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CONTENTS
TABLE OF
01 OBJECTIVES OF HIGHWAY
PLANNING

HIGHWAY 02 PRINCIPLE AND IMPORTANCE

OF HIGHWAY PLANNING
Planning is a prerequisite
for any engineering activity
Introduction
DEVELOPEMENT or project; this is
03 CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
AND ROAD PATERNS particularly true for the
to Highway
AND PLANNING development of a highway
Planning:

GROUP 4
04 HIGHWAY PLANNING
SURVEYS network or system in a
country.
05 HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
AND SURVEYS

1 2 3

02
OBJECTIVES OF ● A highway should be plan according to the volume of daily
HIGHWAY traffic flow from a particular path.
The highways develop must be efficient, but at a minimum
PLANNING ●

cost, especially in cases of developing and underdeveloped

countries.
● The highways should be safe and secure.
The planning must have a forecast for next several years in
●

order plan fix periods for maintenance, renewal and

PRINCIPLE OF
HIGHWAY
01

widening as well.
PLANNING

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02
● The proposed road links should be a part of ● It is crucial because it could either limit and diminish or
maximize a city or a certain area's potential and growth.
the planned road network for the state/nation.
● Planning should not only focus on the present state of the
● The importance of the road shall be based on location but rather constantly looking forward to what
the traffic demand, and hence its type should changes and development can be made after 5 or 10 years.
fall under the standard classification. ● Focusing on what is the most efficient movement for people
The maintenance needs of the roads should and goods.
●
IMPORTANCE It serves the area economically, socially, and improves the
receive prompt attention by setting aside
●

funds for this purpose.

OF HIGHWAY quality of life for the residents.
Improving access to an area by constructing roads.
PLANNING
●

7 8 9

Type of Data

TRAFFIC DATA
TRAFFIC DATA

TYPES OF DATA SOCIAL DATA

TO BE This data is beneficial for the best utilized type of
road to be created on the path. This includes
COLLECTED ENVIRONMENT DATA traffic volume survey, origin destination survey,
vehicles damage surveys (vdf) etc.

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SOCIAL DATA

ENVIRONMENT DATA
CLASSIFICATION
While constructing a highway, many shops and Environment is another important factor which
OF ROADS
houses got affected or damaged. Thus, a social must be taken under consideration before
survey is done along road side, town villages and planning a highway.  A report regarding
shops. The surveyors collect data about villagers affecting number of trees, flora and fauna near
and have discussions about the project and ask construction sites, pollutants increased during
for cooperation during the years for construction in air and water must be prepared
construction.  In small town or villages there and submitted to environment ministry to get

03
are limited sources for people to live. the green signal for development.

13 14 15

What is TRAFFIC?

CLASSIFICATION IS DONE ON
THE FOLLOWING BASES
ACCORDING TO ACCORDING TO LIGHT HEAVY
TRAFFIC ROAD
Why do we classify roads? TRAFFIC TOPOGRAPHY

The vehicles and

pedestrians
Why do we need to know moving along a route.
the classification of roads? ACCORDING TO
LOCATION AND ACCORDING TO
FUNCTIONS MATERIALS

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Type of Road Vehicle per Day

LIGHT HEAVY
BELOW 70

ACCORDING TO

ACCORDING TO

ACCORDING TO
TRAFFIC ROAD Hilly Area Roads

TOPOGRAPHY

TOPOGRAPHY
Plain Area Road

TRAFFIC
MEDIUM HEAVY
TRAFFIC ROAD 70 - 250 The roads constructed Roads constructed in hilly
on leveled surface is regions are called as hill
HEAVY TRAFFIC
ROAD 250 - 600 know as plain area area roads or ghat roads.
roads.
VERY HEAVY
TRAFFIC ROAD ABOVE 600

19 20 21

National National State

Highways Highways Highways
ACCORDING TO

ACCORDING TO

ACCORDING TO
LOCATION AND

LOCATION AND

LOCATION AND
FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS
Are the main roads that connect all MAHARLIKA HIGHWAY / Are the second main roads that connect
major cities to the capital of the country. significant parts of the state within it.
PAN-PHILIPPINE HIGHWAY

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District Village
Highways Highways

ACCORDING TO

ACCORDING TO
LOCATION AND

LOCATION AND
Classification of roads on the

FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS
basis of LOCATION differ from
country to country because of
Are important roads within districts; serving Roads connect the nearby villages. They distinct form of government.
areas of production, markets. lead to a nearby town or district roads.

25 26 27

ROAD CLASSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPPINES ROAD CLASSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Department of Public Works and Highways (2014) Department of Public Works and Highways (2014)

TYPE DESCRIPTION Max. Speed Limit (Cars,

• Limited-access highways TYPE
Motorcycles and
Max. Speed Limit for Heavy
Trucks and Buses Size
EARTHEN
Vehicles)
Expressways • May include facilities for levying tolls for passage in an open or closed
ROADS

ACCORDING TO
system.

MATERIALS
Expressways 100kph 100 kph
Earthen roads are laid
Primary Roads that connect two or more major cities (with populations 100,000+) Primary
National Minimum Thickness: 0.23 m with soil. They are
National Roads that complement the primary routes to connect other smaller cities, Secondary 80kph 50 kph
Secondary municipalities, major seaports and ferry terminals, major airports, and major Roads Width: 6.10 m for two-way traffic
cheaper than all types
Roads Tertiary
national infrastructure.
Minimum thickness: 0.2 m Width:
of roads. This type of
Tertiary Roads maintained by the DPWH which are local in importance. Provincial 40kph 30 kph
6.10 meters for a two-way traffic. roads is provided for
Roads that connect cities and municipalities without using national roads, and
Provincial
roads connecting major provincial infrastructure. Local Minimum Thickness: 0.2 meter fewer traffic areas or
City or 30kph 30 kph Width: 6.10 meters for a two-way
Local Roads Roads Municipal traffic. countryside areas..
Roads maintained by city or municipal governments.
City or Municipal Minimum thickness: 0.15 meter (9
Barangay 20kph 20kph inches)
Barangay All other local roads within a barangay Width: 4.5 m

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GRAVEL MURRUM KANKAR

ROADS ROADS ROADS

ACCORDING TO

ACCORDING TO

ACCORDING TO
MATERIALS

MATERIALS

MATERIALS
Gravel roads are also low- Murrum is a matter Kankar is an impure
quality roads, but they are
better when compared within
obtained from the form of limestone.
earthen roads. A compacted disintegration of Kankar roads are
mixture of gravel and earth is igneous rocks by provided where lime is
used as pavement material in
this case.
weathering agencies. available in a
reasonable quantity.

31 32 33

WBM WBM
ROADS ROADS BITUMINOUS
Water Bound Advantages: ROADS
ACCORDING TO

ACCORDING TO

ACCORDING TO
MATERIALS

MATERIALS

MATERIALS
Macadam (WBM) roads • Low Cost compared Bituminous roads are
contain crushed stone to Bituminous prevalent roads
aggregate in its base Roads around the world.
course. The • Superior Quality They are the most
aggregates are spread used roads in the
on the surface and Disadvantage: world.
rolled after sprinkling • Permeable
water.

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CONCRETE CONCRETE
BITUMINOUS
ROADS ROADS
ROADS

ACCORDING TO

ACCORDING TO

ACCORDING TO
Cement concrete is Advantages:

MATERIALS

MATERIALS

MATERIALS
Advantages:
used to construct the • Durability
• Suitable for driving
Safety for motorists
pavements in case of
•
conditions
Material used is easy to because of its visibility
•
produce, reusable, non-
concrete roads. These and it is not slippery
toxic, and a strong binder are very popular and • Lesser Maintenance
costlier than all other
Disadvantage: Disadvantage:
Short life span compared
types of roads.
• • Requires huge cost
to Concrete Roads

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03

ROAD PATTERNS

ROAD PATTERNS
CLASSIFICATIO OF
Although road patterns in a country are
historically inherited, later additions can be
planned bearing in mind the requirements of
the day.

Road patterns are of great use in urban

highway planning. The choice of a road Grid Iron Pattern
CLASSIFICATION pattern depends upon the extent of land use
or the distribution of residential, industrial This is also known as rectangular or block pattern and is
OF ROAD and business areas in a city, the nature of the perhaps the simplest (Fig. 1.5). The Romans preferred it, as have
terrain, and the planner’s preferences. the Americans who adopted it in many of their cities. This is easy
PATTERNS to set out in straight lines and rectangular co-ordinates, and is
suitable for flat terrain.

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ROAD PATTERNS
CLASSIFICATIO OF

GRID IRON PATTERN

GRID IRON PATTERN

Grid Iron Pattern
The disadvantages of this pattern are monotonously long
streets and the inconvenience in traffic operation. There are also
certain advantages such as bypassing any road with traffic
congestion and the convenience of imposing one-way traffic, if
necessary, making alternate streets with one-way traffic in
oppositedirections.

43 ROAD PATTERNS
44 45
CLASSIFICATIO OF

STAR AND GRID TYPE

STAR AND GRID TYPE

Radial Pattern
In this pattern, roads emanate from a central focal area,
which may be a business center or an important public building. In
order to ease the congestion in the focal area, ring roads are
provided; there can be several such roads—inner, intermediate and
outer—depending on the requirements of the traffic.

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STAR AND GRID TYPE

ROAD PATTERNS
CLASSIFICATIO OF

TYPE
STAR AND CIRCULAR
Radial Pattern
The shape of a ring road may be round, square, or elongated.
Based on this, the pattern may be star and grid, or star and
circular. The star and circular pattern, also known as the radial and
circular pattern, has been adopted in certain cases, although in a
limited way.

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TYPE
STAR AND CIRCULAR

ROAD PATTERNS
CLASSIFICATIO OF

PATTERN
HEXAGONAL
Hexagon Pattern
The basic figure of the road network in this case is a hexagon;
each hexagon has at least one side common with an adjacent pattern.
The hexagonal pattern can be modified by dividing the hexagon into
six triangle units by link roads; this facilitates travel from one place to
any other place in the area in the minimum possible time, compared
to any other pattern. This, in fact, is known as a ‘minimum travel
pattern’ and was used in certain cities to great advantage.

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04
PATTERN
HEXAGONAL

PATTERN
HEXAGONAL
HIGHWAY
PLANNING
PROCESS

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PROCESS
HIGHWAY PLANNING

PROCESS
HIGHWAY PLANNING
Economic
Highway planning involves the assessment of the length Studies Engineering
of road required for a given area, which may be a city, Details of the existing
Studies
Road Use Financial
district, state or a country; further, it includes the facilities, their utility, Studies These include study of the Studies
distribution of the existing topography, soil, road life and
preparation of a master plan for the area taking into population in the area, Details of the existing road special problems, if any, Various financial aspects
consideration future needs, and phasing the program in population growth trends, facilities, traffic volume in relating to construction, such as the sources of
existing products in the vehicles per day, traffic drainage and maintenance. funding, estimated
annual or five-year plans, based on the priorities and agricultural and industrial flow patterns, classes of revenue from taxes on
utility. sectors, future trends of traffic such as passenger vehicles, toll tax, and
development in these sectors, cars, busses and trucks, indirect benefits of raising
For assessing the required road length for the area, field existing communication and loads carried, average the living standards of the
studies are to be carried out to collect the necessary data. education facilities, and the speeds, anticipated future people due to the
per capita income are to be trends of traffic growth, proposed road network
collected. and other traffic-related are considered.
studies are to be
conducted.

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Alignment
Highway

Ideal Alignment
Requirements of an
HIGHWAY
ALIGNMENT AND 1. Directness
SURVEYS
The aligned route between end points
should be as direct as possible and result
in the minimum possible length under the
circumstances.
The laying out of the center line of a

05
proposed highway on the ground is
called its ‘alignment’.

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1. Directness

Ideal Alignment
Requirements of an

Ideal Alignment
Requirements of an
2. Easy 3. Safety

The traverse is run from the starting Safety for the road-users should be the
The alignment should be such that it is primary consideration; the stability of
point to the end point by setting out easy to construct, maintain and operate
various control points. Both primary natural slopes and man-made slopes for
the highway. The curves and gradients embankments and cuttings should be
traverse and secondary traverse may should be easy.
need to be run. ensured to prevent possible accidents.

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Alignment:
Factors Controlling

Points
Obligatory
Ideal Alignment
Requirements of an
4. Economical
Obligatory Points
The overall cost of construction and These are the points through which the alignment
maintenance of the road, as also the has to necessarily pass for maximum utilization of
operation cost of the vehicles should be the road
as low as possible.
Points through which the
alignment should pass.

67 Points 68 69
Obligatory

Points
Obligatory

Points
Obligatory
Points through which the Points through which the Points through which the
alignment should pass. alignment should pass. alignment should not pass.

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Alignment:
Factors Controlling

Alignment:
Factors Controlling

Alignment:
Factors Controlling
Traffic Geometric Design OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
Various factors regarding geometric design as the Drainage
Should suit traffic requirements. radius of curve, sight distance, gradient determines Political Pressure
the highway alignment. Monotony

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Highway Alignment

ALLIGNMENTS

Alignment
Horizontal
Horizontal
Alignment
This is the alignment of the
roadway in the horizontal plane;
although it is ideal to have a
straight route between end
points, it is practically
impossible owing to several
constraints. A change in
direction necessitates the use
of horizontal curves for smooth
TYPE OF flow of traffic.

ALIGNMENT
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Alignment
Horizontal
Degree of Curve
Is an angle
subtended by a
100 ft arc long the
horizontal curve

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PI – point of intersection

Formulas
Example

Say we have a radius of a curve of I - intersection angle

PC – point of curvature
700 m, what is the degree of curve? PT – point of tangency
R – Radius of curve
Given: R = 700m T – tangent line
LC – long cord
700 m ( (3.2808399 𝑓𝑡)/(1 𝑚) ) = L – distance along the curve
E – external ordinate
2296.587930 ft M – middle ordinate
D – degree of curve
D = 5729.58/𝑅 = 5729.58/(2296. POC – point on curve
POT – point on tangency
587930 𝑓𝑡) = 2.49482283 or 2° 29′
PC = PI – T
41.36"
PT = PC + L

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Example

Example

ALLIGNMENTS
Vertical Alignment
Although it is ideal to have a
roadway at the same elevation
throughout, this is almost
impractical and gradients or
slopes along the length
become mandatory. A change
in gradient calls for curves in
the vertical plane; vertical
curves should be designed and
constructed for smooth flow of
traffic based on several criteria.

85 Alignment 86 87
Vertical

Alignment
Vertical
BVC (VPC) – begin vertical curve
V (VPI) – vertical point of
intersection
EVC (VPT) – end vertical curve
g 1 - grade going into the curve
g 2 – grade going out of the curve
Y BVC – elevation at BVC
X – distance from BVC ( stations)
L – overall horizontal length of
the vertical curve (stations)
r – rate of change in grade

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Y=YBVC + g1 x + r x2
𝒈𝟐 𝒈𝟏

Formulas

Example

Example
𝒓=
𝟐𝑳
𝑳
𝑩𝑽𝑪 = 𝑷𝑽𝑰 −
𝟐
𝑳
𝑬𝑽𝑪 = 𝑷𝑽𝑰 +
𝟐
𝑳
𝑩𝑽𝑪𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽 = 𝑷𝑽𝑰𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽 ± 𝒈
𝟐 𝟏
𝑳
𝑬𝑽𝑪𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽 = 𝑷𝑽𝑰𝑬𝑳𝑬𝑽 ± 𝒈𝟐
𝟐
𝒈𝟏 𝑳
𝑿𝑯𝒐𝒓𝑳 =
𝒈𝟐 𝒈𝟏

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Engineering Surveys
Example

HIGHWAY 1. Study of
SURVEYS Topographic Maps
These are contour maps with 15 to 30 m
contour intervals and show important
topographic features like rivers, valleys,
ridges, and hills. By a careful study of these
maps, it is possible to align highways
bearing in mind the obligatory points.
Depending upon the elevations of the

05
terminal points, and considering the ruling
gradients and other factors, two or three
alternative routes may be chosen.

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Engineering Surveys

Maps
Study of Topographic

Engineering Surveys
1. Study of 2. Reconnaissance
Topographic Maps Survey

The study of the topographical map is The objective of reconnaissance survey is

done to find out possible routes of the to physically examine the possible
road. alignments observed during the study of
Alignment avoiding valley, ponds, lakes. topographical maps. This is generally
When the road must carry a row of hills, carried out using simple surveying
mountain pass may be the suitable instruments such as prismatic compass,
alternative. Abney level, hand level or tangent
Approximate location of the bridge site. clinometer.

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Engineering Surveys

Survey
Reconnaissance

Survey
Reconnaissance
2. Reconnaissance
Survey

A reconnaissance survey provides data

that enables design engineers to study the
advantages and disadvantages of a variety
of routes and then to determine which
routes are feasible.

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Engineering Surveys

Engineering Surveys

Preliminary Survey
3. Preliminary 3. Preliminary
Survey Survey Methods of Preliminary
The objectives of a preliminary survey are:
Survey
A preliminary survey is a more detailed (i) To compare the proposed routes chosen
during reconnaissance for a good alignment.
Conventional Approach
study of one or more routes tentatively A survey party carries out surveys by using field equipment.
selected on the basis of a reconnaissance (ii) To carry out accurate field work for detailed
surveys on the chosen alternative routes
survey report. It consists essentially of Modern Rapid Approach
(iii) To estimate the quantities of the earth work
surveying and mapping a strip of land In this method, necessary topographic and other maps
and other materials to facilitate the preparation
along the center line of of detailed and abstract estimates of the
including details of soil and geographical features of the are
tentatively selected route. project cost.
obtained by aerial survey.

(iv) To choose the best alignment from all

angles

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Approach
Conventional

Approach
Conventional

Approach
Conventional
Traverse Traverse Levelling work

The traverse is run from the starting The traverse is run from the starting The levelling work is carried out along
point to the end point by setting out point to the end point by setting out the center line or the proposed road. The
various control points. Both primary various control points. Both primary levelling work is used to estimate the
traverse and secondary traverse may traverse and secondary traverse may volume of the earthwork. Both L-section
need to be run. need to be run. and X-section are carried out.

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Approach
Conventional

Approach
Conventional

Approach
Conventional
Levelling work Topographical features Drainage Studies and
Hydrological data
The levelling work is carried out along
All geographical and man-made features
the center line or the proposed road. The The number of cross drainage structures
are survey and plotted which are along
levelling work is used to estimate the are estimated during the preliminary
the traverse and for a certain width on
volume of the earthwork. Both L-section survey.
either side.
and X-section are carried out.

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Approach
Conventional

Approach
Conventional

Approach
Conventional
Soil Survey Traffic Survey Determination of final
center line
The soil survey is conducted in working
After completion of all the above
out details of earthwork, slope, and Survey regarding the number of lanes,
mention steps and calculating the
stability of materials, subsoil and surface roadway width, and pavement design
amount of earthwork, the final center
drainage requirements and the type of need to be done.
line is determined.
the pavement requirements.

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Approach
Conventional

approach
Modern rapid

approach
Modern rapid
Levelling work o Taking aerial photographs with
required lateral and longitudinal
overlaps.
The levelling work is carried out along The levelling work is carried out along
the center line or the proposed road. The the center line or the proposed road. The
levelling work is used to estimate the o These photographs are then levelling work is used to estimate the
volume of the earthwork. Both L-section examined under stereoscopes and volume of the earthwork. Both L-section
and X-section are carried out. control points are selected for the and X-section are carried out.
establishment of the traverse.

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approach
Modern rapid

approach
Modern rapid

Engineering Surveys
o The spot levels and contour lines may 4. Location Survey
be obtained from the stereo – pair
observations.
The levelling work is carried out along
This involves the location of the final
the center line or the proposed road. The alignment on the ground and includes
levelling work is used to estimate the Photointerpretation method is used to
pegging the center-line; establishing
o

volume of the earthwork. Both L-section grab information on the geological bench marks, and determining levels at
and X-section are carried out. features, soil conditions, drainage the pegged stations and at critical points
requirement, etc. of change in slope.

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Engineering Surveys

Line
Pegging the Centre-

Engineering Surveys
4. Location Survey 4. Location Survey
Pegging the Centre-Line:
The center-line of the final route is marked
by establishing pegs on the ground. All The levelling work is carried out along Cross-Sections:
angles are accurately measured using a the center line or the proposed road. The
transit theodolite. The recommended levelling work is used to estimate the Cross-sections are taken at 50-100 m
spacing of the pegs depends on the volume of the earthwork. Both L-section intervals on plain terrain, 50 m intervals on
nature of the terrain. It is 50 m for plain rolling terrain and 20 m intervals on hilly
terrain and 20 m for hilly terrain. The pegs and X-section are carried out.
terrain.
should be fixed in relation to at least three
reference marks, so that they may be re-
established in case they are disturbed.

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Engineering Surveys

Precise Levelling
4. Location Survey

Precise Levelling: THANKS

Precise levelling has to be performed and
suitable benchmarks, temporary and
permanent, have to be established.

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REFERENCES:
● https://concretecivil.com/road-alignment/

● https://www.engineeringenotes.com/transportation-engineering/highway-
planning-intro-objectives-principle-process-necessity-and-
importance/48327?fbclid=IwAR28Z9v6bqDAdMSK5I4DPgrQm0LuOM5m_jrMipDQE0
0XQuYzNtEqi28Pycc

● https://www.slideshare.net/mohitkumarpanchal/highway-notes

● https://civilread.com/highway-alignment-factors-controlling-highway-alignment/

● https://knowledge4civil.wordpress.com/2016/12/12/highway-alignment-and-
survey/

● https://theconstructor.org/transportation/classification-of-roads/17470/

● https://www.slideshare.net/ShrikantIngale/importance-and-classification-of-road

● https://www.slideshare.net/TheRealAkansha/highway-planning

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