LAMPIRAN 1

PHYSICS SPM PAPER 3 QUESTION ANAYLISIS

SECTION B

Variable
C TOPIC NO
Responding Manipulated Fixed

  FORM 4   29 EKSPERIMENT  

INTRODUCTION        
1.1 Based, Derived, Scalar
       
&Vector Quantities
1
1.2 Measurement        

1.3 Scientific Investigations        

FORCES AND MOTION        

2.1 Linear Motion 1 accelaration height mass

2.2 Inertia 2 period (S3-2006,S1-2007) mass length of jigsaw blade

2.3 Momentum 3 time to stop mass force applied

2.4 The Effect of a Force 4 acceleration( S2-2008) force mass

  5 acceleration mass force

2 2.5 Impulse And Impulsive
6 depth height of mass mass
Force
2.6 Gravity 7 time taken weight height

2.7 Forces In Equilibrium 8      

2.8 Work, Energy, Power and
9 work done distance mass
Efficiency
2.9 Elasticity 10 extension of spring (S1-2005) force spring constant
diameter
  11 extension of spring (S2-2007) spring/wire/length of force/weight
spring
FORCE AND PRESSURE        

3.1 Pressure 12 depth (2004/2008) area of metal block weight

3.2 Pressure in Liquids 13 water distance depth density of water

  14 length difference depth density

  15 depth of water lavel density depth of thistle funnel

3
3.3 Gas and Atm Pressure 16 pressure time density of mercury

3.4 Pascal Principle 17 height of big piston area og big piston force/area small piston

3.5 Archimedes Principle 18 weight/volume of water displace mass/weight object density of water

  19 weight/volume of water displace density mass/weight object

3.6 Bernoulli Principle 20 water lavel speed density of water

4 HEAT        
4.1 Thermal In Equilibrium 20 rise in temperature time mass of water

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 4.2 Specific Heat Capacity 21 rise in temperature (S2-2004) mass time

4.3 Specific Latent Heat 22 rise in temperature density material time

4.4 The Gas Laws 23 pressure(2005) volume temperature

pressure/volume (S1-2006:
    24 temperature pressure/volume
Charles Law)
LIGHT        

5.1 Reflection Of Light 25 angle of reflection angle of incident light intensity

5.2 Refraction Of Light 26 angle of refraction angle of incident light intensity

5   27 apparent depth(2007) real depth size of an object

5.3 Total Internal Reflection 28 angle of refraction/reflection angle of incident density of block

focal length
5.4 Lenses 29 image distance object distance

  Variable
TOPIC NO
Responding Manipulated Fixed

FORM FIVE

WAVES 25 EKSPERIMENT

1.1 Waves 1 frequency(2006) period size of spring

frequency/length of
  2 wavelength/time taken size of spring/mass
pendulum
1.2 Reflection of waves 3 same like form 4  
 
6
1.2 Refraction of waves 4 wavelength depth density of water

1.3 Difraction of waves        

1.5 Interference of waves 5 x wavelength a

  6 distance/x frequency a

1.6 Sound waves 7 distance/x frequency a

1.7 Electromagnetic waves 8 wavelength colour(diffraction) thickess

ELECTRICITY        
2.1 Electric fields and charge
9 current(2008) speed vandegraff size vandegraff
flow
  10 temperature(2007) current voltage
length of constatant
2.2 Ohm Law 11 potential difference (S2-2006) electric current
wire
resistance (S4-2004, S2-2005 length/crosssectional length/crosssectional
7   12
(Diameter), S1-2007) area/temperature area/temperature
no of resistor(2 ohm voltage supply(Siries
2.3 Series and parallel circuits 13 voltage across resistor
each) Circiut)
2.4 EMF and Internal
14 voltage across cell time same baterry
Resistance
2.5 Electrical energy and
15 power voltage current
power
    current height mass load

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 ELECTROMAGNETISM        

3.1 Magnetic effect of CCC 16 strength of electromagnet number of turn of coil current

  17 strength of electromagnet current number of turn

3.2 The Force on a CCC in a
18 distance travel/force magnetic strength current
magnetic field
  19 distance travel/force(2008) current magnetic strength

8 3.3 Electromagnetic induction 20 current(2005) speed magnetic strength

no of turn/magnetic magnetic strength/ no
  21 current
strength of turn
3.4 DC and AC        
no of turn for secondary no of turn for primary
3.5 Transformers 22 induced current/voltage
coil coil
no of turn for
  23 frequency soft iron/seloinoid
primary/secondary coil
3.6 Generation and transm        

ELECTRONICS        

4.1 Cathode ray oscilloscope 24 angle of deflection magnetic strength voltage supply

9 4.2 Semiconductor diodes        

4.3 Transistors        

4.4 Logic gates        

RADIOACTIVITY        

5.1 Nucleus of an atom        

5.2 Radioactive decay 25 thikness of aluminium count rate radioactice source

10
5.3 Radioisotopes        

5.4 Nuclear energy        

5.5 Management of
       
radioactive

LAMPIRAN 2
SKEMA CHARACTERISTIC ATAU PROPERTIES
BAGI SOALAN MODIFICATION DAN MAKING DICISION

Chapter 1/2/3 (FORCES AND MOTION/PRESSURE)

BI ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MODIFI
REASON/EXPLANATION
L CATION
More sensitif/more accurate/suitable to measure a
1 The small reading of scale 0.01 cm
small length
2 Front and rear crumple zones to increase time of impact //to reduce impulsive force.
will inflate during collision/to prevent driver and
3 Air bags passenger colliding with steering wheel and
dashboard.
to lengthen the time of impact so as to reduce
4 Dashboard - made of soft material
impulsive force.
5 Seat belt to prevent passengers thrown foward due to it inertia
6 Headrest to prevent head thrown back due to it inertia
To withstand greater pressure at the bottom as the
7 Thicker wall at the base
pressure increases with depth
3|Modul Tembak 32 - SAKTI
 The wall is constructed using stronger To avoid the wall from breaking / To increase the
8
materials / Using reinforce concrete strength of the wall / To avoid leaking
To avoid flooding / To channel away the overflow
9 Equipped with the water overflow system
water
10 The mass must be high so that the vehicles becomes more stable
11 the types of engine is diesel so the cost is low
12 the diameter of the tyre must be bigger so the pressure is low // more stable
13 Streamline / larus reduce the resistance of water/ kurangkan rintangan air
14 Low Density /ketumpatan rendah higher buoyant force/ daya apungan tinggi
Specific heat capacity high / muatan haba
15 absorbs heat slowly/serap haba dengan perlahan
tentu tinggi
16 High strength / Kekuatan tinggi Difficult to damage / sukar rosak
17 Material made from glass Glass does not corrode with acid
18 Small diameter of capillary tube To increase the sensitivity of the hydrometer
Makes the hydrometer stays upright/lower center of
19 High density of shots/added more
gravity
20 Big diameter of bottom bulb To obtaine a bigger upthrust/stability
21 Aerodynamics / cone shape at top Reducing of air friction
22 Small mass Higher rate of acceleration/easy to carry
Less than half of the bottle filled with Enough space for increasing air pressure/ Big buoyant
23
water(water roket) force
24 3 or 4 wings The stability of the rocket
25 Angle of projection = 45 degree Increase the flight distance
26 Low density of an object So that it is lighter/accelerate faster
27 Higher density Bigger inertia/stability
28 High engine power To produce high acceleration// high resultant force
So that the spring is stiffer // motorcycle bounce less //
29 High spring constant // stiffer spring
less vibration
30 Wide tyre // smooth tyre To increase stability // to reduce friction
31 use a spring with a bigger diameter so that k is bigger
the spring is made from steel the type of material influences k produces a bigger
32
a larger k(spring constant) elastic PE. elastic P E changes to K E
33 spring is greatly compressed so that elastic Potential Energy is bigger
34 slope of inclined plane is 45 degrees so that distance is maximum
35 The melting point should be high To be able to withstand high
36 The material must be very strong To be able to withstand very strong force
Shaped with a curved surface at the top and To achieve an upward lifting force when moving at
37
a flat surface at the bottom(aerodynamic) high speed
38 Run with higher speed To increase kinetic energy
Bend pole greater // jump when the pole is
39 Increase elastic potential energy
maximum bend
So that the pole can return to it original shape // So
40 Elastic pole // strong material // low density
that it will not break // light
41 Wear fit attire Reduce air resistance
increase time of collision // reduce impulsive
42 Use mattress/soft material
force//increase landing time
Stronger / Not easy to break
43 Made of concrete
// metal can rust easily
44 thicker wall at the bottom able to withstand the higher pressure at the bottom
45 height from ground is high(dam) to produce a greater difference in pressure
So that ship can float//prevent from overturn // ship
46 Wide base cross section area
more stable // ship not sink deeper
47 High volume of air space in the ship Produce air buoyant force// ship can float
48 Spring arrange in parallel The spring sistem is stiffer/less extension/less elastic
49 Spring with thicker wire The spring is stiffer/wire not easily break
Increase the stiffness of the spring//can with stand
50 Spring with smaller diameter of coil
higher force

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51 Rope with small diameter(parachute) Accupy less space/less mass
52 Long stem(for hydrometer) Cover a wider range of densities
53 Stem with smaller diameter Sink more and increase the sensitivity
54 Low rate of rusting To ensure tha material last longer
55 Semicircular curve shaped(for slope) Exchange between KE and GPE easily
56 Smooth surface Easily to move/reduce frictional force
57 Synthetic material Light weight/air-proof material

Chapter 4 (HEAT)
BI ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MODIFI
REASON/EXPLANATION
L CATION
the lid of the pan designed to lower the
the boiling point of water decreased
1 air pressure inside the pan
the lid of the pan made of substance which heat will not absorbed by the the lid,so heat will not
2 has weak conductivity of heat lost to surrounding
Made from material with low specific heat Temperature in the pot can be increased quickly when
3 capacity heated. This saves fuel / cooking gas.
4 Made from a low density material Pot is light and more portable
Made from material that is not easily Pot is more durable and will not contaminate the food
5 corroded or oxidized with dangerous material
The handle of the pot is made from material The handle becomes hot slower and can be held
6 with high specific heat capacity without scorching the hand
The pot is designed to have vertical
This makes the pot versatile because different food
compartments which can be added or
can be cooked at the same time
7 removed
Does not melt easily if there is an increase in
High melting point
8 temperature.
Pressure will be transmited uniformly in all directions/
Liquid that difficult to compress.
9 flows easily
10 High degree of hardness Can withstand great force / does not break easily
Increase surface area // release heat quickly // engine
Large numbers of fin blade -
11 cools quickly
Can suck more air // more air can be blow to the
Big size of fan
12 engine /Can cool down a larger area
Not easily to vaporize // the volume of liquid reduce
High boiling point
13 slowly // takes a longer time to boil
Takes a longer time to become hot // the rise in
High specific heat capacity
14 temperature is slow
increase the resistance/Can transfer the heat faster to
Increase the length/area of cooling coil
15 the surrounding
A storage tank must be place at a higher
To give higher pressure
16 level
17 Pipe embedded in plate must be long will enlarge surface area will absorbs heat faster
The pipe inside the plate must be made of Metal is a good heat conductor,so it will transmit heat
18 metal to water easily/resistance hih
thermometer is made from strong
so that it is not easily broken
19 transparent glass
20 the thermometric liquid chosen is mercury because it easily expands uniformly
21 the capillary tube is made narrow and thin so that it is more sensitive
22 the shape of the thermometer is round so that it has a magnifying effect
23 the thermometer is placed in melting ice to obtain the lower point
the thermometer is placed in steam to obtain the upper point
24 Low specific heat capacity of ice cream box Easy get cold // becomes cool quickly
25 Smaller size of ice cream box Easier to carry // easy too become cool
26 Plastic PVC Poor conductor of heat
27 Bright colour of outer box Does not absorb heat from surrounding quickly
28 Use insulator behind the absorber panel To prevent the loss of heat energy
29 Use an absorber panel which is painted A black surface is a good absorber of radiation so it
5|Modul Tembak 32 - SAKTI
 black. will absorb heat faster

Chapter 5 (LIGHT)
BI ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MODIFI
REASON/EXPLANATION
L CATION
Allow more light to involve in total internal
Small critical angle.
1 reflection
2 strong material not easily broken.
3 flexible material. Can easily change the shape.
4 fine diameter can enter small holes.
5 High refractive index Total internal reflection can occur easily
Large number of signal/higher intensity of light can
Optical fibre in a bundle
6 propagate
7 Material with weak rigidity The optical fibre can be bent easily
8 Material with great strength The optical fibre can last longer/not easily spoil
A plane mirror mounted on an adjustable
Reflects light to the vertical screen, corrects lateral
9 arm
and vertical inversion
Use a converging mirror instead of plane Focus the light directly to the lens // increase the
10
mirror intensity of light.
Place the filament at the centre of curvature Light goes directly from the lamp and reflect back on
11 of the converging mirror // use high the same path // increase the intensity of light
powered lens towards the transparency // to get brighter image
12 Use heat filter To absorb excess heat to the transparency
Electric fan operates during and after the Cooling system to stabilize the temperature (heat
13
lamp is switched on energy produced by filament bulb)
14 Shorter // smaller size of binocular easy to carry
Use prism to make the total internal
15 Produce upright image
refleclection occur
16 Higher density Higher refractive indeks
17 Ojective lens with larger diameter More light passes through the lens
18 Eyepiece with higher power Shorter focal length
19 Shorter focal length Higher power/increase the magnification
20 Convex lense Can produce real image
21 u a bit bigger than f Produce maximum magnification
22 periscope Cheaper than cctv
23 2 plane mirror/prism Can reflect light from object
24 Casing to hold the mirror Easier to handle periscope
25 Convex mirror Wider field view
Optcal fibre with higher densities/ refrative
26 To ensure total internal reflection occur
index inner compare than outer

Chapter 6 (WAVE)
BI ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/M
REASON/EXPLANATION
L ODIFICATION
Waves are calmer due to divergence of energy/ Convergence
of waves at the cape/The bay is shallower .
1 Build near bay
The speed of waves decreases./The amplitude of waves at the
bay is small.
Reduce direct impact of the waves on the shore. To reflect the
2 Build retaining walls waves from the shore./Protect the area from large waves
/avoid erosion
Waves passing through the gap will be diffracted in the
Concrete barrier structure with a gap
3 children’s area/the smaller amplitude of the diffracted waves
in between
causes the sea to be calmer there energy of waves decreases.
4 Build high retaining wall To ensure the water not overflow.
5 Thick area at the base of the wall To withstand high pressure at the base

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6 Long wavelength Easy to diffract
7 Short Slit Diffraction more obvious
8 Ultrasonic wave Can transfer more energy

Chapter 7/8 (ELECTRIC & ELECTROMAGNET)

BI ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MO
REASON/EXPLANATION
L DIFICATION
Allow each electric appliances to be switched on and off
The electric appliances are connected
1 independently/Higher voltage
in parallel
One appliaces damage the another can still function
Fit fuse at the live wire in the fuse To stop the flow of current by melting when a high voltage
2 box/Use miniature circuit breakers of electric current flows through the circuit // switches itself
(mcb’s) off very quickly if the current exceeds
Earth wire connected to earth, so that when a fault occurs
Earth connection to the metal case of
3 and a current flows through the live wire and the earth wire,
electrical appliances
the fuse in the live wire will blow and cut off the supply.
Use low power lamps / install
4 To reduce the energy use/do not waste the electrical energy
fluorescent lamp
Regularly cleaning and removing dust
5 To make sure the appliaces function effectively
from the air filters of air conditioners
6 Low power lamp Safe cost//electric bill
The room looks brighter//high output power//less power
7 High efficiency
wastage
8 Long life span No need to replace often
9 Low price/cost Save money/cost
10 Smaller surface area the resistance is higher
11 High melting point not easy to melt
12 Long (coiled) metal to increase the resistance
13 Low rate of oxidation Does not oxidize easily / can be used for a longer period
14 Low resistance Current will increase / more heat will be produced
15 Low resistivity To reduce heat loss in the cables
16 Low rate of thermal expansion The cables will not expand under hot weather
17 use thin diaphragm Easy to vibrate
18 Use strong material Not easy to break
Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage // The
19 More number of turns of coil
magnitude of the induced current or is also increased
20 Thicker diameter of wire of coil reduce the resistance of the coil
Using more powerful magnet to Increase the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage //The
21 increase the strength of the magnetic magnitude of the induced current or induced electromotive
field force is also increased
To reverse contact with brushes so that the current flow in
22 Change slip rings with commutator
same direction in external circuit
23 Use stronger magnet To increase the magnetic field strength
Use more number of turn for the coil/ Increase the rate of change of magnetic field/increase the
24
Increase the speed of rotation induced current
25 Diameter should be large to reduce the resistance of the cables
So there is less expansion and less sagging in the cables
26 The rate of expansion should be low
during hot days
27 Use capacitor To smoothen the current produced/to store electric charge
28 Using concave surface soft iron Produce radial magnetic field to ensure smooten rotatation
29 Using a laminated iron core Reduce Eddy current in iron core
30 Thick copper wire reduce the resistance of the coil
Using soft iron for the core Reduce the hysterisis loss.
31
Easy to magnetize and demagnitize
Winding the secondary and primary Reduce Leakage of Magnetic Flux
32
coils on top each other.

7|Modul Tembak 32 - SAKTI

 Chapter 9 (RADIOACTIVE)
BI ASPECT/CHARACTERISTIC/MO
REASON/EXPLANATION
L DIFICATION
The half-life should be a few days This allows for the location to be detected and thereafter the
1 long radioactive contamination is reduced
The source should emit γ particles This enables the radiation to be detected above the
2 ground/high penetrating power
The detector should be able to detect γ High ionising particles like α and β particles are absorbed by
3 particles (low ionising particles) the ground
4 Has a long half-life Can be used for a long time hence save cost
Can penetrate box and liquid and is less
Emits beta
5 dangerous than gamma
6 Solid form Easy to handle and contain.
7 Low ionising power Does not change the state and taste of juice
8 Higher ionising power Easy for the medium to conduct electricity

8|Modul Tembak 32 - SAKTI

 LAMPIRAN 3 4. Can you explain why a maximum speed of
SOALAN UNDERSTANDING supertanker might need to stop its engine over a
distance of about 3 km before it can come to
TINGKATAN 4 stop.

CHAPTER 1  A supertanker at a state of motions and have a

maximum velocity.
1. Explain the differences between accuracy and  A supertanker has a larger mass.
consistency of a measuring instrument by using  A larger mass have a lot/larger inertia.
suitable examples.  When the engine stop, the supertanker will
continue it state of motions.
 Accuracy is the ability of the instrument to  So it take a longer distance/time to stop due to
give readings close to the actual value. its has a larger inertia.
 The value determined is accurate if it is near
to the actual value 5. Explain why a softball player moves his hand
 The consistency of a measuring instrument is backwards while catching a fast moving ball.
the ability of instrument to record consistent Other situation: bend our knee after jump?
readings for each measurement with little
deviation among readings.  A soft ball has a high velocity.
 The measurement is consistent if the values  A soft ball has a high momentum.
determined are close to each other.  The soft ball player move his hand backward
to increase time impact.
CHAPTER 2  The higher the time impact will reduce
impulsive force.
2. To accelerate 2 objects with the same  So we will not feel hurt.
acceleration, the heavier object needs a bigger
force. Explain the statement.
6. Diagram (a) shows two identical spherical
 Higher mass, higher inertia plasticine balls before being released from the
 To accelerate an object, need to overcome the same height. Diagram (b) shows the state of
inertia first. the
 Therefore, more force is needed for heavier
object.

3. Can you explain why the passenger thrown

forward when the bus suddenly stop and the
head of the passenger were thrown back when plasticine balls when they hit the wood and the
the car started moving. sponge. It was observed that the plasticine
stopped more quickly when it hit the wood.
 When the bus was moving, the passenger
were also moving at the same speed as the
bus.
 When the bus stopped, the passengers
continued moving. Hence, they were thrown
foward.
 The people in the car tried to remain in their
state of rest when the car started moving.
Hence, they were thrown back. Explain the changes in energy that occur from
 In both situations, the passengers were the moment the plasticine ball is released until
resisting a change in their state of motion and reaches the position in Diagram (b)
also known as Inertia.
 The concept of inertia also known as
Newton’s First Law of Motion, which states  Before released, the plasticine has
that “an object will remain at rest or continue Gravitational Potential energy .
with a constant speed in a straight line unless  When falling , Gravitational Potential
an external forces acting on it energy changes to Kinetic energy

9|Modul Tembak 32 - SAKTI

  When the plasticine hits the surface of 11. Explain why the boat moves away from the
wood , the Kinetic energy changes to jetty as a boy jumps out of the boat onto the
Heat energy / / Sound energy river bank.
 The energy / work done is use to changes
the shape of sponge  When the boy jumps onto the river bank,
his momentum is forward.
7. Explain how the forces between the molecules  Using the Principle of conservation of
caused the elasticity when the spring is compressed momentum
and stretched.  the total momentum before and after
jumping is equal
 There are two types of force; attraction and  The boat moves backward to balance the
repulsive force between the particles of the forward momentum
solid. 12. Explain why the need of steel structure and the
 When the solid is stretched, the molecules separate compartments to build in lorry
displaced away from each other carrying heavy load.
 Attractive forces are acting to oppose the
stretching  The inertia of lorry and load is very big
 When the solid is compressed, the molecules when it is moving
displaced closer to each other  The separate compartments make the load
 Repulsive forces are acting to oppose the divided into smaller mass, thus reducing
compression the inertia of each unit.
8. Terangkan bagaimana anda boleh menentukan  The momentum of lorry and load is very
ketumpatan bagi penyumbat gabus. big when it is moving and produce a
bigger impulsive force.
 timbang jisim gabus  The steel structure will prevent the loads
 ikat gabus dengan pemberat dan masukan from smashing into the driver’s
dalam silinder penyukat compartment during emergency braking.
 perubahan isipadu air bersamaan dengan
isipadu gabus 13. Why we feel easier to pull the wheel barrow
 ketumpatan gabus = jisim perisipadu compared to push the wheel barrow?

9. Using the principle of conservation of  The object on the wheel barrow has a
momentum, explain the working principle of weight
the rocket.  When we push the wheel barrow there is a
 Fuel burns in the combustion chamber force acting on the ground in the same
 Hot gases expelled at high speed direction as the weight.
backwards  So the total force acting on the ground is
 A large backwards momentum is produced the weight and the force produced when
 The rocket gains forwards momentum of we push the wheel barrow.
equal magnitude  When we pull the wheel barrow the force
produced is in opposite direction with the
10. Why the boy with mass 40kg slides down the weight.
flume when the angle of inclination is 30 o and  So the total force acting on the floor is a
remains stationary when the angle of weight less the force produced when we
inclination is 17.5o.(the frictional force is pull the wheel barrow
120N)
CHAPTER 3
 Boy slide down when component of
weight parallel to the slope is higher than 14. Explain why the wooden block move upwards
frictional force and then float on the water surface when it
 Resultant force acting to produced release from the above of the water surface.
acceleration
 Boy remain stationary when component of  Buoyant force increase when the volume
weight parallel to the slope is equal to of water displace increase.
frictional force  Buoyant force higher than weight of block.
 Resultant force is equal to zero make the  Boyant force pushed the wooden block
boy in force equilibrium upward.

10 | M o d u l T e m b a k 3 2 - S A K T I
  The wooden block then float because the
buoyant force is equal to the weight of the
wooden block
 The concept involve is archimedes
principle

15. Exlplain how the brake system operates when the

car needs to slow down. Explain why the copper block sink in water
but the bowl shape copper sheet floats on water
 When the brake is pressed ,a force is
applied to the piston and pressure is  two forces act on the copper block and
exerted. bowl are uptrust and weight
 Pressure is transmitted uniformly  Uptrust small because small volume // vise
throughout the brake fluid. versa
 Force is exerted on the piston of the brake  The average density of cooper sheet is
pads smaller than density of water. Cooper
 Brake pads will press against the brake sheet will float.
discs.  Block sink because weight > uptrust
 Sheet float because weight = uptrust
16. The toothpaste flows out of it’s tube while
squeezing at the bottom end 20. Diagram shows a cross-sectional of a wing of a
Explain how the toothpaste flows out and name a moving aeroplane. The wing of the aeroplane
physics principle related to it. experiences a lift force. Explain why the lift
force acts on the wing of the aeroplane.
 Force is applied to the toothpaste (tube)
 Will produced a pressure
 The toothpaste carry the pressure
 and apply the pressure of the equal
magnitude to the whole tube

17. Explain how a submarine is able to submerge

into deep sea water
 Higher velocity on the upper surface and
lower velocity on the lower surface
 Valve release air from ballast tank.
 Thus produced lower pressure on the
 Sea water flooded ballast tank
upper surface and higher pressure on the
 The weight of water displaced is smaller.
lower surface
 Buoyant force < Weight of the submarine
 Lift force = difference in pressure x area
of surface
18. Explain why a balloon filled with helium gas rises up in the air.
21. Explain the principle of Insect Piston Spray
 The balloon acted by two forces: Upthrust
and the weight of the balloon  When the piston is pushed, air is forced
 The density of helium gas is less than the out through the jet of gas at a high speed.
density of surrounding air  According to Bernoulli’s Principle , the
 Upthrust equals to the weight of the air pressure of the moving air decreases as the
displaced by the ballloon speed of the air increases .
 Upthrust is higher than the weight of the  The higher atmospheric pressure in the
balloon insect poison container will push
 the insect poison liquid up through the
19. Diagram shows a copper block and a bowl narrow metallic tube.
shape
copper 22. Explain how the vacuum cleaner is able to
sheet of remove dust from the floor
same
mass.
 the fan blow air out of the vent
 produce a partial vacuum area in the
vacuum cleaner
11 | M o d u l T e m b a k 3 2 - S A K T I
  difference in pressure occurs/atmospheric  Dipermukaan air molekul-molekul
pressure is higher than the pressure inside berhalaju tinggi memperolehi tenaga
the vacuum cleander kinetik tinggi
 forced is exerted in/pushed in the dirt.  Ikatan antara molekul diatasi dan terbebas
ke udara
23. Bunsen burner burning with yellow flame .  Air kehilangan molekul berhalaju tinggi
Explain how a blue flame can be produced. jadi TK air rendah, suhu berkurang

 High velocity of gas produce low pressure 28. According to the principle of thermal
at the jet equilibrium and the working principle of a
 Higher atmospheric pressure pushes the air thermometer, explain how a doctor can check
inside and mix with the gas his patient temperature during medical
 Complete mixture of combustion will treatment.
produce blue flame
 Enlarge the orifice to allow more air  Thermometer is placed in the mouth of
patient,
24. The roof of a house being lifted by strong winds.  Heat is transferred from patient’s body to
Explain why. the thermometer.
 Thermal equilibrium between the
 the strong wind above the roof is moving very thermometer and patient’s body is reached
fast when the net rate of heat transfer is zero.
 While the air in the house is at rest  The thermometer and the patient’s body
 according to bernaoulli principle the higher the are at the same temperature. The
velocity, the lower the pressure thermometer
 pressure inside the house is higher than the  reading shows the temperature of the
outside. patient’s body.
 a force is generated by the difference in
pressure which is strong enough to lift the roof. 29. Explain the changes which occur in the liquid
naphthalene when it is cooled until it changes
from the liquid to the solid state.
25. Explain why the hovercraft moves with
constant velocity in terms of the force
acting on it  As liquid naphthalene cools, it loses
energy to surroundings
The forward force = friction // forward thrust  Its temperature begins to fall until it
= drag reaches freezing point 800C
The resultant force is zero  At its freezing point, naphthalene begins to
The hovercraft is in force in equilibrium solidify.
 Although it is losing its energy to
CHAPTER 4 surroundings, its temperature remains
constant because the average kinetic
26. Water is used as a cooling agent in a energy remains constant
radiator. Explain how water is used as a
cooling agent in the radiator. 30. Why the ice cube stick to the wet finger. Not
to dry Finger?
 Water has high specific heat capacity
 When water in tube passes through the  Ice cube melt will absorb the heat
engine it can absorb large amount of heat  The heat is known as latent heat of fusion
energy  When our finger wet it has a small amount
 Once water reach the radiator, the heat of of heat and it will absorb by the ice cube.
the water absorbed by the fin blade of the  The heat release from water cause it to be
radiator frozen.
 The same time the fan in the radiator push the  So the ice cube and finger will stick
heat out of the car. together due to the frozen of water
27. Terangkan bagaimana proses sejatan  Further more finger have a rough surface
mengakibatkan suhu cecair berkurang. and it helps the ice stick to our finger

 Di dalam air terdapat molekul yang

sentiasa bergerak pada halaju berbeza
12 | M o d u l T e m b a k 3 2 - S A K T I
31. Apabila beberapa titik ether terkena tangan 35. Cuaca yang paling sejuk dialami pada
seorang pelajar, tangannya merasa sejuk. penghujung musim sejuk, iaitu apabila salji
Terangkan bagaimana ini berlaku. mulai melebur. Jelaskan kenapa?

 takat didih eter adalah rendah  salji perlukan haba untuk melebur
 suhu tangan lebih tinggi dari suhu eter  haba tersebut adalah haba pendam tentu
 menyebabkan haba mengalir dari tangan iaitu untuk menukarkan fasa pepejal
ke eter kepada cecair
 eter meruap//membawa haba pendam  lebih banyak haba diserap dari
pengewapan persekitaran
 menyebabkan suhu tangan turun dan terasa
sejuk 36. Using kinetic theory of gasses, explain how
the pressure increase when the temperature
32. Your body sweats when you are feeling increase in the pressure cooker.
hot.How does sweating helps to cool down
your body?  Molecules moving freely in random
motion
 When we do the activity using the  When temperature increase, kinetic
movement of our body a sweat will energy//velocity increase
poduce.  Molecules strike the walls of pressure
 Acctually water evaporates from the skin cooker more frequently
when we sweat.  The rate of change of momentum increase
 In the process of evaporation the change of  Force exerted on the walls increase,
phase of matter from liquid to steam occur. pressure (P = F/A) increase
 The heat is needed to change this phase is
call the latent heat of vapourisation. 37. In the morning feel hot at the sea .Explain why
 So we feel cool when evaporation occur this phenomenon happens?
due to the release of heat in our body.
 Factor influence the process: air velocity,  During the day,the land and the sea receive
temperature and humidity. the same amount of heat from the sun
 Water has a higher specific capacity than
33. We cannot use a cooling system of a the land
refrigerator to cool the hot room. Explain  The land is heated to a higher temperature
why? than the sea
 The density of the air above the sea is
 Cooling system of a refrigerator is smaller higher than the density of the air above the
 Less cool air from refrigerator flow out land
compare to the hot air flow in  The air above the land flows up and the air
 Position of refrigerator is on the floor above the sea flows towards the land
 The cool air does not flow upward
CHAPTER 5

34. Why we put the fishes in the ice cube rather 38. Tousrist at a beach observing the sunset.
than cold water? Explain why the tourist can still able to see the
 Ice melts need heat known as latent heat of sun even though it has already set.
fusion
 Heat is absorb from the fish.  Refraction of light ray occurs
 Fish will release it heat until the  Light travels from less dense to a denser
temperature equal to 0 medium
 Cold water not experience a change of  The light will bend towards the normal
phase  In the observer eyes, the sun is still not
 So just the process of thermal equilibrium setting as they can still see the image from
happen when they in thermal contact. refraction
 The lower temperature not to be 0 degree.
39. While driving a car on a hot day, you may see
a mirage on the road. Explain how mirage
occurred.

13 | M o d u l T e m b a k 3 2 - S A K T I
  The layers of air nearer the road warmer.  The convex lens is aimed/focused to a
 The density of air decrease nearer to the distant object (infinity)
road surface.  The screen is adjusted until a sharp image
 The light travel from denser to less dense is formed on the screen
area.  The distance between the screen and the
 The light refract away from the normal lens is measuredl
 When the angle of incidence exceed the  Focal length = distance between the screen
critical angle, total internal reflection and the lens
occurs
43. It is known that the sky is red during sunset
40. Diagram shows a ray of light directed and the formation of rainbow on the sky
perpendicularly at a side of the semi circular always appeared after raining. Explain these
glass block. The ray passes through the glass phenomena.
block to a point O before leaving the glass
block. The angle of incidence in the glass  Light consisting of seven colours.
block is 30° .  Red has the longest wave length and the
last to refracted during sunset.
 A droplet of water trap in the atmosphere
after raining acts a lens.
 Light travel through this water droplet and
undergo the process of refraction ,total
internal reflection and dispersion of light
occurred.

44. The sound wave from the train(etc) can be

heard loudly and clearly at night. Why?

 Air near the ground colder tha above air

Explain how total internal reflection occurs in  Air layer the ground more denser
diagram above?  Sound travel slower in cold air/wavelength
decrease in cold air
 Increase the angle of incidence,i, then  Sound bend toward the observer/sound
angle of refraction,r will also increase bend away to normal
 Keep on increasing the angle of incidence
until angle of refraction is 90° TINGKATAN 5
 The angle of incidence is called critical
angle CHAPTER 6
 Increase the angle of of incidence more
than the critical angle, the ray will be 45. Terangkan bagaimana kedalaman laut boleh
reflected. diukur.

41. Explain why a piece of paper burns when  kedalaman laut boleh diukur menggunakan
placed under a convex lens aimed towards hot peralatan OSK dan hidrofon
sun rays.  hidrofon boleh mengesan gelombang
ultrasonik dalam air yang dipancarkan
 The parallel rays of the sun will pass  OSK boleh menyukat masa pantulan
through the a convex lens gelombang selepas dipancarkan dan
 After entering the lens, the light rays is kembali semula kepada penerima.
focused at the principal focus of the lens  Kedalaman boleh dihitung menggunakan
 At the principal focus, the light ray is rumus v = (2d/t)
focused on one small area
 Heat energy causes an increase in 46. Can you explain why the wave front of sea
temperature, the paper starts to burn water will follow the shape of the shore when
it approaches the shore?
42. Explain how you would estimate the focal
length of a convex lens in your school  The depth of the water decreasing as it
laboratory . travel towards the shore.

14 | M o d u l T e m b a k 3 2 - S A K T I
  The velocity and wavelength is decreasing 50. Explain the advantages of parallel circuit in a
due to the wave travel from the depth to house wiring system.
the shallow area.
 The wave will bend and change their  A parallel circuit can run several devices
direction(refraction occurs). using the full voltage of the supply.
 So, wave front of sea water will follow the  If one device fails, the others will
shape of the shore. continue running normally
 If the device shorts, the other devices will
47. Explain why strong double-glazed glass is receive no voltage, preventing overload
used as walls of the observation tower in an damage.
airport.  A failure of one component does not lead to
 All particles in a material/matter/glass the failure of the other components.
vibrate at its natural frequency  More components may be added in
 The airplane engine produces noise which parallel without the need for more voltage.
cause the air to vibrate  Each electrical appliance in the circuit
 Due to resonance, the glass vibrate at a has it own switch
higher/maximum amplitude
 Need strong glasses to withstand the effect 51. Explain why a three pin plug is more suitable
of resonance which vibrate with high compared with a two pin plug.
amplitude
 so that it does not brek easily  Two pin plug has no earth wire while
three pin plug has earth wire
48. How can when the oprah singer sing can make  Using 2 pin plug, if there is leakage of
the glass break. current it will also flow through the metal
body while using 3 pin plug if there is
 The singer sing with a certain frequency leakage of current it will flow to the
and produce sound energy ground
 The energy is transferred to the glass  The person who touches the metal body
 Resonance occures when the forced will experiences electric shock while
frequency made by the singer is the same using 3 pin plug, the current will be
as the natural frequency of the glass earthed
 The glass will vibrate with maximum  Using 2 pin is not safe to the consumer
amplitude while using 3 pin plug is more safer to the
 Increase in energy transferred may cause consumer
the glass to break
52. What happen to the candle flame when it place
between 2 metal plate supply with Extra High
Tension (EHT).

 Candle flame spread into two

 Heat from candle produced ion
 Positive charge will attracted to negative
plate while negative charge will atracted to
positive plate
 Candle flame spread wider to negative
plate because positive charge is more
49. Descibe the movement of two similiar ships haviear than negative charge
that are located at A and B. Explain?

 The ship at A will move up and down 53. Pembakar roti T bertanda 240 V, 650 W dan
 Because constructive inteference happens pembakar roti U bertanda 240 V, 840 W.
at point A Tentukan pembakar roti yang manakah
 The ship will remain calm at location B mempunyai elemen pemanas dengan
 Because destructive inteference happens at rintangan yang lebih kecil.
point B
 pembakar roti U
CHAPTER 7  kedua-dua pembakar roti mempunyai
voltan kerja yang sama
15 | M o d u l T e m b a k 3 2 - S A K T I
  kuasa elemen pemanas = V2/R //kuasa
elemen pemanas berkadar songsang 58. Most of our electric energy comes from
dengan rintangan hydroelectric power stations and thermal
 pembakar roti dengan kuasa yang lebih power station. These power station are
tinggi mempunyai elemen pemanas connected by cables to transmit electricity to
dengan rintangan yang lebih kecil users in industries, offices, schools and
houses. This system is called the national grid
54. Explain why the bulb connected to two dry network.
cells lights up brighter than one bulb Explain briefly the importance of the national
connected to one dry cell. grid network system in distributing electric
energy to the users.
 The two dry cells are connected in parallel
 The effective e.m.f. remains the same  The electrical supply is continuous,
 The effective internal resistance of the two although there is faulty in one of the
cells is smaller power station
 A larger current will flow through the  The electrical energy from other station is
bulb to make it brighter directed to the the affected areas
 The electrical energy from other area is
55. Sebuah bateri yang terdiri daripada dua buah directed to the areas that need more energy
sel kering berlabel 1.5 V disambungkan  The overall cost of production of
kepada sebuah mentol 2.5V 0.3 A. Didapati electricity can be reduced
bahawa mentol itu menyala dengan kecerahan
normal apabila suis dihidupkan. Terangkan
mengapa mentol itu menyala dengan
kecerahan normal walaupun d.g.e bateri lebih
besar daripada voltan metol itu.

 bateri mempunyai rintangan dalam

 sebahagian daripada d.g.e bateri hilang di
dalam bateri/sebahagian digunakan untuk
mengatasi rintangan dalam
 voltan//beza keupayaan yang dibekalkan
kepada mentol hampir sama dengan voltan
kerja mentol
59. Diagram shows the pattern of magnetic field
CHAPTER 8 formed when current flows in a coil.
Explain why the magnetic field strength is
56. The acceleration of a magnet that drops greater at the center compared to the edge.
vertically into a solenoid is much smaller than
the gravitational acceleration. Explain the  The direction of the magnetic field on the
statement. left coil is anti clockwise
 The direction of the magnetic field on the
 Magnetic flux change in the solenoid right coil is clockwise
 Induced current generates in the solenoid
 Direction of induced current always flows
in the direction to generate magnetic pole
to oppose the pole of the falling magnet.
 Therefore, acceleration is lower

57. Explain how the electromagnet crane can be

used to lift scrap metal.
 As the result the magnetic fields in the
 Current flow through the solenoid, middle of the coil are in the same
magnetic field is produced direction, ie upward.
 Soft iron core will be magnetized  So the magnetic field will be stronger in
 The scrap metal attracted to the iron core the middle.
 No current flow soft iron demagnetized or
metal scrap fall down
16 | M o d u l T e m b a k 3 2 - S A K T I
  The movement of the armature breaks the
60. Using the concept of the magnetic effect of an circuit and causes the electromagnet to
electric current, explain with the aid of lose it magnetism.
diagrams how forces are produced on a wire  The light spring pulls the armature back,
in the coil of direct current electric motor? remaking the contact and completing the
circuit again.
 The (magnadur) magnets produce a  The cycle is repeated so long as the bell
magnetic field / diagram push is pressed and continuous ringing
 The current in the wire produces a occurs.
magnetic field / diagram
 The two magnetic fields interact/combine CHAPTER 9
to form a resultant / catapult field /
diagram 64. Explain how the green shadow produced in
 The motor will rotate due to the the CRO screen?
differences of force produce//turning
effect from this two forces  6V heater supply produced electron on it
surface
  When 3 kV power supply are connected
S N Cathode rays/electron acceleratel in a
straight line.
 Cathode rays carry kinetic energy and
 converts to light energy when they hit the
screen .

61. Explain how the generator works to produce

direct current.

 rotate the coil in clock wise direction

 the coil cut across the magnetic field
 current is induced in the coil
 the commutator change the direction in
the coil so that the direction of current in
external circuit always the same.
65. Explain why the bulb light up at night
62. Explain the working principle of a
 At night resistance LDR increases
transformer.
 VBE increases (higher than 0.7 V for
Si)
 When a.c. voltage is supplied to primary
coil, (alternating current will flow) and  Ib increases and switch on transistor
 the soft iron core is magnetized.  Ic, increases and lights up bulb
 The magnet produced varies in magnitude
and direction.
CHAPTER 10
 This causes a changing magnetic flux pass
through the secondary coil.
66. Radioisotope Strontium-90 is used to measure
 An induced e.m.f. across the secondary the thickness of paper in a paper industry
coil is produced Explain how Strontium-90 is used to measure
the thickness piece of paper?
63. Explain the working principle of an electric
 Put the radioactive source opposite the
bell.
detector
 Detector is connected to the thickness
 When the bell is pressed, a current flows in
indicator
the coils of the electromagnet, causing the
 Detector detect the reading of the changes
electromagnet to be magnetized.
in counts
 The magnetized electromagnet attracts the
 Thickness is measured with the thickness
soft-iron armature, causing the hammer to
indicator
strike the gong.

17 | M o d u l T e m b a k 3 2 - S A K T I
  If the reading of the detector is less than
the specified value, the thickness of the
paper
 is too tick/ vice versa

67. Nuclear fission produces a chain reaction.

Describe how the chain reaction occurs in a
nuclear fission of an atom of Uranium- 235.

 Neutron bombarded a uranium nucleus

and produced three neutral neutron
 The new neutron bombarded a new
uranium nucleus
 For every reaction, the neutrons produced
will generate a chain reaction
 Diagram of chain reaction

68. Runut alfa yang diperhatikan di dalam kebuk

awan resapan adalah lurus dan tebal. Jelaskan
bagaimanakah runut alfa terbentuk dan
mengapakah runut itu tebal dan lurus.

 Zarah α mengionkan molekul-molekul

udara
 Wap lampau tepu memeluwap pada ion-
ion yang terbentuk
 Runut tebal disebabkan kuasa pengionan
zarah alfa adalah tinggi//zarah alfa
menghasilkan banyak ion.
 Runut lurus kerana zarah alfa mempunyai
jisim yang lebih tinggi

69. Explain how radioisotopes can be used to detect the

location of the leakage

 Radioisotope is injected into the pipe

 The water in the pipe flow with the
radioisotope
 G-M tube as detector is used to find the
leakage across the pipe
 Reading on detector increases when near a
leakage

18 | M o d u l T e m b a k 3 2 - S A K T I
 LAMPIRAN 4
KNOWLEDGE/DEFINATION
BAB ITEM DEFINATION
Derived quantity (Kuantiti A physical quantity derived from combinations of base quantities through
1
terbitan) multiplication or division or both multiplication and division.
1 Error (Ralat) The difference between the measured value and the actual value.
A statement of an expected outcome that usually states the relationship between
1 Hypothesis (Hipotesis)
two or more variables intended to be given a direct experimental test.
1 Inference (Inferens) An initial interpretation or explanation concerning the observation.
Physical quantity (Kuantiti
1 A quantity that can be measured.
fizik)
A word, letter or value used to simplify the description of the magnitude of a
1 Prefix (Imbuhan)
physical quantity that either very big or very small.
Random error (Ralat Error due to mistakes made when making measurement either through incorrect
1
rawak) positioning of the eye or the instrument when making measurement.
Scalar quantity (Kuantiti
1 A physical quantity that has magnitude only.
skalar)
Scientific
A way to write a numerical magnitude in the form A x 10", where 1 A < 10 and n is
1 notation/Standard form
an integer.
(Bentuk piawai)
The ability of a measuring instrument to detect a small change in the quantity to
1 Sensitivity (Kepekaan)
be measured.
Systematic error (Ralat
1 An error which may be due to the error in the calibration of an instrument.
sistematik)
A physical quantity that can be varied in an experiment. There are three types of
1 Variable (Pembolehubah)
variables; manipulated variable, responding variable and fixed variable.
Vector quantity (Kuantiti
1 A physical quantity that has magnitude and direction.
vektor)
1 Zero error (Ralat sifar) Error due to non-zero reading when the actual reading should be zero
Accuracy of a measurement is how close the measurement made is to the actual
1 Accuracy (Kejituan)
value.
Base quantity (Kuantiti
1 A physical quantity that cannot be defined in terms of other quantities.
asas)
Consistency of an instrument is the ability of the instrument to measure a quantity
1 Consistency (Kepersisan)
with little or no deviation among measurements.
The length of the straight line connecting the two locations, in a specified
2 Displacement (Sesaran)
direction.
2 Distance (Jarak) The total length of the path travelled from one location to another.
2 Efficiency (Kecekapan) The percentage of the input energy that is transformed into useful energy.
Elastic potential energy
2 (Tenaga keupayaan The energy stored in an object when it is extended or compressed by a force.
kenyal)
A property of matter that enables an object to return to its original size and shape
2 Elasticity (Kekenyalan)
when the force that was acting on it is removed.
2 Energy (Tenaga) The capacity of a system to enable it to do work.
The motion when an object is acted upon by a gravitational force in the
2 Free fall (Jatuh bebas)
gravitational field.
Gravitational acceleration
2 The acceleration of an object due to the pull of the gravitational force.
(Pecutan graviti)
Gravitational field (Medan A region in which an object experiences a force due to the gravitational attraction
2
graviti) towards the centre of the Earth.
Gravitational field
The gravitational force acting on a mass of 1 kg placed at a point in the
2 strength (Kekuatan
gravitational field.
medan graviti)
2 Gravitational potential The energy of an object due to its higher position in the gravitational field.

19 | M o d u l T e m b a k 3 2 - S A K T I
 energy (Tenaga
keupayaan graviti)
Hooke's law (Hukum The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force provided the
2
Hooke) elastic limit is not exceeded.
2 Impulse (Impuls) The quantity of impulsive force multiplied by time.
Impulsive force (Daya
2 The rate of change of momentum.
impuls)
The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if
2 Inertia (Inersia)
moving, to continue its uniform motion in a straight line.
Kinetic energy (Tenaga
2 The energy of an object due to its motion.
kinetik)
2 Mass (Jisim) The amount of matter in an object.
2 Momentum (Momentum) The momentum of an object is defined as the product of its mass and its velocity.
Non-renewable energy
resource (Sumber tenaga
2 An energy resource that cannot be replaced once it has been used.
yang tidak boleh
diperbaharui)
Renewable energy
2 resource (Sumber tenaga An energy resource that is continually replaced and will not run out.
boleh diperbaharui)
Resultant force (Daya A single force that represents the combined effect of two or more forces by taking
2
paduan) into account both the magnitude and the direction of the forces.
The distance travelled per unit time. It is also defined as the rate of change of
2 Speed (Laju)
distance.
2 Velocity (Halaju) The speed in specified direction. The rate of change of displacement.
2 Weight (Berat) The force of gravity acting on an object.
The product of an applied force and displacement of an object in the direction of
2 Work (Kerja)
the applied force.
2 Acceleration (Pecutan) The rate of change of velocity.
Pascal's principle (Prinsip Pressure applied to an enclosed liquid is transmitted uniformly to every part of the
3 Pascal) liquid and to the walls of the container of the liquid.
The magnitude of the force acting perpendicular to a surface per unit area of the
3 Pressure (Tekanan)
surface.
Archimedes' principle For a body wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, the upward buoyant force acting
3
(Prinsip Archimedes) on the body is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
Atmospheric pressure The pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the surface of the Earth as well as all
3
(Tekanan atmosfera) objects on the Earth.
Bernoulli's principle Where the speed of a fluid is high, the pressure is low, and where the speed is
3
(Prinsip Bernoulli) low, the pressure is high.
Buoyant force (Daya An upward force, resulting from an object being wholly or partially immersed in a
3
apungan) fluid.
Heat capacity (Muatan The amount of heat that must be supplied to a body to increase its temperature by
4
haba) 1°C.
Latent heat (Haba The heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature during a change
4
pendam) of phase.
4 Melting point (Takat lebur) The temperature at which a substance changes its state from a solid to a liquid.
Pressure law (Hukum For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its
4
tekanan) absolute temperature when its volume is kept constant.
Specific heat capacity The amount of heat that must be supplied to increase the temperature by 1°C for
4
(Muatan haba tentu) a mass of 1 kg of the substance.
Specific latent heat of
The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from the solid to liquid
4 fusion (Haba pendam
phase without a change in temperature.
tentu pelakuran)
Specific latent heat of
vaporisation (Haba The amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from the liquid to
4
pendam tentu gaseous phase without a change in temperature.
pengewapan)

20 | M o d u l T e m b a k 3 2 - S A K T I
 4 Temperature (Suhu) The measure of the degree of hotness of an object.
Thermal equilibrium A condition where two objects in thermal contact have no net transfer of heat
4
(Keseimbangan terma) energy between each other.
Thermometer
4 An instrument that measures temperature or the degree of hotness.
(Termometer)
The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gaseous state,
4 Boiling point (Takat didih)
where the change occurs throughout the liquid.
For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is inversely proportional to its
4 Boyle's law (Hukum Boyle)
volume when the temperature is kept constant.
Charles' law (Hukum For a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is directly proportional to its
4
Charles) absolute temperature when its pressure is kept constant.
5 Focal length (Jarak fokus) The distance between the centre of a lens to its focal point.
A common point on a principle axis at which beams of light parallel to the axis
5 Focal point (Titik folcus) converge after passing through a convex lens or appear to diverge from it after
passing through a concave lens.
Interference of waves The result of the combination of two separate sets of waves with the same
5
(Interferens gelombang) frequency.
Longitudinal wave A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in the direction parallel to
5 (Gelombang membujur) the direction in which the wave moves.
5 Period (Tempoh) The period of an oscillation is the time taken to complete one oscillation.
5 Real depth (Dalam nyata) The distance of the real object, 0 from the surface of the water or medium.
5 Real image (Imej nyata) An image that can be displayed on a screen.
Refraction of light The bending of a light ray at the boundary as it travels from one medium to
5
(Pembiasan cahaya) another.
An oscillating system is said to be at resonance when it is driven at its natural
5 Resonance (Resonans) frequency by a periodic force. Maximum energy transfer to the system occurs and
it oscillates at large amplitude.
The condition where the angle of incidence, i is increased further so that it is
Total internal reflection
5 greater than the critical angle, c. The light is no longer refracted but is internally
(Pantulan dalam penuh)
reflected.
Transverse wave A wave in which the particles of the medium oscillate in the direction
5
(Gelombang melintang) perpendicular to the direction in which the wave moves.
5 Virtual image (Imej maya) An image that can be seen by the observer but not be displayed on a screen.
Angle of incidence (Sudut
5 The angle between the incident ray and the normal.
tuju)
Angle of reflection (Sudut
5 The angle between the reflected ray and the normal.
pantulan)
Apparent depth (Dalam
5 The distance of the virtual image, I from the surface of the water.
ketara)
Concave lens (Kanta A lens that is thinnest at its centre. It causes parallel rays of light to diverge after
5
cekung) passing through this lens.
Convex lens (Kanta A lens that is thickest at its centre. It causes parallel rays of light to converge after
5
cembung) passing through this lens.
Critical angle (Sudut The angle of incidence in the denser medium when the angle of refraction in the
5
genting) less dense medium is equal to 90°.
Diffraction of waves A phenomenon that refers to the spreading out of waves when they move through
6
(Belauan gelombang) a gap or round an obstacle.
A group of waves with similar natures. The members of the electromagnetic
Electromagnetic
spectrum arranged in increasing frequencies (decreasing wavelengths) are radio
6 spectrum (Spektrum
waves, microwaves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma
elektromagnet)
rays.
The frequency of an oscillation is the number of complete oscillations made in one
6 Frequency (Frekuensi)
second.
6 Node (Nod) A point where a destructive interference occurs.
Principle of superposition states that at any time, the combined wave form of two
Principle of superposition
6 or more interfering waves is given by the sum of displacement of the individual
(Prinsip superposisi)
wave at each point of the medium.

21 | M o d u l T e m b a k 3 2 - S A K T I
 Reflection of waves Reflection of waves occurs when all or part of the waves are deflected after they
6
(Pantualan gelombang) encounter an obstacle or reflector.
Refraction of waves Refraction of waves occurs when there is change of direction of the propagation
6
(Pembiasan gelombang) of waves travelling from a medium to another medium due to a change of speed.
A travelling disturbance from a vibrating or oscillating source and carries energy
6 Wave (Gelombang)
along with it in the direction of its propagation.
Wavefront (Muka
6 An imaginary line that joins all identical points on a wave.
gelombang)
Wavelength (Panjang
6 The horizontal distance between two successive equivalent points on a wave.
gelombang)
The amplitude of an oscillation is the maximum displacement from the mean
6 Amplitude (Amplitud)
position.
Angle of refraction (Sudut
6 The angle between the refracted ray and the normal.
pembiasan)
6 Antinode (Antinod) A point where a constructive interference occurs.
Coherent waves Waves having the same wavefront in which the coherent sources of waves
6
(Gelombang koheren) maintain a constant phase difference.
Damping in an oscillating system occurs when the system loses energy to the
6 Damping (Pelembapan)
surrounding, usually in the form of heat energy.
Electric current (Arus
7 The rate of charge flow in a circuit.
elektrik)
Electric field (Medan
7 A region in which an electric charge experiences an electric force.
elektrik)
Electric power (Kuasa
7 The rate of electrical energy dissipated or transferred.
elektrik)
Electrical energy (Tenaga The energy carried by electrical charges which can be transformed to other forms
7
elektrik) of energy by the operation of an electrical device or appliance.
Electromotive force
7 The work done by a source in driving a unit charge around a complete circuit.
(Daya gerak elektrik)
Internal resistance
7 The resistance against the moving charge due to the electrolyte in the cell.
(Rintangan dalam)
National Grid Network A network system of cables which connects all the power stations and substations
7
(Rangkaian Grid Nasional) in the country to the consumers in a closed network to transmit electricity.
A circuit where all the electrical components are connected side by side and their
7 Parallel circuit (Litar selari) corresponding ends are joined together to a cell to form separate and parallel
paths for a current to flow.
Potential difference (Beza
7 The work done in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to another.
keupayaan)
7 Power (Kuasa) The rate at which work is done.
7 Resistance (Rintangan) The ratio of a potential difference to a current flowing through a conductor.
Reverse biased (Pincang
7 A state when a diode does not allow current to flow
songsang)
A circuit where all the electrical components are connected one end after the
7 Series circuit (Litar sesiri)
other to a cell to form a single pathway for a current to flow.
Alternating current (Arus A current which flows to and fro in two opposite directions in a circuit. It changes
7
ulangalik) its direction periodically.
Electromagnet A magnet made by winding a coil of insulated wire round a soft iron core, so that a
8
(Elektromagnet) magnetic field is produced when a current is passed through the coil.
Electromagnetic
The setting up of an electromotive force in a conductor due to a change in
8 induction (Aruhan
magnetic flux caused by the relative motion of the conductor and a magnetic field.
electromagnet)
Faraday's law (Hukum The magnitude of the induced e.m.f, is directly proportional to the rate of change
8
Faraday) of the magnetic flux or the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux.
The direction of the induced current is such that the change producing it will be
8 Lenz's law (Hukum Lenz)
opposed.
Magnetic force (Daya A force produced as a result of the combination of the magnetic field due to a
8
magnet) current and another magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet.
8 Transformer (Transformer) A device which steps up or steps down alternating current voltages.
9 Diode (Diod) A device that allows current to flow in one direction only.

22 | M o d u l T e m b a k 3 2 - S A K T I
 9 Direct current (Arus terus) A current which flows steadily in one direction only in a circuit.
A process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities called dopants to
9 Doping (Pengedopan)
semiconductors to increase their conductivity.
Emitter current (Arus The current that flows through the emitter terminal of a transistor. It is equal to the
9
pengeluar) sum of the base current and the collector current.
Forward biased (Pincang
9 A state when a diode allows current to flow.
hadapan)
Full-wave rectification
A process where both halves of every cycle of an alternating current is made to
9 (Rektfikasi gelombang
flow in the same direction.
penuh)
Half-wave rectification
A process where only one half of every cycle of an alternating current is made to flow in
9 (Rektifikasi gelombang
one direction only.
separuh)
9 Logic gate (Get logik) Switching circuit that is applied in computers and other electronic devices.
Maltese Cross tube (Tiub A special cathode ray tube with a Maltese Cross in it which is used to investigate
9
palang Maltese) the properties of cathode rays.
A process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using a diode
9 Rectification (Rekfifikasi)
or diodes.
Semiconductor A material which can conduct electricity better than insulator, but not as well as
9
(Semikonduktor) conductor.
Thermionic emission
9 The emission of electrons from the surface of a heated metal.
(Pancaran termionik)
An electronic device which has three terminals labelled as base, collector and
9 Transistor (Transistor)
emitter.
9 Base current (Arus tapak) The current that flows through the base terminal of a transistor.
A device used for storing charges and to smooth out output current in a rectifier
9 Capacitor (Kapasitor)
circuit.
Collector current (Arus The current that flows through the collector terminal of a transistor. It will only flow
9
pengumpul) when a suitable base current flows through the circuit.
Gamma decay (Reputan
10 A radioactive decay which emits a gamma ray photon.
gama)
10 Gamma rays (Sinar gama) Electromagnetic waves with very high frequency and short wavelength.
Genetic effect (Kesan The effect of radiation that appears in the future generations of the exposed
10
genetik) person as a result of radiation damage to reproductive cells.
The time taken for the number of undecayed nuclei to be reduced to half of its
10 Half-life (Setengah hayat)
original number.
Atoms of an element which have the same proton number but different nucleon
10 Isotopes (Isotop)
numbers.
Nuclear energy (Tenaga
10 Energy released by a nuclear reaction as a result of a mass defect.
nuklear)
Nuclear fission
10 The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei.
(Pembelahan nukleus)
Nuclear fusion (Pelakuran
10 The combining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
nukleus)
10 Nucleon (Nukleon) A subatomic particle found in the nucleus.
Nucleon number (Nombor
10 The total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.
nukleon)
A very small core of an atom which contains most of the mass and all of the
10 Nucleus (Nukleus)
positive charge of the atom.
Proton number (Nombor
The total number of protons in a nucleus.
10 proton)
Radioactivity The spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus accompanied by the
10
(Keradioaktifan) emission of energetic particles or photons.
10 Radioisotope (Radioisotop) Unstable isotopes which decay and give out radioactive emissions.
Somatic effect (Kesan
10 The effect of radiation that appears in a person exposed to radiation.
somatik)

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 10 Alpha decay (Reputan alfa) A radioactive decay which emits an alpha particle.
10 Alpha particle (Zarah alfa) Helium nucleus emitted by an unstable nucleus.
10 Beta decay (Reputan beta) A radioactive decay which emits a beta particle.
10 Beta particle (Zarah beta) High energy electron emitted by an unstable nucleus.
10 Cathode rays (Sinar katod) A beam of negatively charged electrons that move at high speeds.
Cathode ray oscilloscope
10 An instrument that converts electronic and electrical signals to a visual display.
(Osiloskop sinar katod)
Chain reaction (Tindak A self-sustaining reaction in which the products of a reaction can initiate another
10
balas berantai) similar reaction.

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