel.

Keywords: Energy analysis, Exergy analysis, Biodiesel, Supercharging, Availability,

Compression ratio

Numerical Analysis of Modified Thermophotovoltaic Cell with Fresnel

Lens Concentrator and Absorber-Emitter Materials of
Au/Cr/Graphene and Si3N4

S. Sundararaj*, S. Aadhishwaran, P. Ayyankalai, John George, P. R. Sivaraman,

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology,

Coimbatore, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

In this paper, numerical analysis of the thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system was carried out
using an augmented absorber-emitter design of Gold, Chromium, Graphene Layers with
Si3N4 as the emitter. The aspect ratio for the absorber-emitter is considered as 10 and the
concentrator used in the system is a Fresnel lens with an optimum thickness of 1 mm. The
PV cell used in the system is composed of silicon. Using SCAPS 1-D modelling software
the solar panel was simulated and the open-circuit voltage, current density and fill factor
was calculated. The power output achieved was 221 W for the modified TPV system at the
maximum solar irradiance of 715 W/m2. The first law efficiency of the system was
determined and found out to be 30.86%. The exergy efficiency throughout the day for the
whole system was observed to be 23% for the modified TPV system with the absorber-
emitter materials. The observation is that the solar photovoltaic system with
Au/Cr/Graphene layers including Si3N4 absorber-emitter and Fresnel lens concentrator
design reaches higher performance and enhances the maximum power output by 8-9%
compared to conventional solar PV systems.

Keywords: Solar cells, Solar panel simulation, Fresnel lens concentrator, Absorber-emitter,
Exergy efficiency.

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Strength Enhancement of Different Types of Masonry Wall Units

M. Soundar Rajan1,*, Dr. D. Jegatheeswaran2,
1Department of Civil Engineering, Sengunthar Engineering College, Tamilnadu, India
2Department of Civil Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Tamilnadu, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Masonry construction is an enormous part which is one of the regularly used structure. It is
mostly used to separate the liberty within the buildings. At the present time masonry
structures has got vast extent in building elevated buildings. To condense the energy
conservation of buildings, walls have an important role to conserve energy costs of the Air
Conditioner. Masonry is usually a highly strong type of construction. Still, the resources
used, the amount of the mortar and workmanship, and the prototype in which the units are
assembled can notably influence the durability of the overall masonry construction. It is
quite complicated for us to relay on one particular manufacturer having good uniqueness for
construction purpose. In this current work the two different manufacturer brick and concrete
blocks are taken. The basic tests were conducted and walls have been casted to identify the
strength, Reliability analysis and crack patterns were carried out.

Keywords: Reliability Analysis, Energy Conservation, Crack Patterns.

Numerical Analysis of sloshing due to horizontal movement of liquid

in baffled tank
Sajeesh N. 1,*, Leo A. J.1, Suresh P. R.2, Rekha L3
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Royal college of Engineering and Technology,

Thrissur, India
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, NSS college of Engineering, Palakkad, India
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Thrissur, India

*Corresponding author e-mail:[email protected]

Abstract

Sloshing is the motion of a free surface liquid in a partially filled vessel, experienced by
marine, automotive, rail and aerospace industries. Partially filled storage tanks especially in
the marine applications which are subjected to harmonic excitations will leads to
detrimental conditions. So, storage tank designers should ensure safe design margins. In the
present study, CFD simulations are carried out to investigate the sloshing dynamics of liquid
in a storage tank which are commonly used in marine application in order to carry the fuel.
As a precursor, the influence of resonant harmonic excitation of the tank on the impact
pressure has been analyzed. To suppress the free surface fluctuations and the associated
slosh impact force, ring baffle with different configurations have beenconsidered. The effect
of variationof the thickness of ring baffle and usingporous baffle with/without holesin
different configurations have been analysed.

Keywords: Sloshing, CFD, Variable time step, Volume of fluid (VOF), Harmonic
excitation, Ring Baffle, Porous baffle.

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Study of Power delivery and EMI issues involved in the design of

DC-DC converters
Darshan G.*, Ramya S., V. Champa
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BMS College of Engineering,
Bengaluru, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The role of DC-DC converters is becoming more prominent with the increase in use of
battery powered portable devices like notebooks, tablets etc. Achieving Power Integrity (PI)
and maintaining EMI within the specified standard limits (FCC/CISPR) is very crucial for
any switching regulator. In this paper, the design techniques for non-isolated power
converters involving selection of components to address both Power Delivery (PD) and EMI
issues are discussed. Guidelines for sustainable Power Delivery (PD) and to counter EMI
issues from the switching regulators have been dealt with in detail.

Keywords: DC-DC Converters, Power Delivery, EMI issues.

Biofuels in transportation sector: A review

Arul Jose1*, Athira C1, Thanuja Sasi1, Carol Varghese2
1PG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
4Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India

*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Nowadays, there is a need to make use of alternative sources of fuel as the existing fossil
fuel resources are declining and are contributing to a major share of pollution in the world.
Biofuel is an attractive alternative to the fossil fuel as it is less polluting and can also be
used in today’s engines, vehicles and other infrastructures without significant changes.
Biofuels can be manufactured from naturally available raw materials such as vegetable oils,
animal fat, algae, etc. which add on to its merits. Some commonly used biofuels are ethanol,
bio diesel, green diesel, and bio gas. Transportation sector is one of major consumer of
fossil fuels and thus act as a major source of air pollution. Employing biofuels instead of
fossil fuels in vehicles poses a solution for this problem. Biofuels have been already used as
propellant in vehicles, but only in a small scale. Globally, researches are undertaken to
study the prospects of replacingconventional fuels in vehicles with biofuels. This paper
gives an overview on the usage of biofuels in transportation sector (roadways, railways and
airways), and the potential of biofuels to make the environment more sustainable.

Keywords: Biofuel, transportation, sustainability.

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The Impact of Biomass Consumption on Co2 Emissions: Cointegration

Analyses with Regime Shifts
Lekshmi M. G.
Department of Civil Engineering, Mahaguru Institute of Technology,
Kattachira, Mavelikara, India
Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

Many efforts are ongoing in the world to decrease the CO2 emissions due to its adverse
environmental impact. In this investigation, the effect of biomass on CO2 hrough energy has
been dealt with. Co-integration analyses with structural breaks have been conducted to revel
parameter estimates of long run equilibrium of CO2 with fossil fuel and biomass
consumptionThe results reveal that structural breaks are important to understand the course
of CO2. Both fossil fuels and biomass effect CO2 positively as well as negatively.

Keywords: Biomass, Biofuel, cointegration analysis.

Correlation Of Head Rice Yield and Energy use in a

Rice Milling Machine
Muhammad Fanseem E. M.1*, Sidharth C.1, Sourav K. V.1, Sreelakshmi Vijayan1,
Sukesh A.2
1 Students of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Govt. College of

Engineering, Kannur, India

2 Assistant professor of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Govt. College

of Engineering, Kannur, India

*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Paddy is the major contributor to the agricultural share of GDP in India. Mechanization of
paddy processing is deemed to increase the quality of produce with the lower cost as
compared to processing with manual labor thereby enhancing food security of the nation.
Milling is the major mechanization intervention in paddy processing which determines the
quality of rice and marketability. In rural areas, low cost friction type milling machine are
commonly used, which mainly suffers from the drawback of higher amount of broken rice
and low efficiency. In this paper we are focusing on the performance analysis along with
optimal parameter settings of outlet regulator and size of hopper in a bladeless friction type
milling machine, as both of these factors affect milling process. Non-availability of proper
simulation and lack of experimental data on milling machine were the motivating factors to
develop a simulation based on empirical relation. Suitable experimentation was conducted
which revealed the need for energy optimization during the milling process where energy
was correlated to the head rice yield. Moreover, the study revealed the necessity for an
optimization of energy by suitable design intervention in the machinery.

Keywords: Rice milling, Head rice yield, Energy optimization, Simulation.

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Waste Heat Harvester

A. K. Gupta*, Dr. T. K. Nandi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Techno International New Town, Kolkata, India
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The Heat harvester is a device to store the heat energy which is otherwise wasted out from
the heat source. Waste heat is generated in many other places, such as in LPG stove, wood
stoves, outdoor boilers, cooking, oil, barbeque. The technology of this device uses
thermoelectric generator (TEG), also called a Seebeck generator, which is a solid-state
device that converts heat flux directly into electrical energy through a phenomenon called
the Seebeck effect. The design of the device is a circular or cylindrical shape frame, the
inner surface of which is exposed to heat source and gets heated through radiation. This
designed frame is called grate for an oven and generates electricity while cooking. Heat
flows from inner surface to outer surface through conduction. Fins are providedat the outer
surface, which increase the rate of heat transferto the atmosphere through convection and
thereby converting the outer surface into a passive heat sink. An appreciable temperature
difference is obtained between outer and inner surface of the designed frame which causes
the generation of electrical energy through Seebeck effect. It can generate power, enough
for use in illuminations (light up LED) with a temperature difference of around 30-40°C. As
temperature difference increases, the generation of electrical energy also increases which
can be stored in a battery.

Keywords: Heat Harvester, Seebeck Generator, Conduction, Convection, Electrical energy.

Comparative Performance and Emission Analysis of CI engine run on

Biodiesel Octanol blend
S. Lalhriatpuia*, Amit Pal
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Currently, we are in a situation of energy crisis due to rapid depletion of fossil fuel
andsimultaneously also faces the problem of air pollution caused by emissions from engines
running on fossil fuel which further contribute to global warming. Hence there is a need for
an alternative fuel which will help to combat these issues. Biodiesel is proving to be one of
the viable alternativeas it can produced from various feedstock. In the present study,
Biodiesel produced from Sunflower and Canola have been selected and blended with
Octanol. The biodiesel blend was used torun on a 4-stroke single cylinder CI engine to
comapre the performance and Emission parameters. The emissions are found to be reduced
for both the blended fuels in comparison to the diesel mode, and similar resultwas observed
for the performance analysis. Considering the performance and emission analysis of both
the blended fuels, the Canola Biodiesel-Octanol blend revealed to be a better fuel and
thereby a viable alternative fuel. Thus, it can be concluded that the burden of over
dependency on fossil fuel could be countered by means of blends of biodiesel with alcohol.

Keywords: Biogas, Canola-Biodiesel, Sunflower-Biodiesel, Octanol, Performance Pa-

rameters, Engine Emissions

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Hydrogen Production from Biogas: Methods and Economic analysis

R. Kumar, Anil Kumar*, Amit Pal
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Currently,H2 is mostly produced natural gas via thermochemical methods. The importance
of renewable H2 production has increased due to energy issues, global environmental, fossil
fuel depletion, and pure hydrogen demand. Biogas is produced from anaerobic digestion or
organic waste fermentation methods. It could be a substitute resource for the production of
hydrogen. The main components of biogas are methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2),
and these are versatile feedstock materials for the generation of valuable chemicals and
fuels. This paper presents major hydrogen production techniques from biogas reforming in
detail and a short discussion on the economic analysis of biogas. The effective operating
parameters such as reaction temperature, gas hourly space velocity and O2/CH4 ratio are also
discussed. Biogas has more potential; however, it needs more research on some issues such
as deactivation of the catalyst, purification and removable of H2S. Various reforming
methods can be nominated for H2 production depending on biogas composition, the need for
hydrogen purity, investment availability and quantity of the desired hydrogen.

Keywords: Hydrogen production; Biogas; Reforming method.

Design - Development and Study of a Community Solar Hot Case for

Offices/Institutes.
Namrata Sengar*, Yogita Meena, Archana Singh
Department of Pure and Applied Physics, University of Kota, Kota, Rajasthan, India
*Corresponding author email [email protected]

Abstract

The paper presents the design-development and studies for a solar hot case/food warmer.
The solar hot case can prove to be highly useful to the persons who carry lunch to the
offices and consume it later after 3-4 hours. It can help keep food warm and infection free.
The solar hot case has been developed with total aperture area of 0.673 sq.m. The energy
requirements for food warming have been calculated and found to be around 62 kJ in
summers and 90 kJ in winters for an average tiffin box of mass 0.25 kg with 0.4 kg of food.
Design of solar hot case has been prepared on basis of food warming calculations to allow
around ten tiffins to be warmed simultaneously. A computer program based on solar
radiation geometry and ASHRAE model has been prepared to study the energy available in
various months and to estimate the solar energy interception by the solar hot case. The
results show that the energy absorbed by the system at an instant varies from around 300 to
1400 kJ/m2h in winters and in summers it is in the range 1000-2000 kJ/m2h. Experimental
on-field observations conducted on the developed system have also been reported.

Keywords: Solar community hot case, food warming. solar thermal energy, solar radiation,
hot case experiments

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Green Building for Environment Protection and Sustainable Development

L. Mynavathi1, Ratnan P.2,3,*, Noonu Mary Jose4, Deepk N.5
1Associate Professor, School of Commerce, Finance and Accounting, Department of

Commerce, Christ University, Bangalore

2Research Scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of

Engineering and Technology, Christ University, Bangalore.

3Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering , Jyothi

Engineering College, Trichur

4Research Scholar, School of Commerce, Finance and Accounting, Department of

Commerce, Christ University, Bangalore

5 Post Graduate Student, MBA Programme, Christ Academy, Bangalore

*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Infrastructure development is the most important factor for the economic growth of any
country. Infrastructure development includes the construction of industries, educational
institutions, hospitals, hotels, shopping complexes and many more types of buildings.
Buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of the total world annual energy
consumption andtherefore, it is important to save energy for the future. Reasonable energy
accessibility is the prerequisite for sustainable development. There are many ways in which
energy can be saved and one important viable solution is green buildings which use green
energy that is renewable. The aim of the paper is to present the prospects of Green Building
towardsprotecting the environment and contributing to the sustainable development. The
concept of green building involves the usage of natural and renewable energy. The buildings
can be designed in such a way that solar panel can be installed on the roof top to use solar
energy, rain water harvesting can be designed to save rain water. The disposal of wastes like
agricultural wastes, industrial waste, solid waste, bio-waste can be recycled. The study
discusses the perspective of green energy for infrastructure development in the form of
construction of green building, taking a lead towards the protection of environment and
conserving energy for the future thereby creating an ambiance for sustainable development.

Keywords: Green Building, Green Energy, Energy Saving, Environment Protection,

Sustainable Development

Formulation of microemulsion based biofuel from used oil

Deepak B.*, Ibrahim, M.M.
Automotive Research Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT, Vellore, 632014.
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]
Abstract

This research work investigates the feasibility of utilizing used oil as an alternative
substitute for diesel following micro-emulsification technique. The microemulsion based
biofuel system has been formulated using used oil as the continuous phase and alcohols as
the dispersed phase. Winsor type IV microemulsion system has been developed by adding
butanol as co-surfactant without the addition of external surfactant. The mono and di-
glycerides present in the oil functioned as surface active agent. The formulated fuel has been

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found to be stable and exhibit fuel properties in accordance with ASTM D6751 standards
for biodiesel. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) study confirmed the formation of droplet with
size in nano range indicating the formation of reverse micellar emulsion system. The study
recommends the use of bio-based green surfactant to produce microemulsion fuels which
offers economical advantage for the biofuel industry.

Keywords: Microemulsion, Surfactant, Biofuel, Ethanol.

Durability analysis of a compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel

derived from waste cooking oil
Arvind P.*, Asok Kumar N.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Numerous performance and emissions studies indicate the potential for using biodiesel and
its blends in compression ignition engines. Very few studies have examined the effects of
long-term biodiesel use on engine durability characteristics. This work presents a
comparative study to assess the durability of a four-stroke, single-cylinder, water-cooled
compression ignition engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel blend (20 %) and
mineral diesel in a 512-hour long endurance test. A higher decrease in viscosity and acid
number of the lubricating oil from biodiesel fueled engine indicated higher fuel dilution and
oxidation. A greater increase in density, moisture, and ash content of lubricant oil was also
observed for biodiesel fueled engine. Analysis of wear trace metals such as iron, copper,
aluminum, and magnesium in the lubricating oil of biodiesel fueled engine in comparison to
mineral diesel indicated higher wear of engine components and substantial degradation of
lubricating oil in the latter stages of the endurance test. Analysis of piston rings and
estimation of cylinder liner surface roughness parameters also indicated higher wear in the
biodiesel fueled engine.

Keywords: Biodiesel, Durability, Lubricant Oil.

Analysis of Reflectivity and Emissivity of Roofs on Building Energy Use

Rohit Thakur*, Anil Kumar
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]
Abstract

During sunny days, dark roof surfaces are heated by solar radiation and thus raise the
cooling load of the buildings. For highly absorptive roofs, the temperature difference
between the ambient air and surface is as high as 50°C, while for the high-albedo (high
reflectivity), the difference is about 10°C. The impact of reflectivity and emissivity can be
analyzed using simulations, which have demonstrated reduced energy use in buildings. The
reduction in cooling and heating load depends on the climatic conditions and the amount of
insulation provided to the roof. In this paper, we bridge the result of simulations and analyze
the impact of roof reflectivity and emissivity on cooling and heating load for five different
climatic zones of India. The simulations are performed for 5 commercials and residential
buildings respectively. From the analysis, for high albedo roofs in hot climates, there is a

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reduction in the cooling load. Apparently, high-reflective roofs are recommended for hot
climates. In cold climates, a low-emissivity roof can enhance the resistance to the heat flow
from the building and therefore reduce heating load.

Keywords: Reflectivity, Emissivity, Solar Reflectivity Index.

Technology and Socio-Economic Impact of Bio Fuels from Rice and

Wheat Straw- A Feasibility Study
V. R. Reghu1*, Manikandan M. K. Manicka2, Dharanidharan Desikan3, David Joseph4
1Department of Mechanical & Automobile Engineering, Christ University, Bangalore, India
2School of Business and Management, Christ University, Bangalore, India.
3Department of Psychology, Christ University, Bangalore, India.
4Department of Commerce, Christ University, Bangalore, India.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Bio-fuels are seen as a big alternative to fossil fuels. Scientists have been working on large-
scale production of Bio-Fuels from various sources. The International Energy Agency has
estimated that by 2050, bio-fuels will meet 25%of the total energy need of the world. A
large number of raw material sources are available for bio-fuels. Among these, the localized
raw materials may not be unavailable in other regions. There was a well-established process
for the extraction of biofuels from sources like barley, maize, oilseeds like Jatropha, palm
oil, etc, and plantations like sugarcane. There is a huge potential of tapping the straws of
paddy and wheat crops as the raw material of bio-fuels. Every year, more than a hundred
million tons of rice, and wheat are produced in India and the raw straw pose a big threat to
the ecology as farmers prefer to burn the remaining stubble, causing huge pollution to the
region concerned. One challenge in converting the straw fibres as bio-fuel would be the
availability of suitable bio-enzyme. In this paper, we analyze the potential of using rice, and
wheat straws as the raw material for biofuel production, and the sociological, and
economical evolution it can bring to the agriculture world if implemented in a systematic
manner.

Keywords: Biofuel, Rice straw, Wheat straw, Bio-Enzyme.

Effect of orifice plates in transesterification of fried oil using

hydrodynamic cavitation reactor and engine performance with biogas
Neeraj Budhraja*, Amit Pal, R. S. Mishra
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delhi Technological University,
New Delhi-110042, India.
*Corresponding Author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Biodiesel is a good alternative for diesel. Once, the challenges of lower production cost; and
raw material availability is met, biodiesel has capability to substitute diesel from market.
Currently, fried cooking oil (FCO) left out after frying is chosen for biodiesel production

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using hydrodynamic cavitation method to enhance the performance of the transesterification

process for increased biodiesel yield using different orifice plates. Results showed that more
than 90% biodiesel yield is achieved within 30 mins of reaction time. However, if the
reaction time is increased to 60 mins, the biodiesel yield reached 98.52%. Physicochemical
properties are measured to determine feasibility of biodiesel on compression ignition (CI)
engine. In the later part, a constant compression ratio and constant rpm CI engine are run on
two blends, namely, biodiesel-diesel, biodiesel-diesel-ethanol with and without biogas
injection, and the results are equated with diesel. Result showed that adding biogas in
normal conditions increased engine emissions, while the range is narrowed. However, fuel
consumption is reduced due to more fuel available for combustion. Turbocharging with
biogas injection may give better performance and reduced emissions because it will increase
oxygen availability for combustion.

Keywords: Biodiesel, Fried Cooking Oil, Hydrodynamic Cavitation, Dual Fuel Mode,
Engine Performance.

Enhanced Biogas Production from Animal Waste using a Gas-Membrane

Absorption Anaerobic Reactor
Dinesh Keloth kaithari, Buthaina Hamed Sulaiman Al Mahrouqi,
Pradeep kumar Krishnan*
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, National University of Science and
Technology, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
*[email protected]

Abstract

Biogas is a renewable energy source that usually consists of (60-70%) methane gas and
carbon dioxide (CO2) (30-35%) and other gases such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and traces of
hydrogen sulphide and ammonia, produced by the decomposition of organic matter such as
food or animal waste. In this study, a digester reactor will be developed to produce biogas
and benefit from the fertilizer produced from the reactor using animal waste. Animal dung
is a valuable source of nutrients and renewable energy. However, it is left to decompose in
the open without benefiting from it, causing serious environmental problems, but its use as a
raw material in the production of biogas will return to the community of many benefits and
eliminate environmental problems. Most of the energy needs in Oman is met from the fossil
fuels and LPG which are non-renewable types of energy resources which may get exhausted
one day, Biogas which is a renewable energy to some extent can replace LPG. Biogas is a
colourless, light gas (half the air density) that ignites in the air as a very high-temperature,
blue flame that does not pollute the environment. Biogas can be widely used for
applications such as cooking, electricity generation, heat production, and for ceratin
agricultural uses. Experiment was conducted in a laboratory scale 6 L bioreactor, to test the
effectiveness of horse dung in biogas production. Horse dung slurry was used as an
inoculum for the bioreactor with ethanol. The results obtained show that the gas production
got increased with respect to the number of days with the highest production of biogas
obtained after the addition of ethanol as a catalyst for decomposition, which amounted to
2095 ml during the last five days.

Keywords: Animal waste, Biogas, Anaerobic digestion.

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Simulation Of PV Cell Characterization Under Different Ambient

Conditions: An experimental Validation
Vrishty kundu1, Anil kumar2
1M.Tech (Solar and Alternative Energy), Amity University, Manesar, Haryana, India
2Professer, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India

Abstract

This report presents an analysis of variations in the output characteristics of mono-

crystalline silicon PV cell under different temperature and irradiance levels using MATLAB
as a simulation tool. The base of study is mathematical modeling of PV cell characteristics
using the well-known one-diode equivalent model in MATLAB. The designed tool
computes and displays current-voltage (I-V) curves, power- voltage curves (P-V), maximum
power point values (Vm , Im , Pm) , optimal load resistance (R’) for maximum power, open-
circuit voltage (Voc) , short-circuit current (Isc) and saturation current (Io) over a range of cell
temperature and irradiation levels. The user provides essential parameters as inputs on the
front panel in MATLAB from the datasheet which are given for Standard Test Conditions
(STC). The developed design facilitates the prediction of PV cell behavior over a range of
temperatures and irradiance levels other than STC. The results obtained from the simulation
tool have matched well with the datasheet values graphically therebyvalidating the tool. The
design is flexible in the sense that it can be applied to PV cells of any size from any
manufacturer. The values of series and shunt resistance are selected so as to have least effect
on the output characteristics.

Keywords: MATLAB, output characteristics, single diode PV cell model and validation.

Efficient Solar Drying Techniques: A Review

Prashant Kumar Jangde1,*, T. V. Arjunan1, Anurag Singh2
1Department Of Mechanical Engineering, 2Department Of Industrial and Production

Engineering, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur C.G., India

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

Drying is a very essential part in rural areas where electricity is not available and due to this
a lot of food gets wasted as there is a lack of post harvest processes. In India, most of the
agricultural produces like paddy, maize, wheat, corn, oil seeds, pulses, chillies, etc. require a
temperature range of 50-80C for effective drying. Hence in these conditions solar drying
techniques seems to be most economical, safe and eco friendly. Various types of solar
dryers are used across India and worldwide, these are direct solar dryer, green house dryer
and indirect solar dryer. Now-a-days indirect type solar dryers are most commonly used
because of their several advantages over direct solar drying. In case of indirect type solar
dryers, the product to be dried is kept in a separate compartment known as drying chamber
in which hot air is used to heat the products whilethe solar radiation being received by
various solar collectors. The energy received by the collector is used to heat the air directly
or using a secondary medium. This review is mainly focused to identify the various
innovative indirect type solar dryers and study the effect of various parameters on the
thermal performance of such type of dryers.

Keywords: Solar drying, Agriculture, Performance.

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A critical review on passive suspension element in active mode operation

using Quarter Car test rig model
Jaikumar Mayakrishnan, Arulanantha Samy Santhiyagu*, Godwin John Johnrose
School of Mechanical Sciences, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science,
Padur, Chennai-603103
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

This paper presents the results ofexperimental research for a coil spring used in active mode
suspension operation with different road profiles. For the purpose of ride comfort
assessment, a quarter car model with two degrees of freedom has been developed. Using the
quarter car test rig model for a single independent front suspension that embodies sprung
mass, unsprung mass, suspension system and tire, the damping factor is calculated at
different road profile and operating frequencies. An excitation of sinusoidal road profiles
with constant amplitude is enforced via electric motor that represents the road profiles. The
experimental results of sprung mass and unsprung mass displacements due to road
excitation are measured, recorded and processed. In this study, the sprung mass responses
are received for the generated road profiles in contracted and stretched modes of the static
compression coil. This enable the researchers to select a suitable controller design and
innovative materials for the passive vehicle suspension system based on the feedback of the
displacement sensor in future developments.

Keywords: Quarter Car Model, Ride Comfort, Road Profile, displacement sensor, coil
spring, damping factor.

Automatic speed controlling system for low visibility detection

Godwin John J.*, V. Vinod, V.J. Sasidhar, A. Hemchand Vardhan, N. Sai Ooha
Department of Automobile Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science,
Chennai, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

In the recent years, accidents in highways have been drastically increased. Among them
accidents due to low visibility especially in poor weather conditions are more vulnerable,
since they may lead to accident pile-ups thus leading to loss of life.
Low visibility combined with high speed aggravtes the situation. Hence controlling the
speed of the vehicle in low visibility conditions may reduce the number of accidents. This
project is an attempt to develop a safety system which can assist the driver by controlling
the speed of the vehicle automatically in low visibility condition so as to avoid road
accidents and pile-ups. This can be achieved by operating the engine at a specified rpm by
controlling the fuel supply to the fuel injectors through programming the ECM, especially
for any low visibility detection, thus gradually reducing the vehicle speed.

Keywords: safety system, low visibility, automatic speed controlling, ECM

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Combined Pedal for Brake and Acceleration

Godwin John J.*,
C. Venu Gopal, V. Jagadeesh, C. Venkata Teja, N. Yella Reddy
Department of Automobile Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science,
Chennai, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The present paper deals with the design, construction and working of a pedal which is used
as both brake and accelerator. This combined accelerator and brake in one pedal is a
technique that can be used for reducing automotive accidents. The main objective of this
innovation is to eliminate the operator's risk of pressing the wrong pedal at the time of
emergency as well as reduction in the driver's reaction time to switch from accelerator to
brake or vice versa. Brake pedals are widely used in all automotives, which acts as a linkage
between occupant and brake mechanism. Currently, automobiles are equipped with
independent pedal controls for operating the accelerator and brake, these pedals being
operated by right foot and since the two functions are opposed and incompatible, and it is
necessary to leave one pedal free in order to operate the other. The brake pedal should be
able to push the piston in the master cylinder completely with a full length stroke and
thereby provide equal pressure to all wheels. It has been understood that some drivers have
difficulty in removing their foot from the accelerator pedal and transferring it to the brake
pedal quickly in emergency situations. To solve this problem, a new brake pedal and
accelerator system is designedusing software. Basic ideology is push action of the pedal is
used to apply brakes whenever needed whereas press action is used for acceleration.

Keywords: Single pedal, Braking, Acceleration, Reduction of risk.

Assessment of Performance Characteristics of the Diesel Engine Powered

with Corn Biodiesel
Godwin John J.*, G Amarnath, A Yogeshwaran, I Mukesh, C Dinesh Kumar
Department of Automobile Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science,
Chennai, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The development of alternative fuel have been the focus of research quite recently on
account of higher fuel price and limited natural resources,. Use of edible oil in (IC) engine is
finding its place to replace the use of conventional fuel. The researchers and scientists have
been striving to find the suitability of utilizing biodiesel and biodiesel blends in diesel
engine with certain safety precautions. Up to the best knowledge, only a few researchers
carried out experiments usingcorn oil in a diesel engine. Initially the corn are taken from
agricultural field and cleaned in order to take away the damaged seeds, dirt and dust
particles. The collected corn seeds with best quality is preserved in a sealed plastic container
and placed in a moist free environment at ambient condition. A soxhlet extraction method is
employed to extract the oil from corn. The corn oil biodiesel is produced by using trans-
esterification process. This involves the produced corn oil treated with sodium hydroxide
and ethanol to form the ethyl ester and glycerol. Corn oil ethyl ester and its blends of
biodiesel fueled were tested in a diesel engine to assess the combustion, performance of

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engine characteristics at various loads. Three different blends B10, B20 and B30 were used
to asses the performance of the engine characteristics. From the experiment results, the
blended fuel exhibited comparable performance characteristics benchmarking the diesel
fuel.

Keywords: Biodiesel, Corn, Fuel, Performance.

Solar Power Based Agricultural Control System using Internet of Things

(IoT) in Arbaminch, Ethiopia.
Dr. M. Sundar Rajan*, Abraham Mesfin. F
Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Arba Minch Institute of Technology, Ethiopia
*Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

This paper provides a water consumption, fertilizer and pesticide sprayer control system
based on IoT (Internet of Things) which includes placing a group of wireless sensor hubs in
predetermined locations in a agricultural land, each hub including a moisture content data
acquisition system, an humidity data collection system; and monitoring key elements in the
growing of plants from a group of sensor hubs including humidity, temp, soil moisture, soil
nutrient and pests that influence plant growth. This paper further comprises an operation
application layer, a data gathering layer and an analysis control layer, wherein the operation
application layer is used for a water consumption device, data from multiple sensors are
transmitted to the data gathering layer through the IoT; the data gathering layer gathers the
data transmitted from the operation application layer, and the data are uploaded to the
analysis control layer; and the analysis control layer analyzes and processes the data and
corresponding operation processing is given. Based on the accumulated data from the
multiple sensors, the processor analyses them to determine the region of interest wherein
any parameter content is below the pre-determined threshold for activating the
corresponding relay and motors to supply corresponding required quantity to the thriving
plants.

Keywords: Solar power, Water consumption, Internet of things (IoT), Sensors, Agriculture.

A Mathematical modelling framework for quantifying production of

biofuel from waste banana
Monzur Alam Imteaz1*, A.B.M. Sharif Hossain2, Maryam Bayatvarkeshi3
1Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology,

Melbourne, Australia
2Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia.
3Department of Soil Science, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran.

*Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Wide-scale implementations or industrial-scale productions of biofuels from food/fruit

waste are lacking. One of the major reasons of wider implementations is lack of confidence
on potential outcomes and subsequent monetary benefit. This paper presents a simple

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mathematical modelling framework for the estimation of bioethanol production potential

from waste/rotten banana. A simple mathematical formulation was proposed which consists
of three contributing factors such as shaking hour, temperature and water content. The
factors were evaluated based on the experimental data on production of bio-ethanol from
waste banana reported in an earlier study. Results from the proposed mathematical model
were compared with the experimental measurements. It is found that the proposed model is
capable to estimate potential bioethanol productions from waste banana with very good
accuracy achieving a coefficient correlation of 0.995. Standard errors of the model’s
estimations are, RMSE = 0.08, MAE = 0.06 and RAE = 0.01. Finally, to facilitate proper
estimations of benefit-cost ratio, a mathematical framework is proposed. Such modelling
framework will be very useful for the decision makers on deciding input variables for
industry-scale implementations. Similar mathematical framework can be adopted for such
biofuel production from other fruit/food waste.

Keywords: Banana waste, Biofuel, Ethanol.

Rescheduling based Congestion Management using Particle Swarm

Optimization strategy
Nisha P. V.1, A. R. Gayathri2, Sudhagar G.3, Jarin T.1
1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College,

Cheruthuruthy, Kerala, India.

2Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vins Christian College of

Engineering, Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India

3Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Siddhartha Institute of

Technology and Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

*Corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract

In the deregulated environment, the transmission grids are used optimally. This utilization of
the transmission system makes some lines congested due to the capacity constraints of the
line. Congestion becomes a barrier of power trading and it affects the security of the power
system. Congestion Management (CM) acts as a major issue that threatens the system
security and it is a most difficult task for the system operators. This paper tries to introduce
a novel optimization based CM model with advanced soft computing technique. An
algorithm is introduced in this paper to deal with CM, which obviously optimize the
generating power of added generators with the bus system. This manages the congestion
with minimum rescheduling cost. The proposed optimization algorithm termed as Whale
Optimization algorithm (WOA) involves in the management of congestion optimally.
Subsequently, the experimentation is performed in the test bus system of 118 bus systems.
The effectiveness of proposed model is compared with the conventional methods, with
respect to cost and convergence.

Keywords: Congestion management, Deregulated Environment, Rescheduling, Cost,

Convergence, optimization.

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Green synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using Allium cepa peels

for degradation of Congo Red Direct Dye: An environmental
remedial approach
Shumaila Kiran1*, Muhammad Asim Rafique2, Sadia Javed3, Ikram Ahmad4, Sumaira
Yousaf5, Nazar Iqbal1, Gulnaz Afzal6, Fouzai Rani1
1Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University,

Faisalabad-38000, Pakistan
2School of Economics and Management, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao,

Hebei Province, China

3Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad-38000, Pakistan
4Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Pakistan
5Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
6Department of Zoology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur,

Sahiwal Bahawalpur, Pakistan

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

Direct dyes are used in different textile operations and processing. The textile industries are
disposing off unused direct dyes into the aquatic environment which is posing a serious
alarming threat to the aquatic lives. The current study deals with the synthesis of nickel
oxide nanoparticles by Allium cepa peels extract. Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs)
were characterized by SEM. Synthesized NiO-NPs were used to remove Congo red direct
dye. Various experimental factors like concentration of dye & nanoparticles, pH and
temperature were optimized. Congo red direct dye was decolorized up to 90% at optimized
conditions (Congo Red Direct dye conc. 0.02 %, catalyst dose 0.003 g/L, pH 6 and
temperature 50℃). The real textile industry effluent disclosed 70% decolorization at pre-
optimized conditions. The percent reduction in TOC and COD were 73.24% and 74.56%, in
case of congo red dye catalytic treatment & percent reduction in TOC and COD were
62.47% and 60.23%, respectively in treatment of textile effluent by nickel oxide
nanoparticle. Treated and untreated dye samples were exposed to FTIR and UV-Visible
spectral analyses too. The reaction products were studied by degradation pathway.

Keywords: Textile dye, Waste water treatment, Nickel oxide nano particles.

Feasibility Study of a Compressed Air - Electric Parallel Hybrid Vehicle

Harikrishnan S, Ashwin Ajith, Daya Babu, Harikesh M S,
Suresh Lal S R* Abhilash Suryan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering
Trivandrum, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695016
Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

Fossil fuel sources are fast depleting, moreover it is a major cause of global warming and
environmental pollution. Renewable energy sources are considered as the potential
replacement of fossil fuels in the coming years. Induction of electric drives in place of

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internal combustion engines in automotive sector has been considered as an alternative,

provided the electrical energy is generated only from renewable sources. Inconsistency due
to the dependence on weather, season and time of the renewable sources is the challenge in
popularizing the alternative energy technology. Large storage systems which can store the
renewable energy as and when available and released at demand could be a solution to this
problem. Solar thermal storage systems using molten salt, pumped storage systems, and
compressed air storage systems are some of the large energy storage systems considered
over the small battery storage systems. This paper presents the feasibility study of
application of the stored compressed air in powering a vehicle. The system has been
designed as a compressed air-electric parallel hybrid vehicle. The system is analysed to
assess the performance of the compressed air system using the standard urban drive cycles.
The results show that a considerable range can be traversed using the compressed air drives
although the range is less compared to the electrical drives. The study provides an insight to
the necessity of developing air motors which have higher range of operation without
sacrificing the torque and power characteristics.

Keywords: Compressed air drives; Hybrid vehicles; Energy storage; Air motors.

An insight into Nanocellulose as Potential Material for Water

Remediation: A Review
Rekha Goswami 1,2, Abhilasha Mishra3*, A. K. Bajpai3, Neha Bhatt3
1 Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era (deemed to be University),

Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India

2 Department of Environmental Science, Graphic Era Hill University,

Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India

3 Department of Allied Sciences (Chemistry), Graphic Era (deemed to be University),

Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India

*Corresponding Author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

Due to rapid growth in industrialization sectors, the wastewater treatment plants become
exhausted and potentially not able to give desirable discharge standards. The effective
disposal of industrial effluents thus has been an imperative requirement. For decades,
nanocellulose based materials gained immense attraction towards application in wastewater
remediation. Cost effectiveness, high abundance, mechanically strong, large surface area,
versatile surface functionality, biodegradability, high aspect ratio makes them suitable
candidate in this field. Majorly, cellulose based nanomaterials are used in the form of
cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), or bacterial nanocellulose
(BNC). This review describes variety of extraction methods to produced nanocellulose and
also discusses the modification of nanocellulose by modifying its surface properties.
Utilization of nanocellulose based materials in water remediation for the removal of
different contaminants such as dyes, heavy metals, oil, microbial colony etc. have been
discussed in detail.

Keywords: Nanocellulose, wastewater, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose

nanofibers (CNFs), or bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)

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Development of total sugar and reducing sugar from fresh elephant ear
plant for bioethanol production
Marlen Trejo1, Yuwalee Unpaprom2, Rameshprabu Ramaraj1,*
1Schoolof Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
2Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

Bioethanol is considered one of the most promising next-generation automotive fuels, as it is

carbon neutral and can be produced from renewable resources, like lignocellulosic
materials. Lignocellulosic biomass is usually referred to as non-edible crops, agriculture and
forestry residues, aquatic plants, and it is considered one of the most abundant renewable
biomass sources on Earth. This study aims to use elephant ear plant, a hazardous plant also
considered an invasive species, as a font of nod-edible lignocellulosic biomass for
bioethanol production. The experiments were performed using two cellulase enzyme and
blue-green algae at 30C for the hydrolysis process. Fresh elephant ear plant (leaves and
kernel) was chopped into small pieces (1~2 cm) and then homogenized to a paste using a
blender. The experiment consists of flying ash pretreatment using the different ratios (1:0,
1:5, 1:10) with 3 replications. All treatment samples were measured for chemicals
composition, total sugar and reducing sugar content. The results showed that the chemical
composition was different among treatments. Enzyme-treated elephant ear plant had lower
hemicelluloses (14.55%) than untreated leaves (15.18%). Moreover, enzyme-treated
elephant ear plant leaves had a higher reducing sugar content than untreated leaves (29.7%
and 6.23%, respectively). The broth was filtrated and inoculated with S. cerevisiae 2% and
kept at room temperature in the absence of oxygen for 120 hours. Bioethanol was recovered
by simple distillation and the alcoholic volume was measured using the density method. The
efficient ethanol percentage was achieved after the fermentation. Elephant ear plant could be
an efficient waste plant for bioethanol production.

Keywords: Elephant ear plant, Total sugar, Reducing Sugar, Hydrolysis, Fermentation.

Improvement of fermentable sugar for enhanced bioethanol

production from Amorphophallus spp. tuber obtained from
northern Thailand
Prakash Bhuyar1, Yuwalee Unpaprom2, Rameshprabu Ramaraj1,*
1School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
2Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

*Corresponding author email: [email protected] ; [email protected]

Abstract

Biofuels have regained popularity due to the increasing price of non-renewable fuels and the
larger carbon dioxide emissions. Biofuels are manufactured from plant products and are
mainly composed of lignocellulose and starch. If these materials have been converted into
biofuel, they will be more beneficial than the currently available fuels. This investigation
aims to produce a large amount of fermentable sugars for enhanced bioethanol production
from tubers procured from northern Thailand. A comparison of biological and chemical
methods for producing bioethanol from Amorphophallus spp. tubers were carried out. The

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procured tubers were discriminated into small sizes and pretreated by steam explosion.
Fungal species of Trichoderma did the saccharification or hydrolysis. After hydrolysis, the
sample was filtered and purified, and the obtained filtrate was subjected to the fermentation
process using bakery yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for 12 to 15 days. After
fermentation, the fermented sample was distilled using the soxhlet extraction method, and
the sample was eventually estimated for alcohol estimation using a refractometer. The
results obtained revealed that the fermentable sugar concentration was improved after the
hydrolysis. The enzymatic hydrolysis is the best way to improve the hydrolysis process. The
enzyme alpha-amylase produced from fungus Trichoderma sp. enhances the saccharification
process. The highest bioethanol was obtained at the following variables starch: water
ratio=1:4; hydrolysis with 0.40 mL α-amylase (4h); fermentation with 10 mL S. cerevisiae
(72h) producing bioethanol 69,81 g/L from Amorphophallus spp. tubers. At the optimum
condition, total sugar produced was 33,431 g/L from Amorphophallus spp. tuber. The results
revealed that the enzymatic processes are more efficient than chemical processes. The
biological methods are cheap and environmentally friendly methods over available chemical
methods. The enhanced fermentable sugars may be utilized in the near future for productive
bioethanol production to overcome depleting fossil fuels.

Keywords: Tuber, Steam explosion, Trichoderma, Saccharification, Fermentattion.

Anaerobic co-digestion of fallen teak leaves and blue green algae as a

potential approach for sustainable biogas production
Kanda Whangchai1, Rameshprabu Ramaraj2,3, Sawitree Tipnee4,
Yuwalee Unpaprom3,4*,
1Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai

University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.

2School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand.
3Sustainable Resources and Sustainable Engineering Research Lab, Maejo University,

Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand

4Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290,

Thailand
*Corresponding author email: [email protected] ; [email protected]
Abstract

Biogas is a renewable gaseous fuel. It is generated by Anaerobic Digestion (AD) of organic

wastes. The fallen teak leaves (Tectona grandis), represents an interesting substrate for
biogas production. The chemical composition of leaves showed the C, H, N, S, and O
content of 48.88, 5.83, 0.55, 0.18, and 30.04 %, respectively. In addition, the leaves contain
2.83% moisture, 11.33 % ash, 83.44% volatile matter, and 2.4% fixed carbon, through dry
weight determination. The content of Total Solids (TS), Volatile Solids (VS) and Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD) in the leaves was measured; the results average as 982,151.93
mg/kg and 819,412.60 mg/kg and 21,333.33 mg/L respectively. Pre-treatment was
performed using with sodium hydroxide solution (w/v) at different conditions (0, 2, 3 and 4
%), with 10 % ratio of total solids. The raw materials were fed into the biodigester. The
biogas yield and methane contents were varied because of the influence of pretreatments.
The COD reduction and methane composition of biogas reactors have been determined
where biogas yield was relatively higher. The co-digestion experimental results confirm that

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could be potentially useful. The methane content was reached to 71.9% higher than that of
untreated and treated fallen teak leaves substrates. Therefore, this co-digestion approach is
feasible for application to the farm-scale digester, as it would improve methane production.
Also, these results indicate that fallen teak leaves can be successfully converted using AD.
Consequently, this study suggested that it is possible to achieve stable operation using fallen
leaves, as a substrate and co-substrate for biogas production in pilot or large scale biogas
plant in the future.

Keywords: Fallen Teak Leaves, Blue Green Algae, Anaerobic Co-Digestion, Biogas
Production

Enhancement methane generation by tiger grass with co-digestion of cow

dung using biological purification
Kanda Whangchai1, Yuwalee Unpaprom2,3, Rameshprabu Ramaraj3,4*
1Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
2Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290,

Thailand.
3Sustainable Resources and Sustainable Engineering Research Lab, Maejo University,

Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand.

4School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected] ; [email protected]

Abstract

Anaerobic digestion (AD) serves many purposes. AD plays a significant role in decreasing
large amounts of complex organic materials, converting the majority of such molecules into
monomers, predominantly methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) exploitable in the
energy sector in several pathways. In the present study, tiger grass has been established as
an efficient co-substrate for cow dung to enhance biogas production and for improving
degradation of lignocellulose by substrate pretreatment. Therefore, thermal and alkali
hydrolysis of tiger grass was performed; moreover, the best pretreatment was selected for
co-digestion with cow dung. The digesters were airtightly sealed for 55 days and gently
mixed 3 times per day. Temperature, substrate initial and final pH, total solids, volatile
solids, alkalinity, volatile free fatty acids biogas yield, and biogas composition were
monitored daily. Methane enhancement was achieved successfully by biological purification
with the help of microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris. Methane content reached 91%, besides CO2
(7.15%), O2 (1.79%) and other trace gases. Oxygen content was slightly increased due to the
performance of algal photosynthesis. The outcome of the result shows that anaerobic co-
digestion of tiger grass and cow dung can be used for long-term animal waste management.
Furthermore, it has the potential to generate methane-rich biogas as well as nutrient-rich
fertilizer while simultaneously lowering green house gas emissions. This research also
provides technical details on co-digestion and its experimental evidence.

Keywords: Tiger grass, cow dung, Fermentation, Biogas, Methane enrichment.

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Microalgae Cultivation in Wastewater Effluent from Tilapia Culture for

Enhanced Bioethanol Production
Prakash Bhuyar1,2, Natthawud Dussadee1, Yuwalee Unpaprom2,3, Rameshprabu
Ramaraj1,2, Kanda Whangchai4,*
1School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
2Sustainable Resources and Sustainable Engineering Research Lab, Maejo University,

Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand

3Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
4Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai

University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected] ; [email protected]

Abstract

Large amount of waste water containing agricultural waste byproducts is generated as a

result of of various agro based production processes especially vegetable and fruit
processing. The most important method for processing this waste is to digest the organic
matter using anaerobic digestion followed by aerobic wastewater treatment processes;
however, wastewater from this system also retains considerable quantities of inorganic
substances, particularly nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. The optimal conditions for
cultivating Chlorella vulgaris from wastewater treatment effluent from the vegetable and
fruit canning industries were investigated in this study. The appropriate conditions were
found to be 10% initial stock solution, 20 cm depth, and 12 days of culture conditions.
Chlorella vulgaris had an OD 560 of 0.649, a cell density of 17.68 × 105 cells/mL, and a
biomass of 376 ± 94.21 mg/L after cultivation. Discharged wastewater from the fishpond
was utilized for the improved growth of micro-algae and obtained biomass was used for bio-
ethanol production. This study results verified that fish pond wastewater is the best source
of nuritent for algal production and biofuel applications.

Keywords: Microalgae, Pond wastewater, Biomass, Fermentable sugar, Fermentation.

To Increase the Efficiency of Solar Air Heater: Design and Analysis

Nisha Sherief*, Akhil Krishna. K, Akhil Raj. K. R, Adarsh Sunil, Amal Shaji
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College,
Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Increasing the proportion of renewable energy in total energy consumption requires the
research and development of new technologies for the efficient use of solar energy and the
rational use of existing solar energy utilization technologies for renewable energy
exploitation and utilization. Extensive research has focused on maximizing the advantages
of solar energy. Solar thermal conversion is a particularly important aspect of solar energy
utilization. Solar Air Heater is one of the thermal energy conversion system using solar
energy. Many experimental studies have been undertaken to increase the efficiency of solar
air heater, by changing the shape of collector, by adding turbulators to increase contact

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surface area, using circular disc with holes as collectors to prevent the laminar sublayer
formation, using solar air collector with slit-perforated corrugated plate, using baffles,
hyperbolic ribs, V-shaped and W-shaped configurations etc. Many studies pertaining to the
enhancement of efficiency of solar air heaters have focused on providing roughness
geometries on the absorber plate to enhance the turbulence and increase the heat transfer
characteristics of the collector. In the present investigation, a comparison of the available
methods inorder to adapt a new suitable strategy to improve the efficiency of Solar Air
Heater have been done.

Keywords: Solar Air Heater, Efficiency, Laminar sublayer, turbulators, Contact surface
area.

Biomass generation and biodiesel production from macroalgae grown in

the irrigation canal wastewater
Kanda Whangchai1, Prakash Bhuyar2,3,Rameshprabu Ramaraj2,3,
Yuwalee Unpaprom3,4*,
1Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai

University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.

2School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand.
3Sustainable Resources and Sustainable Engineering Research Lab, Maejo University,

Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand

4Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

*Corresponding author email: [email protected] ; [email protected]

Abstract

The algal-based biodiesel derived from irrigation wastewater is regarded as a promising

energy source. The wastewater concentration is commonly acceptable for macro-algae
growth; this process consumes water and is applicable for bio-remediation. The
researchevaluated potential of biodiesel production from freshwater macroalga, Nitella sp.
using batch experiment. Algae were collected from irrigation canals at Tambon Cho Lae,
Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Water quality and algae growth environment
characteristics were monitored and analyzed. COD and BOD values were 18.67 ± 4.62 mg /
L and 5.40 ± 0.30 mg / L, respectively. The algal chemical compositions, including
chlorophyll, nitrogen and organic carbon content, were determined. The chemical
composition contents were high, demonstrating that water quality and sufficient nutrients
could support algae growth. Oil extraction was divided into two treatments: room
temperature and heat extraction. The biodiesel in room temperature treatment was 0.0383 ±
0.014% and in heat, extraction treatment was 0.0723 ± 0.029%. Results confirmed that the
heat extraction treatment resulted in a high amount of oil and biodiesel yield. The fatty acid
methyl ester was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The
composition of Biodiesel consisted mainly of 9-octadecane. Therefore, Nitella sp. is highly
feasibile for sustainable biodiesel production.

Keywords: Irrigation wastewater, Water quality, Marcrolagae, biodiesel.

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Random PWM for DC-AC converter for adjustable speed drives

Kapildas K. S1, Shahina E. P1*, Sudhagar G2, Jarin T1, Muthukumar P3
1Department of EEE, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
2Department of ECE, Siddhartha Institute of Technology and Sciences, Hyderabad, India.
3Department of EEE, Prasad V. Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, AP, India

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Pulse width modulation has nowadays become a major part of every Adjustable Speed
Drives (ASDs). RPWM is broadly used to spread the harmonic power and thus decrease the
acoustic noises of the Induction machine used in Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs). The
proposed design of RPWM will be the used to minimize the acoustic disturbance in ASDs
with the assistance of renewable source solar energy which will provide working energy to
the inverter circuitry. The spreading capacity of harmonic power is boosted by using
Random PWM in the inverter, which is simulated in MATLAB. From the simulation results,
it is clear that RPWM has been creating the exceptionally less acoustic noises with the cost
of extremely less decrease of fundamental voltage with low THD. The THD and HSF are
reported for validation of the scheme.

Keywords: Random Pulse Width Modulation (RPWM), Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD),
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD).

Electricity Generating Shock Absorber

Nisha Sherief*, Mathew Francis, Joshva Joy, Edwin Joy, Goodwin Paulson
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College,
Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Road vehicles can expend a significant amount of energy in undesirable vertical motions
that are induced by road bumps, and much of that is dissipated as heat in conventional shock
absorbers as they dampen the vertical motions. An electromagnetic linear generator and
regenerative electromagnetic shock absorber is disclosed in the current investigation, which
converts variable frequency, repetitive intermittent linear displacement motion to useful
electrical power. The innovative device provides for superposition of radial components of
the magnetic flux density from a plurality of adjacent magnets to produce a maximum
average radial magnetic flux density within a coil winding array. The main objective of the
work is to convert parasitic displacement motion and vibrations encountered under normal
urban driving conditions to a useful electrical energy for powering vehicles and accessories
or charging batteries in electric and fossil fuel powered vehicles. The disclosed device is
capable of high power generation capacity and energy conversion efficiency with minimal
weight penalty for improved fuel efficiency.

Keywords: Electromagnetic linear generator, regenerative electromagnetic shock absorber,

Magnetic flux density.

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Anti Soiling Chemical for Solar Panels

Mahant Shiyani, Jay Vaghasiya, Yashkumar Khunt, Rashmita Patel*
Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, Surat, India
*Corresponding author E-mail id: [email protected]
Abstract

Efficiency of solar panels is greatly affected by dust and soiling. Also, solar panel reflects a
considerable amount of light which also decrease its efficiency. Frequent cleaning of solar
installation is time consuming as well as expensive. Hydrophobic coating works as anti-dust
coating and therefore enhances the efficiency and decrease the cost of cleaning of solar
cells. In India, most of solar projects are situated in arid areas (MP, Gujarat etc.) where dust
levels are high and this decreases the efficiency of solar cells. Therefore by the application
of superhydrophobic and antireflective coating, the efficiency of solar cells can be
increased. In the current work, the use of Polydimerhylsiloxane (PDMS) as a material to
prepare anti-soiling / dust repellent coating for solar panel glass have been discussed. This is
an effective solution and cleaning period of solar panels can be increased and the associated
water wastage can be minimized.

Keywords: Superhydrophobic, antireflective, efficiency, PDSM, dip coating, self cleaning,

coating.

Experimental Investigation of R1270 in a Direct Expansion Solar Assisted

Heat Pump System
Lokesh Paradeshi*, Durga Prasad C.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RV Institute of Technology and Management,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
In this work, the suitability of propylene (R1270) as an alternative refrigerant in the direct
expansion solar assisted heat pump system was studied. The system is composed of four
basic components namely, compressor, an air cooled condenser, thermostatic expansion and
solar collector (evaporator of the system). The system performance was compared with base
line refrigerant (R22) and selected alternative refrigerant (R1270). The performance of the
system was investigated in terms of power consumption, energy performance ratio,
condenser capacity and outlet temperature of the compressor. The system performance
exhibited an improvement in the energy performance ratio by 6%, condenser heating
capacity by 7.5% and reduction in outlet temperature of compressor by 15-20 °C. The
results show that R1270 can be a propitious alternative refrigerant to direct expansion solar
assisted heat pump system.

Keywords: R22, R1270, Energy performance ratio.

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An Emergent Accession for the Optimal Systematize Of Waste Water

UtilizationPlants Using Artificial Intelligence
Mohd Abul Hassan
Civil Engineering Department, King Khalid University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The treatment of wastewater is an essential factor in preventing pollutants and

promoting the quality of the water. The inherent complexity, influential impact
and the solid waste infrastructure lead to confusion and variance in the primary
clarifier for wastewater. These inconsistencies lead to variations in the purity and
capacity constraints of wastewater and the existential impact of water receipt. Virtual
reality seems to have become a strong solution for preventing waste management
uncertainties and problems. This is not only due to high deformations but also to
significant external disturbances that water systems are controlling challenges.Climate
is among the most significant of such disturbances. Various environmental conditions
actually include different influx frequencies and levels of substances. Water
contamination has become one of the extremely serious growing conservation; sewage
treatment plant identification is a key major issue here and the agencies enforce
tighter requirements for the operating of wastewater software systems. This article plans to
create models of achievement and prospects for the possible future guidance of recent
research borders for the use of artificial intelligence in wastewater treatment plants which
concurrently deal with pollutants.This study has shown us that the composite ANN
provides a greater level of competence in plant prediction and systemization.

Keywords: Systematize of Wastewater Utilization Plants, Artificial Neural Networks,

artificial intelligence, Prediction Analysis, Reliability

Second Law Thermodynamic Analysis of a Direct Expansion Solar

Assisted Heat Pump System using R1270
Lokesh Paradeshi*, Durga Prasad C
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RV Institute of Technology and Management,
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The second law of thermodynamic analysis of a direct expansion solar assisted heat pump
system was investigated using propylene (R1270) as an alternative refrigerant. The
experiments were performed in solar energy center at National Institute of Technology
Calicut, India. The experiments were conducted during the winter season of 2017
(December to March). The thermodynamic second law (exergy) analysis of the system was
performed using R1270 and R22 and results were compared. The exergy analysis of the
system was studied in terms of exergy destruction and efficiency of individual components
and as well as the total system. The average exergy destruction of compressor, condenser
and evaporator when working with R22 and R1270, was found to be 0.24 kW, 0.26 kW,
0.40 kW 0.44 kW 0.48 kW and 0.31 kW, respectively. Similarly, the exergy destruction of
the total system was found to be about 1.36 kW, 1.34 kW when system working with R22

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and R1270, respectively. It was observed that the exergy efficiency of the system was
higher, about 36% when system working with R1270. The results obtained from
experimentation indicates that R1270 can be an suitable alternative refrigerant which may
be used in the direct expansion solar assisted heat pump system.

Keywords: Exergy, R1270, R22.

Performance Enhancement Study of Solar PVT Collector – A

Comprehensive Review
Disha Dewangan1,*, T. V. Arjunan2, Jasinta Poonam Ekka2,
1Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya,

Bilaspur, India
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract
The continuous exacerbation of environmental pollution worldwide with a rapid increase in
the price of conventional sources of energy has necessitated an urgent search for alternative
energy sources to meet our present energy demands. Solar energy is clean, free,
inexhaustible, and environment-friendly and a potential resource among all renewable
energy options available. Due to seasonal and periodic variations, the current trend
nowadays is to combine different solar energy systems that aim to optimize the benefits
from solar radiation. Therefore, Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal (PVT) system obtained by
combining solar thermal collectors and solar photovoltaic shows optimized perormance and
enables continuous production of heat and electricity. Different investigations have been
made on solar PVT collectors, either theoretical or experimental in order to improve their
performance. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive literature review
and consolidate the results of the performance enhancement studies on solar PVT collectors.
In addition to this, a detailed discussion on the limitations of existing research, research gap
and suggested possible modifications have been conducted.

Keywords: Solar energy, Solar Photovoltaic/Thermal (PVT) collector, hybrid solar system.

Improved Efficiency of Solar Air Heater: Design and Analysis

Nisha Sherief *, Akhil Krishna.K, Akhil Raj.K.R, Adarsh Sunil, Amal Shaji
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
New technologies have to be developed for the efficient use of solar energy and the rational
use of existing solar energy utilization technologies have to be implemented for increasing
the share of renewable energy in the total energy produced. Solar energy, being the
important source of renewable energy, extensive research have been undertaken with an
objective of maximizing the conversion efficiency. Solar thermal conversion is an important
aspect of solar energy utilization. Many research works have been undertaken to increase
the efficiency of solar air heater such as changing the shape of collector, adding turbulators
to increase contact surface area, using circular disc with holes as collectors to prevent the
laminar sublayer formation, using solar air collector with slit-perforated corrugated plate,
using baffles, hyperbolic ribs, V-shaped and W-shaped configurations etc. Vast studies

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pertaining to the enhancement of solar air heaters have focused on providing roughness
geometries on the absorber plate to enhance the turbulence and to increase the heat transfer
characteristics of the collector. In the current study, we have made an attempt to compare
and consolidate the available methods to adapt a new suitable strategy to improve its
efficiency.

Keywords: Solar Air Heater, Efficiency, Laminar sublayer, Contact surface area.

Cogasification kinetics of coconut shell and its biochar with palm kernel
shells at various blending ratios
J. Thiagarajan1, Abhijeet Pathy2, P.K. Srividya1, P. Balasubramanian2,*
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science and
Technology, Thanjavur, India – 613404
2Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology Group, Dept. of Biotechnology and

Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India – 769008

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to present the thermal behaviour and pyrolytic kinetics of coconut
shell (CS) and its derived biochar (CSBC) at various heating rates of 10-50C/min to
explore the potential of co-gasification with palm kernel shells (PKS) at varying proportions
of 10-50%. The degradation profiles has been observed and the activation energy (Ea) for
CS (91.47 to 50.79 kJ/mol) and CSBC (58.76 to 43.46 kJ/mol) were found to vary with the
increase in heating rate. Ea for the blends of PKS-CS and PKS-CSBC were 53.35 to 72.21
kJ/mol and 56.68 to 59.98 kJ/mol respectively. The syngas produced through cogasification
had calorific value of 2.6 to 3.2 MJ/Nm3 and 1.5 to 1.9 MJ/Nm3 for PKS-CS and PKS-
CSBC blends respectively. This study with predicted possible synergistic effect could
propose the appropriate blending ratio of PKS with CS or CSBC for co-gasification and also
promotes the agro industry process waste PKS as a suitable single feed as well as multifeed
fuel source for gasification. Furthermore, this study offsets the concerns of fuel feedstock
availability due to demand, seasonal variation and transportation cost for the continuous
operation of biomass gasifier plants at remote areas.

Keywords: Cogasification; Thermal kinetics; Activation energy; Waste biomass; Palm

kernel shell; Coconut shell

Physico-chemical characterization study of coffee husk for feasibility

assessment in fluidized bed gasification process
P. Suraj*, P. Arun, C. Muraleedharan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Calicut, Kozhikode, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
The biomasses like post-harvest agricultural residues are usually disposed off as landfills
and used as cattle fodder and manure. Large quantities of such wastes like stubble are often
set to open firing. The open firing of thus formed biomasses leads to particulate matter
emission and air pollution. Kerala being the second-largest producer of coffee in India,

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produces around 65925 metric tonnes of coffee. Almost 30-50% of waste is produced
during coffee processing, out of which coffee husk has a significant contribution. The
thermochemical process like gasification helps in bio-energy extraction and proper disposal
of coffee husk. In the present study, physicochemical characteristics of coffee husk are
studied in detail to investigate its feasibility as a biomass feedstock for thermochemical
applications. The thermal degradation of coffee husk at higher temperature is also studied
using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) to a maximum around 1000C. The higher
heating value is determined using bomb calorimeter and is found to be 19.67 MJ/kg. The
selected sample has a volatile matter content of 66.85% and fixed carbon content of 14%.
The elemental composition is also determined to identify the presence of inorganic elements
in the sample. Inorganic elements like potassium and sodium often lead to de-fluidization in
fluidized bed gasifiers. The physical and chemical properties analyzed would enable in apt
handling and treating coffee husk before thermochemical processing.

Keywords: Coffee husk, Biomass, Physico-chemical characteristics, TGA, Bioenergy

Green Synthesis Strategy for Producing Doped and Undoped ZnO

Nanoparticles: Their Photocatalytic Studies for Industrial Dye
Degradation
Ahamed Fazil A.1, Sheeba Narayanan1, Meera S. Begum1,
Manikandan G.2, Yuvashree M.2
1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-

620015
2Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering &amp; Technology (CIPET)-IPT,

Chennai-600032
Abstract
Facile and green method for synthesizing Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was
successfully carried out using sweet lime i.e., Citrus Limetta rind extracts (CLR extract).
The structural, morphological and optical studies were elucidated to confirm the
crystallinity, size, shape and electronic configuration of the synthesized NPs. Copper doping
on ZnO NPs (CZnO NPs) was carried out to enhance the optical properties. The potential of
as prepared and doped nanoparticles for the efficient degradation of the commercial dye,
Methylene Blue (MB) was tested under UV and visible light radiation. ZnO NPs showed
promising results for dye degradation while improved result was witnessed for CZnO NPs.
ZnO NPs exhibited 74% of degradation of MB dye under UV irradiation and 57% under
visible light radiation. CZnO NPs presented 85% and 90% degradation in the UV and
visible radiation, respectively. This green reduction method utilizing biological waste
sources shows a promising path for photocatalysts to be developed economically as well as
efficiently in the future. These CZnO/ ZnO NPs proved their potential for embedding them
as efficient catalysts for wastewater treatment plants of textile industries.

Keywords: green synthesis, zinc oxide nanoparticles, copper doping, sweet lime rind,
wastewater treatment, textile industry effluent.

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Experimental analysis of water loss due to evaporation in cooling tower by

using ceramic material

Dr. Biju P. L.*, Melvinraj C. R., Mohammed Salih K. Jaleel, Lipson Poulose,
Muhammed Shahabas K. S., Viney Paloli
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
* Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Most of the industries have specialized heat exchanger called cooling towers, which
consumes significant amount of water. During this process, considerable quantity of water is
lost by evaporation. Therefore, a technology that is capable to reduce the water loss as well
as to improve the cooling have been greatly desired. In this study, we propose a clay
ceramic that can be used in the cooling tower which will increase the surface area in contact
with the incoming hot water thereby increasing the cooling effect. The properties and
thermal behaviour of the ceramic material as well as its cooling performance is analyzed
using ANSYS FLUENT. The quantity of water that can be conserved by latent heat of
vapourisation is precisely computed. The prototype is 3D modeled using SOLIDWORKS,
which is used for the fabrication. Furthermore, the simulated results have been corroborated
with the actual results obtained from the experimental studies.

Keywords: Cooling tower, evaporation loss, ceramic material.

A Review on Recent Advances in Micro-algal Based Biofuel Production

R. Shobana1, B. Deepanraj2, M. Anand3, J. Ranjitha1,*

1CO2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur

3 Department of Chemistry, Kingston Engineering College, Vellore

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
Microalgae are simple, plant-like organisms but do not have roots, stems, and leaves. They
are abundant in nature and are distributed throughout the world in seawater, freshwater, and
wastewater. Algae are typically photosynthetic, but some are heterotrophic with no
requirement of light, assimilating organic compounds such as glucose and acetic acid as
carbon sources. Most of the current research and development efforts have focused on
microalgae, due to their high growth rate and oil content. Current biofuel production relies
on limited arable lands on the earth and is impossible to meet the biofuel demands. Oil-
producing algae are alternative biofuel feedstock with the potential to meet the worlds
ambitious goal to replace fossil fuels. This review provides an overview of the biological
and engineering aspects in the production and processing technologies and recent advances
in research and development in the algae to fuels approach.

Keywords: Algae, Biofuel, Biodiesel, Wastewater.

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Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants using nanomaterials

Chandhini Priya S Vijayalakshmi S, Ranjitha J+
*CO
2 Research and Green Technologies Center, Vellore Institute of Technology,
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

Recently world-wide researchers are gaining and focusing their research interest in an eco-
friendly and sustainable environmental aspect. Out of various environmental concerns, the
waste water contamination produced from various industrial processes are of great threat to
the environment. The current research is the development of advanced techniques for the
wastewater treatment. Previously, the traditional methods used for water purification such as
adsorption and membrane separation have been found to be less efficient, involve high
operational cost, and also result in the formation of secondary products are dangerous to the
environment. Now photocatalysis based degradation of organic pollutants into
biodegradable and nontoxic compounds field has emerging slowly in the research world. In
this chapter, the advanced synthesis methods for design and development of various types of
nano based photocatalyst have been discussed highlighting the research progress in the
metal oxide and their application for photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants has
been discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives are taken into consideration.
Nano based materials can be a new horizon in the near future for organic pollutant
degradation application.

Keywords: Organic Pollutants, Photocatalytic Degradation, Nanomaterials.

Optimization of Para-nitro Phenol Degradation Using Achromobacter

denitrifacians isolated from industrial effluent water
Sandhyasree M1, Vijayalakshmi S2, Ranjitha J3*
*CO
2 Research and Green Technologies Center, Vellore Institute of Technology,
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In the present investigation, Achromobacter denitrifacians which can utilize phenol as a sole
source of carbon and energy was selected for the degradation of phenol. Experiments were
made as a function of different carbon sources, organic and inorganic nitrogen sources and
metal ions. Observations revealed that the rate of phenol biodegradation was significantly
affected by pH, temperature of incubation, glucose, peptone and ammonium chloride
concentration. The optimal conditions for phenol removal were found to be pH of 7.5
(84.63% removal), temperature, 35oC (76.69% removal) and 0.25% supplemented glucose
level (97.88% removal), 0.25% supplemented peptone level, 0.1% ammonium chloride and
0.01% zinc ion. The main significance of the study is the utilization of native bacterial
strains from the industrial effluent water itself having potential of bioremediation.

Keywords: Bacterial strains, Phenol degradation, pH, Temperature, Glucose, Peptone,

Ammonium Chloride, Achromobacter denitrifacians.

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CO2 Sequestration and Biodiesel Production from Volvox aureus a newly

isolated green microalgal species from industrial wastewater
Shobana R, Vijayalakshmi S, Ranjitha J+
*CO
2 Research and Green Technologies Center, Vellore Institute of Technology,
Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

Biofuels include a wide variety of gaseous and liquid compounds obtained from different
natural sources, which can be ignited to obtain useful energy. Biodiesel is a liquid fuel
containing fatty acids and is an excellent fuel source. Biodiesel can be obtained from a wide
array of sources and much research has been dedicated to refining harvesting techniques and
increasing the fuel output from raw materials. Recently, microalgae have gained tremendous
attention in the scientific sphere as a source of biodiesel. Microalgae has the highest yield of
oil per hectare of land. One main advantage of using microalgae as the source is that algae
utilize metallic salts for their growth and can be grown in waster waters with high
concentrations of unwanted salts. By utilizing this water for algal growth, water treatment
can also be achieved and salt concentrations may be reduced considerably. Microalgae also
utilize CO2 for their growth, thus converting the excess carbon in the air into useful fuel. In
this project, an attempt has been made to study the effect of algal growth on salt
concentration in water. The wastewater has been collected from the STP plant at VIT
University from the Garden Collection Tank. Supplying excess of CO2, as well as excess
nutrients on the growth of algae, its lipid concentration, and chlorophyll concentration, have
been studied. The species was identified as Volvox aureus, which is a relatively newer
species. Results show that a large decrease in Nitrate and Phosphate salt concentration has
been achieved and this may very well be applied to treating wastewater and at the same time
culturing algae for fuel production.
Keywords Biodiesel, Volvox aureus, CO2 Sequestration, Wastewater Treatment, Fuel
properties.

Life Cycle Analysis of Biogas

Nawin Vishwaa P. A.*, Tarun A., Aswin S., Pranav A.R., Aravind A.G., Sujith,
Siddharth Kumar, Ananda Kumar
School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology,
Vellore – 14, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

This paper mainly focuses on Life cycle analysis (LCA) of Biogas, produced by anaerobic
digestion of biowaste and manure. This method to produce biogas is one of the most
effective as it has lesser energy expenditure when compared with others. The fuel thus
obtained, can be used to generate heat and electricity. Conversion of biogas to biomethane
which can be used as a fuel for transportation purposes or fed into a Natural gas grid have
been dealth with. LCA, particularly environmental life cycle assessment of biogas as a fuel
for transport as compared with alternative fuels, biodiesel, natural gas and diesel as a
commercial fuel for vehicles have been carried out. Mileage and engine efficiency have
been being used as parameters for comparing different fuels. The study of LCA is divided

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into four stages, namely, production process of the fuel, distribution of the fuel, production
and maintenance of vehicles compatible with biomethane, and comparison between
different fuels.

Keywords: LCA, Biogas, Anaerobic Digestion.

Life Cycle Assessment of Biodiesel and Overview of the Challenges in

Production of the Biodiesel
Anshul Jose Anthony*, Ayush kumar, Udit Bhojwani, Anshul Mittal,
Bhavnadar Singh, Uchit Rehani, Ranjitha J, Vijayalakshmi S
School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore – 14
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
This work deals about the production and life cycle analysis of Biodiesel. It is defined as
monoalkyl ester of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock, such a
vegetable oil or animal fat. The use of biodiesel can help us to reduce the dependence on
petroleum imports, leveraging on limited supplies of fossil fuels and also mitigating the
greenhouse gas emission. LCA is a tool that is used to determine or assess the impact of
product or process on the environment. It evaluates of use the energy and raw material
consumption, wastes and emissions of a product’s life cycle. Biodiesel utilises various
feedstock including waste cooking oil, clean vegetable oil and animal fat. The advantage of
using waste cooking oil helps reducing waste and disposal problems. Different methods
would be reviewed and the best environment friendly method will be discussed after the
comparisons.

Keywords: LCA, Biodiesel, Renewable feedstock.

Generating Power Using High Speed Wind by Bullet Train

Aryak Sathye*, Nimish Dutta, Snehasish Chinara, Ashwin Toms,
Manu Varghese, Mohammed Abdullah
School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore – 14
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
In the current study, we propose to make small wind turbines that can be placed between the
railway tracks of bullet trains, running from Ahmedabad to Mumbai to generate power. Our
focus is on generating electricity by rotating the turbines with the help of high velocity wind
developed due to the passing of bullet trains. Generally, to rotate the blades of the windmill,
airspeed about 14 km/hr ~ 16 km/hr is required which is less than the wind speed actually
generated between the trains. The venturi effect is employed to channelize and regulate the
velocity to get the required pressure to rotate the blade. CFD analysis using ANSYS for
turbine as well as the whole system have been attempted. A prototype of the turbine using 3-
D printing technology have been fabricated for actual testing.

Keywords: Bullet train, Wind, CFD.

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Life Cycle Analysis of Hydrogen

Ashwath J.*, Kanishka S., Jannan B., Janardhan A., Shailesh A., Shivam Rathore,
Vijayalakshmi S., Ranjitha J
School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore – 14
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract

The paper mainly focusses on the life cycle assessment of hydrogen produced by the
electrolysis process. This paper also deals with the properties of hydrogen and its major
production methods. Electrolysis was considered to be best in terms of carbon dioxide
equivalents. Greenhouse gases (GHG) and other emissions are also accounted for each
process. Hydrogen produced by water splitting method and high temperature electrolysis
was found to be better than other conventional methods. Also, the life cycle assessment
focuses the environmental aspects of the production processes. The life cycle cost analysis
is also used to propose the feasibility of hydrogen as a fuel. The drawbacks of using pure
hydrogen in regular IC engines have been discussed. Hydrogen and hydrogen enriched
compressed natural gas can be used as fuels in conventional CI and SI engines with
minimum modifications in the existing engines and they exhibited better properties and
lower emissions than CNG and pure hydrogen without compromising on the efficiency.

Keywords: LCA, Hydrogen, Fuel.

Process optimization and modeling of biodiesel production from Capparis

spinosa L and Mimusops elengi
Aniruddh S. Kumar1, A. C. Devadathan1, Muhammed Nazer1,
Vijayalakshmi S.2, Ranjitha J. 2,*
1School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-14
2CO2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-14

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In the recent years, researchers have shown more attention towards biodiesel production
from non-edible vegetable oils. The main advantage of biodiesel as a fuel includes
biodegradability, non-toxicity, renewability and low emission profiles. In this study, crude
mixed oil was used as feedstock for biodiesel production using heterogeneous catalyst
synthesized from animal bone waste. Initially, mechanical extraction process was used to
extract the crude mixed oil from the seeds of Mimusops elengi, and Capparis spinosa L. The
crude oil collected from different plant species were characterized using GC-MS spectral
data to identify their fatty acid composition. Consequently, the mixed crude oil was
converted into biodiesel in the presence of calcinated heterogeneous catalyst obtained from
animal bone waste and the catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM and FTIR spectral data.
The effect of factors including methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction
time, reaction temperature, and rate of mixing on the biodiesel yield were examined and
optimized. The properties of obtained biodiesel from mixed oil matches closely with the
commercial diesel fuel and can be recommended to be used as an alternative to diesel in
near future.

Keywords: Biodiesel Production, Mimusops elengi, Capparis spinosa L

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Techno - Economic Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Production

Srinivasan Ramaraj*, Nithiesh D, Srujeshwaran TK, Pavishkar P,
Mukilarasan S, Suveer Balaji
School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore – 14
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Hydrogen fuel is one of the biofuel which produces zero carbon when burned with oxygen.
Nowadays biofuels are considered important as they are renewable and they do not harm the
environment. There are many methods for the production of hydrogen fuel and some of
them are gas reforming process, biomass gasification, reforming the renewable liquid fuels
and coal gasification. Amongst these processes, biomass gasification is considered for the
current study. Biomass is an organic matter that is used as a fuel either directly or through
natural conversion process. Generally biomass are added with renewable and easily
accessible feedstock in order to convert it into fuels at a large quantity. These feed stocks
are gasified using some techniques which will produce hydrogen fuel. Gasification is the
process in which the organic feed stocks are treated at high temperatures in the absence of
combustion to produce gases like hydrogen and carbon dioxide. After gasification, many
other processes may be performed to get the maximum efficiency of the fuel and also to
purify the fuel. The economic factors such as the cost of the raw materials, availability,
production facility, power consumption, equipment used and transportation are considered
into account. Simulation and optimization are carried out using various techniques in order
to make the production process of hydrogen fuel efficient and affordable.

Keywords: Biofuel, Bio-hyfrogen, Gasification.

Process optimization and modeling of biodiesel production from Hevea

brasiliensis L and Mimusops elengi
Abhinav PV1, Amal Paul Joby1, Muhammed Nazer1,
Vijayalakshmi S2, Ranjitha J2,*
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-14
2CO Research and Green Technologies Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-14
2
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
In the recent years, researchers have focused more towards biodiesel production from non-
edible vegetable oils. The main merits of biodiesel as a fuel includes: biodegradability, non-
toxicity, renewability and low emission profiles. The present paper reveals biodiesel
production from Hevea brasiliensis L and Mimusops elengi non-edible plant seeds using
heterogeneous catalyst synthesized from animal bone waste. Initially, soxhlet extraction
process was used to extract the crude mixed oil from the seeds of Mimusops elengi and
Hevea brasiliensis L. The crude oil extracted from different plant seeds were characterized
using GC-MS spectral data to identify their fatty acid composition. Consequently, the mixed
crude oil was converted into biodiesel using heterogeneous catalyst obtained from animal
bone waste and characterized by XRD, SEM and FTIR spectral data. The effect of factors
including methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time, reaction
temperature, and rate of mixing on the biodiesel yield were examined and optimized. The
properties of obtained biodiesel from mixed oil closely match with the commercial diesel
fuel and therefore can be used as an alternative to diesel in near future.

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Keywords: Biodiesel production, Hevea brasiliensis L, Mimusops elengi.

Process optimization and modeling of biodiesel production from

Calophyllum Inophyllum oil

Keerthana S.1, Paurush Kumar1, Bhaskar Syamal1,

Vijayalakshmi S2, Ranjitha J.2,*
1School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-14
2CO2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-14

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The continuing rise in global prices of crude oil, increasing threat to environment as a result
of exhaust emissions, global warming and threat of supply instabilities have adversely
impacted the developing countries, in particular the petroleum importing countries like
India. The various edible vegetable oils like sunflower oil, cotton seed oil and palm oil have
been tested successfully in the diesel engine as alternative fuels. But as India still imports
huge quantities of edible oils, the use of edible oils as fuel for diesel engines is not feasible.
However, non-edible vegetable oil species such as honge (Pongamia pinnata), jatropha
(Jatropha curcas), Mahua (Madhuca indica) and honne (Calophyllum inophyluum linn) etc.,
could be used as alternative fuel for diesel engine. This research work is particularly about
the production of biodiesel from Calophyllum inophylum seed oil, similarly other oils can
also be used. As a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel for ignition engines, biodiesel
has been increasingly used as an alternative fuel and its effects on engine performances and
emissions have been studied.

Keywords: Calophyllum inophylum seed oil, Biodiesel, Engine, RSM.

Techno-Economic Analysis of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Chlorella

(microalgae) powered by Renewable Energy
Anirudh Ram Sriram1, Dheeraj Mouli1, Shahul Irfan1, Ranjitha J2, Vijayalakshmi S2
1School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore

2CO2 Research and Green Technologies center, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The rapid depletion of conventional fossil fuels as a result of its extensive use and the
aggravation of environmental pollution have raised concerns and therefore have driven the
search for alternative fuels which are renewable and sustainable in the last few decades. In
this context, biomass derived fuels seems to be the promising path; and various routes are
available for the biomass processing such as pyrolysis, trans-esterification, hydrothermal
liquefaction, steam reforming, etc. Among these, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of wet
biomass seems to be a promising route. Among the various types of biomass, it has been
expected that microalgae have the potential of becoming a significant energy source for
biofuel production in the coming years. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a process in

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which biomass is converted in hot compressed water to a liquid bio-crude. Processing

temperatures range from 200 to 350 °C with pressures of around 15–20 MPa; depending on
the temperature, as the water has to remain in the sub-critical region to avoid the latent heat
of vaporization. At these conditions, complex molecules break down and repolymerize into
oily compounds. Studies on economic feasibility of biofuel production from microalgae are
a few in number. Due to the dearth of published studies, the investigation on the economical
aspects of this emerging energy resource is necessary. Thus, in the current study, the techno-
economic analysis have been carried out to determine the economic and commercial
viability and to compare it with conventional processes. This study will provide both
quantitative and qualitative understanding of the impacts that proposed technology have on
the financial viability of a conversion strategy by combining process modelling and
engineering design with economic evaluation.

Keywords: Hydrothermal Liquefaction, Biomass, Renewable energy.

Sustainable method of Automatic Detection of Tumor Using Super Pixel

Segmentation

Reshma Jose1*, Shanty Chacko2, Jarin T.3

1Dept. of ECE, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore.
2Department of EEE, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore.

3Department of EEE, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala.

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Liver cancer is the premier reason for cancer deaths all over the world. Liver cancer
prediction is mediocre at an early stage as it is impotent by the radiologist. Various
investigations done so far manifest clearly that the tumor segmentation algorithms are
ineffectual. Thus, this investigation has centralized super pixels’ segmentation based
iterative clustering (SSBIC) and advanced optimization method for precise segmentation of
regions. The initial step Anisotropic Diffusion Filtering (ADF) with unsharp masking
enhancement technique can eradicate the noise discern in the images. In the subsequent step,
the Super Pixel Segmentation Based Iterative Clustering (SSBIC) algorithm is implemented
in an enhanced nodule image sequence for abnormal liver tissue prediction. Ultimately, the
liver nodule images are procured by utilizing an Advanced GWO with ONN (AGWO-
ONN) and deep learning based Advanced GWO with CNN (AGWO-CNN). Average
segmentation time for tumor slice order is 1.06s. The highest classification accuracy is 97%
by the Advanced GWO with ONN (AGWO-ONN) method and 97.6% by the Advanced
GWO with CNN (AGWO-CNN) method.

Keywords: SSBIC algorithm, Advanced GWO with ONN (AGWO-ONN), automatic

detection, Tumor.

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Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Process and Statistical Optimization of Biomethane Production from

Withered flower waste
Karthick M.1, Vijayalakshmi S.2, Ranjitha J.2,*
1School
of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-14
2CO Research and Green Technologies Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-14
2
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
In the current investigation, preliminary studies on withered flowers as substrate for biogas
production has been carried out using anaerobic digestion. Three experimental sets have
been conducted by varying the substrate to inoculum concentration such as 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2.
Digester has been designed with an outer and inner cylinder of 500 and 300 litres capacity
respectively. Substrate concentrations were also varied as 5, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12% to analyze
the amount o biogas produced per kg of substrate. Results showed that 7% of substrate
concentration to be optimum for biogas production. The yield of biogas was also found to
be higher with less digestion time period. Flowers which are available in plenty which
usually was thrown in garbage after a few days can be effectively used as a source for
energy production. This concept is an effective method of waste utilization to produce
energy and thereby enhance the sustainability of the environment.

Keywords: Biogas, anaerobic digestion, vegetable waste, flower, substrate, Inoculums.

Glycerol as a key reactant in the production of 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid

using engineered microbes
P. Jeevitha1, K. S. Elango2, Ganesh Babu L3, S. Vijayalakshmi1, J. Ranjitha1, *
1CO Research and Green Technologies Center, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore
2
2Department of Civil Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering & Technology, Arasur
3Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq

*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
In the present review paper, we have described about the production of 3-Hydroxypropanoic
acid using a glycerol as key intermediate in the presence of engineered microbes. 3-
hydroxypropanoic acid (3-HP) is a valuable interface chemical that is in high demand
around the world. 3-HP can be generated using a variety of renewable resources. It’s used as
a starting material in the manufacturing of a variety of chemicals, including acrylic acid and
its many derivatives. 3-hydroxypropanoic acid (3-HP) is a valuable platform chemical with
a high demand. 3-HP can be used in bioplastics in its polymerized state. Several microbes
naturally have biosynthetic pathways for producing 3-HP, and some of these pathways have
been inserted into commonly used cell factories like Saccharomyces cerevisiae and
Escherichia coli. More effective methods for bio-production of 3-HP have emerged as a
result of recent developments in the fields of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology.
New methods for implementing heterologous pathways, precise gene expression regulation,
rational enzyme engineering, carbon flux redirection based on in silico predictions using
genome scale metabolic models, and fermentation state optimization are among them.
Despite extensive exploration of 3-HP production in existing industrially applicable cell
factories, current production processes have not yet reached the levels needed for industrial
exploitation. In this study, we examine the current state of 3-HP bio-production by
comparing yields and titers obtained in various microbial cell factories.

Keywords: 3-HP, Glycerol, metabolically engineered microbes.

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 International Conference on Energy and Environment (ICEE 2021)
Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

Automated Laundry Wardrobe

Fredin Jo Ans*, Johnpaul T.J, Krishnanand U, Krithik Krishna, Needhu Varghese

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Christ College of Engineering

Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Managing laundry is an issue as the drying up of these clothes depend on the day light,
sunlight and humidity. In rainy season the humidity is absorbed by clothes and clothes does
have a bad odour. In certain apartments the place for drying is very less. The present clothe
dryer does the drying purpose in minutes but it is not economical and even consists of
running motors inside them which are more power consuming and they require a separate
space to keep them about the place needed for washing machine to work and the clothes
would be wrinkled after drying. The laundry shelf serves as an automated clothes dryer with
a multipurpose cupboard if not in use, it dries the clothes according to the moisture in the
clothes, if the moisture in the cupboard /shelf is nil, and the drying purpose of the shelf turns
off. The shelf consists of a temperature indicator and a humidity sensor and the system is
controlled by Arduino. It is a compact item for the current scenario faced by the people in
the flats and apartments and people who have insufficient area for drying.

Keywords: Sensors, automated laundry, Arduino.

Analysis of Treatment Plant for Dyeing Industry Effluent

Sujnani Kadakolmath1, R. Saravanakumar2, Parthiban P3, Anju M.J3

1Department of Civil engineering, KG Reddy college of Engineering and Technology,
Hyderabad, India
2Department of Civil Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology ,

Coimbatore, India
3Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Cheruthuruthy,

Thrissur, Kerala, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The rapid growth of textile industries is affecting the environment in several ways the most
essential consideration is to be made on controlling the water pollution caused by dyeing
industry effluent. The increase in usage of cloths increases the effluent from dyeing
industries which in turn affecting the environment. This paper focuses on the characteristics
analysis of effluent from a dyeing industry. The effluent from dyeing industry is
investigated and various parameters such as pH value, BOD, COD, Total solid, Total
suspended solid, Chloride, Sulphates, Dissolved Oxygen of the procedures are analyzed and
with permissible limit prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards (IS 2296 Surface Water
Quality Standards).

Keywords: Textile effluent, BoD, CoD, Total Solids.

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Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India, April 09-10, 2021

A Novel Water Quality Testing Method Using Iot

Christina Shaju, Jesil Johnson, Jewel Jain, Rose Jose, Nithin KS
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Christ College of Engineering College,
Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The conventional method of water quality testing is based on the elementary laboratory
testing of samples which we collect manually. Time consumption that results in wastage of
cost and manpower is a real constraint in this method. In order to make the process
economical and effective, we introduce a Water Quality Testing Unit (WQTU) with the help
of various sensors which checks the water quality in real time. We are using pH,
conductivity, temperature and turbidity sensors; to measure the pH value, conductivity,
temperature and turbidity of water. The presence of impurities in the water can be detected
by the values obtained in the sensors. The Arduino transfers the informations collected from
the various sensors to the microcontroller and then pass them to the android application with
a Wi-Fi module. As it is a user friendly application, the results are understandable and can
be easily viewed by the user. The water quality testing unit tests the impurity content of
water resources which helps you in taking the necessary measures to keep the water clean
and pure.
Keywords: Arduino; sensor; IoT, Wi-Fi module.

Techno-Economic, Life Cycle and Resource Assessment

Modeling of Biofuel
Anmol Verma, Arpit Bhatia, Nehal Ratnesh Shah, Kinshuk Sharma,
Karan Pahuja, Ribhav Sharma
School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India

Abstract

The manuscript aims at evaluating and highlighting the various unharnessed potentials of
techno-economic life cycle and resource assessment modelling of a certain biofuel, and the
challenges that shun the process. In this manuscript, it is clearly stated that there is a certain
need to consider siting of land based on geographical constraints and at the same time other
natural sources like water and CO2 availability. It is evident that there is a lot of variability
in terms of CO equivalent in different types of fuels ranging from $1 to $30. Resource
assessment techno-economical assessment and life cycle assessment are used in evaluating
the feasibility of microalgae fuels. These technologies identify promising pathways while
focusing research and development on critical drivers for achieving commercial feasibility.
The manuscript also highlights the significant investments that have been made in light of
recent renewed interest spurred by uncertainty in prices and promising impact microalgae.
The studies show land is not expected to represent a scalability issue for microalgae based
biofuels. The economic estimates associated with the production of fuel from microalgae,
ranges by a factor of 20. The LCA surveyed here are limited to studies that perform an
assessment with a well to pump system boundary and report GHG emissions.

Keywords: Biofuel, LCA, GHG.

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Review on the Utilization of Underbuilt Shield Wires in Overhead

Transmission Lines for Lightning Protection
Joshmi Davis, Ashy Sebastian, Lisa Varghese, Jaseena J., Nithin K.S.
Department of EEE, Christ College of Engineering, Irinjalakuda, Thrissur, India

Abstract

The improvement of the lightning performance of overhead distribution lines, hit by direct
strokes, is investigated considering the use of additional shield wires beneath the phase
conductors. The frequency-domain theory of multiconductor transmission lines with
periodical grounding is adopted permitting a rigorous evaluation of the phase and shield
wire currents and of the over voltages across insulators. These can be minimized by careful
positioning of the underbuilt shield wires. A sensitivity analysis on the over voltages is
conducted by varying either the position of the underbuilt shield wires and the grounding
impedance.

Keywords: Lightning, periodic grounding, shield wires, underbuilt wires.

Evaluation of Soil Properties and Soil Stabilization Using

Polypropylene Fibre
Anju M J*, Parthipan P, Neeraja P G, Soorya S
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Soil stabilization is the process which involves enhancing the physical properties of the soil
in order to improve its strength, durability etc. In this study, we are making use of fibers as
geosynthetic material for stabilization of soil. Geotechnical engineers face various problems
while designing foundation because of poor bearing capacity and excessive settlement. To
overcome those problems researches concentrated on soil improvement techniques by
adding fibers to the soil. It is also used to provide more stability to the soil in slopes or other
such places. Sometimes soil stabilization is also used to prevent soil erosion. The paper is
mainly focused on to improve the strength of soil by adding polypropylene fibre with
different percentages. Laboratory tests like sieve analysis test, specific gravity test,
determination of water content, direct shear test, liquid limit, plastic limit, unconfined
compression test, light compaction test and California bearing ratio test are conducted to
study various properties on soil. Laboratory tests were conducted on the plain soil and soil
reinforced with fibres of the waste polypropylene at different percentage 0.25%, 0.50%,
0.75%, 1% of waste fibre material for the improvement of strength of the soil. The strength
of soil samples increases with increase of fiber content upto 0.75% and then decreases with
the fibre content increasing. The soil are connected by the polypropylene fibre thus to shape
firmly together as a whole to improve the strength of soil. The fibre reinforced soil can be
considered to be good ground improvement technique especially in engineering projects on
weak soils for reinforcement of foundation, embankment and landfill.

Keywords: Polypropylene fiber, Standard Proctor Compaction, Unconfined Compression

test, California Bearing Ratio test.

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Exploring potential of algae crude oil as fuel in CI engine: An

Experimental investigation
Jayashri N. Nair1*, Y. V.V.Satyanarayana Murthy2
1VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India.
2Indian Maritime University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Algae oil has gained momentum globally as a third generation fuel. However exploration of
potentialities and capabilities of crude algae oil as a fuel is narrow. Furthermore, testing of
engine performance with sonicated algae oil blends is also limited. The paper discusses
about the evaluation of performance, emissions, combustion and vibrations of engine using
untransesterified Algae oil, blended with ultrasonicator, in a low powered compression
ignition engine. A constant rated speed of 1500 rpm and 210 bar injection pressure were
maintained throughout the experiment. Tests were conducted with straight algae oil blends
of AO5, AO10, AO15 and AO20 respectively. Results revealed that increment in algae oil
percentage in the diesel decreased the in-cylinder pressure and ignition delay compared to
diesel. AO15 performed better at 80% and 100% load of the engine. NOx and smoke
emissions decreased with increase in algae oil content and AO15 generated less noise
compared to the remaining fuel blends. AO15 gave optimum results in low powered single
cylinder diesel engine.

Keywords: Algae oil, blends, combustion, performance, emissions, vibrations.

A Critical Evaluation of Additive Blended Cashew Nut Shell Liquid

Blended Biodiesel Performance in Compression Ignition Engine

B. Deepanraj1, Praveen Raj1, V.K. Manoj Kumar1, N. Senthilkumar2,*

1Jyothi
Engineering College, Cheruthuruthy, Thrissur, Kerala, India – 679531
2Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Technical and Medical Sciences,

Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India – 602105

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

In this research, experimental investigation of compression ignition (CI) performance is

done with two different fuels; neat diesel and 10% cashew nut shell liquid (CSNL) blended
diesel (B10) with varying proportions of Diethyl ether (DEE) additive (5, 10 and 15%)
running at different injection pressure (190, 210 and 230 kgf/cm2). Response surface
methodology (RSM) based split-plot design is considered for designing the experiment and
analysis. Total fuel consumption (TFC) and mechanical efficiency (ME) are optimized
based on desirability approach. For lower TFC and higher ME, 15% addition of DEE and
injecting fuel at 190 kgf/cm2 produces a TFC of 0.845 and ME of 68.096. For B10 as fuel,
the optimized injection pressure is 230 kgf/cm2 and 5% addition of DEE produces a TFC of
0.9145 and ME of 71.007. Observation shows that the influence of injection pressure is
higher in all the cases. With B10 biodiesel blend higher ME is possible due to the higher
calorific value of CSNL.

Keywords: Split-Plot RSM Design, Cashew Nut Shell Oil, Diethyl Ether, Desirability
approach.

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Characterization of groundwater chemistry in a tropical

mountainous asin, Southern Western Ghats, India– Integrated
chemometric and geochemical modeling approaches
S. Sukanya1, Sabu Joseph1*, Jacob Noble2,
1Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram -

695581, India
2Isotope and Radiation Application Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay,

Mumbai- 400 085, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Groundwater, an inevitable water resource is constantly vulnerable to chemical alterations

by means of a variety of geochemical processes, as it moves along flow paths from recharge
areas to discharge zones. The factors influencing groundwater chemistry is complex and
understanding those factors is vital to manage groundwater pollution in a basin. Henceforth,
the present study is an attempt to elucidate such factors controlling the geochemical
evolution of groundwater in Karamana River Basin (KRB; area = 702 km2), located in the
southern part of Western Ghats in Kerala, India, with khondalite (gneiss) dominant
lithology. We account here the hydrochemistry in groundwater samples collected from 40
dug wells during the pre-monsoon of 2017, sited roughly at the nodes of a grid (=5.0 km)
and spread across the highland, midland and lowland of the river basin. Relative abundance
of cations in the groundwater follows the decreasing order Na+>Ca2+> Mg2+> K+>Fe2,
whereas, anions follows the order of abundance HCO3-> Cl-> SO42->NO3->PO43->NO2-
>CO32- trend. Na+-normalized Ca2+ versus Mg2+ and HCO3- plots indicate silicate
weathering as a significant hydrochemical driver in KRB. Factor analysis and
hydrochemical facies suggest that majority of groundwater samples are actively recharging
type influenced by geological (mineral dissolution), anthropogenic (fertilizer and sewage
inputs) and seawater mixing processes. Geochemical modeling indicates dissolution of Ca+,
Na+, Cl-, SO42- and HCO3- chemical species in the groundwater. Overall, this study
highlights the role of geological and anthropogenic factors in governing the hydrochemical
variability of groundwater in KRB.

Keywords: Groundwater, Hydrochemistry, Geochemical processes, Chemometrics,

Karamana River Basin, Kerala.

Study of Hydrogen Sulphide Removal from Heavy Crude Oil

Dinesh Keloth kaithari, Maryam Moosa AL. Balushi, Pradeep Kumar Krishnan*
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, National University of Science and
Technology, Al-Hail, P.O.Box 2322, CPOSeeb111 Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Hydrogen sulphide is a chemical compound that carries the formula H2S a colourless,
combustible, to a great degree perilous gas with bad smell. It happens normally in raw
petroleum, flammable gas, and hot springs. Furthermore, hydrogen sulphide is removed
from the gas related the oil and is isolated by warm and is prepared and heightened to
encourage the procedure of exchange where it is traded to outside. It used as a part of the

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make of a few medications and is generally used as a part of substance analysis. Industrial
activities that can produce the gas include crude oil, natural gas drilling and refining. The
project aims to Simulate & study different options to enable H2S removal from crude oil in
AL-Noor plant, which carried the unit by 81. In previse literature; the searching of hydrogen
Sulphide is the chosen strategy for decreasing the corrosion and operational dangers in oil
production facilities. Hydrogen Sulphide removal from multiphase created fluids preceding
phase partition and preparing by injection of EPRI H2S scrounger arrangement into the gas
phase by using the considered chemical system relates to a standing oil well. Therefore, in
this project, I used three optional to remove H2S from heavy crude oil by Stabilization
column, stripping column and Heater & knock drum. The project carried to study of
hydrogen Sulphide removal from heavy crude oil using UNISIM software version 400. The
result of project is choosing the best options based technical and economic selection is
stripping column. After completely understanding the research, it can presumed that data
said through it, in reality is recipient to comprehend the human effect of hydrogen Sulphide
gas.

Keywords: Condensate, recovery, Cricondentherm, Maximization, Modification; SNGP.

Reduction of Hazardous Incinerated Bio-Medical Waste Ash and its

Environmental Strain by utilizing in Green Concrete
Suresh Kumar A1*, Muthukannan M1, Kanniga Devi R1, Arun Kumar K1,
Chithambar Ganesh A2
1Department of Civil Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education,

Virudhunagar, India.
2Department of Civil Engineering, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tripati, India.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Incinerated Bio-Medical Waste Ash (IBWA) is toxic waste material, which has broad
potential (cancer, genetic risk, premature death, permanent disease) to inflict severe health
damage for the atmosphere and humans. This waste is disposed into drinking water supplies
and is significant environmental contamination. The effective way of disposal of IBWA
could be through the reduction of hazardous toxic materials by utilizing it as a building
material. The use of Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) combined with IBWA as a substitute for
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) has been researched for its ability to create
a new type of Green Concrete. The physical and chemical properties were observed for the
raw materials. IBWA was used at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%
and 50% replacement by weight for GGBS. Mixing proportions were 1:2.21:3.48
respectively for GGBS, M-sand and coarse aggregate. Fresh properties and Mechanical
properties were examined on all specimens. The findings show an increase in the setting
time and flow of concrete and a decrease in density with improved utilization of IBWA. On
the other hand, IBWA replacement for GGBS enhanced the mechanical properties. These
results revealed that IBWA can be partially replaced as source material for Geopolymer
Concrete. This research may contribute to the reduction of dangerous IBWA as a building
material.

Keywords: Waste disposal, Green Concrete, Incinerated Bio-Medical Waste Ash, GGBS,
Geopolymer Concrete, Mechanical Properties

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Experimental studies on drying of strawberries without

chemicals through solar dryer
Aastha Joshi, Namrata Sengar
Department of Pure and Applied Physics, University of Kota, Kota, Rajasthan, India
*Corresponding author email [email protected]
Abstract

The paper presents the experimental studies on solar drying of strawberries. In many parts
of India, people have started cultivation of strawberry in controlled conditions as demand
for the fruit has increased. The excess produce of strawberry can be dried and used as
strawberry dry fruit for various purposes such as candies, syrups, ice-creams, flavours etc.
Strawberry dry fruit is considered healthy and has high economic value; therefore it has the
potential to benefit the producers and processors. Drying of strawberries is usually done
through ovens or dehydrators with use of chemicals. Present work focuses on drying of
strawberries without any use of chemicals through a solar dryer. Different experiments were
conducted to determine appropriate method to dry strawberry with minimum deformation in
shape and colour and with increased rate of drying in a direct passive solar dryer. The
strawberries were dried whole and in form of slices. The study reports the results of the
experiments, challenges faced and the solutions. Through the experiments it was concluded
that whole strawberries can be dried in about 24-28 hours when kept on aluminium foil and
slices can be dried in about 6-8 hours.

Keywords: Solar dryer, strawberries, dry fruit, drying time, solar radiation, solar
energy, solar thermal.

Banana Peel Powder and Coco Peat as Organic Substrates for Soil less
Cultivation of Plants - A Review

Jeffrin Vincent1, Levin Anbu Gomez1, *David Paul Raj Robert Suthan1,
Gajendran Chellaiah2
1Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of

Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore- 641114, Tamil Nadu, India.

2Department of Civil Engineering, , Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences,

Coimbatore- 641114, Tamil Nadu, India.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Soil farming is a piece of man-made advice that provides nutrients to plants and supports
nutrients and water. Soil culture can be defined as any method of growing plants without the
use of soil. Soil farming can be defined as vegetables grown in a greenhouse system in a
solid environment, in addition to soil rich in nutrient solutions. Soil farming is more useful
and can be done in the non-agricultural sector. This yields higher yields in less time. Cocoa
peat is then used as a base for soil cultivation and as a fertilizer for banana peel powder. It is
used in every soil-free agriculture. Through this study, we all know that soilless farming can
be very useful in achieving our dream of achieving additional farming and greater profit.
This article provides an outline of soil farming through fibre-rich material and peels powder.

Keywords: Soilless agriculture, Coco peat, Banana peel powder, Fertilizer.

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Influence of Compression Ratio on the Operating Characteristics of a

Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Hemp Biodiesel as Fuel
Cijil B. John1,2*, S. Antony Raja1, O.P. Sukesh2, B. Deepanraj2
1Departmentof Mechanical Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The increasing demand for non-renewable crude oil resources and their fast rate of depletion
is pushing the world to an energy crisis like never before in the history of mankind. This
situation has led to the search for alternative, sustainable fuels from vegetable oils and their
derivatives. This paper describes an enhanced protocol for the preparation of biodiesel from
non-edible industrial grade crude hemp oil (CHO) through dual stage alkali catalysed
transesterification. The feasibility of hemp biodiesel (HB) as a viable alternative fuel for
Compression Ignition (C.I) engines is investigated based on a detailed physico chemical
analysis. The proposed fuel is then blended with petro-diesel in varying proportions,
followed by detailed testing in a variable compression ratio diesel engine (C.R 16:1, 17.5:1,
and 19:1) to identify the best blend and the optimum compression ratio. The proximity of
the estimated fuel properties of HB with petro-diesel and the conformance with ASTM and
I.S biodiesel standards indicate the potential of HB as a viable alternative fuel for C.I
engines. It was seen that increasing the CR from 16:1 to 19:1 had a positive influence on the
performance, emission, and combustion attributes of the engine. Among the tested fuel
blends, HB30 exhibited the most promising results in engine operating characteristics at CR
19:1, which projects HB30 as the best blend and CR 19:1 as the optimum compression ratio.

Keywords: Hemp Biodiesel; Fuel properties, Variable Compression Ratio.

Heavy Metal Removal from Biological Waste Water

Jarushnitha A, Gajendran Chellaiah, Anirudh Gupta
Department of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Science and Technology,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The wastes from the hospitals and healthcare facilities affect the human-being and
environment rigorously. Particularly, huge quantity of biomedical wastes produced from the
healthcare facilities located at the heart of the city. Hospital waste contains the wastes like
general refuse, biomedical laboratory wastes and pathological wastes. The characteristics of
hospital effluent were determined for 3 successive months and their parameters were
compared against permissible standards (IS 10500, 2012 and BWM rules). The quality
parameters varies with time. The concentration of heavy metals in the effluent was found
higher than the standard limits. The removal efficiency of activated carbon filter also varies
with time. At initial stages, the removal of heavy metals seems to be effective. But after
some weeks, its efficiency lowers because of the clogging of pollutants into the filter media.
Hence, the recommended process is to replace the filter media at regular intervals in order to
treat the wastewater effectively.

Keywords: Biomedical waste, Heavy metals, activated carbon filter, clogging of pollutants.

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Development of Composite Ceramic Membrane Using Activated

Carbon from Pistachios Shell and its Performance Evaluation in
Microbial Cell Application
Vidhyeswari D1, Surendhar A2, S. Bhuvaneshwari1*
1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut.
2Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology Kollam.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a low cost and sustainable composite ceramic membrane to
improve the performance of microbial fuel cell (MFC). Proton exchange membrane (PEM)
plays a vital role in the performance of MFC. Thus in this study composite ceramic PEM
was prepared by incorporating activated carbon obtained from pistachios shell at various
concentration with the clay soil. Higher surface area of the activated carbon retained the
bound water which in turn improved the proton transfer mechanism. XRD analysis showed
the presence of inorganic hygroscopic oxides such as TiO2, SiO2, Al2O3, etc which is
responsible for the proton transfer. Water uptake capacity and ion exchange capacity of the
composite membrane was found to be better compared to the Nafion membrane. Internal
resistance and proton conductivity of the membrane were found using electrochemical
impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique. SEM images reveal the porous nature of the
membrane. Power generation and wastewater treatment of the composite membrane was
found better compared Nafion membrane.

Keywords: Microbial fuel cells; Dairy wastewater; Power generation; Activated carbon.

A Review on Recent Trends in the Microbial Production of Biodiesel

P. Shalini1, L. Anantha Raman2, S. Santhanakrishnan3, S. Vijayalakshmi1, J. Ranjitha1
1CO
2 Research and Green Technologies Centre, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.A. Engineering College, Chennai
3Department of Mechanical Engg, Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering College, Chennai

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

In recent times, increased consumption of fossil fuels due to overpopulation, increasing

energy demand have resulted in global warming and climate changes due to the emission of
greenhouse gases from these fuels. To compensate for the requirement of fossil fuel,
renewable biofuels especially, biodiesel are preferred for satisfying the energy demand.
Since biodiesel from edible feedstocks is deemed against "food vs. fuel" policies, first-
generation biofuels are not regarded as suitable and sustainable, inspite of growing energy
demand. Following this, Second generation biodiesel production from lingo-cellulosic-
based feedstocks is the least recommended because of their meticulous procedures and high
capital investments. Considering these setbacks, edible feedstocks have been replaced with
microbial feedstocks, which are later on used for extracting oil and then transesterified into
biodiesel. Even though biodiesel from microbes have their setbacks, they are widely
appreciated due to their merits which include short life span, ability to grow on multiple
environments and ability to remediate different polluted environmental conditions.
Presently, this paper focuses on summarizing the production of biodiesel from various
microbial species.

Keywords: Biodiesel, Planktons, Algae, Bacteria, Fungi.

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Biofuel for Road Transport Sector: Infrastructure and Public Opinion

Parthiban P, *, Merina Ann Martin, Jeena Johnson, Anu Joshy, Sewtha Suresh,
Department of Civil Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Biofuels can be used in a number of ways, including as a green transportation source.

Biofuels, such as ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, biocrude, and methane, are transportation
fuels made from biomass by biochemical or thermochemical processes. In developing
countries where energy supply is a big problem, biofuels as a transportation fuel have a
promising future. The implementation of these biofuels as alternatives in the road transport
market is hampered by a range of main issues. The aim and scope of this paper is to discuss
the present situation in India in terms of biofuel infrastructure, processing technologies, end-
use applications, general awareness, and biofuel markets. Also, by creating a multiple-
choice questionnaire with four classes of questions: context facts, community viewpoint,
social perspective, and industry perspective, this paper objectively analyses the Biofuel
pathways for Bioethanol and discusses societal awareness in terms of public opinion and
understanding regarding biofuels and their consumption patterns of transportation fuels.

Keywords: Biofuels, Ethanol, India, Transportation Fuels.

Assessment of diesel engine characteristics by using soybean oil

as a biofuel
Nageswara Rao Gangolu1, Chunchu Bala Rama Krishna2, Kommu Mohan Kumar3,
Radha Krishna Gopidesi1,*
1Departmentof Mechanical Engineering, Vignan’s Lara Institute of Technology and

Science, Vadlamudi, 522213

2
School of Civil Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore-560064
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, VRS&YRN College of Engineering

&Technology, Chirala, 523157

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

The rapid diminish of petroleum resources and ever-growing petroleum prices have
emerged a unique focal point on renewable sources like biofuel. The proposed experimental
investigation mainly focuses on exploiting the importance of Soybean biodiesel blends as
biofuel for compression ignition engines. In this study, transesterification method is used to
acquire Soybean Methyl Ester (SME) from extracted soybean oil. Then, prepared the
biodiesel blendson volume bases such as B10 (10% SME with 90% neat diesel), B20 (20%
SME with 80% neat diesel), and B30 (30% SME with 70% neat diesel). Primarily,
experimentation with a neat diesel and biodiesel blends on Kirloskar made diesel engines
with a standard CR18. It is found that B20 is shown lower emissions such as HC, CO, and
relatively higher Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) than the other samples. Further, retarded
and advanced the compression ratios (CR) as 17 and 19, respectively. Based on the
obtained results observed, the 7.11% enhanced BTE for B20 at CR19 to the neat
diesel. B20 at CR19 exhibits the diminution emissions such as CO and HC about 6%
and 21% than the B20 at standard CR. The overall observation recommends Blend B20 at
CR19 to attain the hopeful outcome from compression ignition engines.

Keywords: Soybean oil, Methyl ester, Compression ratio, Performance, Emission.

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Experimental study on infiltration pattern: Opportunities for sustainable

management in the Northern region of India
Vikram Kumar1, Barkha Chaplot2, Padam Jee Oman3, Shaktibala4,
H.Md. Azamathulla5
1Gaya College of Engineering, Gaya, Bihar, India
2M J K College, Bettiah, BRA Bihar University, Bihar, India
3Motihari College of Engineering, Motihari, Bihar, India.
4Independent Researcher & Ex-Faculty, Poornima Group of Institutions, Jaipur, India
5University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Infiltration process plays a key role in designing groundwater recharge, irrigation, and
drainage systems, and contamination evaluation is controlled by numerous factors,
among which soil physical properties and land use & land cover (LULC) are the
prime factors. Comprehensive understanding of the spatial water infiltration
characteristics over the soil which is site-specific and more complex due tonon-
uniformity could enhance the agriculture water use efficiency and mitigate water-related
issues. The present study deals with the measurement of field infiltration characteristics
using mini disc infiltrometer in all 24 blocks of Gaya districts, Bihar, which covers a wide
spectrum of soil types. Results showed that average cumulative infiltration rate (IR) for the
study area varies between 0.38-2.20 cm/min with the average rate of 1.16 cm/min. The
initial IR among all blocks was found to be highbut decreased gradually with each
successive reading.Moreovertheland use under forestcumulative IRwasmore thanthe
cumulative IR forurban and grassland. Eight blocks (33.3%) have an IR more than the
average infiltration of the area which is good for storing the water in the aquifer and
suggested to construct recharge structure. Further investigation revealed a small IR in the
inundated area, because of maximum soil water table. The ready to use map showing the IR
for the district is prepared which could be used by any decision-taking during the high or
low rainfall, understanding the hydrological process, development of any reference guide
for farmers for increasing the agriculture productivity and soil-water management.

Keywords: Soil-water, infiltration characteristics, hydrological process, agriculture.

Evaluation of Power Generation and Treatment Efficiency of

Dairy Wastewater in Microbial Fuel Cell Using SPEEK–TiO2 as
Proton Exchange Membrane

Vidhyeswari D1, Surendhar A2, S. Bhuvaneshwari1*

1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut.
2Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology Kollam.

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of TiO2 incorporated SPEEK
membrane in the Microbial fuel cell (MFC) on the basis of power generation and
wastewater treatment. Dairy wastewater was considered as the substrate for the microbial
fuel cell. Mixed culture of organisms isolated from the dairy wastewater was used as

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inoculums for the substrate. Power generation in MFC using SPEEK–TiO2 membrane was
compared with the unmodified SPEEK and Nafion 117. Efficacy of MFC in wastewater
treatment was evaluated based on the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon
content and turbidity. Biofilm growths over the surface of the electrodes were captured
using scanning electron microscopy. Results show that modified SPEEK membrane
exhibited higher voltage compared to the pristine SPEEK membrane and Nafion membrane.
Membrane characterization studies reveal the potential of the modified SPEEK membrane
in the microbial fuel cell application. COD removal efficiency of the MFC was found to be
85%.

Keywords: Microbial fuel cells; Dairy wastewater; Power generation; Biofilm.

Application of Coagulation and Floculation of Water and Re Use

Wastewater Treatment in Agriculture

Dr. R. Sethupathi1, Dr. Chandra Kumar Dixit2, Dr. V.V. Hari Babu3,
G. Ramachandran4, Mr. A. Arunraja5, T. Muthumanickam6
1Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Vinayaka Mission’s Kirupananda Variyar

Engg College,Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem.

2Professor, Department of Physics, Dean, Faculty of Science & Technology, Dr.Shakuntala

Misra National Rehabilitation University, Lucknow,

3Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla-522102,

Guntur (District), A.P, India.

4Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vinayaka

Mission’s KirupanandaVariyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research

Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
5Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri

Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore.

6Profesor & Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vinayaka

Mission’s KirupanandaVariyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission’s Research

Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

Water is one of the most important resources for human life. Because of the high cost of
chemical coagulants and the water treatment process, people in rural areas who are living in
severe poverty are drinking polluted water. The best solution for the problems described
above is to use a plant-based coagulant instead of a chemical coagulant. Coagulants made
from plants are used Mung beans, peanut seeds, and cocount tree cactus, for example, have
many advantages, including low procurement costs and the creation of biodegradable
sludge. After months of research and development, we have developed strategies for waste
water management. Our project introduces a new approach to waste water treatment using
plant-based coagulants.

Keywords: Wastewater treatment, Coagulation, Biodegradable sludge.

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Future of Electric Vehicles With Reference To National Electric

Mobility Mission Plan At Tamil Nadu
S. Shrilatha1, K. Aruna2, Sunanda Bhagavathy3, Gajendran Chellaiah4,
Anirudh Gupta5
1Department of Banking and InsuranceAuxilium College, Gandhi Nagar, Vellore, India
2Department of Commerce and International Trade, Karunya Institute of Technology and

Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

3 Department of Criminology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences Coimbatore,

Tamil Nadu, India

4,5 Department of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Science

Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract
In the past few decades the personal vehicle commutation has been increased in India due to
their lifestyle changes and standard of living. The carbon emissions from the automobiles
are the major cause of air pollution in the present world including India. The government
and environmental safety organizations are thinking for alternate sources to reduce the
pollution by encouraging the electric vehicles. Hence this study took the Sample Size of 112
at Tamil Nadu to analyze customer adoption towards Electric Vehiclesby adopting
Convenient and Random sampling technique. The findings of this study revealed that the
customer Prefer Hyundai Cars while shifting to Electric Car Variants. The customers shift to
the Electric cars due to the benefit of Subsidy given by the Government for Loan and Tax.
The customers hesitate to shift to the Electric Car because of less mileage. Thus, could not
achieve Government’s Electric Mission Plan 2020.
Keywords: Electric Cars; Pollution Control; Carbon Emissions; Air Pollution; Government
Subsidy; Brand Preference;Tamil Nadu; Hyundai Cars; Less Mileage; and Loan and Tax.

Design and Development of a Hybrid EHR-ECD Retrofit for C.I. Engines

Akhildas K. H., Arjun B. Anil, Athira Mary Winny, Chrisle Joseph Charls*,
Dr. Deepak Eldho Babu
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering,
Kothamangalam, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]
Abstract

Under the light of rapid global migrations to sustainable development goals and the
consequent higher emission standards for CI engines, the necessity of compensating after-
treatment devices (until sustainable transition) becomes quite evident for heavy-duty sectors
(like agriculture and transportation industries) that are exceedingly dependent on it. Rising
fossil fuel prices in developing nations and the lack of an equally reliable alternative, proves
the development of higher-efficiency IC engines as an immediate, least disruptive
engineering solution to the present global crisis. Meanwhile, pollution by waste-plastics and
other derivatives of petroleum-oil is a fairly challenging issue worldwide due to the need for
proper disposal methods and infrastructure. This paper discusses the design and
development of a hybrid EHR-ECD retrofit exhaust-system that recovers a significant
fraction of the wasted exhaust-heat energy; its novelty is in using the recovered heat to run

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an onboard waste-plastic pyrolysis unit, whose output is redirected into the engine's air
intake along with the EGR to fractionally decrease the specific fuel consumption. Therefore
this design could be a cheap and effective fuel-adulteration facility, an improvement which
doesn’t require any major changes to the design of existing engines; thereby encouraging
the recycling and reuse of waste-plastics in a consumer-decentralized manner.

Keywords: Plastic-pyrolysis, Emission Control Device (ECD), Exhaust Heat Recovery

(EHR), CI Engines, Waste-plastic.

Composite Slum performance Index: A Methodology to make city

slum free
Sneha Mary Paul1, Prabhakaran K1, Vidhya K2, Manishankar S3, Mohan S3
1P.G.Student, Construction Engineering and Management, Mahendra Engineering College,
Mallasamudram, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India
2Professor, 3Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Mahendra Engineering

College, Mallasamudram, Namakkal, Tamilnadu,India

a) Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

The World is urbanizing in a very fast pace. UN-Habitat states that the more than half the
world’s people live in cities, 54% in 2014, a proportion that is expected to increase to 66%
by 2050 .Unrivaled urban growth is a major issue that the cities of developing nations are
facing difficulty incoming with the mushrooming of slums which perfuse the cities are the
visible sign of this failure. The major population which is migrating for a better life from the
rural area cannot afford a house in an urban area will finally lead to the formation of the
illegal quarter settlements. The acute poverty and lack of the affordable housing contribute
to the formation of slums. For making the cities sustainable and livable, the slum Free city
should be one of the key missions. The presence of slum has been one of the major factors
affecting the livability of any city. For a smart and sustainable city, continuous monitoring
of slum was inevitable for enhancement of living standard and making more livable. 8 Main
parameters considered for the formation of slum performance index. They are Basic
infrastructures, Hygienic status, Access to Basic services, Housing status, Economy,
Planning perspective, Connection with city networks and Performance of city administration
towards slum eradication. Kochi city located in the state of Kerala in the southern part of
India. Kochi, the commercial hub of Kerala, is already experiencing signs of urban growth
pressures. As per World Bank, Kochi was a recognized one of the seventeen major
industrial cities of India and an easy city to start the business in India. This decade is
witnessing huge investments in the region like International Container Transshipment
Terminal at Vallarpadam, Info park at Kakkanad, Special Economic Zone by NEST LNG
terminal, Electronic hardware park Among the districts, Ernakulum district in which
Kochi city situates contributes the highest portion(14.47%) of Kerala’s GDP. The Greater
Cochin development area (GCDA) presently spread over an area of 730 sq. Km and having
a slum population of 1.25 Lakhs as per RAY Expert opinions of 20 experts used. Maximum
expert opinions were from academicians and urban planners. Maximum AHP weightage of
0.28 got for Basic infrastructures and a minimum of 0.5 for planning perspective.

Keywords: Slum Index, Performance Index, Comparative Index

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Experimental study on validating the performance of Hair Fibre

Reinforced Concrete Beam under monotonic loading
Sri Pranap. K1*, Dr. Gandhimathi. A2, Vijayakumar. G3, Santhosh Kumar R4
Kathiresan M4
1Department of Architecture, Rathinam School of Architecture, Coimbatore, India
2Department of Civil Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
3Department of Civil Engg, Govt. Polytechnic College for Women, Coimbatore, India.
4Department of Architecture, Rathinam School of Architecture, Coimbatore, India,

*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

This research work tries to recommend the right use of disposed human hair. Human hair is
abundance and time taking degradable fibre obtainable at very low cost and also carries the
permissible tensile load. The scope of the work is to examine the performance of hair fibre
reinforced concrete beams under monotonic loading. The investigation also validates the
strength and performance of the hair fibre reinforced concrete beams is consistent with
conventional beams and steel fibre reinforced concrete beams. This work aims at the
confident use of hair fibres easily and practically in the construction industry, to be evidence
for enhanced properties of concrete. The one such evidence is being discussed in the paper
by taking human hair fibres cleaned with acetone. The human hair fibres of all the sizes are
added 3% by weight of cement in concrete as strengthening material. The properties akin to
compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, energy absorption capacity,
ductility factor and stiffness of the beams are assessed and hair fibre reinforced concrete is
found to be on the upbeat side. In comparison to conventional concrete and conventional
beam, micro crack formations are reduced by hair fibres in concrete, and cost-effective to
steel fibre reinforced concrete.

Keywords: Ductility factor, Energy absorption, Hair Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Steel Fibre
Reinforced Concrete, Stiffness.

Solar Based Hybrid Combination of Electrocoagulation and Filtration

Process in Domestic Grey water Treatment
Sanket Devikar, Khalid Ansari, Charuta Waghmare
Department of Civil Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, India
*Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

With the increasing economy of India, standard of living is improving, this leads to a
consequent rising of wastewater resulting in various environmental harm. Because of its
simplicity and environmental compatibility, the electrocoagulation technique has drawn a
lot of interest in handling various wastewater. The aim of this research was to see if the
continuous mode EC technique could be used to treat Greywater (GW) with a battery
powered by solar energy. The EC process running on solar energy is used as single unit
method for treatment of Greywater. Various operating parameter current density, detention
time, operating time were studied. The present study explores the hybrid electrocoagulation
and filtration process with different electrode material combinations Al-Fe-Al-Fe, Fe-Al-Fe-
Al with a flow rate of (4.25, 6.04 and 7.4) l/hr based on this, the impact tests are carried out

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on the flexibility of continuous anode and cathode efficiency. The aim of this study is to
explore the possibilities of EC technique in a continuous mode for the treatment of
Greywater (GW) using battery powered by Solar. The EC process running on solar energy
has been capable of handling greywater in a single cell. By measuring the effluent's zeta
potential, the optimum conditions were found to be 18 A/m2 and 40-minute time of
operation. Removal efficiencies for flow rate of (4.25, 6.04 and 7.4) l/hr for COD (85.33 %,
82.12 %, 77.6 %), TDS (60 %, 56.3 %, 49.8 %) and Turbidity (92.2 %, 87.8 %, 83.9 %)
were observed at the optimum conditions.

Keyword: Continuous Flow, Electrocoagulation, Filtration, Greywater.

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