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Classification Systems

In a natural classification, organisms are grouped based on similarities first and then identifying shared characteristics, as opposed to artificial classification which arbitrarily selects unifying characteristics. Phylogenetic classification is the latest system that is based on Darwin's theory of evolution and common descent, grouping organisms according to genetic and molecular similarities to represent their evolutionary relationships and history through phylogenetic trees and cladograms.

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Ej Agsalda
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148 views3 pages

Classification Systems

In a natural classification, organisms are grouped based on similarities first and then identifying shared characteristics, as opposed to artificial classification which arbitrarily selects unifying characteristics. Phylogenetic classification is the latest system that is based on Darwin's theory of evolution and common descent, grouping organisms according to genetic and molecular similarities to represent their evolutionary relationships and history through phylogenetic trees and cladograms.

Uploaded by

Ej Agsalda
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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3/9/2021

CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEMS

Mrs. CATHELYN C. MARIANO


SHNS- Instructor

ARTIFICIAL CLASSIFICATION NATURAL CLASSIFICATION


• Introduced by Jean
• involves arbitrarily
Bauhin in 1623
selecting unifying
• involves grouping
characteristics first and
organisms based on
then grouping organisms similarities first &
accordingly then identifying shared
• mainly based on 1 or few characteristics
easily observable • Based on gross
characters morphology
• non-evolutionary • all members of a
features particular group shared a
common ancestor
• Advantage: easy to
• Advantage: it identifies
develop and relatively
traits based on groupings
stable
• Disadvantage: they are
• Disadvantage: do not In a natural classification, the genus and
highly mutable and tend to
show evolutionary change as new accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species
relationships information is discovered that have evolved
from one common ancestral species

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3/9/2021

Taxonomists reclassify groups of species when new evidence arises to


PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION
compromise the traditional classification scheme
▪ Latest system of classification
▪ Done in every micro scale ( cells )
▪ Basis : Darwin’s Origin of Species
(1859)
▪ First introduced by august
Wilhelm Eichler in 1883
▪ being used to differentiate
organisms based on genetics
▪ Organisms who share a greater
level of homology in their DNA or
amino acid sequences are
expected to be more closely
related

PHYLOGENY
• Refers to the evolutionary history or
pattern of descent of a group of
organisms
• Represented in the form of a
CLADOGRAM or a PHYLOGENETIC
TREE ( evolutionary tree )

All life is interconnected by descent


Tree of Life Bacterium Amoeba Pine tree Rattlesnake Humans

PLESIOMORPHIC – primitive; common ancestor


APOMORPHIC – new/advanced ancestor
Phylogenetic Tree – a branching diagram
that conceptually represents an estimate of
phylogeny

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3/9/2021

LINEAGE/s – branches; lines of a cladogram


TAXA

A B C D E F

lineage
or clade
TIME
TIME
speciation

Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree


Cladogram or Phylogenetic Tree DIVERSIFICATION – formation of 2 separate
APOMORPHY(ies)) – represents an evolutionary novelty lineages from one common ancestor
1. SYNAMORPHY – apomorphy that unites 2 or more lineages
SPECIATION – the process of forming 2 species
2. AUTAMORPHY – one that occurs within a single lineage

Branch point
Tree of Life
(node)
Taxon A

Taxon B
Sister
taxa
Taxon C
ANCESTRAL
LINEAGE Taxon D

Taxon E

Taxon F
Common ancestor of
taxa A–F Polytomy Phylogenetic Tree – a branching diagram
Polytomy is a term for an internal node of a cladogram that conceptually represents an estimate of
that has more than two immediate descendents phylogeny

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