Name: _______________________________________________
Assessment 1 unit 1
Date:
Time: 1 hour
Total marks available:
Total marks achieved: ______
Questions
Q1.
Many studies have linked the development of atherosclerosis with cardiovascular disease (CVD).
(a) The photograph shows a section through an artery with a plaque (atheroma) from a patient with
atherosclerosis.
Calculate the percentage increase in the thickness of the artery wall where the plaque is located.
Take your measurements along the line labelled X–Y.
(3)
Answer ........................................................... %
(b) Explain how atherosclerosis can result in damage to the heart muscle.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
*(c) Cholesterol is transported in the blood as lipoproteins LDL and HDL.
In one study, the relationship between total blood cholesterol and the risk of death from CVD was
investigated.
The results are shown in the graph.
Graph 1
In another study, the effect of the size of LDL and the ratio of total blood cholesterol to HDL on the
relative risk of CVD was investigated.
The results are shown in the graph.
Graph 2
Assess the contribution of lipoproteins to the risk of developing CVD. Use the information in the graph
to support your answer.
(6)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 13 marks)
Q2.
Mammals have a heart that pumps blood through a network of blood vessels.
(a) The drawing shows a human heart.
(i) Which blood vessel takes blood from the heart to the body?
(1)
A
B
C
D
(ii) Which blood vessel has semilunar valves and contains blood with the highest concentration of
carbon dioxide?
(1)
A
B
C
D
(b) The graph shows the change in volume of the left ventricle during the cardiac cycle.
(i) When is this heart in ventricular systole?
(1)
A at 0.1 seconds
B at 0.4 seconds
C at 0.6 seconds
D at 0.8 seconds
(ii) Calculate the volume of blood in dm3 that will be pumped out of this heart by the left ventricle each
minute.
(3)
Answer ........................................................... dm3
(c) As altitude (height above sea level) increases, the partial pressure of oxygen in the air decreases.
Llamas are mammals that are adapted to living at high altitudes.
The graph shows the oxygen dissociation curves for llama haemoglobin and human haemoglobin.
Explain the differences between the dissociation curves. Use the information in the graph to support
your answer.
(4)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 10 marks)
Q3.
The cell membrane is important in the control of which substances can enter and leave the cell.
(a) The cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer.
(i) Why do phospholipids form a bilayer?
(1)
A the hydrophobic heads dissolve in the aqueous (water) environment
B the hydrophobic heads move away from the aqueous (water) environment
C the hydrophobic tails dissolve in the aqueous (water) environment
D the hydrophobic tails move away from the aqueous (water) environment
(ii) This diagram shows part of a cell membrane.
Which letter represents a membrane glycoprotein?
(1)
A P
B Q
C R
D S
(b) State what is meant by the term osmosis.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) Compare and contrast exocytosis and endocytosis.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(d) Explain why oxygen molecules can pass directly through the cell membrane.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 9 marks)
Q4.
A diet high in salt has been shown to increase the risk of some diseases.
The graph shows the results of one study into the increased risk of death related to a diet high in salt.
An increased risk of death is associated with a high hazard ratio.
(a) State two conclusions that can be drawn from these results.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The values for the hazard ratio were adjusted for a number of factors, including age and smoking.
(i) Explain why age and smoking were taken into account when determining the hazard ratio.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) State two factors, other than age and smoking, that may have been considered when adjusting the
values for the hazard ratio.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(d) (i) The results of this study suggest that there is a correlation between salt intake and cause of death.
State the meaning of the term correlation.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why studies of this type are unreliable.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 10 marks)
Q5.
Answer the question with a cross in the boxes you think are correct . If you change your mind
about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
Lactase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of lactose.
(a) (i) The diagrams show symbols for lactase, lactose and the monosaccharides of lactose.
Which diagram shows the sequence of events for the hydrolysis of lactose?
(1)
(ii) Which of the following are the monosaccharides present in lactose?
(1)
A fructose and sucrose
B galactose and glucose
C glucose and fructose
D sucrose and galactose
(b) The graph shows the energy changes for the hydrolysis of lactose, with and without lactase.
Which row in the table describes line P and identifies the letter that shows the decrease in activation
energy due to lactase?
(1)
(c) The graph shows the relationship between substrate concentration and the rate of reaction of lactase.
(i) Explain why substrate concentration affects the rate of reaction.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The reaction rate (V) at each substrate concentration can be calculated using the formula
Vmax is the maximum rate of reaction
K is the substrate concentration when the rate of reaction is half the rate of Vmax
S is the substrate concentration.
Calculate the reaction rate (V) at a substrate concentration of 4 a.u.
(2)
Answer ...........................................................
(Total for question = 7 marks)
Q6.
The photograph shows a mammalian heart.
The blood vessel labelled X is a branch from the aorta.
The aorta is one of the major blood vessels of the heart.
(a) Explain why it is important that blood vessel X branches directly from the aorta.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The diagram shows the internal structure of a mammalian heart.
(i) Explain which stage of the cardiac cycle is shown in this diagram.
(2)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Draw arrows on the diagram to show the flow of blood through the left side of the heart and into
the aorta.
(3)
(c) The graph shows the changes in the internal diameter of the aorta during two cardiac cycles.
Explain the changes in the internal diameter of the aorta.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(Total for question = 11 marks)
