Thoroughly Revised & Updated Interview Guidebook Electrical Engineering Part-II: Practice Questions and Previous UPSC Interview Questions r= Eee] MADE EASYPart-II © Practice Questions 8¢ Previous UPSC Interview Questions Unit 10. " Interview Guidebook 1S revutelal wetearetacstites Topic Page No Electrical Machines .. Power Systems seu Power Electronic: Control Systems sensn Measurements and Instrumentation wr. Digital Electronics. Communication Systems Microprocessors. Analog Electronics... Miscellaneous/Electtic Circuits wom Non Technical Questions... 99000, 1» 106 8 124 131 135 148 187CHAPTER 1 Electrical Machines Practice Questions SECTION-A : TRANSFORMER of What will happen if small air gap is introduced Ans: Ans: © Copyright in transformer core? Itwill increase the reluctance of magnetic path due to which more magnetising current will ow for generating same amount of flux in core. If air gap is more then current rating of primary winging will impose a limit on magnetising current and desired flux can't be generated in core. Athough if gap is small it will remove saturation of magnetic field in core and itis used in current transformers. Q, Ans: Transformer designed to operate at 50 Hz is operated at rated voltage and 60 Hz. How it will change core loss of transformer? Vz 444 ING pax If Vis same and f is increased then flux will decrease in same proportion Eddy current loss = K, f? 6,2 Fis increased but 8, decreases in same proportion so eddy current loss doesn't change. Hysteresis loss = Kf," may vary from 1.5 to 2. Finereases but B,, decreases so hyteresis loss wildecrease. QA what are the assumptions made for Ideal If thickness of laminations is reduced in a transformer? transformer what will be effect on core loss? Ans: (a) Primary and secondary windings have zero Core toss is made of resistance |.¢. no ohmic drop. (@) Hysteresis loss (b) There is no leakage flux. (0) Eddy current loss (©) Core has infinite permeability. Hysteresis loss doesn't depend upon lamination (@) Core losis zero thickness. Eddy current loss depend upon the square of amination thickness. Q5 In which condition voltage regulation of @ pital transformer is zero? Seer ‘Ans: Voltage regulation = JF cos 6 -IXsin § =0 /& 7 Keke tang = {leading power factor. d— lamination thickness : : > resistivity of material G8 Wy ditouton transformers are designed So taint icknes is reduced, ey 0a maximum eftony a 70% off current loss will decrease. i MADE EASS4 Electrical Engineering ¢ Ans: Load at distribution transformer vary widely during day and night. If maximum efficiency ‘occurs at 70% of full oad then probabiliy is high that maximum time transformer operates around maximum efficiency, Due to this all day effi of transformers high, All Total energy output in 24 hours Total energy inpulin 24 hours Itis dependent on load cycle. Why excitation current is non sinusoidal in case of transformers? Which harmonic is predominant? : Due to saturation of core, magnetising current is, peaky and non sinusoidal if flux is sinusoidal Buti magnetising currentis sinuscidal then flux is flat topped and induced emf is peaky and nonsinusoidal. In both the cases third harmonic is predominant. Why inrush current flows in transformer? ns: When voltage is switched ON the transformer, flux and magnetising current undergoes a transient before reaching the steady state value. This transient currents called inrush current. The severity of the switching transient is dependent upon the instant when the voltage weve is ‘switched on. The worst condition occurs when applied voltage has zero value atthe instant of switching, ob A 200/200 V 20 KVA transformer is connected as step up autotransformer as shown in figure. What are KVA transferred inductively and KVA transferred conduotively? maADE ‘wnwmadeeasypublications.org Interview Guidebook MADE EASY Ans: KVA transferred V nductively 2000 10 7000 KVA transferred conductively [Vr = Total KVA] 2000 x 110-20 = 200 KVA 1p) 20 KVA 1000 What is function of conservator in transformers? Conservator isa small sized tank whichis placed on op of the main tank, This arrangementens that surface area of ail exposed to airs limited 0\as fo prevent fast oxidization of oll. It also provide space to expanded oll due toheating in transformer. For extra high voltage requirement core type construction is preferred than shell-type. Why? ‘Ans: The core type construction has a longer mean length of core and a shorter mean length of coil tur. This type is better suited for EHV requirement since there is better scope for insulation. The core type offers the additional ‘advantage of permitting visual inspection of coils in the case of fault and ease of repair at tation site Q.j2 In open circuit test power supply is connected to Low voltage side but in short circuit test power supply is connected to high voltage side of the transformer. Why? In OC. test rated supply voltage is applied to ‘transformer. If power supply is connected to H.V. side then we need to make arrangement or H.V. supply. But if we connect power supply to L.V. side then we need not make such arrangemen While in short circuittest we need to short circuit HL. side if we connect power supply to LV. side, Ans: EASY © CopyrightMADE EASY Also it will draw heavy current from supply line Due to this reason we connect power supply to HN. side. In.C. test rated voltage is not applied 0 no requirement of High voltage. ‘Why 3, single phase transformers are used in underground mines instead of 1, @-phase transformer? Ans: 3 phase transformer costs less than 3, single phase transformer bank. But due to easy transportation and installation single phase transformer bank is praferred in underground mines. Also this transformer bank can operate in open delta in case one unit is removed for maintenance. Q.1/What are the necessary conditions for * / parallel operation of transformers? ‘Ans: (@). The trensformersmustbe property connected as far as their polarities are concerned. 8 phase transformers must have zero relative phase displacementon the secondary sides and must be connected in a proper phase sequence. The transformers must have same voltage ratio transformers ere connected in parallel on both primary and secondary side. Their p.u, impedances should be inversely proportional to their KVA ratings on common base or their p.u. impedances must be equel ‘on their own base rating. The ratio of equivalent leakage reactance to equivalent resistance should be same for all the transformers. ) © C) (5 What functions tertiary winding perform in 3 winding transformers? Part-ll: vevious Years Interview & Practice Questions 5 pr Baie capacitors and synchronous condensers may be connected to the tertiary ‘winding for reactive power injection into the system for voltage control To supply substation auxiliaries ata voltage different from those of the primary and secondary windings OG una is oscillating neutral In case of star-star ‘connected transformers? Ans: a Wer Coph banat voage In case of isolated neutrals. 3"° harmonic voltages are present in each phase. Since these voltages are cophasal, no 3" harmonic voltages are present between lines. The voltage of phase ‘a! toneutral can now be expressed as ay Gy 8iN WE + yg Si St Third harmonic voltages are cophasal but this phase changes at a rate of 2w with respect to fundamental frequency. Due to this voltage of neutral point oscillates at frequency 2w. It is called oscillating neutral o Q.17 Two 3-phase transformers are to be connected in parallel on the both primary and secondary side. Why the following arrangement is not possible? Transformer A: Primary 4; Secondary Y. ‘Transformer B : Primary ; Secondary A. Ans: (a) It permits the third harmonic current to flow — Ang: In Y-Y and 4-A connection phase shift possible there by reduces third harmonic voltages. jis 180° and 0°. While in Y-A or A-Y connection (b) A delta connected tertiary reduces the phase shift possible is £30°. Phase shift incase impedance offered to the zero sequence of transformer A will be +30° but for transformer curentstheebyalowingalargerearh faut’ _BilbeetherO°er 80" So phase dplacerert current to flow for proper eperation of wil not match on socondary sido, Due fo this protective equipment paalel operation isnot possible (ae MADE EASY6 Electrical Engineering © Qt height to width rato ofthe window of core Ans: a9 Ans. 20 Ans. Qazi Ans, wwowmadeeasypublications org type transformer is increased then what will bo the change in leakage reactance and voltage regulation? Its leakage reactance and percentage voltage regutation witincrease, Rating of a transformer is expressed in kVA MVA. Explain. Copper loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss depends on voltage. Hence, total transformer loss depends on volt- ampere (VA) and not on phase angle between, voltage and current. itis independent of load power factor. Hence, the rating of transformer is expressed in KVA and notin KW. Explain excitation phenomenon in a transformer. The primary winding draws a small amount of current known as exciting current which establishes fux , in the core which produces emf given by Faradays law, hy __ Nd ade ‘As per Lenz's aw this emi opposes the induced ‘current 1 Tokesp #,, constant, primary produce additional flux @,, soit takes additional current known es counter balancing current. This phenomenon continues so that the total flux, ¢,, remains ‘constant from no-load to full-load. ‘What do you understand by ‘Vector Groups’ of a transformer? A vector group in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) method of categorizing the HV windings and LV winding roe fe Interview Guidebook Ans. configuration ofa three-phase transformer. The vector group designation indicates the winding configurations and the difference in phase angle between them. For e.g. awye HV winding and delta LY winding with @ 30 degree lead in denoted as ¥.1) What are the purposes of tertiary winding of a tranformer? 4. Ta provide ciosed circuit path for zero sequence currents. 2. To provide a circulating path for the harmonics (primarily 3°) produced with power frequency. Q.23 Explain ‘Tap-Changing’ in a transformer. Ans. ‘Tap-changing in transformers serve the following purposes: 1, Agjusiment of consumers terminal voltage within preseribed limits. 2. Control of real and reactive power flow in the network. 3. Periodical adjustment (1-10%) to check offset load variations. Adjustment is normally catried out by off-circuit tap changing in 2.5-8% sigps. Daily and short- time conirot or adjustment is carried out by means of on-load tap-changing gear. Q.24 How can the iron losses be minimized in @ Ans, transformer? Iron loss has two components: 1. Hysteresis loss: Itcan be reduced by using amagnetic material of narrow BH curve. 2, Eddy Current Loss: It can be minimized by using laminated magnetic core and using a high resistivity core material e.g, Fe-Si alloy with 5% silicon. Q.25 Can a single-phase, 110 V, 50 Hz Ans. transformer operate at 200 Hz? State the conditions. It can be operated but due ta high frequency displacement current will ise due to inter-turn capacitance within the windings of the transformer, © Copyright |MABE GASY Part-ll: Previous Years interview & Practice Questions 7 & What type of loading conditions make it necessary to use compensating windings? ‘Ans: Ifload on the machine under goes a fast change, So, the secondary current will not be produced significantly and the efficiency of such a transformer wil decrease. {,and,change accordingly resuting in statically Q.26 What do you understand by voltage regulation? be ‘Ans. Constantvoltageis the requirementof domestic, induced erfin the coll proportional to ~*.. This commercial and industrial loads. Voltage vottage fe over and above the dynamically regulation implies how much is the variation in te induced emtinihe coilWorst condition oacur when the supply voltage as one goes from no-load i: ee Reih : toful-load. Smalleris the regulation, bette the te te Ste Sic eeeee eee eee supply is. Practically, the allowable voltage load fs dropped from a generator or added toa regulation is 2-5% motor. Compensating windings, though ‘expensive must be provided in machines where Q.27 What is an amorphous transformer? heavy over loads are expected or the load ‘Ans. Amorphous metal transformer (AMT) is a type fluctuates rapialy. oh of energy efficienttransformer found on electric. grids. Its magnetic core is made of ferromagnetic amorphous metal, e.g. alloy of iron with boron, silicon and phosphorous. Amorphous means not crystalline. SECTION-B: D.C. MACHINE What is the nature of armature reaction in a de machine? ‘Why delayed commutation takes place in do machines? Ans: (a) ‘The leakage inductance Lc of the coil und ‘going commutation has induced in reactance voltage uf ) which opposes the change in‘current ‘Ans: Armature reaction is cross magnetizingis nature, ‘commutation: Armature reaction flux strengthens each main (0) The effect of armature reaction causes shit pole at one end and weakens it at other end. If in MNA. Ifthe brushes are located at GNA, the main pole excitation is such that iron isin the a small voltage is induced In the saturated region of magnetization then the ‘commutaling coll which can be shown to increase in flux density at one end of the poles caused by armature reaction is less than the ee eet rosso aotr ond, Sothoreienetrecucten g.g¢ynat are tne methods to achieve good in flux/pole. If iron is unsaturated then this itiRaa demagnetising effect will not take place : ; Ans: (af Resistance Commutation: High contact Q.29 How cross magnetising effect of armature resistances achieved using carbon brushes, reaction can be minimized? This reduces time constant (L/A) of the Ans: By making the main field amperetums larger © Copyright compared to the armature ampere tums such that the main field mmf exerts predominant control ‘over the air gap flux. This can be done by: (@) Introducing saturationin teeth and pole-shoe. (&) By chamiering the pole-shoes which increases the air gap at the pole tips. (©) 8y compensating windings. rent transient, Using Interpoles: Narrow interpoles are provided in the inter polar region. For neutralization of reactance voltage at all loads, the interpoles must be excited by ‘armature current by connecting them in series with armature.8 Electrical Engineering © Q.33 The residual magnetism of a self excited de generator is lost. How can we bulld up tts excitation again? Ans: In large de generators, where armature ‘connections can’t be reversed and direction of rotation can't be reversed, the problem is overcome by temporarily exciting the field from battery source. This is known as flashing. Q.34 While operating on a phase controlled converter the commutation capability of a dc motor deteriorates. Why? ‘Ans: Commutation capability of a de motor deteriorates because reactance voltage which ‘opposes the change in current is proportional to d taeot changeotcurert (Lc) Leadurent in case of phase controlled converter is peaky ‘and contains harmonics. This condition worsens If discontinuous conduction takes place. Q.35 What are the conditions under which a generator may fail to self excite? Ans: (a) Residual magnetism is absent. (©) The field connection to the armature is such that the induced emt due fo the residuat magnetism tends to destroy the residual magnetism, (©) The field circuit resistance is more than the critical value Q.36 Why the terminal voltage drops off much more, rapidly with load, in a shunt generator than in a separately, excited generator? Ans: In a separately excited generator field current doesn't decrease withthe fall of terminal votage. Butina shunt generator field current decreases with fallin terminal voltage due to which emt generated also falls. Q.37 Why series motor should not be allowed to run at no-load even accidentally? ‘Ans: Inseties motor at no-load, the motor current and hence the flux(pole tends to zero. Due to this ‘motor speed tends to inorease to infinity. Thisis ‘dangerous situation and the centrifugal forces vill destroy the armature. {(wonumadeeasypublicationsorg Interview Guidebook WADE EASY MADE ERs Q.28 How speed of de compound motor varies with armature current? Ina cumulative compound motor, the series field aids the shunt field so that flux/pole increases with load current as @ consequence N-/, characteristic ies between that of a shunt and a ‘series motor Ina diferentaly compounded rotor, flux/pole decrease with increase in armature current. Dueto this speed increase with load. Disfsntlcompount Ans Shuct CCumlative compound .39 What is chief disadvantage of differential compound motor which make it less useful than cumulative compound motor? ‘Ans: Differential compound motor can be designed togiven full load speed equal tonc-load speed. But spead increase with load on motor so power rating of motor exceeds and under accidental overload, the flux/pole reduces to almost zero and the moior can acquire dangerously high speed. Because this speed instability, differential _ compound motor is no longer used in practice. “The cumulatively compounded motor has afinite no-load speed, while it has the load-relieving characteristics ofa series motor under heavy load conditions, Q.40 What are the main functions of de motor starter? ‘Ans: (a) Toensure that armature current is kept with in limit so that large currentis not drawn from supply. (b) Inshunt motor starting, the shunt field must be switched ON first so that steady field current is already established before the armature with starting resistance in the circult is switched ON to supply. (0) Acceleration time is controlled. (2) Fiold failure is prevented. © CopyrightMADE EASY Q.41 Why interpoles and compensating windings are necessary if we want to control the speed of motor above the base speed? ‘Ans: For increasing speed of de motor above base speed, lux mustbe reduced. At reasonably high speed main pole flux decreases due to this distortion created by armature reaction increases Also at increased speed less time is available for commutation so poor performance of ‘commutation occurs. Due to this interpoles and compensating windings are necessary. Q.42 On direct on line (DOL) starting, a de motor is found to rotate in the direction opposite to that for which itwas designed, Which type of motor it should be? The motor must be a differentially compounded one. Due tolarge starting current the differential field acts more than the shunt field. Ans: @.43 A de over compound generator is supplying power to an infinite bus. If the prime mover is accidentally cut off, what will be the change in machine performance? Now direction of field current will be same-but direction of armature current would reverse soit will act as diferential compounded motor. Electro magnetic force direction would be reversed due toreversal of cirection of armature current. Earlier itwas acting in opposite direction of motion now it will act in direction of rotation so motor will rotate in same direction. Ans: Q.44 Plugging require reversal of connection of either field or armature. But armature connections are reversed, not field connection. Why? Because of the problem of interrupting highly inductive field current and the time required for the field current o build up in opposite direction, it is a common practice to reverse armature connections. Ans: Q.45 What are limitations of field control method of speed control? { ©copyright Partel!:Previous Years Interview & Practice Questions 9 ‘Ans: (a) It should be used only in constant KW ctives: where torque falls with increase in speed. (©) For motors requiring a wide range of speed contol, the field ampere-turns are much smaller than the armature ampere-turns at high speeds causing extreme distortion of flux density in the air gap. This leads to unstable operating conditions or poor commutation, (©) Speeds lower than base speed can't be obtained. Q.46 In a line printer used to print the output of a computer, the paper is required to be advanced by a line spacing as soon as printing of the line is over. Which motor is best suited for this application? ‘Ans: Stepper motor Q.47 What is the necessary condition for regenerative braking? Where this type of braking is justified? ‘The consdtion for regeneration is that the rotational emfis more than the applied voltage so that the current is reversed and the mode of operation changes from motoring to generating {tis justified where the duty cycle requires the breking or sowing of the machine more frequently andis most usetul in holding a descending load of high potential energy at a constant speed. Ans: Q.48 What are the areas of application of d.c. series motor? D.C. series motor finds application wherea very high starting torque is required such as (@) Traction (©) Cranes (©) Hoists (A) Battery-powered vehicles Ans: Q.49 What are the areas of application of d.c. ‘compound motor? ‘Ans: Compound de motors are used for pulsating loads such as: (@) rolling mills (©) plunger pumps (©) crushers (0) conveyors (@) punch presses ‘www madeeasypublications.or9,10 Electrical Engineering © Interview Guidebook Q.50 What are the areas of application of d.c. shunt motor? Ans: It is used for constant speed applications requiring medium starting torque such as: (@) Centrifugal Pumps (0) Fans {0} Blowers (d) Printing Press {@) Machine Tools Q51 In arc welding, in order to obtain steady aro which de generator should be used? Ans: de dilferentially compounded generator. Q.52 Which motor is used in very high speed applications like vaccum cleaners? Ans: Universal motor. In high speed applications Universal motoris used. tis d.c. series motor with slight modifications, which can operate on ac. Q.53 What are purposes of commutator in a DC machine? Ans. 1. Toconvert ACtoDC (toreverse the direction of current) so we refer commutator as a mechanical rectifier. To produce unidirectional torque. 3. Tokeep the rotor or armature mmt staionary inspace. » Q.54 What do you know about electric welding? Ans. Electric welding refers to a group of welding processes such as spot and beam welding that produce coalescence of faying surfaces where heat to form the weld is generated by the electrical resistance of material combined with the time and the force used to hold the materials together during welding. Q.55 Why is the characteristic of ade series motor suitable for traction load? Ans. InDC series motor, torque in directly proportional to fluxand square of the armature current, so its starting torque is high, therefore itis suitable for traction purpose. Q.56 What is a Rosenberg’s generator? ‘Ans. It is @ dynamoctecttic amplifier which is self regulating and can operate we the rotor varias in ‘speed,thecurtentnever ising abovea certain valve wnwwumadeeasypublications.org MAGE Ems MADE EAs SECTION-C : INDUCTION MOTOR Q.57 What Is the range of slip for {a) Motaring {b) Generating {c) Braking Ans: Motoing = O< S<1 Generating -1< S<0 Broking 15, I Ng is synchronous speed and NV, and N, corresponding rotor speeds; No=Ng | Ny=Ng Ng Ns Me Ns 7 Ne i.e. Ny > Ny since for a constant frequency, Ng must be constant. le. Part-II: Previous Years interview & Practice Questions aes aes Ans: Q.e8 Ans: Qe7 Ans: 11 What is the relationship between starting torque and full load torque of an induction motor? 8, Slip at full load. What are various methods of starting an Induction motor? Which is best one to start an induction motor which is on load at starting? Various methods of starting an induction motor are (@) Stator impedance starting (©) Auto transforer sterting (© Star delta starting (@) Rotor resistance starting In all the methods above except (4) starting torque is reduced, Due to’this Induction motor should be started on no-load or light loads. In Rotor resistance starting, we can adjust rotor resistance such thai maximum torque occurs at starting. Resistance in rotor circuit also limits starting current. Due to this we can adjust both starting current and starting torque. Thus rotor resistance starting is best for induction motor starting on load. ‘A 3-phase induction motor is connected to 89 supply if one of the lines gets disconneted then what will be the changes in motor performance? Motor will now run as 2 phase induction motor with both forward and backward moving fields. Due to this magnetising current willbe more and power factor will be slightly less, For a rotor fed 3-phase induction motor, what will be the absolute speed of the rotating magnetic field in space? The difference between the synchronous speed ‘and the rotor speed. Example: Scharge motor. www madeeasypublications.ord |12 Electrical Engineering © Interview Guidebook MADE EASY Q.68 When a 3-phase induction motorisloaded from — Q.73 How deep bar rotor increase starting torque no-load to full load what changes take place in @) power factor (i) airgap flux (i) torque. ‘Ans: ()) power factor improves due to load current ‘component increases. (i) torque is proportional t slip. (i) the air gap flux does not change. Q.69 What is cogging in induction motor? ‘Ans: When stator slots are equal to orintegral multiple of rotor slots then variation of reluctance as @ function of space will be quite pronounced resulting in srong alignment forces at the instant of starting. These forces may oreate an alignment torque stronger than the accelerating torque with ‘consequent failure of motor to start. This is called cogging. Q.70 What is crawling in induction motor? ‘Ans: Certain combinations of stator and rotor slots cause accentuation of certain space harmonics of the mmi wave e.. fith and seventh harmonics. which corresponds to poles five and seven times: that of the fundamental. These harmonic mmf produce their own synchronous torque of the same general tarque slip shape as that of the fundamental. This creates @ stable region of operation around 1/7th of normal motor speed. This results in motor running at reduced speed and said to be crawling, Q.71 How can cogging and crawling be reduced? Ans: Cogging and crawling are less in slipring induction motor due to its high starting torque. inccage rotor motors cogaing and crawling can be reduced by proper choice of coll span and skewing (slightly twisting the rotor teeth). By chosing proper combination of stator and rotor slots we can minimise crawling. Q.72 A 8-phase induction motor operates on variable frequency such that VIF is constant. What will be its effect on breakdown torque? Ans: Breakdown torque will no change till rated frequency. But for above base speed operation breakdown torque will decrease (Inversely to speed) to keep constt. KW performance, { wwrwmadeeasypublications.org Ans: 74 Ans: a7 Ans: ave Ans: az Ans: MADE Ess” in squirel-cage rotor? More flux is associated with bottom portion of rotor bar than top portion. Que tothis inductance of bottom portions more than top portion of rotor bar. During starting frequency of induced voltage is high in rotor so most ofthe current is confined {otop portion of rotor bar. tincreases its effective resistance and starting torque is inoreased. But at full load speed frequency of voltage induced is low in rotor. Dus to this inductance has less effect and current distributes more uniformly in rotor bar and gives low copper loss. In which conditions induction generator is preferred over synchronous generator for power generation? Aninduction generator is asynchronous in nature because of which tis cormoniy used as windmill generator as a windmill runs at non-fixed speed. These are used in remote areas to supplement power recieved from weak transmission links. The prime mover must be provided with automatic ‘control to increase the generator speed when itis required tomeet increased load. Why magnetising current component of induction motor is more than transformer? An airgap in the magnetic circult requires more ampere tums to produce same value offux. Due to this magnetising current component of an induction motor is much larger. What are the various methods of speed control of induction motors? (2) by changing the applied voltage. (b) by changing the applied frequency. (@) by changing the no. of stator poles. (@) rotor eheostat control. (@) by operating two motors in cascade. (by injecting an e.m. in the rotor circuit. Why breakdown torque is some what lower In deep bar rotor machine as compared to normal rotor? Because the net rotor reactance at stand still is. some wihat higher than in a normal bar design, the break down torque is some what lower. ©Copyright |MADE EASY @.78 Why are rotor slots skewed in 3-phase Ans. induction motors? Skewing of the rotor in a 36 squirrel cage induction motor reduces harmonics, noise parasitic torque, cogging and crawling. But at the same time, it reduces starting torque and maximum torque. Q.79 What is an asynchronous machine? Ans. ‘An induction o asynchronous machine is an AC ‘electric motorin which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding, SECTION-D: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE Q.80 How open circuit and short circuit tests are Ans: at Ans: ae2z Ans: conducted on synchronous generator? OC test is conducted at rated voltage and frequency so at nominal flux. SC test is conducted when full load current flows at short circuited armature. Under short eircut full load current flows trecuced voltage so reduced flux What is short circuit ratio (SCR) of a synchronous machine? ‘The short circuit ratio (SCR) is defined as the ratio of the field current required to produce rated vollage.on open circuit to the field current required to produce rated armature current with the ‘armature terminals shorted while the machine is. mechanically run at synchronous speed. 1 SCR = X< [adjusted) pu. What information is obtained by potier's method using open circuit characterstios and zero power factor characterstics? Leakage reactance and field current equivalent of armature reaction. Part-II: Previous Years interview & Practice Questions 13 Q.83 While measuring synchronous reactance of machine at different field current, measured synchronous reactance takes into account which of the following quantities: (a) leakage reactance (b) armature reaction (0) core saturation (d) power factor ‘Ans: Synchronous reactance measured at different field currents takes into account (a) leakage reactance (b) armature reaction (c) core saturation Q.84 What is nature of armature reaction at different power factors? ‘Ans: (a) Armature reactions demagnetizing when a generating machine supplies zero power factor lagging current (©) Armature reaction is magnetizing when generating machine supplies zero power factor leading current. (9) Armature reaction is mostly cross- magnetizing though it has @ smell demagnetizing component whena generating machine supplied unity power factor current. Q.85 Under which condition synchronous machine supply reactive VARS? ‘Ans: Synchronous generator supplies reactive VARS when it is over excited and supplies lagging power factor current. ‘Synchronous motor supplies reactive VARS when itis over excited and draws leading power factor current. Q.86 How we will decide normal excitation? ‘Ans: The excitation (E) corresponding to unity power factor is known as normal excitation. While excitation larger than this fs over excitation and excitation ess than this is called under excitation. If load and terminal voltage is constant then ‘minimum current flows at unity power factor as E,excitation) is varied, en madesnsypubicatons 09)14 Electrical Engineering © Q.87 Why d-axis synchronous reactance is more than qraxis synchronous reactance? ‘Ans: Because permeance of pole arc oriented along the d-axis is more than permeance of pole arc oriented along q-axis. Due to this X,> Ny Q.88 What is total power in salient pole synchronous machine? Ev (Xq - X, ane: = SE ons ue) nas First expression is similar to cylindrical rotor machine. ‘Second expression gives us reluctance power which is unique to salient pole machine. Maxima of this power occurs at 45° and it is available evenif excitationis absent. Maxima to total power occurs at § = 70° in salient pole machine. Q.89 For proper synchronisation of a large synchronous machine to a bus, what should be the frequency of incoming machine? ‘Ans: The speed of the incoming machine should be slightly higher than thet of the bus. This will tenable the incoming machine to take a part of the load immediately and thus relieve the load ‘on the system. Q.90 Asynchronous machine connected to infinite ‘bus bars is intially delivering active power to and absorbing lagging reactive power from the bus bars. If the power input to the synchronous machine is increased then what will be its effect on armature current and power factor? Ea-V Ans: 0° since the power input increases, the output will increase. Hence 6 will increase with E, Vand Xconstant. +. current wilincrease. The complex poner ev ve P+ j= Yz5-90°- 2-0" jo Fa-90- FZ ‘wrwmadeeasypublications.o1g Interview Guidebook Mabe Ems MADE EASY ev ev ve Fp 8NB&Q=-- cos eZ Fe cos 8 since 6 increases, cos 6 will decrease and so a FH 008 5 will decrease, This vill increase the reactive power Q. So the power factor will decrease so (b)s the correct answer. Q.81 During the slip test for determining the direct and the quadrature axis synchronous reactances of an alternator, what is frequency of the voltage across the open circuited field terminals? Ans: Inslip testfield circuitis kept open. Motor is run ‘at speed close to synchronous speed so voltage ‘generated across the openfield-cirouit terminals is ac voltage of slip frequency. Q.92 What are damper windings? Why are they provided on synchronous machines? ‘Ans: Adcitional damping is providedin the salient pole synchronous machine by means of damper bars located in the main poles of the machine and short circuited through round rings at both ends. This s called damper winding. As rotor oscilates, the damper bars have a relative movement with respect to air gap flux pattern which causes induction of emis and flow of currents in these bars. This controls oscillations and maintain synchronism. Q.93 What are subtransient and transient reactance in synchronous machines? Ans: When @ sudden short circuit occurs on a ‘generator then short circuit currents and short circuit fluxes are not immediately set up due {0 loctromagnetic energy stored in alternator. Transition from no load current to short circuit current takes time and this is called transient time. Current envelop decays according to time constant of circuit. Intaly subtransient current flows for few cycles and this reactance is © CopyrightMADE ERSY Pare: Previous Years Interview & Practice Questions = 45 called subtransient reactance. During this time current decay is governed by damper winding time constant, After it current decays according to time constant of field winding and current is called transient current and reactance is transient reactance. AY X, ‘Why was motor ratings earlier done in Horse power? Ans. James Watt, who invented steam engines. figured outa mathematical way to equate horses toengine pawer. Thus the termhorse power was. invented. He measured the capability of a big horse to pull a load and found it could pull a weight of 150-pounds while walking at 2.5 miles per hour. Q.109 What do you understand by synchronous condensor? ‘Ans, _Itis an over excited synchronous motor. Q.140 What will happen when the d.c. supply of an alternator inturrupt? Ans. _ [twill drawlagging reactive power from the mains and continues to runas a reluctance motor. SECTION-E: FRACTIONAL KILOWATT MOTORS AND SPECIAL MACHINES. Q.111 A single phase induction motor is rot with speed n in forward direction. What is, the slip of forward field and backward field with respect to rotor? : ‘Ans: Slip of iorward fie Slip of backward field 2ng -(n, -1) sta) Peet) Q.112 What are the advantages of ac servomotor 2s compared to de counter part? Ans; AC servomotor offers several advantages over lis de counterpen. The use of a criftres ac amplifier in contol circuitry, ow rotor inertia, rugged maintenance fee oforconstruction,no brushes or commutator segments etc. The rotor can withstand higher temperature as it does ‘ot involve ary insulation { ecopynane : Previous Years Interview & Practice Questions 17 Q.143 What are the main reasons for using hysteresis motor in tape recorders? Ans: (a) Hysteresis torque is constant at all rotor speeds. (©) The hysteresis motor has alow noise figure compared to the single phase induction motor such that the load runs at uniform peed. (©) A smooth rotor greatly aids in low noise performance of this motor. Q.114 Why speed of universal motor is less with ac supply as compared to de supply? ‘Ans: The speedtorque characterstic for ac operation ‘would fie some what lower as compared to de operation. Thisis because of reactance volage drops [J, (x, + s,)] in ac operation so that E, and hence speed is lower for a given current and torque. Q.115 What is slew range of a stepper motor? ‘Ans: Asthe stepping rates increased. the rotor has less time to drive the load from one position to the next asthe stator winding current pattern Is shited. Beyond a certain pulsing rate the rotor cannot follow the command and would begin to miss pulses. The slew range is one in which the load velocity follows the pulse rate without losing a step, but cannot start, stop or reverse on command. Q.116 Why starting torque is zero in single phase induction motor? ‘Ans: The backward and forward rotating fields have the same strength and produce equal and opposite torque at starting. Due to this net starting torque hes zero value at starting, Q.117 Maximum starting torque is developed in repulsion motor when the brush position with respect to the polo axis is. Ans: 45°, Q.118 What are the advantages of repulsion start induction motor? Ans: (2) It develops high starting torque. (©) Its starting current is tow. wwwumadeeasypublications.org |18 Electrical Engineering © Interview Guidebook MADE ERs Q.119 How we can reverse the direction of rotation of shaded pole motor? 1 Direction of rotation in shaded pole motor is trom unshaded part to shaded part. Reversal of direction of rotation where desired can be achieved by praviding two shading coils, one ‘on each end of every pole and by open- circuiting one set of shading coils and short- circuiting the other set 2 Ans: | | Q.120 What are the applications of shaded pole i motor? | Ans: [tis a cheap motor with a low starting torque and i lowponer fact andlowefigenoy dar ni, | itsconmoniusedfriansotalins, rari, | vending machines, advertising displays etc. i 1 Q.121 Why two value capacitor motor is better than ther types of single phase induction motors? ‘Ans: If combines the advantages of capacitor start and permanent-capacitor motors and is used for hard to start loads. Atthe same time itgives, alhigh power factor and efficiency under running 4 conditions. Its applications are refrigerators, compressors et. Q.122 What is Linear Induction Motor? ‘Ans: LIM is a developed version of cylindrical induction motor. f the elementary induction motor is cut axially and spread out flat it corresponds to LIM. Airgapin LIMis more as. Q.125 A variable reluctance stepping motor has Ans: A-3,B-4,C-1,D-2 compared to Induction motor so megnetising eight concentric coils on its eight-pole ‘current s high and power factor Is poor. stator. Number of teeth on the rotor should Q.123 What is magnetic Levitation? preferably equal to Ans; When N pole of winding concides with N pole (a) Ten (6) Eight (o) Six ‘of conductor, which is below the winding, then (a) Four (@) Two a repulsive force is created which may balance gravitational force and train may hang in air. ANS: Ten or Six, Rotor poles should not be equal to or This occurs at very high speeds (>800 krn/h) multiple of stator poles otherwise magnatic ands called magnetic Levitation. locking will take place andl motor will not start Q.124 Match List-I (Type of Single Phase Induction —_Q.426 What are the applications of amplicynes? Te Cores eee ‘Ans: Amplidynes are used to provide controlled el power amplification in a variety of contral ist raae systems eg. as the voltage regulator In the o ee oa excitation systems of large ac generators to eee introduce a buck or boost voltage in series with ©, Shaded-pole motor : D. Resistance-split the field winding of the main exciter. © Copyright | | wwwmadeeasypublications org MABE Essdepends upon the magnetic properties of the material used for construction of the core, Hence these are also known as core losses or Iron losses. How to reduce hysteresis loss? [ESE-2016] Hysteresis lossis directly proportional to area of hysteresis loop. Hence to minimizeit, silicon steel or high grade steel is used for ‘manufacturing of core as ithas small hysteresis loop area. Ans, 7 mabe GAs Part-t: Previous Years interview & Practice Questions 19 s Previous Interview Questions of What is transformer efficiency? (ESE-2016] What are the conditions that should be a 7 iat aileaie jigcepeeralionicoe utput uiput___ Input losses fulfilled for parallel operati Ane. oe = ou ne transformer? [ESE-2016] Q6 — Whats voltage regulation? ‘Ans. For t-and3.ptransformers: [ESE-2016] 1. Same polarity (Necessary) ‘Ans. Voltage regulation of a transformer is defined 2. Same voltage ratio and voltage rating a fe fae i Ween sean oecweuasad (Necessary) a8 fraction of full oad rated voltage when full E ica calbehoriyaaeeseteaued nurelaebateaa load specified pf is reduced to zero keeping 2 sharing (Desirable) input voltage constant. j 4, Same X/R ratio for same p.t. operation (Desirable) Q.7 What is on load tap changing? Only for 3-4 X,,¢ IESE-2016] 1. Same phase sequence (Necessary) ‘Ans, Tap changer is a mechanism in transformer 2. Zerorelative phase difference (Necessary) \which allows variable turn ratios tobe selected a What are Transformer losses? indiscrete steps. On load tap changers adjust [ESE-2016] yes: Hektumratioduring operaionwihoutthe need ok of de-energising of transformer. Ans. aaa What is the new type of oil to replace the Tt older one? tae "ie [ESE-2016] ‘Ans. In 1970's Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PBC were often used as a dielectric fluid since non- Wammable. It included Askarels, Inerteen, ‘rocor and many others. Nowitis replaced by Hydrocarbon mineral ail it consists of (eee aromatics, paralfins, napthenes and olefins in Ans. Eddy current loss and hysteresis loss definite proportions, What type of insulation is used in transformer? [ESE-2016] Ans. ff’ Main insulation consists of transformer cil wich also acts as cooling medium. \Uif Winding insulation: usually used materia's ere Kraft, Nomax, Enamel )) Solid insulation: Mainly made of press ‘board, transformer wood ete.29 Electrical Engineering © _-ax9/ What are the ference between he power SY) transformer and current transformer in Z context of their construction? [ESE-2016] Ans. () Themain difference les in designing ofthe cores. The metering core of CT has to bear 1 ifforence heavy fauttourrentinits primary therefore TncT & Loeig.desionesd to saturate at about ive Tiros dfrated curront. This provides safety Pow ah jo the insirumenis whereas power transformers operates near to their rated XfO7ME cea conditions ataltimes. Therefore the cores design to saturate at neatly 1.21.5 times of rated current. CT's primary consists of a single turn compared to multiturn primary of power transformer, Q.11 Draw the equivalent cirouit of single phase transformer? {ESE-2016] Ry Re Exact equivalent circult Q.12 How the testing of transformer oil is carried out? [ESE-2016) To assess the insulating property of dielectric transformer oil, a sample of the transformer oil is taken and its breakdown voltage is measured. 2. Atest voltage is applied across circuit and is continuously increased with a constant standard compliant slew rate of 2 kV/sec. ‘Atacertain volage level breakciown occurs in an electric arc, leading to collapse of test votage. Ans. 1 vomwmacleeasypublications.ora Interview Guidebook args Ans. yf Ans. Ans, MAE EASs Other test are 4. Color 2, Dissolved gas analysis, 3, Dissolved metals 4, Flash pointiFire point 5, Furanic compounds 6, Neutralization number 7. Relative density 8. Resistivity What is Conservator tank? [ESE-2016] Conservator: This is @ cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the roof cof the main transtormer tank, Its main purpose is to provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the transformer. Which transformer will be having big size for same rating? [ESE-2016] Distribution transformer is designed for maximum efficiency at its average load. Therefore at the time of design iron losses of dist X, is kept low. ‘To reduce P, flux density has to be reduced. Therefore cross-sectional area has to be increased. Therefore physical size of distribution transformer is larger than pawer transformer What are the tests conducted on load in case of transformers? [ESE-2016] 1, Load test: Itis used to (@) determine the rated load of he machine and the temperature rise. (0) to determine voltage regulation and efficiency of transformer. 2. Sumpners test: Back-to-back test‘ Ans. 0.20 Ans. Part-ll: Previous Years Interview & Practice Questions os 21 How the waveform is inside the DC generator? [ESE-2016) Emfinduced inside DC generators alternating in nature Itis rectified by commutator. What is Horse power capacity of electric trains? [ESe-2016} Horse power capacity of a train is the power provided by internal combustion engines and electric motors. In this method 2 identical transformers are @.21_ Which motor is used in Traction? : needed. Windings are connected back-to-back [ESE-2016] . 28 shown, Suitable voltage Is injected into the . . ries motor (or) : q sop termed by the 2 sevonderise such tt ATS: DC Series motor (or) O-pheseinducton motors, full load current passes through them. An 98 Explain Dynamic braking for induction equivalent current then passes through primary motor? : also, V, supplies magnetizing current and core losses for the two transformers. Second source ee supplies the load component of current and Ans. Three types of dynamic braking of induction losses due to same. motor exists: 4. AC dynamic braking: The motor is made Q.16 What is armature reaction? _[ESE-2016] torunon 1-)supplyby disconnecting other ‘Ans. The effectof armature flux on main feld fuxis twoxphases, thus now motors fed by both alled as armature reaction. +ve and -ve sequence. At high resistance the net torque:is found to be negative and How to reduce armature reaction? braking occurs. [ESE-2016} 2. DC dynamic braking: Stator of running ‘Ans. Armature reaction can be reduced by dncucson take |p Cn ecied tae eet 1. Polo stacking 3. Zero sequence braking: All the 3 stator 2. Pole chemveing pphases are connected in series and 1-6 AC spaces wong or DC is connected across them. 4. Compensating winding Q.23 What is magnetic levitation & Linear Q.18 What are the types of braking? Induction motor? [ESE-2016] (ESE-2016] ‘Ans. Mechanical braking: ‘Ans. Magnetic levitation: itis a method by which ectia aleng an object is suspended with no support other i than magnetic fialds. Magnetic force counter acts gravitational acceleration. Burr Reaerr Pang Linear induction motor: It is an AC, asynchronous linear motor that works on the (conan MADE EASE ne