2021
LECTURE TWO Trigonometric Functions
1.Trigonometric Functions
Angles are measured in degrees or radians. The number of
radians in the central angle A′CB′ within a circle of radius r
is defined as the number of “radius units” contained in the arc
s subtended by that central angle. If we denote this central
angle by θ when measured in radians, this means that
θ= s/r
Since one complete revolution of the unit circle is 360° or 2π radians, we
have
π radians = 180°
Angles measured in degrees and radians
2.Angles measuring
An angle in the xy-plane is said to be in standard position if its vertex lies at
the origin and its initial ray lies along the positive x-axis. Angles measured
CounterClockWise (CCW) from
the positive x-axis are assigned
positive measures; angles
measured clockwise are assigned
negative measures
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LECTURE TWO Trigonometric Functions
3. The Six Basic Trigonometric Functions
The trigonometric functions of an acute angle are given in terms of the sides
of a right triangle. We extend this definition to obtuse and negative angles by
first placing the angle in standard position in a circle of radius r. We then
define the trigonometric functions in terms of the coordinates of the point P
(x, y) where the angle’s terminal ray intersects the circle.
but for obtuse angles we used a circle centered in (0,0) to find sin and cos of
for angles larger than π /2
In mathematics, a unit circle is a circle of unit radius that is, a radius of
1. centered at the origin (0, 0) in the Cartesian coordinate system. If (x, y) is
a point on the unit circle's circumference, then |x| and |y| are the lengths of the
legs of a right triangle whose hypotenuse has length 1. Thus, by the
Pythagorean theorem, x and y satisfy the equation
x2+y2=1
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LECTURE TWO Trigonometric Functions
Since x2 = (−x)2 for all x, and since the reflection of any point on the unit
circle about the x- or y-axis is also on the unit circle, the above equation holds
for all points (x, y) on the unit circle, not only those in the first quadrant.
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LECTURE TWO Trigonometric Functions
4.Trigonometric Identities
The coordinates of any point P (x, y) in the plane can be
expressed in terms of the point’s distance r from the origin
and the angle θ that ray OP makes with the positive x-axis
Since x/r = cos θ and y/r = sin θ, we have
b. Addition Formulas
c. Double-Angle Formulas
e. Power-reduction formula
f. The Law of Cosines
If a, b, and c are sides of a triangle ABC and if θ is the angle opposite c, then
This equation is called the law of cosines.
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LECTURE TWO Trigonometric Functions
g. The Law of Sines
If a, b, and c are sides of a triangle ABC. if A is the
angle opposite a, B the angle opposite b and C the
angle opposite c then This equation is called the law of
sines.
5.Properties of Trigonometric Functions
Since the sine and cosine are the basic of all trigonometric functions the
properties will focused on these two functions
a. The domain of sine and cosine is all real numbers.
b. The range of sine and cosine is [-1, 1].
c. Both sine and cosine are periodic function: A function ƒ(x) is periodic
if there is a positive number p such that
ƒ (x + p) = ƒ(x) for every value of x. The smallest such value of p is
the period of ƒ.
The period of sine and cosine is 2π is clear in the figure
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LECTURE TWO Trigonometric Functions
d. Symmetry: since sin(-x) = - sin (x) then sin (x) is an odd function and
its graph is symmetric with respect to the origin (0, 0). While cos(-x)
= cos (x) then cos (x) is an even function and its graph is symmetric
with respect to the y axis.
Example (1): Use the addition formulas to prove cos (x - π /2) = sin x
solution
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
cos (x - π /2) = cos x (0) - sin x (1)
cos (x - π /2) = sin x
Note that in same we can prove sin (π - x) = sin x but by using law of sines
Example (2): Find the distance "z"
solution
by using the Law of Cosines
Start with: c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos(ϴ)
In this examples c=z: z2 = 9.42 + 6.52 − 2×9.4×6.5×cos(131º)
Calculate: z2 = 88.36 + 42.25 − 122.2 × (−0.656...)
z2 = 130.61 + 80.17
z2 = 210.78
z = √210.78 = 14.5
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LECTURE TWO Trigonometric Functions
Example (3): Use the accompanying figures to sin (π- ϴ) = sin(ϴ)
required, and then derive the law sines?
solution
ℎ
From the figures of example, we see that sin B=
𝑐
ℎ
If C is an acute angle, then sin C=
𝑏
ℎ
if C is obtuse (the right figure), then sin C =sin (π – C) =
𝑏
Thus, in either case, h = b sin C = c sin B ah = ab sin C = ac sin B.
𝑎2 +𝑏2 −𝑐 2 𝑎2 +𝑐 2 −𝑏2
By the law of cosines cos 𝐶 = and cos 𝐵 =
2𝑎𝑏 2𝑎𝑐
since the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is π (180) we have
sin A = sin (π – (B + C)) = sin (B + C) = sin B cos C +cos B sin C
ℎ 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 ℎ
sin A = [ ]+[ ]
𝑐 2𝑎𝑏 2𝑎𝑐 𝑏
h
sin 𝐴 = (
2𝑎𝑏𝑐
) (2𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2 )
𝑎h
sin 𝐴 = ah = bc sin A
𝑏𝑐
Combining our results, we have
ah = ab sin C, ah = ac sin B, ah = bc sin A
Derive of the law
Dividing by abc gives of sines
h 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
= = =
𝑏𝑐 𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
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LECTURE TWO Trigonometric Functions
Example (4): A triangle has side c = 2 and angles A = π/4 and
B = π/3 Find the length a of the side opposite A.
solution
first we must draw the triangle C
and denote each side and angle
as shown in figure b
Now from the figure and the law of cosine a
π/3 π/4
A
B c
2 2 2
b = a + c -2.ac cos (B)
b2 = a2+ 22-2(a.2) cos (π/3)
b2 = a2-2a+4 …. (1)
Applying the law of sines to the figure
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧( 𝝅/𝟒) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝝅/𝟑)
= =
𝒂 𝒃 𝒂 𝒃
∴ b=1.225 a substitute in equation (1)
(1.225 a)2 = a2-2a+4 1.5 a2 = a2-2a+4
Rearrange 0 = 0.5a2+2a-4
From the quadratic formula for ax2+bx+c=0
−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
Here x=a, a=0.5, b=2, c=-4
−2 ± √−𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒(𝟎. 𝟓 ∗ −𝟒)
𝒙=
𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟔𝟒
So, the length of side a = 1.464
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LECTURE TWO Trigonometric Functions
HOME WORKS
Q1: Derive the formula for cos (A-B) by using accompanying figure
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝑨+𝐭𝐚𝐧𝑩
Q2: Prove that for tangent sum 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) =
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧𝑨𝐭𝐚𝐧𝑩
Q3: If x+y+z=π prove the trigonometric identity
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
cot +cot +cot = cot ∗cot ∗cot
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝐜𝐬𝐜𝒙+𝐜𝐨𝐭𝒙
Q4: Prove that 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒙+𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒙
= 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝒙𝐜𝐬𝐜𝒙
Q5: Use cosine law to find the distance X (from M to A)
B C
M
X
A D
