do we live in a Computer simulation?

By NICK

SCIENCE has revealed much about the world and our position within it. Generally, the findings
have been humbling. The Earth is not the centre of the universe. Our species descended from
brutes. We are made of the same stuff as mud. We are moved by neurophysiological signals and
subject to a variety of biological, psychological and sociological influences over which we have
limited control and little understanding.One of our remaining sources of pride is technological
progress. Like the polyps that over time create coral reefs, the many generations of humans that
have come before us have built up a vast technological infrastructure. Our habitat is now largely
one of human making. The fact of technological progress is also in a sense humbling. It suggests
that the most advanced technology we have today is extremely limited and primitive compared
with what our descendants will have.If we extrapolate these expected technological advances,
and think through some of their logical implications, we arrive at another humbling conclusion:
the “simulation argument”, which has caused some stir since I published it three years ago.The
formal version of the argument requires some probability theory, but the underlying idea can be
grasped without mathematics. It starts with the assumption that future civilisa-tions will have
enough computing power and programming skills to be able to create what I call “ancestor
simulations”. These would be detailed simulations of the simulators’ predecessors – detailed
enough for the simulated minds to be conscious and have the same kinds of experiences we
have. Think of an ancestor simulation as a very realistic virtual reality environment, but one where
the brains inhabiting the world are themselves part of the simulation.The simulation argument
makes no assumption about how long it will take to develop this capacity. Some futurologists
think it will happen within the next 50 years. But even if it takes10 million years, it makes no
difference to the argument.Let me state what the conclusion of the argument is. The conclusion
is that at least one of the following three propositions must be true:1 Almost all civilisations at
our level of development become extinct before becoming technologically mature.2 The fraction
of technologically mature civilisations that are interested in creating ancestor simulations is almost
zero.3 You are almost certainly living in a computer simulation.How do we reach this conclusion?
Suppose first that the first proposition is false. Then a significant fraction of civilisations at our
level of develop-ment eventually become technologi-cally mature. Suppose, too, that the second
proposition is false. Then a significant fraction of these civilisations run ancestor simulations.
Therefore, if both one and two are false, there will be simulated minds like ours.If we work out
the numbers, we find that there would be vastly many more simulated minds than non-simulated
minds. We assume that technologically mature civilisations would have access to enormous
amounts of computing power.So enormous, in fact, that by devoting even a tiny fraction to
ancestor simulations, they would be able to implement billions of simulations, each containing as
many people as have ever existed. In other words, almost all minds like yours would be simulated.
Therefore, by a very weak principle of indifference, you would have to assume that you are
probably one of these simulated minds rather than one of the ones that are not simulated.Hence,
if you think that propositions one and two are both false, you should accept the third. It is not
coherent to reject all three.It should be emphasised that the simulation argument does not show
that you are living in a simulation. The conclusion is simply that at least one of the three
propositions is true. It does not tell us which one.In reality, we don’t have much specific
information to tell us which of the three propositions might be true. In this situation, it might be
reasonable to distribute our credence roughly evenly between them.Let us consider the options in
a little more detail. Proposition one is straightforward. For example, maybe there is some
technology that every advanced civilisation eventually develops and which then destroys them.
Let us hope this is not the case. Proposition two requires that there is a strong convergence
among all advanced civilisations, such that almost none of them are interested in running
ancestor simulations. One can imagine various reasons that may lead civilisations to make this
choice. Yet for proposition two to be true, virtually all civilisations would have to refrain. If this
were true, it would be an interesting constraint on the future evolution of intelligent life.The third
possibility is philosophi-cally the most intriguing. If it is correct, you are almost certainly living in a
computer simulation that was created by some advanced civilisation. What Copernicus and
Darwin and latter-day scientists have been discovering are the laws and workings of the
simulated reality. These laws might or might not be identical to those operating at the more
fundamental level of reality where the computer that is running our simulation exists (which, of
course, may itself be a simulation). In a way, our place in the world would be even humbler than
we thought.What kind of implications would this have? How should it change the way you live
your life?Your first reaction might think that if three is true, then all bets are off and you would
go crazy. To reason thus would be an error. Even if we are in a simulation, the best methods of
predicting what will happen next are still the familiar ones – extrapolation of past trends, scientific
modelling and common sense. To a first approxima-tion, if you thought you were in a simulation,
you should get on with your life in much the same way as if you were convinced that you were
leading a non-simulated life at the “bottom” level of reality.If we are in a simulation, could ever
know for certain? If the simulators don’t want us to find out, we probably never will. But if they
choose to reveal themselves, they could certainly do so. Another event that would let us conclude
with a high degree of confidence that we are in a simulation is if we ever reach a point when we
are about to switch on our own ancestor simulations. That would be very strong evidence against
the first two propositions, leaving us only with the third.

Nick Bostrom is the director of the Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford