GB6013
SAMPLING
DR. FARIZA KHALID
POPULATION
The group of all items of interest to the researcher
frequently very large; sometimes infinite E.g. All
180,000 primary school teachers in Malaysia.
SAMPLE
A sample is a set of data drawn from the
population. [Part of a population]
Potentiall very large, but less than the population.
E.g. a sample of 1000 primary school teachers in
Malaysia
PARAMETER
A descriptive measure of a population.
The true percent of primary schools teachers in
Malaysia
STATISTICS
A descriptive measure of a sample.
Of the 1000 primary teachers, 400 are teaching
Special Education (40%)
SAMPLING - WHY?
Sampling is an important characteristic of inferential
statistics
It is a process of going from the part to the whole
(Ary et al., 2010)
SAMPLE
the small group that is observed is called sample
the larger group about which the generalization is
made is called a population
POPULATION
SAMPLE
subset
STATISTICS
PARAMETER
STATISTICAL INFERENCE
Is a procedure by means of which you estimate
parameter (characteristics of populations) from
statistics (characteristics of samples)
Such estimations are based on the law of probability
and are best estimates rather than absolute facts.
STATISTICAL INFERENCE
In making such inferences, a certain degree of error is
involved.
Inferential statistics can be used to test hypotheses
about the population on the basis of observation of a
sample drawn from the population.
STATISTICAL INFERENCE
Because the purpose of drawing a sample from a
population is to obtain information concerning the
population, it is important that the individuals
included in a sample constitute a representative
cross-section of individuals in the population.
STEPS IN SAMPLING
The first step in sampling is to identify the target population.
In most research, we deal with an accessible population (the
population of subjects accessible to the researcher for drawing a
sample).
It will be expensive and time-consuming to sample from the total
population of the whole country for example, but we can draw a
sample from one state.
Then we can generalize the results to the whole population of the
state, but not the whole country of course.
TYPE OF SAMPLING
NON PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY SAMPLING SAMPLING
Every member of the Non-
Every member of the probability sampling
population had a chance of Not every member of the
“making it” into your sample population had a chance of
“making it” into your sample
TYPE OF SAMPLING
PROBABILITY SAMPLING NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM STRATIFIED RANDOM CONVENIENCE PURPOSIVE
SAMPLING SAMPLING SAMPLING SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM CLUSTER SNOWBALL
SAMPLING AMLPING SAMPLING
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
All members of the population have an equal and
independent chance of being included in the
random sample
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
STEPS:
Define the population
List all members of the population
Select the sample by employing a procedure where
sheer chance determines which members on the
list are drawn for the sample.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
STEPS:
Define the population
List all members of the population (enumerate)
Select the sample by employing a procedure where
sheer chance determines which members on the
list are drawn for the sample.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
When the population consists of a number of
subgroups. or strata that may differ in
characteristics, it is often desirable to use a
stratified random sampling
the basis of stratification may be geographic or
involve characteristics of the population such as
age, gender, income, occupation, teaching level
etc.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
When the population consists of a number of
subgroups. or strata that may differ in
characteristics, it is often desirable to use a
stratified random sampling
the basis of stratification may be geographic or
involve characteristics of the population such as
age, gender, income, occupation, teaching level
etc.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Advantage - it enables the researcher to also study
the differences that might exist between various
subgroups of a population
CLUSTER SAMPLING
The unit chosen is not an individual but rather a
group of individuals who are naturally together.
e.e., a researcher might choose a number of
schools randomly from a list of schools and then
include all the students in the schools in the
sample.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
Clusters should be chosen randomly
Once the cluster all the members of the cluster
must be included in the sample.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Involves drawing a sample by taking every 'Kth'
case from a list of the population
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
STEPS
Decide the sample (n)
Divide the number of population (N) by sample (n) and determine the
sampling interval (K) to apply to the list.
Select the first member randomly from the first K members of the list
and the select the Kth member of the population for the sample.
e.g., 500/50=10 so Kth = every 10th of the sample from the list
start the near top of the list so that the first case can be randomly
selected from the first 10 cases and then select every tenth case
thereafter.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
it differs from a random sampling in that the various
choices are not independent.
Once the first case is chosen, all subsequent cases to
be included in the sample are automatically
determined.
Using an alphabetical list for example, would not give
a representative sample of various national group
because certain national groups end to cluster under
certain letters.
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Involves non-random procedures for selecting the
members of the sample.
there is no assurance that every element in the
population has a chance of being included
the results cannot be generalized to the population
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
involves the use of available cases for study.
e.g, volunteered respondents
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
Samples are selected based on certain criteria to serve
the purpose of the research
also known as judgment, selective or subjective
sampling - is a sampling technique in which researcher
relies on his or her own judgment when choosing
members of population to participate in the study
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
selected based on the
recommendation from the current
subjects/respondents
(or chain sampling, chain-referral
sampling, referral sampling) is a non-
probability sampling technique where
existing study subjects recruit future
subjects from among their
acquaintances.
DETERMINE A SAMPLE SIZE
Sample size determination is the act of choosing
the number of observations or replicates to include
in a statistical sample. The sample size is an
important feature of any empirical study in which
the goal is to make inferences about a population
from a sample.
DETERMINE A SAMPLE SIZE
Sample size determination is the act of choosing
the number of observations or replicates to include
in a statistical sample. The sample size is an
important feature of any empirical study in which
the goal is to make inferences about a population
from a sample.
DETERMINE A SAMPLE SIZE
If your sample is too small, you may include a
disproportionate number of individuals which are
outliers and anomalies. These skew the results and you
don’t get a fair picture of the whole population.
If the sample is too big, the whole study becomes
complex, expensive and time-consuming to run, and
although the results are more accurate, the benefits
don’t outweigh the costs.
CALCULATE
SAMPLING ERROR
When you only survey a small sample of the population,
uncertainty creeps in to your statistics.
If you can only survey a certain percentage of the true
population, you can never be 100% sure that your
statistics are a complete and accurate representation of
the population.
SAMPLING ERROR
This uncertainty is called sampling error and is usually
measured by a confidence interval.
For example, you might state that your results are at a
90% confidence level. That means if you were to repeat
your survey over and over, 90% of the time your would
get the same results.
DISCUSSION
What are the differences in terms of sampling in
quantitative and qualitative research?
