Achieve Great Things, Initiate Changes, Transform from Better to best, Excel and Remain

Humble
Olinsterg Bldg., Maharlika Highway, Poblacion III, Tiaong, Quezon, Philippines
Telefax Number: (042)-545-6547 / Cell No. 0922-8934738
PHYSICAL SCIENCE

I. UNIT NO. & TITLE: Unit 1: Connecting Chemistry to Life

II. LESSON NO. & TITLE: Lesson 9: Energy in Chemical Reactions
III. WEEK NUMBER: Week 9
IV. MODULE NUMBER: Module 9
V. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students must be able to:
 Describe how energy is harnessed from different sources:
A. Fossil fuels B. Biogas C. Geothermal D. Hydrothermal E. Batteries F. Solar cells G. Biomass

VI. REFERENCE : Teaching Guide for Senior High School ( Physical Science) Published by the Commission on
Higher Education, 2016

VII. ACTIVITY: Finding Out: Ways Energy is used in and Around My Home

Space or area Electrical Sound energy Heat energy Movement Light energy
energy energy

Bathroom

Kitchen

Living area

Laundry

Garden

VIII. DISCUSSION:

Energy is conserved in chemical reactions, so the total amount of energy in the universe at the end of a reaction is the same as it was
before the reaction.
When a chemical reaction happens, energy is transferred to or from the surroundings. When energy is transferred to the surroundings,
this is called an exothermic reaction, and the temperature of the surroundings increases. Examples of exothermic reactions include:
 combustion reactions
 many oxidation reactions
 most neutralisation reactions
Everyday uses of exothermic reactions include self-heating cans and hand warmers.
When energy is taken in from the surroundings, this is called an endothermic reaction and the temperature of the surroundings
decreases. Examples of endothermic reactions include:
 thermal decomposition reactions
  the reaction of citric acid and sodium hydrogencarbonate
Everyday uses of endothermic reactions include instant ice packs which can be used to treat sports injuries.

Sources of Energy

Solar Energy
Solar energy is available almost everywhere and is widely used for the production of heat and electricity. For heating energy
production the solar system can be divided into active and passive solar system. The term active use describes the conversion of solar
radiation into electricity using photovoltaic s (solar cell technology), or into heat using solar thermal collectors whereas passive use is
where solar radiation is used without the active components, an example of this is the transfer of heat and light to buildings through
windows and facades.
These forms of solar energy are important in
improving the internal lighting for example, by
using light‐transmitting cladding on the building
which reflects light from the outside onto the
ceiling and deep into the room’s interior.
The intensity of solar radiation varies significantly
in different parts of the world, both spatially and
temporally. for example, spatial variation in the
solar radiation in Germany is about 1,000 kWh
per square meter (m2) per year and in the
Sahara 2,200 kWh per m2 per year.
Temporary variation can be seen all around us,
they follow predictable rhythms and occur as the
day‐night cycle as well as the changing seasons.
However irregular fluctuations depend on
weather conditions where clear weather leads to
direct radiation whereas cloudy sky leads to
diffuse radiation. Therefore solar systems always
require some form of energy storage in order to
provide a constant supply of energy. 
Wind Power
Wind energy is kinetic energy of wind exploited for electricity generation in wind turbines.[3]In the past years there have been
advancement in wind farms and they have been intensively developed and different types of convertors used. Modern wind turbines
mostly have rapidly rotating horizontal axis converters with three rotor blades. They have a short energy payback time of only a few
months: during their lifetime of
approximately 20 years they produce 40‐
70 times more energy than was used in
their manufacture. 
Due to the fluctuations in wind level,
electrical energy obtained with wind
turbines can only be used in combination
with other energy sources in the network,
or in very small electric grids with storage
to provide a continuous energy supply.
A distribution network operator is important
in matching the fluctuating power
generation from wind to the fluctuation in
consumption. Wind generators can, in
principle, be used in all climates, at sea
and on all types of land (coastal, inland,
mountains).
Energy production from wind turbines depends especially on some of the following perimeters; mean wind speed at hub height, the
selling price of power, and system and infrastructure costs.
Higher wind speeds generate higher power yields thus are preferred for wind generators however guaranteed price from feed‐in tariff
makes even inland sites viable in most countries. and with the growth in the wind energy technology, some firms are even building
windmills at sea (offshore).
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is stored in rock and in trapped vapor or liquids, such as water or brine; these geothermal resources can
be used for generating electricity and for providing heat. 
In the near‐surface geothermal processes (depth 10 ‐
500 meters) heat pumps are used to raise the
temperature of low grade heat to a higher, usable level.
Near-surface processes are generally very good for
localized production of hot or warm, heating water for
households and small consumers.

Deep borehole heat exchangers are used at depths of

500 to 2000 m where the temperatures are up to 70°C.
Water circulating in the boreholes is heated up and is
used at the surface either directly or via heat pumps to
provide heating and hot water for large heat consumers.

Hydrothermal geothermal describes the use of heat from

thermal water which is either naturally escaping or is
tapped by boreholes. Hydrothermal geothermal energy
has been typically applied to supply hot water or for
greenhouses.
In the hot‐dry‐rock method, water is forced at pressures
of up to 150 bar into hot rocks at a depth of a few
thousand meters. In this way an underground
geothermal heat exchanger is formed through a system of natural and artificial fissures. Geothermal power plants use this process to
generate power using steam turbines. 
Biomass
Biomass is any organic, i.e. decomposing, matter derived from plants or animals available on a renewable basis. Biomass
includes wood and agricultural crops, herbaceous and woody energy crops, municipal organic wastes as well as manure. Bio-energy is
energy derived from the conversion of biomass where biomass may be used directly as fuel, or processed into liquids and gases. Bio-
fuels are fuels derived from biomass or waste feed-stocks; includes ethanol and biodiesel. 
Since time in memorial the use of biomass has been evident among mankind and is currently the most important renewable energy
source in the world
. It has a great advantage that it is easy
to store and energy can be extracted at
relatively high efficiencies, but before it
can be used as a conventional energy
source, various customized conversion
technologies are required depending on
the respective solid, liquid or gaseous
starting materials. The production of
heat and electricity can be achieved
through this bio-conversion process.
For this bio-conversion process, micro
organism convert the biomass which is
organic waste to energy through the
“aerobic” process where the micro‐
organisms use the oxygen from the air. More interesting for energetic use are, however, two fermentation processes which don’t
require oxygen; theformation of biogas, and the formation of ethanol.
Biogas is comparable to natural gas and can be used in the same way, the calorific value is however about 30% less than that of
natural gas. Ethanol on the other hand can be used as industrial alcohol and fuel alcohol without further conversion in a wide variety of
applications.
Non Renewable Sources of Energy
Non‐renewable energies include fossil fuels and radioactive heavy metals. Unlike renewable energies, fossil fuels will be exhausted in
the foreseeable future, and the same applies to naturally occurring radioactive nuclear fuels such as uranium. 
Fossil Fuels
Besides being non-renewable, fossil fuels
have the further disadvantage, they release
greenhouse gases, especially carbon
dioxide (CO2), during combustion. The
intensive use of fossil fuels in the past
hundred years has influenced the global
climate significantly in this way. It is
therefore regarded as a necessity to
reduce fossil fuel consumption in order to
limit climate change and the negative
impacts thereof.
Peat occupies an intermediate position
between coal and biomass. It is sometimes
considered as a renewable energy, but
because of its relatively long formation
period ‐ a few thousand years (averaging
about 1 mm of peat deposition per year), it is more realistically counted as a fossil fuel.
Coal
Coal is a variety of solid, combustible, sedimentary, organic rocks that are composed mainly of carbon and varying amounts of other
components such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur and moisture. Coal is formed from vegetation that has been consolidated between
other rock strata and altered by the combined effects of pressure and heat over millions of years. Many different classifications of coal
are used around the world, reflecting a broad range of ages, compositions and properties. 
Coal currently provides 40% of the world’s electricity needs, this makes it the second source of primary energy in the world after oil. It is
also considered as the first source of electricity generation, since the beginning of the 21st century it has been the fastest growing
global energy source. The last
decade’s growth in coal use has been
driven by the economic growth of
developing economies, mainly China.
Irrespective of its economic benefits for
the countries, the environmental impact
of coal use, especially that coming from
carbon dioxide emissions, should be
addressed as a global issue. 
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is
the most promising technology to reach
near-zero CO2 emissions from large
CO2 sources. Although it is developing
it is far from the required deployment-
level to keep CO2 emissions at
acceptable levels. 
Oil
Oil includes crude oil, condensates,
natural gas liquids, refinery feed stocks
and additives, other hydrocarbons (including emulsified oils, synthetic crude oil, mineral oils extracted from bituminous minerals such
as oil shale, bituminous sand and oils from coal-to-liquids (CTL) and gas-to liquids (GTL) and petroleum products (refinery gas, ethane,
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), aviation gasoline, motor gasoline, jet fuels, kerosene, gas/diesel oil, heavy fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit,
lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes and petroleum coke) 
Gas
Natural gas is a mixture of several hydrocarbon gases, including methane (between 70% and 90%), ethane, propane, butane and
pentane, as well as carbon dioxide, nitrogen and hydrogen sulphide. The composition of the natural gas can vary widely depending on
the gas field. Natural gas is referred to as “wet” when hydrocarbons other than methane are present, “dry” when it is almost pure
methane, and “sour” when it contains significant amounts of hydrogen sulphide. 
Natural gas is considered as a good source of electricity supply for a number of reasons which range from economic, operational and
environmental, these include;
 it is low-risk (technically and financially);
 lower carbon relative to other fossil fuels; and
 gas plants can be built relatively quickly in around two years, unlike nuclear facilities, which can take much longer.
Gas plants are flexible both technical and economic terms, they can also react quickly to demand peaks and are ideally twinned with
intermittent renewable options such as wind power. 

IX. PRACTICE/APPLICATION/SYNTHESIS: (See worksheet #9)

X. ASSESSMENT: (See worksheet #9)
XI. REFLECTION: (See worksheet #9)
 Achieve Great Things, Initiate Changes, Transform from Better to best, Excel and Remain
Humble
Olinsterg Bldg., Maharlika Highway, Poblacion III, Tiaong, Quezon, Philippines
Telefax Number: (042)-545-6547 / Cell No. 0922-8934738

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
WORK SHEET NO. 9
Name: ______________________________ Grade & Section:___________________
I. PRACTICE/APPLICATION/SYNTHESIS:

 What are the primary sources of energy? Enumerate and explain using your own words.

II. ASSESSMENT:
Answer the following:

QUESTIONS ANSWERS

What is energy?
 What sorts of things have energy?

How does a person get energy?

Can you store energy? Explain how.

III. REFLECTION:

List down the activities that you did for this week and identify among those activities where you can apply
the lesson/s that you have learned from this module. Write your answer below with minimum of at least five
sentences.

IV. FEEDBACK: (Teacher’s comments or reactions after submission and checking.)

Prepared by: Checked By:
VI-JAY D. SALCEDO,LPT JOAN B. DIMACULANGAN,LPT
Subject Teacher Academic Coordinator
Noted By:
LAARNI L. TOLENTINO,LPT
School Principal