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S.Y. 2021-2022
PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
GRADE 12 |QUARTER 1|WEEK 3
The Nature of Variables
DAN ANGELO G. DUCO, LPT
Subject Teacher
NAME: ________________________________________
GRADE AND SECTION: _________________________
STRAND: ______________________________________
Lesson 2 Importance of Quantitative Research across Fields
Let Us Begin!
You already know how important quantitative reseacrh is across fields or the big concept in general.
Now, let us look into the smaller details. The main purpose of research is to solve problems and improve the
life of the people. But research cannot be possible without taking into consideration measurable factors
that are subject to change due to circumstances. Anbything that can vary in research due to
circumstances is called a variable. Yes, in this module we are going to find the X and the Y of research.
Ready?
Learning Competency
o differentiates kinds of variables and their uses.
Let Us Aim!
Lesson Objectives:
1. The students complete research worksheets on variables.
2. The students differentiate types of variables.
3. The students identify dependent and independent variables.
4. The students recognize the need of identifying the variables in doing research.
Let us Try!
Directions: Study the equation below and answer the following questions.
2x+3y=12
Processing Questions:
1. What have you observed in the equation above?
2. What do you call the letters included in the equation?
3. Where do you often see this type of equation?
4. Why do you think letters are present in the equation?
Let Us Study!
A. Defining Variable
A variable is a central concept in research. It is measurable characteristic that changes in value.
It may vary from one group to another group, one person to another or even with the same person
over time.
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A variable is anything that may assume varied numerical or categorical values. For instance, sex
is a variable, it may be male or female but it would not be applicable as a variable if the setting is
an exclusive school for girls. Socio economic status is a variable; it may range from zero to billion
pesos. Educational attainment of parents is another variable, it may be from did not attend school
to post-doctorate degree.
B. Types of Variable
1. Based on Cause-and-Effect
i. Dependent Variable also called as outcome variable; it is a result or effect of the
changes brought about by another variable
ii. Independent Variable The cause variable or the responsible for the conditions that
act on something else to bring about changes.
In the picture above, the researcher is trying to find out the effects of Bio-fertilizer ‘x’ on plant growth.
The independent variable is the Bio-fertilizer ‘x’ because it’s the one which will cause change. The
dependent variable is the plant because it is the one which the fertilizer was applied to. And
because of the independent variable bio-fertilizer x, the dependent variable plant grew and
increased its number of leaves and fruits.
2. Based on the Value taken by the Variable
i. Continuous variable. A variable that can take infinite number on the value that can
occur within a population. Its values can be divided into fractions. Examples of this
type of variables include age, height, and temperature.
ii. Discrete variable. Known as categorical or classificatory variable, on the other hand,
is any variable that has limited number of distinct values and which cannot be
divided into fractions such as sex, blood group, and number of children.
3. Based on Scales of Measurements
i. Nominal Variable is a variable with no quantitative value. It has two or more
categories but does not imply ordering of cases like eye color, business type, religion,
sex (dichotomous).
ii. Ordinal Variable is a variable that has two or more categories which can be ranked
like educational attainment using coding; elementary = 1, high school = 2, college
undergraduate = 3, college graduate = 4 and graduate studies = 5.
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iii. Interval variable is a measurement where the difference between two values does
have meaning such as temperature, age, exam result, grades and etc.
iv. Ratio variable possesses the properties of interval variable and has a clear definition
of zero indication that there is none of that variable such as height, weight and
distance
Let Us Know!
Here are the key points tackled in Module 3:
• A variable is a central concept in research. It is measurable characteristic that
changes in value. It may vary from one group to another group, one person to
another or even with the same person over time.
• There are three (3) types of variables; based on cause-and-effect, value taken by
the variable, and based on scales of measurement.
• Variables based on cause-and-effect has two types: dependent and
independent.
• Variables based on the value taken has two types: continuous and discrete.
• Variables based on scale of measurement has 4 types: nominal, ordinal, interval
and ratio
Let Us Think!
Am I the Cause or the Effect?
Direction: Identify the independent variable (IV) and the dependent variable (DV) of the given situations.
1. A planned program of counseling interventions will enable clients to achieve low anxiety levels
more rapidly than clients who received normal nursing medical care.
IV: _______________________________________________________________________________________
DV: ______________________________________________________________________________________
2. As temperature increase from 65oC to 95oC, the zone of inhibition becomes bigger.
IV: _______________________________________________________________________________________
DV: ______________________________________________________________________________________
3. In a study of how different drugs affect the severity of the symptoms, the researcher compared
the frequency and intensity of the symptoms when different doses of drugs where administered.
IV: _______________________________________________________________________________________
DV: ______________________________________________________________________________________
4. A florist wants to see if a certain product will extend the life of cut flowers so that they last longer.
IV: _______________________________________________________________________________________
DV: ______________________________________________________________________________________
5. A soap manufacturer wants to prove that their detergent works better to remove tough stains.
IV: _______________________________________________________________________________________
V: ________________________________________________________________________________________
6. A teller bank is tying bills into stacks. The number of stacks the teller can make depends on how
many bills there are on hand.
IV: _______________________________________________________________________________________
DV: ______________________________________________________________________________________
7. In order to earn extra money on the weekends, Mia’s string quartet performs at wedding
receptions. The longer the reception, the more money they earn.
IV: _______________________________________________________________________________________
DV: ______________________________________________________________________________________
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8. Over summer vacation, Charlene has to read a novel for English classes. She had decided to
spend the same amount of time reading everyday. The number of hours she spends reading
everyday will determine how many days it will take her to finish the book.
IV: _______________________________________________________________________________________
DV: ______________________________________________________________________________________
9. Cherryl is going to hang clean shirts up in the closet. The number of empty hangers she needs will
depend on how many clean shirts there are.
IV: _______________________________________________________________________________________
DV: ______________________________________________________________________________________
10. For Valentine’s Day, Nikki is bringing cards to class. The number of students in Nikki’s class dictates
the number of cards she brings in.
IV: _______________________________________________________________________________________
DV: ______________________________________________________________________________________
Let Us Inspect!
May I Know Your Data?
Direction: Identify the value measured as continuous or discrete
1. Number of Plants Height of Plants 2. Family Number of Siblings
1 10 Mallari 8
2 12 Chico 5
3 13.2 Rocello 6
4 14.5 Dumayas 10
5 16 Flordeliz 4
Type: Type:
3. Fruits Weight of Fruits (g) 4. Temperature Degree Fahrenheit
Mango 250 Boiling Water 212
Apple 125 Ice Water 12.5
Grapes 10.5 Warm Water 45
Banana 500 Juice 75.5
Guyabano 300 Type:
Type:
5. Schools Population
OCNHS 7,000
BCNHS 4, 500
SJSC 1,000
NCNHS 500
SVSFI 1300
Type:
Let Us Reflect!
Why are variables important in a research work?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Let Us Achieve!
A. Direction: On the space before the number, write I if the variable is Interval, N if nominal, R if Ratio
and O if ordinal.
1. Body temperature in Celsius
2. Citizenship
3. Cups of rice consumed in a day
4. Distance travel in an hour
5. Emotion
6. Fast food chain
7. Strand taken
8. Grade in Physical Education
9. Score in short quiz
10. Year level
B. Given the choices below, classify what type of variable are the following. Write the letter of your
answer on the space provided.
A. Interval B. Nominal C. Ratio D. Ordinal
1. Age as of January 2019
2. Brand of shampoo
3. College Course
4. Gender
5. Hair color
6. Internet Usage in a day
7. Music Genre
8. Number of Years in Service
9. Occupation
10. Periodical test score
C. Supply the table below with the information needed.
Research Topic Independent Variable Dependent Variable
1. The relationship of Parents’ Educational
Background to the Academic Performance of
the Elementary Students
2 The influence of texting in decreasing the
students’ grammatical competence
3. The impact of Koreanovelas on the Filipino
value system
4. 4. The relationship of corrupt practices and the
resignation of the employees
5. The use of Eco Brick Project in Waste
Management Performance of HUMSS students
6. 6. Time spent studying and its effects the test
scores of TVL students
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7. Relationship between disposable income and
location amongst young adults
8. Salary and job satisfaction among
Greenwoods residents
9. 9. Number of hours invest in the gym to the
body built of the male employees
10. The skin color and the self- esteem of the
Facebook users
References
Chico, A. M., & Matira, M. D. (2018). Practical Research for the 21st Century Learners (Quantitatiive
Research). Manila: St. Augustine Publications, Inc.
Matira, M. D., & Edano, D. C. (2014). A Friendly Approach to Thesis Writing (with Do-it-Yourself Statistics) (2014
ed.). Plaridel, Bulacan: St. Andrew Publishing House.
Baraceros, Esther L. (2016). Practical Research 2. Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano H. B. (2017). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS)
(pp 1-2). Cubao, Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Faltado, R.E., Bombita, M.B., & Boholano H. B. (2017). Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research for SHS)
(pp 4-6). Cubao, Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.
Image 1: https://images.app.goo.gl/5Gzv7fZ3KBBtC8ei6
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