CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Study

In today’s petroleum industry, aging infrastructure is a primary concern when considering

replacement costs and safe operation. As piping, tank, rack, pipe support and other equipment
age in service, they are subjected to various forms of degradation or damage that may
eventually comprise structural integrity.
Integrity management (IM) refers to a system of risk analysis and mitigation that for
the first time required pipeline operators of hazardous liquid and gas transmission pipelines
to identify all risks, to certain of their pipeline segments, physically inspect on an ongoing
basis certain sections of their pipelines, and mitigate those identified risks factors. These
inspections have led to the repair of thousands of problems on pipelines. One of the core
integrity management program elements is “identifying additional measures to address the
most significant pipeline threats”. These measures include actions to prevent and mitigate
releases that go beyond repairing the defects discovered through integrity assessment.
This paper shall provide a solution to the pipeline operator to avoid collapse of overall
pipeline due to foundation’s failure, which is the major threats that should be addressed
immediately by them.

1.2 Overview of The Site

Site is located in the viccinity of Brunei Shell Petroleum Company Sendirian Berhad, Main
Office, Jalan Utara, Panaga, Negara Brunei Darussalam. There are three different sites
distinguish as F10, F12 and F13 located in the middle of Seria River. Coordinates are as
follows :

F10 : 4O36'13.57" N 114O17'21.38" E

F12 : 4O36'21.30" N 114O17'47.87" E

F13 : 4O36'23.68" N 114O18'00.83" E

1
1.3 Project Motivation

This project is considered rare to our Sabahan team. It is very seldom maintenance work or
conservation work which involve hotwork, be carried out below the active gas pipeline. Usually
the plant will undergo temporary or schedule shut down during construction. This challenge
has given a motivation to our team to complete the task given by the main contractor in Brunei
Darussalam.

1.4 Problem Statement

The existing steel piles that support pipe racks of river crossing gas pipeline has already
corroded and fatigue. It is possible that the structure that it supports also fails or leads to the
leakage of dangerous substances which can trigger dangerous explosions. The failure of these
structures presents serious risks to human health and the environment when those steel piles
foundation fails. New piles foundation urgently needed, to support active gas pipeline on top
of the pipe racks. But the vibration or dynamic impact due to the installation of new piles must
be very minimal, as not to damage or disturb the existing structure. Besides, the river where
the pipeline is crossing is not connected to the sea, makes it impossible to employ heavy
equipment such as barge, mobile crane, air compressor and piling machine. Limited headroom
between soffit of existing pipe rack and top of water level also another limiting factor that
should be considered in selecting tools and equipment. Only lightweight equipment can be
utilised. And most importantly the construction work that will take place must not disturb the
on-going day-to-day gas pumping operation between its original source and the final point of
consumption. This means that safety aspect is very stringent. Sparks during hot work activities
such as drilling, grinding and welding may trigger an explosion. Outcome of this paper is
expected to provide detail solution to overcome all these hurdles, that covers the design and
installation method of the selected type of piles foundation.

2
1.5 Project Challenges

The primary challenge of this project is that we have to prepare the design drawings by
considering “doing the construction adjacent to active gas pipeline”. It cannot be shut down
during construction stage. Small sparks from construction activities may trigger an explosion.
Many issues arise consequences to this paramount consideration. Mobile crane for
loading heavy pipe casing and API pipe reinforcement cannot be employed, to eliminate
possibility of heavy load accidentally knock on the active gas pipeline. As a result, shorter pipe
casing with bolts and nuts joint were opted in the design, to avoid welding joint and lighter to
ease mobility by manpower and can load to the pontoon.
Very low headroom, 2.50m maximum for working space between bottom of pipe
bridge and top water level during low tide is another challenge. We have to limit the draught
of the pontoon, means we have to use drum with smaller diameter when designing the
pontoon. Besides, three different sites make the pontoon must hold “easy to install and
dismantle with limited manpower” criteria. Therefore, we designed the pontoon’s frame using
steel with bolt and nut connection.
Another challenge is limited resources in Brunei Darussalam. Lower draught of pontoon
means it can only carry light load. Hence, lighter drilling machine, small in size but can
generate sufficient power of generator set and experienced manpower are all we couldn’t find
in Brunei Darussalam. We need to make sure that all these resources are available on-site
during construction stage; and specification of those tools and machineries we need in order
to complete the design. To overcome this hurdle, we managed to outsourcing all those in
Sabah.
Apart from that, Covid-19 pandemic has hampered our team from visiting the site. We
just depend on videos and photos supplied by Main Contractor in Brunei Darussalam to
visualize the site condition. Communication via social media like Google Meet, WhatsApp etc.
that we used during the course of the design stage, sometimes truncated, hence mislead the
subject.

1.6 Project Aim

This ultimate aim of this project is to support active gas pipeline on top of the pipe racks by
installing new micropile to replace existing steel piles that undergone corroded and fatigue,
and thus to ensure the safe and long operating future of the pipeline.

3
1.7 Objectives

(a) To study and analyze the site soil condition, to calculate and design piles reinforcement
to achieve the desired load bearing capacity.

(b) To prepare the engineering design with full detailed drawings of selected type of piles
foundation works.

(c) Prepare method of piling works on top of river, with priority on safety aspect.

(d) To prepare design of working platform or floater with necessary specifications to be

measured and detailed in drawings on how to withstand the pile machine on top to support
and conduct piling work on the river surface.

1.8 Scope of Work

The general scope of works describe in this paper shall include the following:

(a) To study and analyze the site soil condition with soil investigation report provided
to calculate and design micropile reinforcement to achieve the desired load bearing
capacity of 65 tonne. All design works shall be in accordance and compliance with
the local standard code of practice to be ascertained by BSP.
(b) To prepare the engineering design with full detailed drawings of micropile works.
(c) To prepare the design of pontoon with necessary specifications to be measured
and detailed in drawings on how to withstand the micro pile machine on top to
support and conduct piling work on the river surface.
(d) Prepare micropiling installation method in the river bed by using pontoon as piling
platform for conducting the piling works over water with priority on safety in term
of HSE compliance.

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1.9 Report Outline

This report presents the project in Brunei Darussalam whereby the Author was attached to a
Consultant Company based in Kota Kinabalu Sabah, by the name of Amir Madani Runding
Sdn. Bhd. as a project coordinator that responsible to coordinate between the Client (pipeline
operator) namely Brunei Shell Petroleum, Main Contractor in Brunei – Bersinar Cahaya Bintang
Sdn. Bhd. and the consultant themselves. The report of this project was outlined as follow:

Chapter 1: Introduction
Giving brief information on the background study, overview of the site, project motivation,
problem statement, project challenges, project aim, objectives and scope of work.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Topics discussed were pipeline integrity management, micropile, and pontoons or floating
platforms.

Chapter 3: Training In The Industry

Bringing under the limelight topics like project framework or overview, methodology (with
flow chart), project planning (with Gantt Chart and Milestones), and resources and expenses.

Chapter 4: Lesson Learnt In Industrial Training

This chapter discussed in detail entire subject related to the completion of the project during
industrial training experienced by the author. The subjects were site location, micropiling
location, site photos, case study 1 which was preparing micropile design drawing, case study
2 explained method of piling work over running water, while case study 3 discussed on
preparing design of working platform or floater. And final subtopic discussed in this chapter
was pontoon preliminary design.

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation

Project finding, project contribution, future recommendation and potential industrial
application were discussed in detail in this chapter.

5
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Pipeline infrastructures represent a high capital investment, hence must be free from the risk
of degradation or deterioration, which could cause environmental hazards and potential
threats to life. Improper maintenance of natural gas pipelines threatens property and life from
explosion and fire resulting from pipeline leaks or rupture. Furthermore, highly dangerous
gases or liquids, such as cyanide, and highly radioactive wastes, such as those existing in
nuclear weapons plants pose a high risk to the workers of those plants, and to the neighbours
of such plants. They must be designed and operated with extreme care. Leaks or ruptures of
such pipes must be prevented at all costs.
“Pipeline integrity” includes failure prevention, inspection and repair, and it also
includes products, practices and services that help operators maximise their assets (Lewis,
2001). Pipeline integrity management comprises of all the activities required to anticipate and
prevent a pipeline failure.
Brunei Shell Petroleum (BSP) operates and manages an integrated pipeline network of
approximately 1,200km length of pipelines with the mission of uninterrupted supply to its
customers without any impact on the upstream plants. Various fluids are transported via
pipelines such as sales gas, crude oil, condensate, water, nitrogen and associated gases
wherein majority of network contains sales gas. Some of these pipelines were constructed in
late 70’s and have completed their design life. These pipelines are old and highly critical,
hence their safety and reliability are paramount to ensure shareholders commitment to various
consumers in Brunei Darussalam and abroad. Failure of these pipelines will have a major
impact on upstream and downstream production chain.
100% visual inspection was carried out by BSP to determine the external condition of the
pipelines - piping, coating or painting conditions, pipe supports, valves, corrosion,
deformations, misalignment etc. and it was found out that the existing steel piles that support
pipe racks of river crossing gas pipeline has already corroded and fatigue. New piles
foundation urgently needed, to support active gas pipeline on top of the pipe racks. But the
vibration or dynamic impact due to the installation of new piles must be very minimal, as not
to damage or disturb the existing structure. Besides, the river where the pipeline is crossing

6
is not connected to the sea, makes it impossible to employ heavy equipment such as barge,
mobile crane, air compressor and piling machine. Limited headroom between soffit of existing
pipe rack and top of water level also another limiting factor that should be considered in
selecting tools and equipment. Only lightweight equipment can be utilised. Hence, micropiles
and pontoon are the best options in order to achieve the overall objective to ensure asset
integrity and prevention of any unplanned outage.
This chapter will discuss three main essences related to this study, which are Pipeline Integrity
Management, Micropile and Pontoons or Floating Platforms.

2.1 Pipeline Integrity Management

2.1.1 Definition of Integrity Management

Pipeline Integrity Management (PIM) is the cradle-to-grave approach of understanding and

operating pipelines in a safe, reliable manner. PIM programs are systems managed by pipeline
owner-operators that consider all stages of the pipeline life cycle, from conception, to
engineering and design, construction, operation, inspection, and finally to repair or
replacement when necessary (inspectioneering.com, 2021).

2.1.2 Main Categories of PIM

PIM falls into three broad categories, as follows:

(a) Assessment
Pipeline assessment involves close observation of internal and external sections of pipelines,
profile calculation, flow modeling, obtaining the corrosion rate, risk status, and more.
Identifying internal and external defects or damage allows professionals to ascertain the
condition of pipelines and plan for remediation ahead of failures.
Software tools can assess the corrosion profiles of pipelines and provide inspection and
monitoring data in real-time. They can also simulate failure conditions allowing operators to
mitigate additional risks. In the master control room located within a pipeline operator’s
facility, monitoring can be done using supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
systems which gather vital information about pipeline operations and relay data to engineers
or technicians if a problem occurs. Surveillance cameras and sensors, fiber-optic cables, and

7
temperature sensors positioned on or close to the pipelines can also check for leaks to prevent
hazards.

(b) Pipeline Integrity Planning

A pipeline integrity management plan includes all the activities aimed at the maintenance or
repair of pipelines, such as defining operations and procedures, inspections, maintenance,
pipeline monitoring, and corrosion prevention. Route planning involves an evaluation of the
proposed right-of-way and the environmental impact on the immediate environment.

(c) Project Management (PM)

PM in pipeline integrity management covers audits for corrosion management, data
management, fit for service, burst service, third-party verification, etc.

2.1.3 Objectives of Pipeline Integrity Management

Pipeline integrity management has these four basic objectives:

(a) To improve public confidence in pipeline safety.

(b) To improve operator management, analytical, and operational processes to manage
pipeline integrity.
(c) To increase the government’s role in the oversight of operator integrity management
programs and activities.
(d) To perform integrity assessments of pipelines in locations where a pipeline leak or failure
could have significant adverse consequences (referred to as High Consequence Areas or
HCAs).

2.1.4 Components of a Pipeline Integrity Management Plan

An effective pipeline integrity management plan consists of the following:
(a) Identification of high-consequence areas (HCA). HCAs are locations along the right-of-
way of a pipeline that could cause significant loss of lives if an explosion were to occur.
Examples include densely-populated human settlements and facilities or areas that
would be difficult to evacuate, such as hospitals, prisons, schools, etc.
(b) Risk assessment and threat identification
(c) Ensuring regulatory compliance, e.g., the PSIA-2002 which applies to pipelines that
transport hazardous gases and liquids

8
(d) Pipeline operation risk analysis to identify potential hazards during pipeline operation.
Risk analysis ascertains the likelihood that an accident will occur, the potential severity,
and effects.
(e) Pipeline integrity assessments – PI assessments include inline inspection using pipeline
pigs, direct assessments, and pressure testing

2.2 Micropile

Micropiles are introduced as an efficient and cost-effective alternative to conventional pile

foundations. Micropiles possess the capability to withstand heavy loads and can be installed
with compact and sophisticated machinery using cutting edge technology. The main
advantage of a micropile is its ability to work in very congested and low height areas and on
any soil surface irrespective of its type. Micropiles are best suited for piling, retrofitting &
underpinning works, slope protection, soil stabilisation, etc. Another important feature of
micropile is their ability to work with minimum disturbance to the existing structures and
people around the area. Micro piles provide a very reliable and cost-effective alternate which
is becoming an inevitable part of urbanisation.

2.2.1 Definition of Micropile

Micropiles are defined in CIRIA report PGI as piles bored or drilled cast in place friction piles
whose diameter ranges from 50 mm to 300 mm (Wynne, 1988). The drilled or bored holes
are grouted with cement after placing the reinforcement bars. Micropiles can withstand axial
loads, lateral loads, or both and can negotiate loads ranging between 3T to 300T and more.
Micro piles are also known as mini piles, pin piles, root piles, etc based on their applications.
The micropiles can penetrate any obstructions that can sometimes cause premature refusal
while installing using conventional piling methods.

2.2.2 Components of a Micropiles

The figure represents a typical section of a micropile resting on a hard soil/ rock strata. The
steel casing is restricted to the compressive strata and extends a bit into the hard strata for
some anchorage. The surface area of contact between the ground and the concrete below
the casing is known as bearing stratum.

9
Figure 1: Typical section of a micropile (Source: Vin Civilworld)

2.2.3 Reinforcement

The reinforcement used in micropiles are divided into four categories

(a) Standard rebar cage with centraliser;

(b) API pipe system;

(c) Solid threaded rebars with or with out pipe casing; and

(d) Hollow bar or drill hollow bar system.

(a) Standard Rebar Cage

The rebar cage is the same as the cage used in conventional piling. Threaded couplers are
used to join the bars together with staggered joints. A centraliser (as per figure) is used for
positioning the rebar cage inside the bore.

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Figure 2: Rebar cage (Source: Vin Civilworld)

(b) API Pipe System

API pipes (American Petroleum Institute pipes) are high-grade pipes having a diameter of 5
inches to 11 inches. These pipes are joined using high strength machined flush type joint
threads. Both inside and outside of the API pipes shall be grouted with or without placing
rebar. Centrally reinforcing type of solid threaded or standard rebar type (refer figure) can be
used as rebar. API Pipe Systems are recommended for compression piles to maintain their
lateral stability.

11
Figure 3: API pipe used as a reinforcement in micropile (Source: Vin Civilworld)

(c) Threaded Solid Rebar System

Threaded solid rebar can be used alongside permanent or temporary casings and with API
pipe as central reinforcements. Solid threaded rebar constitutes a full threaded high strength
bar that can be cut and jointed as per requirements. These bars not only functions to produce
full tension and compression capacity but also enhances much-needed bonding with the grout.

(d) Hollow Threaded Bar or Drill Hollow Bar System

The hollow threaded rebar system is also known as a self-drilling hollow bar system. In this
system, the hollow bar can function as a sacrificial drill bit which gets converted to a central
reinforcement and can also be used to flush out the debris. This system can eliminate
predrilling, frequent removal of pipes and drills, etc and can handle any condition relating to
the installation of micropiles. On completing the final stage of drilling, the cement mortar is
injected into the hollow core of the drill bit by an injection adaptor (refer Figure 4) mounted
with the drilling unit. The grout flushing simultaneously serves in stabilising the borehole and
filling the area.

12
Figure 4: Hollow threaded bar system (Source: Vin Civilworld)

2.2.4 Drilling Methods Adopted for Micropiles

The installation process of micro piles involves drilling or driving a bore through soils, rocks,
overburden, etc. The most common methods adopted for drilling are:

(a) Percussive Drilling used with a driving point or drill at the bottom of the permanent casing
is defined as displacement method whereas when air is used as a flushing medium it is defined
as a non-displacement method.

(b) Rotary Drilling uses air or water as a flushing medium for removing the drilled materials
from the drill hole. The air jet or water pumped through the drilling system exit at the drill bit
end flushing out the cuttings.

2.2.5 Grouting Methods Adopted in Micropiles

Grouts used for micropiles constitute a mixture of cement and water. Sand can also be added
as per design requirements to reduce the overall cost. The micro piles are divided into four
types based on the method of grouting:

(a) Type A Micropiles

Type A micropiles use tremie grouting and through gravity head. The grouting is started from
the bottom and follows a similar tremie grouting procedure followed in conventional piles.

13
(b) Type B Micropiles

After performing the initial tremie grouting, a pressure grouting is followed simultaneously
with the lifting of the casing from the bond zone. The second stage pressure grouting is done
through a preinstalled tube. Second stage grouting serves in enhancing grout soil bonding.
The grouting will be done up to the bearing stratum and can be extended to the full length of
the pile if required.

Figure 5: Type B Micropiles (Source: Vin Civilworld)

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(c) Type C Micropiles

In these types of piles, pressure grouting is followed by tremie grouting. On completion of

pressure grouting, a global injection grouting is performed through a pre-installed sleeve port
pipe. This grouting shall be done before the hardening of primary tremie grout.

(d) Type D Micropiles

This method is similar to Type C. In this method primary grout is done under pressure and
after hardening secondary grout is done through installed sleeve ports. Packers are also
provided for multiple injections.

2.2.6 Methodology of Micropiles

Figure 6: Construction of micropiles at site (Source: Vin Civilworld)

(a) Drilling shall be commenced using a rotary rig or Rotary percussive drilling machine with
casing attached to the drill bit and simultaneously pushed with the drill bit.

(b) On reaching the founding level the drill bit is removed with casing left in the borehole.

(c) Place reinforcement with centraliser in the borehole and followed by tremie grout with
cement water mix.

(d) The tremie grouting will be followed by a pressure grouting through preinstalled grouting
tubes with simultaneously lifting of the casing.

15
(e) The casing lifting to be done up to the compressive soil level with adequate bearing to the
hard strata, then complete pressure grouting of the bearing stratum area.

2.2.7 Advantages of Micropile Against Conventional Pile

(a) Micropiles can be engaged in any challenging conditions involving soil and rock.

(b) Micropiles can be customised and applied for difficult terrains and applications. The
applications can either be in the form of new loads being added to an existing structure, for
arresting structural settlement, for resisting uplift and dynamic loads, for seismic retrofits or
works involving underpinning and slope stabilisation.

(c) Micropiles are used for rehabilitation projects as well as new constructions in difficult and
access constraint terrains and settlement prone locations. For rehabilitation works in
congested and low headroom height basements, micropiles prove to be a preferred option.

(d) Micropiles penetrate any surface and can be installed even through an existing foundation
making it one of the best possible solutions for foundation rehabilitation and strengthening
works.

(e) Micro piles can be used for slope stabilisation, embankment stabilisation, and other soil
improvement and ground improvement works.

(f) Micro piles can be used in areas where water table is high, urban back fills, areas having
floating boulders or other difficult terrains that can’t even be accessed with a conventional
pile.

(g) Used extensively in the rehabilitation of monuments, old structures, sinking structures etc.
in all parts of the world.

2.3 Pontoons or Floating Platforms

A pontoon or floating platform is a flotation device with buoyancy sufficient to float itself as
well as a heavy load. Pontoons may support a platform, creating a raft. Pontoons may be
simply constructed from sealed cylinders such as pipes or barrels, or fabricated as boxes from
metal or concrete. Pontoon boat drafts may be as shallow as eight inches, which reduces risk
of running aground and underwater damage.

16
2.3.1 Advantages of Pontoons
(a) Portability. Floating platforms are portables and can be installed anywhere and anytime.
(b) Cost effective. The cost of erection of pontoons at site location is very low due to less civil
work and all prefabrication is done in fabrication yard and only installation is required at site.
(c) Various Application Areas of Pontoon. Floating platforms or pontoons are suitable for rivers,
ponds, bays, sea, dams, mines etc. Or at any other location having large variation in water
level.
(d) Maintenance. No maintenance is required. Only regular inspection is required at some time
interval.
(e) Unlimited number of constructions. Pontoons can be easily configured to meet the most
varied of needs. Whatever the application, units can be assembled to provide an effective and
economical solution. For example, a simple square or H-shape configuration should be
appropriate, when producing a crane platform for all round cranage. For pile driving or
dredging applications, a U-shape may be more appropriate. Other applications may require a
hollow square or rectangle configuration. Irrespective of configuration all rafts and platforms
are constructed using the basic units, which ensures complete stability. Buoyancy checks are
kept as simple as possible to allow the most suitable configuration of platform or raft to be
easily and quickly constructed.

2.3.2 Pontoons Limitation

Presently, most floating platforms applications are for short-period wind wave or boat wake
protection at semi sheltered sites in estuaries, reservoirs, lakes, and rivers. The limiting design
wave for pontoon is presently 4 ft high and 4 sec period. However, future investigations of
larger structures, such as barges, inclined pontoon, and multiple rows of breakwaters, may
extend application to longer periods and higher waves. Caution must be used in extrapolating

the L/W parameter for design. Final design is usually based on model or prototype tests of
the proposed pontoons and predicted wave climate. Periodic maintenance is usually needed
to repair damage from fatigue, abrasion, and electrolysis. (Bruce L. McCartney, 1985)

17
 CHAPTER 3

TRAINING IN THE INDUSTRY

3.1 Project Framework / Overview

There are three main components during period of training in the industry which were design
of micropile, design of floating platform or pontoon, and identifying safe working method of
micropile installation in the river by using pontoon. All these three essence shall be blended
and form part of the backbone of this report which is Pipeline Integrity Management.

3.2 Methodology (with Flow Chart)

(a) Study soil investigation report provided by the Client – Brunei Shell Petroleum.
(b) Ascertain site location, conditions of existing pipeline, pipe rack and support structure.
(c) Determine pile’s load bearing capacity, and start designing the piles.
(d) Determine type and load of every equipment used for the piling works, and start designing
the floater.

3.3 Project Planning (with Gantt Chart and Milestones)

Milestones and Gantt Chart is shown in the next page.

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Milestones :
Cumulative
No. Milestone
Percentage (%)
1 Study field data that is available on shelf before design. 10
2 Design micropiles. 20
3 Design pontoon. 20
4 Preparing method of installing micropiles on river. 20
5 Write up. 30
6 Total 100

Gantt Chart :
Week
Activities
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

i. Proposal preparation

ii. Proposal submission and

presentation

iii. Write up : Introduction

iv. Write up : Literature review

Week
Activities
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

v. Write up : Methodology

vi. Write up : Engineering

design
vii. Results and discussion;
conclusion and
recommendation

viii. Report submission and viva

19
3.4 Resources and Expenses

Access to physical books in the library is impossible during this period of Covid-19 Pandemic.
To complete the write up of this report, dependency on virtual free books and journals was
paramount. Unfortunately, most of the “free” material is only shown few front pages.
Subscription is needed to unlock the knowledge fully.
As for the expenses, the author had utilised his own financial support since this research
received no external funding.

20
 CHAPTER 4

LESSON LEARNT IN INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

4.1 Site Location

Site is located in the viccinity of Brunei Shell Petroleum Main Office in Brunei Darussalam.

Photo 1: Arial photo of the site (Source : Google Earth, Imagery dated 24th September 2018)

4.2 Micropiling Location

Micropiles shall be installed at three (3) different locations, namely F10, F12 and F13, along
Sungai Seria, Brunei Darussalam.

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 Photo 2: Micropiling location - F10, F12 and F13 (Source : BSP Survey Report, 2019)

4.3 Site Photos

Photo 3: F10 site condition as of April 2021

22
Photo 4: F12 condition as of April 2021. All pipe racks and support structure have already
corroded, fatigued and needed urgent replacement or strengthening.

Photo 5: Existing pipeline at F13

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4.4 Case Study 1 : Preparing Micropile Design Drawing

4.4.1 Preliminary Information

Design parameter for the design has been acquired from the documents furnished by
the Client:
(a) Subsurface Investigation Report No. B391/92-1 dated 3rd March 1992 (refer
Appendix 1);
(b) As-built drawing of “site overview map – pipe support construction in F12 area,
elevation of existing surface pipeline/cable and pipe support” dated 16th January
2019 (refer Appendix 2);
(c) Construction drawing “F12 pipe bridge framing” (refer Appendix 3);
(d) Construction drawing “F12 river crossing layout plan and elevations” (refer
Appendix 4); and
(e) Construction drawing “walkway platform elevations and connection detail” (refer
Appendix 5).

4.4.2 Site Layout

Number of existing crosshead and piles at the proposed site are shown in the following figures.
Those aged structures have to be strengthened by driving 86 new micropiles and fabricate
new pipe racks. The micropiles intended driving position and number of piles require shall be
determined.

Figure 7 : F10 site layout (Source : BSP, January 2020)

24
Figure 8 : F12 site layout (Source : BSP, January 2020)

Figure 9 : F13 site layout (Source : BSP, January 2020)

25
4.4.3 Pile Design Calculation

All design parameter was keyed-in into software “Tedds Calculation Version 1.0.06” for
analysis and design. Input and output are tabulated as follows:

Table 1: Calculation sheet 1 (Source : Amir Madani Runding Sdn. Bhd., 2021)

26
Table 2: Calculation sheet 2 (Source : Amir Madani Runding Sdn. Bhd., 2021)

27
 Table 3: Calculation sheet 3 (Source : Amir Madani Runding Sdn. Bhd., 2021)

4.4.4 Micropile Preliminary Design Drawing

Refer to next page in A3 size drawing

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