THEN

You solved equations and inequalities.

NOW
You will:
Use equations of relations and
functions.
Determine the slope of a line.
Use scatter plots and prediction
equations.
Graph linear inequalities.

& WHY
RECREATION Linear functions can
be used to model many aspects of
recreational activities, including the
amount it would cost a group of people
to attend the state fair.
Use the Mathematical Practices to
complete the activity.
1. Use Tools You want to know how
much it would cost your FFA club
to go to the state fair. Use the KWL
Chart tool to record and organize
what you know, what you want to
know, and what you learn.
TO!* EFA State Fair TriP

Total going Total cost for

II=50 group,
Including
admission
and parking

2. Use Tools Use the Internet to find

the cost of attending the state fair.
Is there a group discount? What is
the cost of parking?
3. Applying Math Write an equation
to determine the total cost of your
group attending the state fair.
4. Reasoning What fee should you
charge each person attending?
.C::O ho Online to Guide Your Learning
I

Explore &Explain Organize

bplor• Lirttllflnt'<,tU~Iitl'tS

Graphi ~g Tools
How""'•clwu~!NonW•-tn.l>.
•ndtheMquelty.ytTtlolafl.athe

"'"'' Foldables
Use the Graphing Tools in ConnectED to Y• (·Ullc"t 2.3
Get organized! Create a Relations
explore how changing parameters affects - ----ED
-----~
and Functions Foldable before you
the graph of a function or an inequality. start the chapter to organize your
notes about relations and functions .
••

).· ~

The Geometer's Sketchpad

Use The Geometer's Sketchpad to illustrate
how to graph relations and functions. Use it
to graph and analyze polynomial functions in
Lesson 2-3 and to explore the piecewise,
step, and absolute value functions discussed
in Lesson 2-5. Collaborate

Chapter Project
In the Getting Healthy project, you
will use what you have learned about

•~=f!T!l• I
rate of change and writing equations
to complete a project that addresses
Interactive Student Guide health literacy.
Before starting the chapter, answer the
Chapter Focus preview questions. Check
your answers as you complete each lesson.
At the end of the chapter, try the
Performance Task.
~~~ 1§.=¥"§;:::
...........
~~~;1~-===-
_..._ ·-- -----
=-=- 1-
............. .. II
,;~I _ - ----
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.....

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------·-
-·---
· ""=,.......,.--- ~--

\"_::-------- - t-- J -.~-

Focus

LEARNSMART. ~ ALEKs·
Need help studying? • 'A"CH!EVE ............. _ , _
You can use the Lines and
Complete the Modeling Functions topic in ALEKS to
with Functions domain in explore what you know about
LearnS mart to review for relations and functions and
the chapter test. what you are ready to learn.*'

ll< Ask your teacher if this is part of your program.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 85
Get Ready for the Chapter
Connecting Concepts New Vocabulary

Concept Check English Espanol

Review the concepts used in this chapter by answering one-to-one function p.87 funci6n biunlvoca
the questions below. onto function p.87 sabre Ia funci6n
1. Given the coordinate plane shown, how would you discrete relation p.88 relaci6n discreta
find the x-coordinate of the ordered pair represented continuous relation p.88 relaci6n continua
by the point 0?
vertical line test p. 88 prueba de Ia recta vertical
2. Given the coordinate plane shown, how would you independent variable p. 89 variable independiente
find they-coordinate of the ordered pair represented
dependent variable p.89 variable dependiente
by the point 0? y
function notation p.89 notaci6n funcional
3. In the coordinate plane shown, D 8
linear equation p.95 ecuaci6n lineal
in what quadrant is pointE? A
linear function p.95 funci6n lineal
4. In the coordinate plane c
0 X end behavior p.103 comportamiento final
shown, what is the name for
the location of point C? relative maximum p.105 comportamiento final
E turning point p.105 maximo relativo
5. In the coordinate plane shown,
in what quadrant is point 8? piecewise-defined function p. 118 fun cion por trozos-definida
piecewise-linearfunction p.119 funci6n a intervalos lineal
6. In the coordinate plane shown, are the coordinates in
the ordered pair representing point A positive, step function p.119 funci6n etapa
negative, or a combination? greatest integer function p. 119 fun cion del maximo entero
7. Given 3x + 6y = 24, what would be the first step to absolute value function p.120 funci6n del valor absoluto
solve for y? parent graph p.125 grafica madre
. 2a + 4b parent function p.125 funci6n del padre
8. Grven - c -, where a = -3, b = 4, and c = -2, what
would be the first step to evaluate the expression? line of reflection p.126 linea de Ia reflexi6n
9. After you evaluate the expression in question 8, would dilation p.126 homotecia
you have a positive or negative number? x-intercept p.133 intersecci6n x
y-intercept p.133 intersecci6n y
Performance Task Preview I C:MAPlU Z
I!' Prepa11n9 for Asses'lment
l
l

You can use the concepts and -·--·- ··---·-··.---·

....-...ra~<

. .--.. .
.... Review Vocabulary
skills in the chapter to evaluate
data for the corporate clients of - __ _______
=~--...,..--
... _,...

:t: k iii
. ~-

equation ecuaci6n a mathematical sentence stating that two

a statistical and business t::-:-.;..-:::".:::.-::::::".:-·-... mathematical expressions are equal
analysis company. 2~~..:=..:=..-:=:...~=. ~fI function funci6n a relation in which each x-coordinate is
Understanding relations and 1--·--·------·-
·-~--·-~----·-
.,_ . I c- c '

paired with exactly one y-coordinate

==-.-::::.-:::::.:=.=:.-... - -
functions will help you finish the ~--::.-··--~----··-- . -·..
·----·-----
· - - _ .. _ _ _ ... _ .... 00.

Performance Task at the end of relation relaci6n a set of ordered pairs

Relation Function
the chapter.
Domain Range Domain Range
G In this Performance Task you will:
• make sense of problems and persevere in solving them
• model with mathematics -JH -~
0
2
6
'
-2
-3
-4
• attend to precision

86 I Chapter 2 I Relations and Functions

 domains and ranges
•1 Determine whether
functions are one-to-
• The table shows the monthly
average low and high
for given situations. one and/or onto. temperatures for Charlotte,
North Carolina. Each month's
2
Determine whether
functions are discrete
or continuous.
average temperatures can be
represented by the ordered pair
(average low, average high). For
example, january's average
temperatures can be expressed
as (32, 51). 88 82 73
Source: The Weather Channel

'~ New
Vocabulary
one-to-one function
onto function
1Relations and Functions Recall that a function is a relation in which each element
of the domain is paired with exactly one element in the range. All functions map
elements of the domain to elements of the range, but they may differ in the way the
discrete relation
continuous relation elements of the domain and range are paired.
vertical line test
independent variable
dependent variable
function notation one-to-one function 'onto function both one-to-one and onto
codomain
Each element of the domain Each element of the range Each element of the domain is
-- pairs to exactly one unique corresponds to an element of paired to exactly one element
element of the range. the domain. of the range, and each element
G Mathematical of the range corresponds to a
Practices unique element of the domain.
1 Make sense of
problems and persevere Domain Range 1 Domain Range Domain Range

nft
in solving them.

~g~l
2 Reason abstractly and
quantitatively.
4 Model with
mathematics.
7 Look for and make use
of structure.

Example1 Domain and Range

State the domain and range of each relation. Then determine whether each relation is
a function. If it is a function, determine if it is one-to-one, onto, both, or neither.
a. {(-6, -1), (-5, -9), (-3, -7), (-1, 7), (6, -9)}
Domain: {-6, - 5, - 3, -1, 6} Range: {-9, -7, -1, 7}
function: Yes, because each element of the domain is paired with one element
of the range.
one-to-one: No, because each element of the domain is not paired with a unique
element of the range.
onto: Yes, because each element of the range corresponds to an element
of the domain.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 87
 b.

Domain: {-2, -1, 2} Range: {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}

The relation is not a function because 2 is mapped to both -2 and 2, and -1 is
mapped to both -1 and 1.

Guided Practice
State the domain and range of each relation. Then determine whether each relation is
a function. If it is a function, determine if it is one-to-one, onto, both, or neither.
1A. y 18. Domain Range

0 X

Study Tip 2 Discrete and Continuous Functions A relation in which the domain consists of a
set of individual elements and the graph is a set of unconnected points is said to be a
discrete relation. When the domain of a relation has an infinite number of elements and the
~ Structure Notice that
relation can be graphed with a line or smooth curve, the relation is a continuous relation.
Graph A is composed of
individual, or discrete, points
while Graph Bcontinues GrnphA Grn~B

from one point to the next Yt •

with no gaps. •
0 X X
•

discrete relation continuous relation

With both discrete and continuous graphs, you can use the vertical line test to determine
whether the relation is a function.

Go Online! rJ!
Words If no vertical line intersects a graph If a vertical line intersects a graph in
Explore relations and how to
identify functions using The in more than one point, the graph two or more points, the graph does not
Geometer's Sketchpad® represents a function. represent a function.
activity in ConnectED.
Models y.

88 I lesson 2-1 I Functions and Continuity

 Relations and functions can also be represented by equations. The solutions of an
equation in x andy are the set of ordered pairs (x, y) that make the equation true. To
determine whether an equation represents a function, it is often simplest to look at the
graph of the relation.

Example2 Graph a Relation

Graph y = tx- 3, and determine the domain and range. Then determine whether
the equation is a function, is one-to-one, onto, both, or neither. State whether it is
discrete or continuous.
Make a table of values that satisfy the equation. Then graph the equation.

Every real number is the x-coordinate

of some point on the line, and every
real number is the y-coordinate of
some point on the line. So the domain
and range are both all real numbers.

The graph passes the vertical line test, so

the equation is a function. Every x-value
is paired with exactly one unique y-value, and
every y-value corresponds to an x-value. Thus, the
function is both one-to-one and onto.

Because the graph is a solid line without breaks, the function is continuous.

Guided Practice
2. Graph y = x 2 + 1, and determine the domain and range. Then determine whether
the equation is a function, is one-to-one, onto, both, or neither. State whether it is
discrete or continuous.

When an equation represents a function, the variable, often x, with values making up the
domain is called the independent variable. The other variable, often y, is called the
dependent variable because its values depend on x.
Reading Math
~ Structure The symbol Equations that represent functions are often written in function notation. The equation
f(x) replaces they and is read
"fof x." The fis just the name
y = 5x - 1 can be written as f(x) = 5x - 1. Suppose you want to find the value in the range
of the function. It is not a that corresponds to the element -6 in the domain of the function. The value f( -6) is found
variable that is multiplied by x. by substituting -6 for each x in the equation. Therefore, f( -6) = 5( -6) - 1 or -31.

Example3 Evaluate a Function

Given f(x) = 2x2 - 8, find each value.
a. f(6) b. f(2y)
f(x) = 2x 2 - 8 Original function f(x) = 2x 2 - 8 Original function
f(6) = 2(6) 2
- 8 Substitute. f(2y) = 2(2y) - 82 Substitute.
= 2(36)- 8 Evaluate 62. = 2(4y 2) - 8 (2y)2 = 221
= 72 - 8 or 64 Simplify. = 8y 2 - 8 Simplify.

Guided Practice
Giveng(x) = 0.5x2- 5x + 3.5, find each value.
38. g(4a)

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 89
 Real-World Example 4 Discrete and Continuous Functions
BICYCLING The graph shows the
Length of Tour de France
length of the Tour de France in
kilometers each year from 2000 4000
through 2013. Is the relation 3900
discrete or continuous? Does the 3800
graph represent a function? e 37oo 4 4•
.:::!3600 4
Because the graph consists of Gl
g 3500 0 4
distinct points, the function is ~ 3400
4 4

discrete. Use the vertical line test. 0 3300

No vertical line can be drawn that •
3200
contains more than one of the data 3100
points. Therefore, the relation is 0 > , __ - - -- - --
L _ ___
-~
L___
-

a function. 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

The first Tour de France, Year
held in 1903, was 2428
kilometers long and was Guided Practice
completed at an average
speed of 25.679 km/h. In 2013, 4. The number of employees a company had in each year from 2010 to 2015 were 25,
the 100th Tour stretched 28, 34, 31, 27, and 29. Graph this information and determine whether the relation is
3403.5 kilometers and was discrete or continuous. Does the graph represent a function?
finished at an average of
40.545 km/h.
Source: letour.fr
A function that represents real-world data may be more accurately modeled as a discrete
graph, or as a continuous graph, but usually not both.

ExampleS Choose the Correct Model

The Yogurt Shack sells prepacked cups of frozen yogurt for $2. The cost of x cups can
be described by the function y = 2x, where y is the total cost in dollars. Determine
whether the function is correctly modeled by a discrete or Buying Frozen Yogurt
continuous function. Explain your reasoning.
8 •y
If a person buys 2 cups of frozen yogurt, it will cost $4. _7
Three cups will cost $6, 4 cups will cost $8, and so on. ~6
1;;5
You cannot go into the Yogurt Shack and purchase
1.5 cups or 2.25 cups if the store is selling prepacked cups.
84
Since the domain consists only of whole number, this is ...
'ij3
~2
correctly modeled by a discrete function and the graph 1
will consist of the set of unconnected points (0, 0), (1, 2), 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7X
(2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), ... as shown. Number of Cups

When deciding whether a real-world situation is modeled by a discrete or continuous

function, consider whether an interval of all real numbers makes sense as part of the
domain.

Guided Practice
SA. A graph consists of the number of hours x a car travels and the distance y the car
travels. Determine whether the function is correctly modeled by a discrete or
continuous function. Explain your reasoning. ~

58. A graph consists of the number of rides x on a roller coaster and the number of
riders who have ridden on the roller coaster y. Determine whether the function is
correctly modeled by a discrete or continuous function. Explain your reasoning. '
~[
o;·

~
-<
3
~

90 I lesson 2-1 I Functions and Continuity

 ~ Go Online! for a
Check Your Undentandlng = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11. V Self-Check Quiz

Example 1 ~ STRUCTURE State the domain and range of each relation. Then determine whether each
relation is a function. If it is a function, determine if it is one-to-one, onto, both, or neither.
1. 2.
s I I• 3
6
-2

4. {( -3, 4), (2, -1), (-2, -1), (6, 2), (5, 4)}

Example 2 Graph each equation, and determine the domain and range. Determine whether the
equation is a function, is one-to-one, onto, both, or neither. Then state whether it is
discrete or continuous.
5. y = 5x + 4 6. y = -4x- 2 1. y = 3x2 8. X= 7

Example 3 9. BASKETBALL The table shows the average points per

game for a professional basketball player for four seasons.
a. Assume the ages are the domain. Identify the domain and range.
b. Write a relation of ordered pairs for the data.
c. State whether the relation is discrete or continuous.
d. Graph the relation. Is this relation a function?

Example 4 Evaluate each function. Season

IPlayer's I Average Points
Age perGame
10. f( -3) if f(x) = -4x - 8 2012-2013 25 22.9
11. g(5) if g(x) = - 2x2 - 4x +1 2013-2014 26 24.0
2014-2015 27 23.8
Example 5 Determine whether each function is correctly modeled using a
2015-2016 28 30.1
discrete or continuous function. Explain your reasoning.
12. Converting Units 13. T-shirts Received
y
14 ~
~
12 )f'
~ 10 If'
§ 8
~ 6
v
4 v
2 v
/
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 X
Kilograms Day

Practice and Proble• Solving Extra Practice is on page R2.

Example 1 State the domain and range of each relation. Then determine whether each relation is a function.
If it is a function, determine if it is one-to-one, onto, both, or neither.
14. 15. 16. {( -3, -4), (-1, 0), (3, 0), (5, 3)}

"'"'0> 2y -6
.§ 4 -4
>. -8 12
tU 14
~
~

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 91
Example 2 G STRUCTURE Graph each equation, and determine the domain and range. Determine
whether the equation is a function, is one-to-one, onto, both, or neither. Then state
whether it is discrete or continuous.
1l y = -3x + 2 18. y = 0.5x- 3 19. y = 2x 2
20. y = -5x 2 21. y = 4x 2 - 8 22. y = - 3x3 - 1

Example 3 Evaluate each function.

f( -8) if f(x) = 5x3 + 1 24. f(2.5) if f(x) = 16x2
Example 4 25. POLITICS The table below shows the population of several states and the number of
U.S. representatives from those states.
a. Make a graph of the data with population
on the horizontal axis and representatives State
I Population
(millions)
I Number of
Representatives
on the vertical axis.
California 3769 53
b. Identify the domain and range. Florida 19.06 27
c. Is the relation discrete or continuous? Illinois 12.87 18
d. Does the graph represent a function? New York 19.47 27
Explain your reasoning.
North Carolina 9.66 13
Texas 25.67 36
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

Example 5 26. WRITING IN MATH Give an example of a real-world function that is discrete and a real-
world function that is continuous. Explain your reasoning.
2l DIVING The table below shows the pressure on a diver at various depths.
0 20 40 60 80 100
1.6 2.2 2.8 3.4 4

a. Write a relation to represent the data.

b. Graph the relation.
c. Identify the domain and range. Is the relation discrete or continuous?
d. Is the relation a function? Explain your reasoning.
Find each value iff(x) = 3x + 2, g(x) = -2x2, and h(x) = -4x2 - 2x + 5.
28. J(-5) 29. f(9) 30. g(-3)
31. g(-6) 32. h(3) 33. h(8)

34. !(t) 35. g(%) 36. h(t)

37. A thrift store sells all clothing items for $3 each. The cost of x items can be described
by the equation y = 3x.
a. Should a graph of y be displayed as a continuous or discrete function? Explain.
b. Graph the function using the domain {0, 1, 3, 6, 10}.
38. MOVIES Chaz has a collection of 15 movies downloaded on his media player. He
decides to download 3 more movies each month. The function M(t) = 15 + 3t counts
the number of movies M(t) he has after t months. How many movies will he have after
8 months?
39. Suppose f(x) is a discrete function. Is the domain always the set of integers? Explain.

40. If the domain of a function is the set of real numbers, can the function be discrete?
Explain.

92 I lesson 2-1 I Functions and Continuity

 I
41. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem you will investigate one-to-one and
onto functions.
a. Graphical Graph each function on a separate graphing calculator screen.
f(x) = x2 g(x) = 2x h(x) = x3 - 3x 2 - 5x +6 j(x) = x3
b. Tabular Use the graphs to create a table showing the number of times a horizontal
line could intersect the graph of each function. List all possibilities.
c. Analytical For a function to be one-to-one, a horizontal line on the graph of the
function can intersect the function at most once. Which functions meet this
condition? Which do not? Explain your reasoning.
d. Analytical For a function to be onto, every possible horizontal line on the graph of
the function must intersect the function at least once. Which functions meet this
condition? Which do not? Explain your reasoning.
e. Graphical Create a table showing whether each function is one-to-one and/or onto.

l H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-order Thinking Skills J

42. G CRITIQUE ARGUMENTS Omar and Madison are findingf(3d) for the function
f(x) = -4x
2
- 2x + 1. Is either of them correct? Explain your reasoning.
Omar tv\~c::A.i.SO\\

f(3d) = -'t(3d)2. - 2.(3d) + 1 .P0.:A) == -4(3.:A) 2 - 2(3.:A) + I

= -'t(9d2.)- 6d + 1 == I2.:A 2 - '.:A + I

= -36d2.- 6d +1

43. CHALLENGE Consider the functions f(x) and g(x). f(a) = 19 and g(a) = 33, while
f(b) = 31 and g(b) = 51. If a = 5 and b = 8, find two possible functions to represent
f(x) and g(x).

44. G REASONING If the graph of a relation crosses the y-axis at more than one point, is
I the relation sometimes, always, or never a function? Explain your reasoning.

45. OPEN-ENDED Graph a relation that can be used to represent each of the following.
a. the height of a baseball that is hit into the outfield
b. the speed of a car that travels to the store, stopping at two lights along the way
c. the height of a person from age 5 to age 80
d. the temperature on a typical day from 6 A.M. to 11 P.M.

46. G REASONING Determine whether the following statement is true or false. Explain
your reasoning.
If a function is onto, then it must be one-to-one as well.

47. The range is part of the codomain, which is the set of all possible Domain Codomain

~ rRan~e'
y-values, or the set of all possible values to which the function could
map the domain. The codomain is assumed to be all real numbers
unless otherwise stated. The diagram at the right shows one pairing
of domain and codomain that is one-to-one and onto. Draw another
pairing of the domain and codomain so that the pairing is neither
one-to-one nor onto.
ott
2
4 I
2
4

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 93
Preparing for Assessment
48. The graph below shows the function 50. The table shows the amounts I
Weight (lb) Cost($)
f(x) = -x2 + 4x + 5. G 1,2 that five customers paid for bags
2 1.60
of apples of various weights.
4.5 3.60
- r---- 10
y
G4
- r---- 1- 8 / ~ 6 4.80
- - 1-6 I \ Mitul noted the function c = 0.8w
1.8 1.44
can be used to find the cost c, in
1\ dollars, for w pounds of apples. 3.4 2.72
\
-4 -21
I
' 2 4 \6 8 10 12 X What are the domain and range
r-- - 4 ' of Mitul's function?
r----
11 6
0 A D = {1.8, 2, 3.4, 4.5, 6},
R = {1.44, 1.6, 2.72, 3.6, 4.8}
a. What are the domain and range of the function 0 B D = {w 11.8::::; w::::; 4.8}, R = {c 11.44::::; c::::; 6}
shown in the graph?
0 C D = {w I w ~ 0}, R = {c I c ~ 0}
0 A D ={all real numbers}, R ={all real 0 D D = {all real numbers}, R = {all real numbers}
numbers}

0 B D ={all real numbers}, R = {y I y::::; 9} 51. Let the domain of g(x) be the interval (p, q). Given
g( -3) = 2, which of the following must be true? G 1
0 C D ={xI x::::; 2}, R = {y I y::::; 9}
I. p < -3 <q
0 D D = {x I x ~ 2}, R = {y I y ~ 9}
II. p::::; 2::::; q
b. Tell whether the function is one-to-one, onto, or III. g(2) = -3
both.
0 A I only 0 D I and II only
0 B II only 0 E I, II, and III
c. Tell whether the graph of the function is
continuous or discrete. Explain.
0 C III only

52. Which pricing system could be modeled by a

d. MULTI-SELECT Which of the following
discrete function? Select all solutions. Explain your
statements are true? Select all solutions.
choice(s). G 1,4
D A f(O) = 0 0 A An ice cream shop sells any amount of ice
cream for $0.95 per ounce.
D B /(4) = 5
0 B An ice cream shop sells ice cream and
D c J(6) = 7 toppings for $5.00 per cup.
D D f(-1) = 0 0 C An ice cream shop sells ice cream for $1.20
per ounce and toppings for $0.55 per ounce.
D E /(2) = 9
0 D none of these
D F J(-4) = 10
53. For which domain wouldf(x) = x be discrete? G1
0 A D = {1, 2, 3, ...}
49. Let f(x) = -2x2 + 2x. What is f(2a)? G 1
0 B D = {x I x ~ 2}
0 A -16a 2 + 4a
0 C D = {all real numbers}
0 B -8a 2 + 4a
0 D D = {x I 0 < x < 10}
0 C -4a 2 + 4a
0 D -2a 2 + 2a 54. Draw a graph of a real-life situation that is modeled
by a discrete function. Explain why the function is
0 E 16a 2 + 4a discrete. G 1

94 I Lesson 2-1 I Functions and Continuity

 m
• You analyzed • , Identify linear and • Laura does yard work to earn money r::
·;:
continuity of nonlinear functions by during the summer. She either cuts grass ell
functions. examining equations x or does general gardening y, and she "Ecu
(!)
or graphs. schedules 5 jobs per day. The equation
x + y = 5 can be used to relate how many
Determine whether
2 graphs of functions
have line or point
of each task Laura can do in a day. Cuts Grass
X

symmetry.

··(;}J New I
Vocabulary , Identify Linear Functions In a llinear function, no variable is raised to a power
linear equation other than 1. Any linear function can be written in the formf(x) = mx + b, where m
linear function and bare real numbers. Linear functions can be modeled by linear equations, which can
nonlinear function
be written in the form Ax + By = C. The graph of a linear equation is a straight line.
line symmetry
line of symmetry
point symmetry A function that is not linear is called a nonlinear function. The graph of a nonlinear
point of symmetry function includes a set of points that cannot all lie on the same line. A nonlinear function
cannot be written in the formf(x) = mx +b. A parabola is the graph of a quadratic
function, which is a type of nonlinear function.
G Mathematical
Practices
3 Construct viable
arguments and critique Words A linear function can be written in the form ~x) = mx + b or y = mx + b, where m
the reasoning of others. and bare real numbers.
7 Look for and make use
of structure. Examples ~x)
2
= --x-1
3
Nonexamples ~x) = x1
1
~x) = x 2x + 6y 2 = -25
2
4x- 5y= 16 5
x+xy=s

Example1 Identify Linear Functions from Equations

State whether each function is a linear function. Write yes or no. Explain.
a. 3x + 2y = 8
3x + 2y=8 Original function

2y = -3x + 8 Subtract 3xfrom each side.

y= -;x + ~ Divide each side by 2.

y = -fx + 4 Simplify.

Yes; the equation can be written as y = -fx + 4, where m = -f, and b = 4.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 95
 b. f(x) =!
X
No; the expression includes division by the variable.
c. y= 3xy- 4
No; the two variables are multiplied together.

Guided Practice
3
1A. f(x) = x + 6
5
18. g(x) = -ix + 31

The graph of a linear function consists of a single straight line or a set of points that lie
along a single straight line.

Real-World Example 2 Identify Linear Functions from Graphs

ECOLOGY The graph models one prediction about the population of the northern
snakehead fish in a lake over time. The data in the table models a second prediction.
State whether each is a linear function. Explain.
Jt-t"' -~~}'f
.... ~~ ... 1/c

~~v '·
.. - .. " • h

The northern snakehead is

Model A ,. Model B ·~~ :t:}
an invasive species of fish
that was first reported in y Time (years) Population
200 J';
the United States in 1997. 0 100
Source: United States Geological 175 / 1 125
Survey
6 150 /
2 150
~ 125 /
1100 v 3
4
175
200
~ 75
50
25
~
0 1 2 3 4
Time (years)

For model A, draw a line through For model B, plot ordered pairs from
the first two points marked the table. Then try to draw a line
on the graph. through all of the points.

Model A Model B

200
y
J'f 200
y
;t
175 / ~ 175 v
5 150 ~~ 6 150 /
~ 125
~,
~ 125 /
1100 / 1100 v
~ 75 i. 75
50 50
25 25
~ ~
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Time (years) Time (years) l>

The line shows that the points on

the graph of the function do not
all lie single straight line. Model A
is a nonlinear function.
All of the points lie on a single
straight line. Model B is a
linear function.
'
~'
Vl
g
J
f
96 I Lesson 2-2 I Linearity and Symmetry
 Shayla's Ride
Guided Practice
g::-4

II
2. Shayla and her brother Malcolm both left home ~ E 3
cv-
on their bikes at the same time. The graph shows u cv 2
r::: E
a function modeling Shayla's distance from home so,
.!!! ::J:
over time. The table shows a function modeling 0
0 10 20 30 40
Malcolm's distance from home over time.
Time (min)
State whether each function is a linear function. Explain.

2 1dentify Symmetry The graphs of some functions exhibit symmetry. The graph of
a function has line symmetry if each half of the graph maps exactly to the other half.
The line dividing the graphs into matching halves is called a line of symmetry.

Each point on one side is reflected in the line to a point equidistant from the line on the
opposite side.

Example3 Identify Line Symmetry

State whether the graph of each function has line symmetry. If so, identify the line
of symmetry.

a. ~~ 4 b. y

-
I
'\ \ J
I -~
,_ ~

'\. ./
I .A
- -~ """"'0 X

0 X

A vertical line divides the graph into There is no vertical line that divides
two halves that are mirror images. the graph into two halves that are
mirror images.
Study Tip
Structure For a function
with line symmetry, each
I~
, ~ 4
t
y

point on one side of the

line of symmetry has a
8 ~
Iline of symmetry L~ ;::-- I
II
JB' r.""'"
-...... -.,.,.,.-
.....
_. ............
-~
corresponding point on the
other side that is equidistant
to the line of symmetry.
'
A ~ .) A ~ io""""
-~
0
~ ::-J not a line
-I*-

0 X
lof symmetry I

The graph has line symmetry with The graph does not have line
x = 3 as the line of symmetry. symmetry about a vertical line.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 97
 ~ Guided Practice
State whether the graph of each function has line symmetry. If so, identify the line of
symmetry.
3A. I I I y j l I 38. I I I I I I t Y
~ I
1/
Jl \
~ I I O~ '\ J
I
X

1T TI
'I'"' I
If I I I 1

The graph of a function may also exhibit a type of symmetry called point symmetry.

The graph of a function has point symmetry if it can be rotated 180° about a point so that
its rotation maps exactly onto itself. The point that acts as the center of the rotation is
called the point of symmetry.

r-

Example4 Identify Point Symmetry

State whether the graph of each function has point symmetry. If so, identify the point
or points of symmetry.

a. y
i
r b. I I ~ tyI I ~I
J N I V
I ~
y
I 01 I X
/10 X

II
j
1
When the graph is rotated 180° about There is no point about which
the origin, the rotation maps the the graph can be rotated 180°
original graph onto itself. so that it maps onto itself.

Study Tip Yl i
~. ~ t il ~
Structure For a function 17TT-l-~A
with point symmetry, each "7
point on the graph on one 0,
side of the point of symmetry £ Pl\_ l I I I X V IOI 1'\1 1 x
171 I K
~fEP?in~ oisy:m ~etry I
has a corresponding point
I
on the other side so that the J7F-1 1 1 111 ~
point of symmetry is the
f(A' [)l
midpoint of the segment
1
connecting the two.
The graph has point symmetry The graph does not have point
with (0, 0) as the point of symmetry. symmetry.

98 I Lesson 2-2 I Linearity and Symmetry

 Guided Practice
State whether the graph of each function has point symmetry. If so, identify the
point or points of symmetry.
4A. y 48. y 4
I
I r\ J
I/ ~
II
J
I o 1\
I
' X /_ 0 X

\ J
\ 1/
I
1

Check Your Understanding

Example 1 State whether each function is a linear function. Write yes or no. Explain.
1. f(x) = x ~ 12 2. g(x) = 7 ; x 3. y = 3x2 - 4 4. l2y = 4x + 8

Example 2 SAVINGS Selena and Fiona are each saving money to buy Fiona's Savings
a bicycle. The table shows how the total amount of Selena's y
savings has changed over time, and the graph shows how the ~50
total amount of Fiona's savings has changed over time. State ~ 40

whether each function is a linear function. Explain. ~ 30

Cl)
tO 20
~ 10 I
~I
0 1 2 3 4 5
Week

Examples 3-4 State whether each graph has line symmetry or point symmetry. If so, identify any lines of
symmetry or points of symmetry.

6. y 7. y
l

1/

,
0
T
l
I X

1
1/
J ' \
\,
0 X

I J ~
i/ 7 1\
II 7 \
If ~
'
8. y 9. y j
,. I
1/ If \ II

1/
I
J
' ~
,
\
0 X

I
J 0 X

I
J ~ \ 1/
I 1\ T
I 1
It ~ _L ,j -

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 99
 Extra Practice is on page R2.

Example 1 State whether each equation or function is a linear function. Write yes or no. Explain.
10. 3y - 4x = 20 11. y = x 2 - 6 12. h(x) = 6

13. j (x) = 2x2 + 4x + 1 14. g(x) =5+% 15.f(x)=~

16. 4x + yy = 12 17. x1 + y1 = 1 18. f(x) = 4x

5
+ ~3

Example 2 19. CARS Two cars are waiting at a stoplight. The graph and the table Car A
show how the speeds of the two cars change over time after the light y
turns green. State whether each function is a linear function. Explain. 35 ~
~ 30
I
=e 25
I
:; 20 I I

~ 15 I
c.
V) 10
/
5 v
Examples 3-4 State whether each graph has line symmetry or point symmetry. 0
v 2 3 4 5
-- - ~

If so, identify any lines of symmetry or points of symmetry. Time (s)

y
20. y A

'" 1,/f
,,
" 0
~
v
v X

'
X
If
r'\v 1\ \
\ J \
\ll
r

22. y J 23. y
7 ._. .,..
If ._. ~-

l,..ooo ~
[7
J
17 .A
- ._. ~ ~

0 X

0 X

24. G MODELING Latonya earns a commission of $25 for each 6-month gym membership
that she sells and $45 for each one-year gym membership that she sells. Her goal is to
earn a total of $1125 in commissions in the next two months. The equation 25s + 45f =
1125 models this situation, where s is the number of 6-month memberships and f is
the number of one-year memberships Latonya sells.
a. Graph the equation. Does this equation represent a linear function? Explain.
b. If Latonya sells twelve 6-month memberships and sixteen 1-year memberships, will
she meet her goal? Explain.

25. ARCHITECTURE The function f(x) =- t Ix - 121 + 4 for the domain 0 ~ x ~ 24 models the
shape of a roof.
a. Is the function linear? Justify your answer without graphing the function.
b. Identify the line of symmetry of the function. What does the line of symmetry
represent in this situation?

100 I Lesson 2-2 I Linearity and Sym~etry

 26. SPORTS The table shows how the height of a kicked football changes over time.

a. Is the function shown in the table linear? Justify your answer.

b. Describe any symmetry in the graph of the function. What does the symmetry
indicate about the behavior of the ball?
Write each equation in the form y = mx + b. Identify m and b.
2l x~ 5
= - 2y + 4 28. 4 x; 1
= By - 12 29. - 2~- 8 = -12y + 18
30. FUND-RAISING The Freshman Class Student Council wanted to raise money by giving
car washes. The students spent $10 on supplies and charged $2 peF car watYh.-
a. Write an equation to model the situation.
b. Graph the equation, and state whether it represents a linear function.
c. How much money did they earn after 20 car washes?
d. How many car washes are needed for them to earn $100?

Each coordinate plane represents half the graph of a function. On your own paper, sketch
the other half of the graph based on the description of the symmetry of the function.
The origin is a point of symmetry. 32. The y-axis is a line of symmetry.
y y
~
~
~ ~
7
7 ~
0 X 0\ X

' ~
~

_ - - - ' ! ' "_ _ _ _ u_se '!_igher-Grder Thinking Skills

33. G REASONING Determine whether an equation of the form x =a, where a is a

constant, is sometimes, always, or never a function. Explain your reasoning.

34. ERROR ANALYSIS Of the four equations shown, identify the one that does not belong.
Explain your reasoning.

0 I 4
y=2x+ 3 2 y = 2xy
2 I 0 1 2 ~ 4 X

3 I -2

35. WRITING IN MATH Consider the graph of the relationship between hours worked and earnings.
a. When would this graph represent a linear relationship? Explain your reasoning.
b. Provide another example of a linear relationship in a real-world situation.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 101
Preparing for Assessment
36. Which equations define a nonlinear function? 39. Which is a point of symmetry of the function
Select all that apply. G 7 shown in the graph? G 7
D A y=5 y
l
_7
D B y-x-+4
1\
0 C y=2x 1/ \
r
D D y = 15 + 3x 0 '
~ X

\ J
DE y=x~3 \1
~

37. A swimming pool holds 1800 gallons of water. At

0 A (-1, 0)
the end of the summer, the pool must be drained 0 B (0, 3)
for 3 hours. While the pool is drained, the number
of gallons of water left in the pool g, after t minutes 0 c (1, 0)
of draining, is modeled by the function g = 1800 -
lOt. What are the domain and range of this 0 D (3, 0)
function? G 2, 4
0 A D = {t I t ~ 180}, R = {g I g ~ 1800}
40. MULTI-STEP Nick played in two tennis tournaments.
0 B D = {t I t ~ 0}, R = {g I g ~ 0} The graph shows the number of players left after
each round in the first tournament. The table shows
0 c D = {t I 0 ~ t ~ 180}, R = {g I 0 ~ g ~ 1800}
the number of players left after each round in the
0 D D ={all real numbers}, R ={all real second tournament. G 2, 3
numbers}
Players Remaining in
First Tournament
y
38. Write the equation of the line of symmetry of the
-g 16

function shown in the graph. G 7

s
0:::
14
'0 12
y -g 10
v ~

'
8
ra
J ~ II) 6
I \ ~ 4
~
'
~0 X
ra
0:: 2
~
I'
X
1\ 0123456
I \ Round
I
t'
'
~

0 A x= -5
0 B x= -3
0 C x= -1
a. Are the functions shown in the graph and the
0 D x=O table linear or nonlinear? Explain.
0 E y=O b. Compare and contrast the behavior of the two
Q F y=4 functions.

102 I lesson 2-2 I Linearity and Symmetry

 • You graphed • 1 1dentify the end • The relationship between the speed of
continuous behavior of graphs. a car in miles per hour and the distance
functions. in feet it takes for the car to stop after
1dentify extrema of
2 functions.
braking can be modeled by the graph
of a nonlinear function. Do you think
the speed of the car in miles per hour
and the braking distance can have
unlimited values?

i!hJ New
Vocabulary
end behavior
relative maximum
1End Behavior of Graphs of Functions End behavior is the behavior of a graph
as x approaches positive or negative infinity. At the right end, the values of x are
increasing toward infinity. This is denoted as x ~ +oo. At the left end, the values of x are
relative minimum
turning points decreasing toward negative infinity. This is denoted as x ~ -oo. For the graphs below, as
extrema x ~ +oo, f(x) increases, so f(x)~ +oo, and as x ~ -oo, f(x) decreases, so f(x)~ -oo.
These graphs all have the same end behavior.

G Mathematical
Practices
1 Make sense of
problems. X X X

2 Reason abstractly and

quantitatively.
4 Modelwith
mathematics.
5 Use appropriate tools
strategically.
Example1 End Behavior of Linear Functions
7 Make use of structure.
Describe the end behavior of each linear function graph.
a. 10 y b. y

8
6
4
2
~ ~ ~ 6-4

- - 0
.............
2 4 6 8 10x 0 X

- 6
8
-10
........ .....
....... .....
I

fi@ijl Study the behavior on the right. Jim Study the behavior on the right.
As x increases, f(x) decreases. As x increases, g(x) is constant.
As x ~ +oo, f(x) ~ -oo. As x ~ +oo, g(x) = 4.

.,en
fiw Study the behavior on the left. fiw Study the behavior on the left.
As x decreases, f(x) increases. As x decreases, g(x) is constant.
.§
>- As x ~ -oo, f(x) ~ +oo. As x ~ -oo, g(x) = 4.
~
~
~
fim Describe the end behavior. fim Describe the end behavior.
~
IXl
As x ~ +oo, f(x) ~ -oo, and as As x ~ +oo, g(x) = 4, and as x ~
c:
0
0 x ~ -oo, f(x) ~ +oo. -oo, g(x) = 4.

connectli).mcgraw-hill.com 103
 f' Guided Practice

llljf.
Describe the end behavior of each linear function graph.
1A. I 18. y

0 X

• I I I I p~~

To determine end behavior, you do

not need to consider the values of
• fY +
the graph closer to the origin. Instead,

\r~
focus on the graph's behavior at the
ends of the graph. Even though two 0 X
functions have very different
graphic representations, they can 01 \J X

have the same end behavior, as

shown in the graphs to the right.

Example2 End Behavior of Nonlinear Functions 11

Review Vocabulary Describe the end behavior of each nonlinear function graph.
infinity endless or boundless
a. y
b. f'tii
tr\ ~
1 101\ X ~
'
0 X

1\
1\

Study Tip
fim Study the behavior on the right. fim Study the behavior on the right.
As x increases, f(x) decreases. As x increases, f(x) decreases.
G Sense-Making End
behavior refers to the behavior
I As x - t +oo, f(x) - t -oo. As x - t +oo, f(x) - t -oo.
of a graph as the x-values
approach infinity or negative
fim Study the behavior on the left. fim Study the behavior on the left.
As x decreases, f(x) decreases. As x decreases, f(x) increases.
infinity. There may be no actual
As x - t -oo, f(x) - t -oo. As x - t -oo, f(x) - t +oo.
maximum or minimum value,
but a relative maximum or
minimum value can be found
fii§:S Describe the end behavior. fii§:S Describe the end behavior.
within a certain interval of As x - t +oo, f(x) - t -oo and as x As x - t +oo, f(x) - t -oo and as
x-values. - t -oo, f(x) - t -oo. x - t -oo, f(x) - t +oo.

Guided Practice
Describe the end behavior of each nonlinear function graph.

2A. I~y lll m 28. ~ 2ttLm

104 I lesson 2-3 I Extrema and End Behavior

0
1\ I

1 N4 I
I
1\ I I 1/
II
I J

Ix EM
 2Extrema of Functions Sometimes the behavior of a function closer to the origin is
important to know. The graph below shows a nonlinear function with coordinates
close to the origin . . -- l y ,···· ~ relative 1
\ /
The point A is a relative maximum of the function since no other
nearby points have a greater y-coordinate. The graph is increasing
as it approaches A and decreasing as it moves away from A.
'~ Il=l
' ~ maximum 1

The point B is a relative minimum of the function since no other

~~v;l
n1mum 1

nearby points have a lesser y-coordinate. The graph is decreasing 0 X

as it approaches B and increasing as it moves away from B.

The relative maxima and relative minima are often referred to as turning points, or the
points where a curve completely changes direction from either down to up or up to
'
down. For some functions, you can predict how many turning points to expect by
knowing the degree of the function. Knowing the number of turning points is helpful
when sketching the graphs of some functions, which you will do in Chapter 4.
The relative minima, relative maxima, and turning points are known as the extrema of
the graph.

Example3 Zeros and Extrema of a Graph

The table and graph below are of a function with extrema. Estimate the zeros. Then
estimate the coordinates at which relative maxima and minima occur.
Study Tip
G Use Tools You can use a l. y
graphing calculator to explore \ ...
the graphs of a variety of \ ~ ~
functions. Use the CALC menu " \
to find the relative maximum \
and relative minimum values of 0 1 X

a function as well as the zeros

and the points where graphs
intersect.
1\J

Look at the table of values and the graph.

The value of f(x) changes signs between x = 0 and x = 1, indicating a zero of the
function. There must be a zero near x = 1.
The value of f(x) changes signs between x = 2 and x = 3, indicating another zero of the
function. There must be a zero near x = 2.
The values of f(x) at x = -2 and x = -1 are greater than at a point between them,
indicating a relative minimum between -2 and -1. There must be a relative minimum
near x = -1.
The values of f(x) at x = - 1 and x = 0 are less than at a point between them, indicating a
relative maximum between -1 and 0. There must be a relative maximum near x = 0.
The values of f(x) at x = 1 and x = 2 are greater than at a point between them, indicating
a relative minimum between 1 and 2. There must be a relative minimum near x = 2.
;...,
~ Guided Practice
A
y ~
3. I f(x)
X J\
-2 14 I
-1 0 II
'I
0 -2
j
1 2
I
2 6 oI X
3 4 \ [J
"
'
4 -10

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 105
 The value of f(x) changes sign between x = -1 and x = 0, indicating a zero of the
Study Tip function. From the table, you can see that there is a zero at x = -1.
Rational Values Zeros and
turning points will not always
The values of f(x) at x = -1 and x = 0 are greater than at a point between them,
occur at integral values of x. indicating a relative minimum between -1 and 0. There must be a relative minimum
near x = 0.
The value of f(x) changes sign between x = 0 and x = 1, indicating a zero of the
function. There must be a zero near x = 1.
= 2 and x = 3 are less than at a point between them, indicating a
The values of f(x) at x
relative maximum between 2 and 3. There must be a relative maximum near x = 2.
The value of f(x) changes sign between x = 3 and x = 4, indicating a zero of the
function. There must be a zero near x = 3.

Real-World Example 4 Find End Behavior and Extrema

FOOD PRICES The cost of an orange changes over the course of a year, as shown in
the table for each month starting in January and in the graph of cost over time as a
function. Use the table and graph to estimate the extrema for this function. Then
explain the extrema in the context of the situation.
Month I Cost($)
1.3lyl
1 0.60 1.2 l I I I I I I I I I T Tl
2 0.70 1.1 I
1 -
3 1.00
0.9 J"-1/ , -
4 0.90
5 1.00 ~ 0.8 "--- I ' -
t; 0.7 I I '
6 0.90 8 0.6 l/ I \ I
7 0.80 0.5 I I I 1 \ l /i
8 0.70
0.4 - l/j"_ T
0.3
~----
1---
9 0.70
0.2 uf--1
10 0.40 0.1 ----1 lf----1
+--1
X
11 0.50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
12 0.60
Month

Extrema for Table

The costs in February and April are less than the cost in March, so March, which is
represented by the point (3, 1.00), is a relative maximum. Similarly, the point (5, 1.00)
for May is a relative maximum.
The costs in March and May are greater than the cost in April, so April, which is
represented by the point (4, 0.90), is a relative minimum. Similarly, the point (10, 0.40)
for October is a relative minimum.
Extrema for Graph
The function is increasing from x = 1 to x = 3 and decreasing from x = 3 to x = 4.
Therefore, the value of f(x) where x = 3 represents a relative maximum. Similarly, the
value of f(x) where x = 5 represents a relative maximum.
The function is decreasing from x = 3 to x = 4 and increasing from x = 4 to x = 5.
Therefore, the value of f(x) where x = 4 represents a relative minimum. Similarly, the
value of f(x) where x = 10 represents a relative minimum.
Because March and May are relative maxima, they are the months when oranges are
the most expensive. Because October is a relative minimum, it is the month oranges
are the cheapest.

106 I lesson 2-3 I Extrema and End Behavior

 Guided Practice
4. ENTERTAINMENT The Month I Cost ($)
y
average cost of a theater 1 10 16
ticket at the local cinema 2 12 14
3 12 -12 / r\. ,...... ~ ,.....~
changesoverthecourse ~ 10 / \ ~~
4 14 ~
of a year, as shown in 5 11
't;;
0
8
the table for the months u 6
6 12
4
starting in January and 7 13
2
in the graph of cost over 8 14 - - -- - -
X

time as a function. Use 9 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

the table and graph to 10 10 Month
estimate the extrema for 11 11
12 12
this function. Then
explain the extrema in the context of the situation.

Check Your Understanding = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11. IV

rJJ Go Online! for a
Self-Check Quiz
Example 1 Describe the end behavior of each linear function.

1. ~ 2. ffiim 3. y

~ ffiHE ... ....... ..... .......

0 X

~
....... ~

Example 2 Describe the end behavior of each nonlinear function. I' ~

4. y l 5. y 6. y
A ~
..

l
l
\ I \
\ If I
0' X 0 '~ X 0 / X
j"\J I 1\ ~

It
I
I \
\
~
, I
'I

7. The table and graph below are of a function X I f (x) y .4

Example 3 -3 -18 I
with extrema. Estimate the zeros. Then -2 -1 II ' r\. 1
estimate the coordinates at which relative -1 4 I
I
maxima and minima occur. 0 3
0 X
1 2
Example 4 8. Harold and Marnie are selling produce 2 7
for one day at a farmers' market. The
table and graph model the expected
y
3 24
,
number of pounds of produce sold per 8
hour. Use the table and graph to estimate 7 J\
the extrema for this function. Then Cl) 6 J ~ 1\ Hour I Pounds

explain the extrema in the context of the -g 5

I '~ \\ 1 2

situation. 0.. 3
4 s v
~ 2
3
3
4
2 l/ 4 7
1 5 7
I I I I I I I I I !... 6 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 8
Hours 8 3

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 107
 Practice and Prob.lem Solving Extra Practice is on page R2.

E pie 1 Use the graphs to describe the end behavior of each linear function.
9. .... ....... y 10. y 11. y .4
..... I
....... ..... IJ
...... ..... J
["'..~ 7
0 ~ 0 X 0 IJ X

J
1/
IJ

xamp1e2 Use the graphs to describe the end behavior of each nonlinear function.
12. y 13. j i y 14. y
~
__,,;""
/
I /
1 I
--- --- I 0 X
-- \ j O X I 0 X

T I
\I}_

amDie3 The table and graph are of a function with X I f(x) ""' y
I"
extrema. Estimate the zeros. Then estimate the
coordinates at which relative maxima and/ or
minima occur.
-3
-2
-1
-18
-1
4
I
I
'' - ~II_

0 3 0 X

ample 16. SAVINGS Amira' s parents have a college savings 1 2

account for her. The graph represents the
balance in the account over time.
a. What was the initial balance of the account?
2
3
7
24 ,
1doo Y
b. Describe the end behavior of the graph "C
Q)
6000
I

as x---+ + oo.
I
> 5000
c. Is there a turning point of the graph? Explain.
d. What trend(s) do the graph suggest?
-(g
(/)

c
I
4000
I

::I 3000
0
E
I
2000 ~~
..- .....
<( 1000
e. Will the trend(s) continue indefinitely? Explain. I
IO 1 2 3 4 5 6x

17. ERROR ANALYSIS Finn thinks that the graph shows a function with no y L.,....oo ~~
extrema. Mina disagrees. Who is correct? Explain your reasoning. / io-"""
1/
18. Consider the function graphs below.
A I I II I tY Il l I I B y c y 0 X

/ [\ v~ v
v
IJ L...
0

Jr\
X

I
I
J
' 1\
\
0

IJt
l/
v
l/ ~
r'\
~
X

I \
_ , I JlI '
__ _L__j__
0 \ X
'1

a. Which of the graphs appear to have the same end behavior? Justify your reasoning.
b. Do any of the graphs appear to have a relative minimum (minima)? If so,
approximate the value of the relative minimum (minima).
c. Do any of the graphs appear to have turning point(s)? If so, approximate the value(s)
of the turning points. Justify your reasoning.

108 I Lesson 2-3 I Extrema and End Behavior

 19. For which function is it true that, as x -too and as x -t-oo, the values ofj(x) remain
constant? Explain.
A B I I I I ty c

X 01 I I X X

life Expectancy at Birth

y ..,
1
20. LIFE EXPECTANCY The life expectancy
at birth in the United States changes
Year I Age
130
120 'I
0 62.8 110 I
each year. The table and graph show 100 1
10 65.5
the life expectancy figures, with 90 v
year 0 representing 1980. 20 67.7 80 ~
~ 70 ~
a. What is the y-intercept of the graph, 30 70.6 ~ 60 ~~
and what does it represent? 40 75.4 50
40
b. Describe the end behavior of the graph. 30
c. Is there a turning point for the graph? Explain. 20
10
X
d. What trends in life expectancy do the graph and table
0 10 2030405060708090
suggest? Is it reasonable that the trends will continue indefinitely?
Years Since 1980
21. OPEN-ENDED Sketch at least four different examples of linear and nonlinear functions
that have the same end behavior as each other.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

22. REASONING Carlo and Jin are selling their photographs at an art fair.
The function models the expected earnings given the number of
photographs sold.
~~~( I I I I I I I LJd
751 I J..o'1
a. Describe the end behavior of f(x) as x -t +oo.
b. Describe the end behavior ofj(x) as x -t -oo. Explain.
Oi 1 ~ ~ 1 Y ? ? ~ ~ X
c. Carlo and Jin are currently selling each photograph for $12.
Would the end behavior of the function change if they decided
to sell the photographs for $10 each instead? Explain your reasoning.
23. REASONING If a function is symmetric about a vertical line, what
must be true about the end behavior of f(x) as x -t oo and as x -t -oo? Explain.
24. REASONING Do all linear functions have the opposite end behavior on the right side
and on the left side of the graph? Explain.
25. WRITING IN MATH How would you describe point P of function g(x) if g is increasing as
it approaches point P from the left and decreasing as g moves away from P on the
right? Explain.
26. ERROR ANALYSIS Damon claims that he can draw a function with two relative minima,
but no relative maxima. Saul says this is impossible. Who is correct? Explain your
reasoning.
27. CHALLENGE Use a graphing calculator to explore the graphs of f(x) = x, g(x) = x2,
h(x) = x3, k(x) = x4, andj(x) = x5 . How does the end behavior of the graphs change as
the power of the x increases?
28. OPEN-ENDED Sketch at least three different examples of linear and nonlinear functions
that do not have any extrema.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 109
Preparing for Assessment
29. Use the graph of the function. G2 31. Use the graph of the function. G2 JY l
~ 1
a. Which statement describes y a. Identify the extrema of the 1\ 7
the relative extrema of the graph. Justify your reasoning. \ 1
function? Select all that apply.
D A relative minimum
"
\
\ ~ b. Describe the end behavior of
0 '
~ J
\ ... ~~~
_
X

the graph.
between x = -2 and 0 X

x= -1 ~
c. Estimate the zeros of the

DB relative minimum between

x = -1 andx = 1
' graph.

De relative maximum between

x = -2 and x = -1
32. MULTI-STEP The average costs for full-time
On relative maximum between
undergraduate students at a four-year college in the
x = 0 andx = 1
United States can be modeled by the graph and
b. Which of the following statements are true for table below, where x is the number of years since
the graph in part a? Select all solutions. 2008, andy is the cost. G 4
D A As x---+ +oo, f(x) ---+ +oo.
Average Cost for 4-Year College
D B As x---+ -oo, f(x) ---+ -oo. y ..,~
o I 22.340
27500
~~
D C As x---+ +oo, f(x) ---+ -oo. 25000
~~~
~
22,903
22500 2 23,460
D D As x---+ -oo, f(x) ---+ +oo. ~
u
20000
17500 3 23,759
~ 15000 4 24245
~ 12500
~ 10000 5 24,706
7500
30. To prepare for college, Randall saves $100 per week 5000
from his paycheck. The graph shows the amount 2500
X,

he has saved over time. G 2 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Year Since 2008
y
6000
"tJ
~
~ 5000
~ 4000 . /~ a. What is they-intercept of the graph?
§ 3000 , . /~
~ 2000 . /
< 1000
QA 0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
X
QB 22,340
Number of Weeks
oc 22,500

Which choice describes the end behavior of the QD 30,000

function in the graph?
b. What does they-intercept represent?
A As x---+ +oo, f(x) ---+ +oo and as x---+ -oo,
f(x)---+ -oo. c. Describe the end behavior of the graph.
B As x---+ +oo, f(x) ---+ +oo and as x---+ -oo, d. Is there a turning point for the graph?
f(x) ---+ +oo. Explain.
C As x ---+ +oo, f(x) ---+ +oo and f(x) is not defined e. What trends in college costs does the graph
for x ~ 0. and table suggest?
D As x---+ +oo, f(x) ---+ -oo and as x---+ -oo, f. Is it reasonable that the trends will continue
f(x) ---+ +oo. indefinitely?

110 I lesson 2-3 I Extrema and End Behavior

 •1 Use the key features of • A group of hikers walk steadily uphill,
functions to sketch then stop for lunch at a vista point.
functions. graphs of linear After lunch, they hike back downhill.
functions. You can use this information to sketch
a graph of the hikers' elevation as a
Use the key features
2of functions to sketch
graphs of nonlinear
function of time.

functions.

G Mathematical
Practices
2 Reason abstractly and
quantitatively.
1Sketch Graphs of Linear Functions You can use key features of a function to
sketch the graph of the function. Key features include intercepts, symmetry, end
behavior, intervals where the function is increasing or decreasing, and intervals where
7 Look for and make use the function is positive or negative. Not all features are needed to create a graph, and the
of structure.
appearance of a graph may vary depending on the scale you choose for the axes.

8J Key Concept Key Features for Graphing a linear Function

x-intercept the x-coordinate of a point where a graph crosses the x-axis
y-intercept they-coordinate of a point where a graph crosses they-axis
Positive A function is positive on a portion of its domain where its graph lies above the x-axis.
Negative A function is negative on a portion of its domain where its graph lies below the x-axis.
Increasing As the x-values increase, the value of the function increases.
Decreasing As the x-values increase, the value of the function decreases.
End behavior describes how the values of the function behave as x---+ oo and as x---+ -oo

Example 1 Sketch a Linear Graph

Use the given key features to sketch a linear graph. They-intercept is -70. The
function is positive for x < -30. The function is decreasing for all values of x.
As x ~ oo, f(x) ~ -oo and as x ~ -oo, f(x) ~ oo.
Use they-intercept to plot the point (0, -70). ~ (-30,0) I y

Because the sign of the function changes when x = -30, the

-..:: ~ -20 -1o 1 o X

x-intercept must be -30. Plot (-30, 0).

t\. 1
2o 1-- t -
f\. -30 - 1--
Use these points to sketch the graph. The graph is a straight "- 40 r- 1--

OJ
line passing through the x- andy-intercepts.
' , so f-1--
""0

K
Check that the graph matches the other given key features.
I>.
] 70)
OJ
<.:l
Guided Practice 180
J.;
~ 1. Use the given key features to sketch a linear graph. They-intercept is -3. The
.§
function is positive for x > 1.5. The function is increasing for all values of x. The
~"'
f domain is -2 ~ x ~ 3. The range is -7 ~ y ~ 3.
<

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 111
 2 Sketch Graphs of Nonlinear Functions The key features for sketching the
graph of a nonlinear function include all of the key features for linear functions, as
well as some additional information that may be provided.

sjKey Concept Key Features for Graphing a Nonlinear Function

Continuity A function is continuous if it can be graphed with connected lines or connected

smooth curves.
Extrema the maximum and minimum values of a function

Symmetry A function has reflectional symmetry if there is a vertical line that divides the
graph of the function into two halves that are mirror images of each other.

Sketching the graph of a nonlinear function is similar to sketching the graph of a linear
function. First plot points based on the known key features of the graph. Then draw lines
or curves to connect these points if the graph is known to be continuous.

Example2 Sketch a Nonlinear Graph

Use the given key features to sketch a nonlinear graph.
a. They-intercept is -5. The function is continuous. The function is positive for
x < -3 and x > 4. The function has a minimum at (2, -6). The function is
increasing for x > 2. As x-+ oo, f(x)-+ oo and as x-+ -oo, f(x)-+ oo.
y
Use they-intercept to plot the point (0, -5). ~ 4
\. I
Because the function has a minimum at (2, -6), this \ (-3,0) (4, 0) /
\ 0 J X
Study Tip point is also on the graph. Plot the point (2, -6).
' I
~ Sense-Making =- ~
Before
sketching the graph of a
Because the sign of the function changes when x
there is an x-intercept at x = -3. Plot (-3, 0).
3,
' ~
I
J
function, consider the scales
on the axes that best fit t he
given information.
Because the sign of the function changes when x = 4,
there is an x-intercept at x = 4. Plot (4, 0). I I '
(0, -5) N ~I
(2, -6)

Sketch a graph passing through the points. Note that more than one graph may be
possible. Check that the graph matches the other given key features.

b. The function is continuous and symmetric about the line x = -1. The function has
a maximum at (-1, 4). As x-+ oo,f(x)-+ -oo and as x-+ -oo,f(x)-+ -oo.
(-1,4) 4 y
Plot the maximum at (-1, 4). 1--
v~
Draw the line of symmetry, x = -1. J ~
II \
A downward-opening parabola with vertex at (-1, 4) IJ ~

satisfies all of the given key features. 0 1\ X

I 1\
I \
Guided Practice
1
~
\
~
'
2. Use the given key features to sketch a nonlinear graph.
A. The y-intercept is 2. The function is negative for x < -1 and x > 4. The function
has a maximum at (3, 3) .
B. The function is symmetric about the line x = 2. The function has a minimum and
an x-intercept at x = 2. As x ~ oo, f (x) ~ oo and as x ~ -oo, f(x) ~ oo.

112 I Lesson 2-4 I Sketching Graphs of Functions

 You can use what you know about sketching graphs based on their key features to sketch
a graph based on real-world information.

Real-World Example 3 Sketch a Real-World Function

RACING Use the given key features to sketch a graph.

Jose decides to go to a test track to drive a racing car. He drives the car for a little over
5 minutes.
y-intercept: Jose starts driving at 0 miles per hour.
Linear or nonlinear: The function that models the situation is nonlinear.
Extrema: Jose's maximum speed is 160 miles per hour, which he reaches 30 seconds
after he starts driving.
Increasing: Jose's speed increases steadily for the first 30 seconds.
Decreasing: At the 2-minute mark, Jose decreases his speed for 0.25 minute, then he
stays at 100 miles per hour for 2. 75 minutes. At the 5-minute mark, he again
decreases his speed for 30 seconds until he reaches a stop.
End Behavior: The graph has no end behavior since Jose starts at 0 miles per hour and
Watch Out! ends at 0 miles per hour.
Graphs The graph showing
speed as a function of time Jose drives for a total of 5.5 minutes. His speed Jose's Test Track Drive
does not represent the path ranges from 0 miles per hour to 150 miles per
of the car. hour. Use this information to set up the scales o 200'y
the x- and y-axes of the graph. 180
-160
They-intercept is 0, so plot (0, 0). s 140
.§. 120
There is an x-intercept that represents the end -g 100
of the drive at (5 .5, 0). 8. 80
Cl) 60
There is an increasing interval for 0 :::; x:::; 0.5.
40
There are decreasing intervals for 20 I
I I I I I ~!
2 :::; x :::; 2.25 and 5 :::; x:::; 5.5. 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time (min)
During times when the car's speed is not
increasing or decreasing, the speed is constant.
These periods are represented by horizontal segments in the graph.

3A. WALKING TOUR Kenisha follows a walking tour for 18 minutes.

y-intercept: Kenisha starts at 0 miles per hour.
Linear or nonlinear: The function that models the situation is nonlinear.
Extrema: Kenisha' s maximum speed is 2 miles per hour, which she reaches at
1 minute. She maintains that speed for the next 15 minutes.
Decreasing: For the last 2 minutes, Kenisha slows down at a constant rate until
she comes to a stop.
38. ELEVATOR An elevator rises from the lobby of a building to the 12th floor, which is
at a height of 120 feet. It makes no stops along the way.
y-intercept: The elevator starts at a height of 0 feet.
Linear or nonlinear: The function that models the situation is linear.
Increasing: The elevator reaches its maximum height of 120 feet after 6 seconds.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 113
~heck Your Understanding u= Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11.

Example 1 Use the given key features to sketch a linear graph.

1. The x-intercept is 6. They-intercept is 4. The function is decreasing for all values of x.
The function is positive for x < 6. As x---+ oo, f(x) ---+ -oo and as x---+ -oo, f(x) ---+ oo.
2. They-intercept is -7. As x---+ oo, f(x) ---+ oo and as x---+ -oo, f(x) ---+ -oo.

Example2 Use the given key features to sketch a nonlinear graph.

3. They-intercept is 2. The function is continuous. The function is positive for
-2 < x < 4. The function has a maximum at (2, 4). As x---+ oo, f(x) ---+ -oo and as
x---+ -oo, f(x) ---+ -oo.
4. They-intercept is 3. The function is continuous and is positive for all values of x. The
function has a minimum at (0, 3). They-axis is a line of symmetry. As x---+ oo, f(x) ---+ oo
and as x---+ -oo, f(x) ---+ oo.
Example3 5. DRIVI.NG Samantha is driving from her apartment to a nearby mall to do some errands.
Use the given key features to sketch a graph.
y-intercept: Samantha starts at a speed of 0 miles per hour.
Linear or nonlinear: The function that models the situation is nonlinear.
Extrema: Samantha's maximum speed is 45 miles per hour, which she reaches after 30 seconds.
Increasing: At the start of the trip, Samantha increases her speed at a steady rate for 30 seconds.
Then she maintains her speed for another 3 minutes.
Decreasing: Samantha decreases her speed at a steady rate for the next 30 seconds until she
comes to a stop at the mall.
End behavior: Samantha starts at 0 miles per hour and ends at 0 miles per hour, so there is no
end behavior.

Extra Practice is found on page R2.

Use the given key features to sketch a linear graph.

Example 1 6. They-intercept is 7. The function is increasing for all values of x. The function is
positive for x > -3. As x---+ oo, f(x) ---+ oo and as x---+ -oo, f(x) ---+ -oo.
(DThe y-intercept is -1. The function is decreasing for all values of x. The domain of the
function is -4 ::; x::; 3. The range of the function is -4 ::; y ::; 3.
Use the given key features to sketch a nonlinear graph.
Example2 8. They-intercept is -4. The function has no x-intercepts. As x---+ oo, f(x) ---+ -oo and as
x---+ -oo, f(x) ---+ -oo.
9. They-intercept is 1. The function is positive for all values of x. The function is
decreasing for x < -1. The function is increasing for x > 1. As x---+ oo, f(x) ---+ oo and as
x---+ -oo, f(x) ---+ oo.
Example3 10. HIKING Andrew is hiking in a mountainous area of a state park. Use the given key
features to sketch a graph.
y-intercept: Andrew starts at an elevation of 0 feet.
Extrema: Andrew's maximum elevation is 800 feet.
Increasing: At the start of the hike, Andrew's elevation increases steadily for 30 minutes. Then he
stops to rest for 5 minutes.
Decreasing: Andrew hikes back to his starting point for the final 20 minutes.

114 I Lesson 2-4 I Sketching Graphs of Functions

I
State three key features that could be given so that a sketch of the graph results in the
graph shown.
1
1. 1i FfT1yl ~I I 12. I I I I I fY I I I ~-i
v
v
J ~

~LJ11l ll xl
/ 10 X

rJ
[:;;p"' '
I~

13) CHARITY A neighborhood charity is collecting cans of food. They start with 56 cans
and collect 10 cans every 20 minutes. They continue for 4 hours. Sketch a graph to
represent this situation and tell whether the function is linear or nonlinear.

14. The function f(x) has a maximum at (0, -3), is increasing for x < 0 and decreasing for
x > 0, and is negative for all values of x. The graph of g(x) is the graph of f(x) after a
translation 2 units right and 3 units up. Sketch a possible graph of g(x).

15. Sketch a possible graph of f(x), given the following key features. The function is not
continuous. The function has no y-intercept. The function is increasing for all values
of x. The domain of the function is x ~ -1 and x ~ 2.

16. G STRUCTURE What are all the possible end behaviors for a linear function? Explain.
17. G REASONING Is it possible for a function to be continuous, to have no x-intercepts, and
to have the following end behavior as x--+ oo, f(x)--+ oo and as x --+ -oo, f(x)--+ -oo? If so,
sketch the graph of such a function. If not, explain why not.

[ H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-order Thinking Skills

18. OPEN-ENDED Sketch the graph of a function that has symmetry about the line x = 2,
no x-intercepts, and the following end behavior: as x--+ oo, f(x) --+ -oo and as
x--+ -oo, f(x) --+ -oo.

19. ERROR ANALYSIS Sophia was asked to graph a y

function with the following key features. The
y-intercept is 3. As x --+ oo, f(x) --+ - oo and as
x--+ -oo, f(x) --+ oo. Sophia's graph is shown here.
Is Sophia correct or incorrect? Explain. If she is
incorrect, provide a possible graph of the function. bttll ol ll~
20. G REASONING A continuous function is negative
for x < m and positive for x > n, where m and n are
constants such that m < n. For what values of x is
f(x) = 0?

21. CHALLENGE Sketch the graph of a nonlinear function with y-intercept -4, increasing
function values for x < 2 and 0 < x < 2, decreasing function values for -2 < x < 0
and x > 2, and the following end behavior: as x --+ oo, f(x) --+ -oo and as x--+ -oo,
f(x) --+ -oo.

22. WRITING IN MATH Explain how you can sketch the graph of a linear function if you
know only they-intercept and an interval on which the function is positive or negative.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 115
Preparing for Assessment
23. Leshawn was asked to sketch the graph of a linear 27. Anita was given some key features of a graph. Then
function that is increasing for all values of x. Which she drew the graph shown here. Assuming she
end behavior should his graph show? G 7 made a correct graph, which of the following could
not be one of the given key features? G 7
0 A As x---+ oo, f(x) ---+ oo and as x---+ -oo,
f(x) ---+ -oo. y

0 B As x ---+ oo, f(x) ---+ oo and as x---+ -oo, Ji""'oo ~

f(x) ---+ oo. I ~
I

0 C As x ---+ oo, f(x)

f(x) ---+ -oo.
---+ -oo and as x---+ -oo,
7
If
J 0
"
f'-
r\.
X

~
0 n As x---+ oo, f(x) ---+ -oo and as x---+ -oo, -., J
f(x) ---+ oo.
0A The function is positive for -3 < x < 2.
24. Crystal correctly sketched a graph based on some
given key features. Her graph was a downward- 0B The function has a maximum at (-2, 3).
opening parabola. Which key features could have
been given? G 2, 6
oc The function is decreasing for x > -2.

D A The function is nonlinear. On As x---+ oo, f(x) ---+ -oo and as x---+ -oo,
f(x) ---+ oo.
D B The function is decreasing for all values of x.

De The function is continuous. 28. The function f(x) is linear. Based on the table of
values, which key feature will the graph of f(x)
On The x-intercepts are 1 and 3.
show? 07
DE There is no y-intercept.

OF As x ---+ oo, f(x) ---+ -oo and as x---+ -oo,

f(x) ---+ -oo.
5 -6
25. Ivan drives from his home to his office. He starts at
0 miles per hour and steadily increases his speed until 0A The function is increasing.
he is driving at 50 miles per hour. He drives at this
speed for 10 minutes, then decreases his speed until 0B The y-intercept is -1.
he reaches a speed of 45 miles per hour. He drives at
this speed for 10 more minutes. Then he decreases his Oc The function is positive for x > -1.
speed until he stops at his office. Which of the On The graph is symmetric about they-axis.
following must be a key feature of the graph of this
situation? G 4
0A The function is decreasing for all x.
29. MULTI-STEP They-intercept of a continuous
0B The function is continuous. nonlinear function is -1. The function is negative
for -1 < x < 3. The function has a minimum at
Oc There is only one x-intercept at (0, 0). (2, -2). As x---+ oo, f(x) ---+ oo and as x ---+ -oo,
f(x) ---+ oo. G 1
On They-intercept is 50.
a. Sketch a possible graph of the function.
26. A linear function is positive for x < 5 and has a b. Suppose the graph of the function is translated
y-intercept of 3. If you correctly sketch a graph of 2 units down. Which of the given key features
the function, at what point will the graph intersect would remain the same for the new graph?
the x-axis? G 6, 7 Which of the key features would change?
c. Sketch the graph of the transformed function.

116 I Lesson 2-4 I Sketching Graphs of Functions

State the domain and range of each relation. Then Identify the type of symmetry in each graph. (Lesson 2-2)
determine whether the relation is a function. If it is a y
9. 14. 10. A
y
function, determine if it is one-to-one, onto, both, or
neither. (Lessqn 2-1)
\
\
\ .~~
1. {( -3, 2), (4, 1), (0, 3), (5, -2), (2, 7)} I
' ,,I o '
\ X
\ 0 X

2. Domain Range \ \.. ~[\

'\ \
-+--~ -6
-2 . ~v

4 For each graph:

10
a. describe the end behavior.
3. y b. state the number of real zeros. (Lesson 2-3)

11.

0 X

Graph each equation and determine whether the

equation is a function, is one-to-one, onto, both, or 12.
neither. State whether it is discrete or
continuous. (~esson 2-1)
4. y = 2x- 3 5. y = 4- tx 2
X

6. State whether f(x) = 2x 2 - 9 is a linear function.

Explain. (Lesson 2-2)

7. The daily pricing for renting a mid-sized car is given

by the function f(x) = 0.35x + 49, where f(x) is the Use a graphing calculator to estimate the x-coordinates
total rental price for a car driven x miles. (Lesson 2-2) at which the maxima and minima of each function
a. State whether f(x) is a linear function. Explain. occur. Round to the nearest hundredth. (Lesson 2-3)

b. G What mathematical practice did you use to 13. f(x) = .x3 - 4x2 + 3x - 1
solve this problem?
14. f(x) = -3x4 - 5x3 +1
8. State whether the graph represents a linear
function. Explain. (Lesson 2-2) Use the key features of each function to sketch its
graph. (Lesson 2-4)
y
15. y-intercept at (0, 4); linear function; positive for values
of x such that x > -3; increasing for all values of x

16. y-intercept at (0, -3); nonlinear function; negative for

0 I X
values of x such that -1 < x < 3; increasing for values
of x such that x > 1; relative minimum at (1, -4)

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 117
• You modeled data
using lines of
•1 Graph and analyze
piecewise-defined
• The table shows a recent federal income tax rate schedule. The amount of federal
income tax an individual is required to pay is a function of income.
regression. functions.
Federal Tax Rate Schedule- Filing Single
2Graph and analyze
step and absolute
value functions.
If taxable
income is over
But not
over
The tax is:
'·
$0 $8925 10% of the amount over $0
$8925 $36,250 $892.5 + 15% over $8925
$36,250 $87,850 $4991.25 + 25% over $36,250
$87,850 $183,250 $17,891.25 + 28% over $87,850
$183,250 $398,350 $44,603.25 + 33% over $183,250
$398,350 $400,000 $115,586.25 + 35% over $398,350
$400,000 No limit $116,163.75 + 39.6% over $400,000
Source: Internal Revenue Service

·f:>J New
Vocabulary
piecewise-defined
function
1Piecewise-Defined Functions The function relating income and tax is not a linear
function because each interval, or piece, of the function is defined by a different
expression. A function that is written using two or more expressions is called a
piecewise-linear
function piecewise-defined function. On the graph of a piecewise-defined function, a dot
step function indicates that the point is included in the graph. A circle indicates that the point is
greatest integer not included in the graph
function
absolute value function Example1 Piecewise-Defined Function

Graph f(x) ={ x-2ifx<-1

. . Identify the domain and range.
G Mathematical x+3ifx~-1
Practices ~ii§:U Graph f(x) = x - 2 for x < -1. -
f (x) ~
1 Make sense of
problems and persevere f(x) = x - 2 v
in solving them. = (-1) -2 /
= -3
Because -1 does not satisfy the inequality, 0 X

begin with a circle at (-1, -3).

a-in Graph f(x) = x + 3 for x ~ -1. ~

V1
f(x) =x + 3
= (-1) + 3
=2
Because -1 satisfies the inequality, begin with a dot at (-1, 2).

The function is defined for all values of x, so the domain is all real numbers.

The f(x)-coordinates of points on the graph are all real numbers less than -3 and all
real numbers greater than or equal to 2, so the range is {f(x)jf(x) < -3 or f(x) ~ 2}.

Guided Practice
x+2ifx<O
1. Graph f(x) ={ 'f . Identify the domain and range.
X 1 X~ 0

118 I lesson 2-5

 Piecewise-defined functions are often defined by several linear functions.
Study Tip
~ Sense-Making The
graphs of different parts of a Example2 Write a Piecewise-Defined Function
piecewise-defined function
Write the piecewise-defined function shown f~)
may or may not connect.
in the graph. )
A graph may also stop at a
given x-value and then begin
v
Examine and write a function for each portion of I
at a different y-value for the
the graph. v
same value of x. ~
The left portion of the graph is the graph of f/ 10 X

f(x) = 2x + 3. There is a circle at (1, 5), so the 7

linear function is defined for {xlx < 1}. -,fJ
The center portion of the graph is the graph of
f(x) = -x + 2. There are dots at (1, 1) and (2, 0),
so the linear function is defined for {xl1 ::::;; x::::;; 2}.

The right portion of the graph is the constant function f(x) = 3. There is a circle at
(2, 3), so the constant function is defined for {xlx > 2}.
Write the piecewise-defined function.
2x+3ifx<1
f(x) = -x + 2 if 1 ::::;; x ::::;; 2
{
3ifx>2
CHECK The graph shows a portion of a line with positive slope for x < 1.
The graph has negative slope for 1 ::::;; x::::;; 2 and constant slope for
x > 2. The function is reasonable for the graph.

~ Guided Practice
Write the piecewise-defined function shown in each graph.
2

A
.IItiJIIII
~ ~ ·-T'-"'11"'

ax
28. LLLaf'(K) I I I I I I
1---l---+-4 +---1-a-

I" I I~

PF~FH lffi
-a 1 ~ 1 01 I 4
4
I
"''Il;
~..:...a
I

2Step Functions and Absolute Value Functions Unlike a piecewise-defined

function, a piecewise-linear function contains a single expression. A common
piecewise-linear function is the step function. The graph of a step function consists
Study Tip
u l
of line segments.
Greatest Integer Function
Notice that the domain of :rhe greatest integer function, written t(x) = [xJ, is ! I ! f'(x) ~
one kind of step function. The symbol [x] means
this step function is all real
numbers and the range is all
the greatest integer less than or equal to x. For example, : f(>c) = (xJ [ I

integers. [3.25] = 3 and [-4.6] = -5.

01 I I I I X

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 119
L
 Real-World Example 3 Use a Step Function

BUSINESS An automotive repair center charges $50 for any part of the first hour of
Watch and listen to the labor, and $35 for any part of each additional hour. Draw a graph that represents
animation to learn about this situation.
step functions. Summarize
what you hear for a partner, Understand The total labor charge is $50 for the first hour plus $35 for each additional
and have them ask you
fraction of an hour, so the graph will be a step function.
questions to help your
understanding. Plan If the time spent on labor is greater than 0 hours, but less than or equal to
1 hour, then the labor charge is $50. If the time is greater than 1 hour but
less than or equal to 2 hours, then the labor charge is $85, and so on.
Solve Use the pattern of times and costs to make a table, where x is the number
of hours of labor and T(x) is the total labor charge. Then graph.
2 (,.....
X
I T(x)
~ J:(x)
O<x$;1 $50 fo (~

1<x$;2 $85 r
2<x$;3 $120 fo
r ~~
3<x$;4 $155 ~0
4<x$;5 $190 ~01 )o-o
I

r
lo 2 4 6 8 X

Check Because the repair center rounds any fraction of an hour up to the next
whole number, each segment of the graph has a circle at the left endpoint
and a dot at the right endpoint.
Though a step function can be represented by a single expression, the table
allows us to break the expression into pieces based on the time intervals.
The table resembles a piecewise-defined function and can be graphed in the
same way. Our graph accurately represents the described situation.

Guided Practice
3. RECYCLING A recycling company pays $5 for every full box of newspaper. They do
not give any money for partial boxes. Draw a graph that shows the amount of
money P(x) for the number of boxes x brought to the recycling center.

Another piecewise-linear function is the absolute value function.

An absolute value function is a function that contains an algebraic
expression within absolute value symbols.

KariVVeierstrass
r$) Key Concept Parent Function of Absolute Value Functions
(1815-1897) At the wishes of Parent function: f(x) = lXI, defined as
his father, Weierstrass Hf(x) = lx I If'~) III
studied law, economics, xif x > 0
1~ 1 I I I I I I VI
and finance at the University f(x) = 0 if x = 0 I~ I I I I I V
of Bonn, but then dropped
{
-xifx< 0 N I l l V
out to study his true
interest, mathematics, at the Type of graph: V-shaped ~ . .. 1
N/
v
0
Univ ersit~ of MOnster. In an Domain: all real numbers 0 X "'
1841 essay, Weierstrass first ~
Range: [0, +oo) 0
a:
used II to denote absolute ~

value. Intercepts: x= 0, f(x) =0 0

""-
Ci

Not defined: f(x) < 0 ~

Photo: The Granger Collection
I
120 I Lesson 2-5 I Graphing Special Functions
 Example4 Absolute Value Functions
Graph f(x) = l2.x I - 4. Identify the domain and range.
Create a table of values. Graph the points and connect them.
D = (-oo, +oo), {all real numbers},
or -oo< x < +oo}; R = [-4, +oo),
{f(x) lf(x) ~ -4}, or { -4 < x < +oo}
~ I
"
f(K)
i\ J I

\ I
~ J
\ I
~ 0 J X
\ I
,,
i\ I

Guided Practice
Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.
48. f(x) = -lxl + 1

-
IF/. Go Online! for a
Check Your Understanding = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11. v Self-Check Quiz

Exampre 1 Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.

l
l
-3 if X :5; -4 8 if X :5; -1
1. g(x) = x if -4 < x < 2 2. f(x) = 2x ~f -1 < x < 4
-x+6ifx~2 -4-xrlx~4

Write the piecewise-defined function shown in each graph.

3. a g(K) 4. (\ a g(K)
6 ~
.tL
- ~6
, P"
1/ 2
4
" i\
4
2
,.,. ,
\ ,/~
-8- il'4-20 2 4 '\ ax -a-6-4-20 2 4 6 ax
1/
I)I ~ r.
~ \
I\
14
6 6
a \
I Ia

G REASONING Springfield High School's theater can hold 250 students. The drama
club is performing a play in the theater. Draw a graph of a step function that shows the
relationship between the number of tickets sold x and the minimum number of plays
y that the drama club must perform.

Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.

6. g(x) = -2[x] 7. h(x) = [x - 5]

Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.

8. g(x) = l-3xl 9. f(x) = 21xl
10. h(x) = Ix + 41 11. s (x) = I - 2x I + 6
connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 121
 Practice and Problem Solving Extra Practice is on page R2.

Example 1 Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.

12. f(x) =
! -3xifx::;-4
x ifO < x::::;; 3 13. f(x) =
! 2xifx::;-6
5 if -6 < x::::;; 2

14. g(x) =
!
8 if X > 3

2x + 2 if X< -6
X ~f -6 ::::;; X::::;; 2

-3 If X > 2
15. g(x) =
! - 2x + 1 if X > 4

- 2 if X< -4
X-3 if -1 ::::;; X::::;; 5
2x - 15 if X > 7

Example2 Write the piecewise-defined function shown in each graph.

16. I I I I I al ntr\
:#'f''l
I I I I ® a g(x)

6 6
4
.....
- ......
'' 4
2,

'
~
0 .....
~

-a-6-4-20 2 4 6 ax -8-6- ~ 0 2 4 6 ax
14 4
6 6
a Ia
---- J -- -- --

18. a g(x) 19. I g(x)

12
6 I' ..; I
4v ,.I
....,
~
10
~
I(

2 6
4
-8-6-4-20
I
2 4 6 ax 2 ,,J
4
6
-a-6-4-20 2 4 6<1ax

~ - .() Ia
14
I

Example3 Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.

20. f(x) = [x] - 6 21. h(x) = [3x] - 8
22. f(x) = [3x + 2] 23. g(x) = 2[0.5x + 4]

Example4 Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.

24.f(x) = lx - 51 25. g(x) = Ix + 21
26. h(x) = l2x I - 8 27. k(x) = l-3xl + 3
28. f(x) = 21 x - 41 +6 29. h(x) = -31 O.Sx + 11 - 2
30. GIVING Patrick is donating money and volunteering his time to an organization that restores
homes. His employer will match his monetary donations up to $100.
a. Identify the type of function that models the total amount of money received by the
organization when Patrick donates x dollars.
b. Write and graph a function for the situation.
31. G SENSE-MAKING A car's speedometer reads 60 miles per hour.
a. Write an absolute value function for the difference between the car's actual
speed a and the reading on the speedometer.
b. What is an appropriate domain for the function? Explain your reasoning.
c. Use the domain to graph the function.

122 I lesson 2-5 I Graphing Special Functions

 32. RECREATION The charge for renting a bicycle from
a rental shop for different amounts of time is shown
at the right.
a. Identify the type of function that models
this situation.
b. Write and graph a function for the situation.

Use each graph to write the absolute value function.

33 a f(x) 34. f(x) ~'f

a v
6 1--+-+-l---1-6 ~
~
4 !.-' 4 , ~"
I" ~ [.....o' ~
2 1--+-+-l--1-2 ~~~~-+-
~
I" ~ "-.. ~"
-a-6-4-20 """2 4 6 ax ~~ 6-4~~ 2 4 6 ax
"'~" 4f--f--t-+-+-
I
4
6 1--+-+-l--6 t--f--t-+-+-
,a ,a
Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.
35. f(x) = [I 0.5x I] 36. g(x) = I[2x] I
I
=
I[ if X < -4
X ]
=
-lxlifx< -6
37. g(x) X+ 1 if -4 :::;; X :::;; 5

-lxlifx>3
38. h(x)

l I x I if -6:::;; x:::;; 2
1-xlif x
39. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS Consider the following sets of absolute value functions.
>2

f(x) = alxl for a= {-2, -1, -0.5, 0.5, 2, 4} g(x) =I bxl forb= {-2, -1, -0.5, 0.5, 2, 2}
h(x) = 1x- c 1for c = {-4, -2, -0.5, 0.5, 1, 3} k(x) = I x I + d ford= {-4, -2, -0.5, 0.5, 1, 3}
a. Graphical Graph each set of functions on a graphing calculator.
b. Verbal Compare and contrast the graphs of the functions in each set.
c. Tabular Choose any two functions. Find the slope between consecutive points on
the graphs.
d. Verbal Describe how the slopes of the two sections of an absolute value graph are related.

H.O.T. Pro•lems Use Higher-order Thinking Skills

40. OPEN-ENDED Write an absolute value relation in which the domain is all nonnegative
numbers and the range is all real numbers.
41. CHALLENGES Graph 1y 1= 21 x + 31- 5.
42. G CRITIQUE ARGUMENTS Find a counterexample to the statement and explain your
reasoning.
In order to find the greatest integer function of x when x is not an integer,
.,
Cl round x to the nearest integer.
_§
~ 43. OPEN-ENDED Write an absolute value function in which f(5) = -3.
~
44. WRITING IN MATH Explain how piecewise functions can be used to accurately represent
I
Vl real-world problems.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 123
Preparing for Assessment
45. Which type of function is a linear function? b. Which of the following options correctly
~6 describes the range of this function? ~ 1
A absolute value OA {f(x) If(x) = -3 < f(x) < 1 or 5
orf(x) ~ 10}
B constant
C greatest integer
QB {f(x) If(x) = -3 < f(x) < 1 or
f(x) ~ 10}
D step
oc {f(x) If(x) = -5 < f(x) < 1 or 5
or f(x) > 100}
46. What is the equation of the function shown in the 0 D {f(x) If(x) = -9 < f(x) < 10 or
graph? G 7 f(x) > 10}
y
f--- -4 c. What is the y-intercept of this function?
f--- - 3
~ 6, 2
- -2
- - 1
d. What is true about the x-intercept of this
-10 1 3 4 56 7x function? ~ 2
f---1 . .,
_ -.c;
...,
___, OA It has multiple values .
~4
I QB It cannot be determined.

A f(x) = [x - 2]
oc It can be determined and is 2.

B f(x) = [x] - 2
On It can be determined and is -0.5.

C f(x) = I xI - 2
D f(x) = Ix - 21 48. Consider the following function.
E f(x) = [x]
f(x) ={ lx-
-x
21. ifx > -3
1fx < _ 4
47. MULTI-STEP Consider the function described below.
5 if X::;; -2 a. Which of the following statements are true?
f(x) = { 2x + 1 if -2 <X< 0 Choose all that apply. G6
5x + 10 ifx ~ 0
D A The function bends once.
a. Which of the following statements are true?
Choose all that apply. ~ 6
D B The function bends three times.

D A The range of the first part of the

D C The function has no y-intercept.
function and the second part of the D D The value of the function at x = -3 is
function overlap. undefined.
0 B There are two points on this function D E The value of the function at x = 1 is
with the same domain. undefined.
D C The number 5 is included in the
D F The graph of this piecewise function
domain of this function.
would include parts of two lines.
D D The number 4 is not included in the
range of this function. D G The graph of this piecewise function
would include parts of three lines.
D E The range ends at 100.
D F The graph of this piecewise function b. What is the range of this function? ~ 1
would include parts of two lines.
c. If it has one, what is the vertex of this function?
D G The graph of this piecewise function
~1
would include parts of three lines.

124 I lesson 2-5 I Graphing Special Fu nctions

 y ~ ~
• You analyzed and • , Identify the effects on the • Nick makes $8 an hour working at a 36
used relations and graphs of functions by pizza shop. The blue line represents I v
functions. replacing ~x) with ~x) + k his wages. If he agrees to be the
32
28 v I
¢:: 24 I I
and ~x - h) for positive and closing supervisor, he will be paid an :cCl) 20 if I
negative values. extra $20 per shift. The green line Q) 16 If
Identify the effect on the
represents his wages when he is the 0.
~ 12
J
2 graphs of functions by
replacing ~x) with a~x) ,
closing supervisor. These graphs are
an example of a transformation.
8 If
4
j_
I
~ax), -a~x) and ~-ax) . 0 1?~1~~?x
Hours worked
'fbJ New '
Vocabulary
parent graph
parent function
quadratic function
translation
reflection
line of reflection
1Translations In a family of graphs, which have at least one common characteristic,
the parent graph is the graph of the parent function, the simplest function of the family.
It is transformed to create other members in the family of graphs. Transformations on
dilation parent graphs occur when the graph is slid, reflected in an axis, stretched, or compressed.
A translation is a transformation in which a figure is slid from one position to another
without being turned.
G Mathematical • When a constant k is added to or subtracted from a parent function, the result f(x) ± k
Practices is a translation of the graph up or down.
6 Attend to precision.
• When a constant h is added to or subtracted from x before evaluating a parent function,
8 Look for and express
regularity in repeated
the result, f(x ± h), is a translation left or right.
reasoning.
Example1 Describe and Graph Translations
Describe the translation in each function as it relates to its parent graph. Then graph
the function.
a. y = lXI +2 b. y = x2 -7
The graph of y = lxl + 2 is a translation The graph of y = x2 - 7 is a translation
of the graph of y = lxl up 2 units. of the graph of y = x2 down 7 units.
~ Y l( A
1\ ~ _/ I
/lO I X

~
'I
,
II
-vl t J
~
l L
\
I
I)}
J lr=l -7
l I ' l T T1

Guided Practice
Describe the translation in each function as it relates to its parent graph .. Then graph
the function.
1A. y = lx + 31 18. y = x2 - 4

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 125
Reading Math
translation Everyday use -
2 Reflections and Dilations
dilations.
Two other types of transformations are reflections and

to change from one A reflection flips a figure in a line called the line of reflection.
language to another;
Math meaning - to change • When a parent function is multiplied by -1, the result -J(x) is a reflection of the graph
from one location to in the x-axis.
another; can also be called a
slide, a shift, or a glide. • When only the variable is multiplied by -1, the result f( -x) is a reflection of the graph
in they-axis.

[ Example2 Describe and Graph Reflections n

Describe the reflection in y = -x 2
as it relates to the parent graph. Then graph the
function.
The graph of y = - x 2 is a reflection
of the graph of y = x 2 in the x-axis.

~ Guided Practice
Describe the reflection in each function as it relates to its parent graph. Then graph
the function.
2A. y = -l x l 28. y = - x
L---

A !(illation is a transformation that alters the size of a figure but not its shape.

• When a nonlinear parent function is multiplied by a nonzero constant, the function is

stretched or compressed vertically.

• When only the variable is multiplied by a nonzero constant, the function is stretched or
compressed horizontally.

Example3 Describe and Graph Dilations

St udy Tip
Transformations A Describe the dilation in each equation as it relates to the graph of the parent function.
transformation could include Then graph the function.
a reflection and a dilation at
a. y = 4x2 b. y= ltxl
Itx I
the same time. When f(x)
becomes -af(x) or f( -ax), it The graph of y = 4x2
is a dilation of the The graph of y = is a dilation of the
is both dilated and reflected graph of y = x2 compressed vertically. graph of y = 1x 1 stretched horizontally.
in the x-axis.
y

~ ~
~ JL
~ JL
~~~
0 I I I I X 0 X

126 I lesson 2-6 I Transformations of Functions

 Guided Practice
Describe the dilation in each function as it relates to its parent graph. Then graph the
function.
3A. y = 2x 2
38. y = ltxl
Example4 Identify Transformations
Go Online! •t~·l
The graph of the quadratic function f(x) is shown on the y
Parent graphs and grid. If the graph of f(x) is translated 5 units to the right 8
transformations are key 6
and 3 units down to create a new graph, which function 4
concepts in Algebra 2. Look ....
for worksheets in the best represents this new graph? ~

Resources if you need extra A g(x) = - (x + 4) 2 - 1 -8-6 -4 / 20 1\ 2 4 6 8x

practice. 1/ 14 \
B g(x) = - (x - 4) 2 -
·r;:1 / Pra<tl«

C g(x) = (x- 1) 2 + 4
1
l
v 6
I
8 ' ~
D g(x) = (x - 1) 2 - 4

Read the Item

You are given the graph of a function and asked to find the
equation of a translated graph.

Solve the Item

The graph of f(x) is a reflection of the parent graph in the x-axis, so a is negative. The
vertex of the graph is at (-1, 2) so h = -1 and k = 2. The translation of the graph of
f(x) is 5 units to the right. So, -1 + 5 or 4 is the translated value of h. The graph is
translated down 3 units, so 2 - 3 or -1 is the translated value of k. Thus, an equation
g(x) = -(x- 4) 2 - 1. B is the correct choice.

btained by translating the graph of f(x). Based on

ion can be used to describe g(x) in terms of f(x)?
~IIi..
~~
8 ~~~
~
'f'v

~
N: ~ 4
r'\ /
~v
-8-6-4-20 2 4 6 8x
I4
6
I8

A g(x) = f(x- 3) +4
B g(x) = f(x- 3)- 4
C g(x) = f(x + 3) + 4
D g(x) = f(x + 3)- 4
- -

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 127
 The general form of a function is g(x) = aj(x- h) + k, where f(x) is the parent function.
Each constant in the equation affects the parent graph.
• The value of I a I stretches or compresses (dilates) the parent graph.
• When the value of a is negative, the graph is reflected in the x-axis.
• The value of k shifts (translates) the parent graph up or down.
• The value of h shifts (translates) the parent graph left or right
Study Tip
~ Regularity Ask cJJConcept Summary Transformations of Functions
yourself these questions /
to help you identify Transformation Change to Parent Graph
transformations.
If h > 0, the graph of ~x) is translated h units right.
1. What type of function horizontal translation, h
is it? If h < 0, the graph of ~x) is translated I hI units left.
2. Does the graph open
up or down? If k > 0, the graph of ~x) is translated k units up.
vertical translation, k
3. Does the vertex lie on If k < 0, the graph of ~x) is translated I k I units down.
an axis?
If a > 0, the graph of ~x) is reflected in the x-axis.
reflection, a
If a < 0, the graph of ~x) is reflected in they-axis.

If I a I > 1, the graph of ~x) is stretched vertically.

dilation, a
If 0 < 1a 1< 1, the graph of ~x) is compressed vertically.

Check Your Understanding Q = Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R11.

Example 1 GSENSE-MAKING Describe the translation in each function as it relates to its parent graph.
Then graph the function.
1. y = x2 - 4 2. y = Ix + 11
Example 2 Describe the reflection in each function as it relates to its parent graph. Then graph the function.
3. Y = -lxl 4. y = (-x) 2
Example 3 Describe the dilation in each function as it relates to its parent graph. Then graph the function.
® y = %x 6. y = 3x 2

Example 4 7. The graph of g(x) was obtained by translating the graph ..\
8 I y .4_
of f(x). Based on the graph, which equation can be used to ,
6 r-- 1--
~~
describe g(x) in terms of f(x)? 4
\2 j I
A g(x) = -j(x + 2) + 1 C g(x) = f(x + 2) + 1 \ _h I
-8-6-4-20 1/ 2 \ 4 6 8x '
= -j(x- 2) + 1 g(x) = f(x - 2) + 1 I
~
B g(x) D
J
l 11
r 11

128 I Lesson 2-6 I Transformations of Functions

 Extra Practice is on page R2.

Describe the translation in each function as it relates to its parent graph. Then graph the
function.
B. y = x 2 + 4 9. y = lxl- 3
10. y = X -1 11. y =X + 2

12. y = (x - 5) 2 13. y = lx + 61
amp1e2 Describe the reflection in each function as it relates to its parent graph. Then graph the
function.
14. y =- x 15. y = - x 2

16. y = (-x) 2 17. y = 1-xl

18. y = -lxl 19. y = (-x)
Describe the dilation in each function as it relates to its parent graph. Then graph the
function.
20. y = (3x) 2 21. y = 6x

22. y = 4l xl 23. y = l2xl

- 3x
24. y- 2 25. y-
- 2x
1 2

26. G SENSE-MAKING A non-impact workout can burn up to 7.5 Calories per minute.
The equation to represent how many Calories a person burns after m minutes of the
workout is C(m) = 7.5m.
a. Identify the transformation in the function.

b. Graph the function.

Describe the transformation in the graph of the function in green as it relates to its parent
graph in blue.
27. y 28. ~ 8 y 1.4
8
6 ,
\ 6
1/
IJ
4 1\ 4 J
2 '( [j
- -6-4-20 2 4 6 X -8{ 6"\4-20 2 4 6 8X

.l 4 ' L_4
6 ~ 6
I 1\ 8
I8 r 11 I

29. I~ y :;( 30. y !;f

8 8
~ 6
/ v
~ /
6
v
~
~/
4
l/
4
2v v ....;

~"
-8-6-4-20 2 ~ ~ 8X -8-6 -4-?/ 02 4 ~ 8x

L_4 ,
~~ "~.....,
l7
JL[ 4 ~~
V'
~
6v ~
7a
if I [)t
l7
Jr
~

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 129
 Describe the translation in the graph of the function in green as it relates to the graph of
the function in blue.
y
v ~6
31. y
~ 32.
v 8

v 4 /
6
4
v
[)2' -
~ / 2
l/ ""''i
,..X
- 8 - 6-Y 0 2 4 6 8x -8-
-""""'~ 02 ~~

v
l.¥
v 4
6
._
--1"- ~ 4
-v
...... ...... - ~

I8 I8

Use the transformation of a parent graph to write an equation for the function
represented by each graph.

33. ~ y .4 34. ~ I y 1.4

16
i\ I \ 1/
,1/
I

'\
I
\ 12
~ I
'\ I
J
8 I
1/ \ I
'
~

0
./
X - 8 -4
~

""""'0
4
v
'f

4 ax

35. y 36. y
I;(
v
0 v X ~ ~
v ~ L
v ~ /
v
~
/
/
'' /
/
0 X

37. .. y 4 38. y
\ J
\ 1 ~ 1(
\1 1.,/ ~ 0 / X

1\. /
J 1\. /
\ I v
0
'' ./
L r--

X
' .

BUSINESS The previous cost for a company to 8000

produce x widgets is represented by the blue
line on the graph. The green line represents the
new cost after the company hired a consultant
to make their production more efficient.
-
~

8
I I)
6000

4000

Describe the transformation in the graph of the 2000

green line as it relates to the graph of the blue line.
0 100 200 300 400
Widgets

130 I lesson 2-6 I Transformations of Functions

40. ROCKETRY Kenji launched a toy rocket from ground 140
I
level. The height h(t) of Kenji's rocket after t seconds 130
is shown in blue. Emily believed that her rocket 120 1/~
could fly higher and longer than Kenji's. The flight 110 ,/ '\.
\
of Emily's rocket is shown in green. 100
~~
I
...- 90 I v '\ \
'\ '\\
a. How much longer than Kenji' s rocket did Emily's C1l
80
rocket stay in the air? ~ JI
.E 70

b. How much higher than Kenji' s rocket did Emily's -~ 60

/I
C1l
II \
''
:I:
rocket go? 50
40
'I \
c. Describe the type of transformation between the 30 I'
II \\
two graphs. 20
10

0
,
I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
\
~
8
\
~
9 10 11 12
Write an equation for each function. Time (seconds)

41 y 42. ~
y
0 8
r .

\
'-1 " 6
\ l "'
2 ""''
~,

~'I" ""'
\ I
-8- ;r-4- to 2 4 6 8X -8-6--4- 20 2 " ~ i" 8x
\ J4 14
\ ./ 6 6
8 8
I I

Use Higher-order Thinking Skills

43. CHALLENGE Explain why performing a horizontal translation followed by a vertical

translation ends up being the same transformation as performing a vertical translation
followed by a horizontal translation.

44. ERROR ANALYSIS Kimi thinks that the graph and table below are representations of the
same linear relation. Carla disagrees. Who is correct? Explain your reasoning.
y
4 ~
3
1/
2
J
I
1 J
-4-3-2-10 1/ 1 2 3 4X
I .J

!:
, ,4

45. ~SENSE-MAKING Draw a figure in Quadrant II. Use any of the transformations you
learned in this lesson to move your figure to Quadrant IV. Describe your transformation.

46. ~ REASONING Study the parent graphs at the beginning of this lesson. Select a
parent graph with positive y-values at its leftmost points and positive y-values at its
rightmost points.

47. WRITING IN MATH Explain why the reflection of the graph of f(x) = x2 in the y-axis
is the same as the graph of f(x) = x2 . Is this true for all reflections of quadratic
equations? If not, describe a case when it is false.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 131
Preparing for Assessment
48. What is the equation of the function graphed 51. MULTI-STEP Consider the function g(x) shown on
below? G 1 the graph. G 7
y - 1- 7
y ~ ~
8 ~ )
- 1- 6
6 \ I
- 1- 5
~ j
/
~~ f'-
- - 4
\I
- -3
-8-6/4-20 2 ~6 8x - -2
v I4 f'- - - 1
IJI 6 ~
-10 1?? 1j_ _§_~
I 8

0A g(x) = -4lxl a. Which function is the parent function of g(x)?

0B g(x) = -l4xl 0 A f(x) = lxl

Oc g(x) = -lx + 41 0B f(x) = I0.5xl
0D g(x) = -lx- 41 Oc f(x) = 2lxl
0E g(x) = -lxl + 4 0 D f(x) = -lxl
b. What is the vertex of the graph of g(x)?

0A (4, 3) 0B (3, 4)
49. Which function is a reflection of f(x) in the
x-axis? G 7
Oc (5, 3) 0 D (5, 4)
0A g(x) = J(-x) c. Which of the statements about g(x) are true?

0B g(x) = f(x) - 1 DA It's graph is a dilation of f(x)

compressed vertically.
Oc g(x) = -J(x)

0D = f(x -
DB It's graph is a dilation of f(x) stretched
g(x) 1) I vertically.

De It's graph is a reflection of the graph of

f(x) in the y-axis.

50. Which statement correctly describes the On The slopes of the graph on the left and
transformation of the function g(x) = x2 to the I right sides of x = 5 are the same.
function h(x) = -x2 - 8? G 2
0A a reflection of g(x) in the y-axis and a DE It's graph is a translation of the graph
of f(x) 5 units right and 3 units up.
translation 8 units up

0B a reflection of g(x) in the y-axis and a OF The function g(x) is a step function.
translation 8 units right
d. Which is the equation for g(x)?
Oc a reflection of g(x) in the y-axis and a
0A g(x) = lxl - 5+3
translation 8 units down

0D a reflection of g(x) in the x-axis and a 0B g(x) = 2lx + 51 - 3

translation 8 units right Oc g(x) = 2lx- 51 + 3
0E a reflection of g(x) in the x-axis and a 0D g(x) = lx- 51 - 3
translation 8 units down

132 I lesson 2-6 I Transformations of Functions

 equations and you
•1 Find x- and
y-intercepts of
• The height of a punted football can
be modeled by a function like
graphed linear functions. y = -16x2 + 10x + 2. The graph of
functions. the function can tell you how high
2
Solve equations by
examining graphs of
the related functions.
the ball is during its rise and fall and
when it hits the ground.

'lbJ New
Vocabulary
root of an equation
x-intercept
1Find Intercepts Important features of a graph of most functions include the
intercepts of the graph. The intercepts of a graph are points where the graph touches
or crosses an axis. A y-intercept of a graph is the y-coordinate of any point where the
y-intercept
zero of a function graph intersects they-axis. Similarly, an .x-intercept is the x-coordinate of any point
where the graph intersects the x-axis.
Because the y-axis is where x = 0 and the x-axis is where y = 0, the coordinates of any
G Mathematical y-intercept are (0, y) and the coordinates of any x-intercept are (x, 0).
Practices
3 Construct viable
arguments and critique
Example1 Find x- and y-intercepts
the reasoning of others.
Find the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of j y
~
y= ~x2 + ~x- 6, which is shown at the right. ~ J
1\ I
\ I
fim Find the x-intercepts. Look for the point(s) ' \ 0 I
I
X
where the graph intersects the x-axis. \ I
~
The graph intersects the x-axis at two
points, (-4, 0) and (3, 0). The x-intercepts
'\
~
I
j

~
are -4 and 3. - l/
fim Find the y-intercept. Look for the point
where the graph intersects the y-axis.

The graph intersects they-axis at (0, -6)

They-intercept is -6. y

'-'
~ """"' ["\
I ~
Guided Practice rr
7 '1\
1. Find the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of
1 2 4 J
If
0 '\ X
y = -3x + 3x + 4. I \
J ~
"'
0>

§
>-
Q)

~
L;::

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 133
 2 Solve Equations by Using Graphs of Related Functions The solution of an
equation is called the root of the equation. The root of an equation is related to the
zero of a function. The zero of a function f is the value of x for which f(x) = 0. Because
y = f(x) gives the graph of the function f f(x) = 0 translates to y = 0 and the zero of the
function is the same as the x-intercept of the graph.

Example2 Find the Zero of a Function ~

Reading Math Find the root of the linear equation, - 2x + 10 = 0,
Precision The related by graphing the related function.
function intersects the x-axis
at (5, 0). The x-coordinate of Jim Write the related function. fim Graph the function.
the ordered pair is the Equation: 0 = - 2x + 10
x-intercept, which is the zero
of the function. I Related Function: f(x) = - 2x + 10
:~
fii§il
~I I l ii I
Find the zero of the function.
The zero of the function is the x-intercept, 5.
- 8-6 - 4 0 1 2 4 '{) 8 X
5 is the root, or solution, of the original
lttl ~4t±±Hj
equation, 0 = - 2x + 10.
m=r=~:~
~ Guided Practice
2A. 0 = 4x - 6 28. 0 = 32 x + 4

Real-World Example 3 Solving an Equation by Graphing ~

Study Tip CLASS PARTY Sara stopped at a bakery to pick up 1 ~ dozen cupcakes for a class
Related Linear Function To party. She was charged $7.88, which included $.38 tax. How much does one dozen
write a related function, the cupcakes cost?
original equation must be
written in the form of
0 = variable + constant or
Jim Write an equation. Let x represent the cost of a dozen cupcakes.
3
0 = constant + variable. 7.88 = 2? + 0.38

I fim Rewrite the equation.

3
7.88 =
2 x + 0.38
3
7.88 - 7.88 = 2? + 0.38 - 7.88
3
0 = 2 x- 7.50
fim Write and graph the related function. Describe
what the zero of the function means.
- 8 -6-4
#
3
f(x) = 2 x - 7.50

The zero of the function is 5. So, the cost

of one dozen cupcakes is $5 .

~ Guided Practice
3. Two small pizzas each with one topping cost a total of $6.83, which includes $0.33
tax. What is the cost of each pizza? Solve by graphing the related function.

134 I Lesson 2-7 I Solving Equations by Graphing

Example 1 Find the x- andy-intercepts of the graphs of each function.
1. y = 2x - 3 2. f(x) = -~x2 - x +4
y ·~
.,. .......: Y
1/ I ~
)
~
1/ I \
J v
0
j
If X -J
I
0
'1\
1\: X
!

1 l \
]
f ~ i

3. y = 3x- 3 4. f(x) = -3x + 7 5. y = 5x + 8

2
y = -4x- 8 8. f(x) = 6x + 3
6. l y= -
3x + 4
Examples 2-3 Solve each equation by graphing its related function.
3
9. 0 = 6x- 4 10. 0 = -2x + 5 11. 0 = -4x- 3

12. BUDGETING Sanjit earned $84last month mowing lawns. He saved $40 and budgeted
the rest for x numbers of meals at $4 each.
a. Write an equation for this situation.
b. Write the related function.
c. Graph the function and find its zero. State the meaning of the zero in the context of
the situation.

Example 1 Find the x- and y-intercepts of the graphs of each function.

3
f(x) = -x-
4
6 14. f(x) = -2x + 7 15. f(x) = -4x - 8

16. f(x) = -tx + 1 17. f(x) = 4x - 2.8 18. f(x) = %x + 4

19. f(x) = -x + 4.8 ()
20. fix = 2lx_l4 21. f(x) = -8x + 2
Examples 2-3 Solve each equation by using the graph of its related function.
5
22. 0 = 2x- 11 23. 0 = 4x + 12 24. 0 = -4x +5
5
25. 0 = 4x + 2 26. 0 = -6x + 18 2l 0 = x- 10
8
28. ELEVATOR CAPACITY The maximum capacity of a service elevator in the new town hall
is 1200 pounds. A delivery person, who weighs 180 pounds, is bringing boxes of paper
to the fourth floor. Each box of paper weighs 60 pounds.
a. Write an equation for this situation.
b. Write the related function.
c. Graph the function and find its zero. State the meaning of the zero in the context of
the situation.

29. EARNINGS Francesca bought $25 worth of face painting supplies. At a local fair, she
charges $5 to paint a child's face. How many faces must she paint to earn $80? Solve
the equation by finding the zero of the related function.

connectED.m~w-hill.com 135
 Find the x- and y-intercepts of the graphs.
30. y = -fx2 + ix + 9 31. f(x) = x3 - 2x2 - 5x + 6

y
~~~
~ ~
I
J 4
2
' ~
\
4"
21\
IJ ~ \
-8-6-. 0 2 4 \ 8 X -8-6-4 0 \2 4 6 8 X

I
I
,..~
-4
-6

.. l
8
1\
,
\
[
4
6
8
17

'--- ' - -

Find the zeros of each function.

32. f(x) = 5x + 12 33. f(x) = 3x- 8 34. f(x) = - 85 x - 2
5
+ 415
2
35. f(x) = 3x +4 36. f(x) = -6x + 3 37. f(x) = -4x
38. ~ MODELING The graph shows the function y = -16x2 + lOx + 2, 3, ~
which models the path of a football kicked during a game. They-axis 2
'""1\
shows the distance the ball is above the ground in feet. The x-axis shows \
the number of seconds from the kick. Estimate the intercepts and -1.5-1 0.5 1 1.5x
interpret them in the context of the problem. - - -
- - -
I
MULTI-STEP Hernando is saving for a school trip. He has $40 saved.
He knows he can earn $15 a week mowing a neighbor's yard. He can also earn $30
helping his father at his father's shop. The trip costs $130.
a. How much money will Hernando have, if he helps his father at his shop?
b. How much additional money must he earn by mowing yards?
c. Write a function to find how many weeks he must mow yards in order to have
enough money for the trip. Find the zero of the function.
d. What does the zero mean in the context of this situation?

H.O.T. Problems -
Use - ____
Higher-Order Thinking Skills ,

40. ERROR ANALYSIS Alexander and Sandra Alexander Sandra

solved the equation 7 = %x + 4 by I'!!"
iJ
v- lv
graphing the related function. Which v r'7 ~
_.,./ -. 0 _,- l' X
student's solution is correct? What error v
- 1/' v
_.,
may the other student have made? /v - c---- -
.~.v ..t~
,
41. WRITING IN MATH Use 0 = 4x + 10 and
-
~
-f~ 0 X 'Jt.
f(x) = 4x + 10 to distinguish among roots, -'-- --
solutions, and zeros. X= -6.4 X =4.8

42. ~ REASONING How can you confirm that a zero of a related function is the root of
the original equation?

43. G REASONING Does f(x) = 6 have a zero? Explain.

44. OPEN-ENDED The root of a linear equation is - ~. Write an equation and its related
function.

136 I Lesson 2-7 I Solving Equations by Graphing

Preparing for Assessment
45. What are the x- andy-intercepts of the graph? 48. MULTI-STEP Below is the graph of a function that
G2 models the height of a baseball each second it is in
y
the air. The height in feet is on the vertical axis
and the time in seconds is on the horizontal axis .
.J

17 0 1,2,8
j
y
0 1/ X f-- -14
7 f-- 12 f
c---- ~0 I
,.,.J
c---- -a
r-- -6
0 A x-intercept is 4; y-intercept is -2.5.
--
0 B x-intercept is -2.5; y-intercept is 4. q 1 3 4 5X
~
I
0 C x-intercept is 2.5; y-intercept is -4.
a. Which of the following statements is true?
0 D x-intercept is -4; y-intercept is 2.5.
D A The graph is linear.

D B The graph is nonlinear.

46. What are the x- and y-intercepts of the graph? D C There is more than one x-intercept.
G2
) •Y j
D D There is more than one y-intercept.
1\
1\ I
J
D E In terms of the context of the problem,
\ I only the first quadrant is needed.
'I
'\
\ 0
I
J X b. What is the x-intercept of the graph?

' 'I

'" v T-
c. What is they-intercept of the graph?

0 A x-intercepts are -3, 2; y-intercept is -4.

0 B x-intercepts are 3, -2; y-intercept is 4. d. What do the intercepts represent?

0 C x-intercept is -4; y-intercept are -3, 2.

0 D x-intercept is 4; y-intercept is 3, -2.

49. The graph of a function f passes through the points

(5.8, 0) and (0, -7.5). What is the root of f(x) = 0?
47. A baker buys supplies to make 5 loaves of bread.
G1
The supplies cost $8. He would like to know what 0AO
price to put on each loaf to make a profit of $12.
Which is the equation of the related function that 0 B 5.8
can be used to find the solution? G 4 0 c -7.5
0 A f(x) = 5x- 4 0 D (5.8, -7.5)
0 B f(x) = 5x - 8

0 C f(x) = 5x - 12
50. What is the related function for 19 = 7x + 14? ~7
0 D f(x) = 5x - 20

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 137
Study Guide
I Key Concepts I I Key Vocabulary
Functions and Continuity (Lesson 2-1) absolute value function (p.120) linear function (p. 95)

• A function is a relation where each member of the domain is continuous relation (p. 88) one-to-one function (p. 87)
paired with exactly one member of the range. onto function (p. 87)
dependent variable (p. 89)
• A function is one-to-one if each element of the domain is
paired with exactly one unique element of the range. dilation (p. 126) piecewise-defined function
(p. 118)
• A function is onto if each element of the range corresponds discrete relation (p. 88)
to an element of the domain. point symmetry (p. 98)
end behavior (p. 103)
Linearity and Symmetry (Lesson 2-2) reflection (p. 126)
extrema (p. 105)
• A linear function can be written in the form ~x) = mx + b. function notation (p. 89)
relative maximum (p. 105)
• A graph has line symmetry if each half of the graph on either relative minimum (p. 105)
side of a line matches the other side exactly. greatest integer function
(p. 119) root of an equation (p. 134)
• A graph has point symmetry when a figure is rotated 180°
about a point and maps exactly onto the other part. independent variable (p. 89) step function (p. 119)

Extrema and End Behavior (Lesson 2-3) intercepts (p. 133) translation (p. 125)

• The degree and leading coefficient of a polynomial determine line symmetry (p. 97) vertical line test (p. 88)
its end behavior.
linear equation (p. 95) zero of a f unct ion (p. 134)
• Polynomials with an even degree have end behavior in the
same direction, while polynomials with an odd degree have
end behavior in opposite directions.
• Extrema are the relative maximum and minimum values of a I Vocabulary Check
function.
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
Sketching Graphs of Functions (Lesson 2-4)
1. A function is (discrete, one-to-one ) if each element of the
• Key features provide information for sketching a graph. domain is paired to exactly one unique element of the range.
Special Functions and Parent Functions (Lessons 2-5 and 2-6) 2. The (domain, range) of a relation is the set of all first
coordinates from the ordered pairs which determine
• A piecewise-defined function is made up of two or more
the relation.
expressions.
• Translations, reflections, and dilations of a parent graph form 3. The (constant, identity) function is a linear function
a family of graphs. described by f(x) = x.
4. The (leading coefficient, constant term) and degree of a
Solving Equations by Graphing (Lesson 2-7)
polynomial function determines the end behavior of its graph.
• To solve equations by graphing: Step 1 Graph each side of the 5. A function that is written using two or more expressions is
equation separately. Step 2 Find the points of intersection. called a (linear, piecewise-defined) function.
Step 3 Examine the graphs. The x-coordinate of each point of
intersection is a solution to t he equation.

Study Organizer
I Concept Check
6. Explain t he difference between a discrete and continuous
Use your Foldable to review the relation.
chapter. Working with a partner 7. Explain the difference in end behavior of polynomials with
can be helpful. Ask for clarification an even degree and an odd degree.
of concepts as needed.

138 I Chapter 2 I Study Guide and Review

Lesson-by-Lesson Review
2-1 Functions and Continuity
State the domain and range of each relation. Then determine Example1 1

whether the relation is a function. If it is a function, determine State the domain and range of the relation {(-4, 3},
if it is one-to-one, onto, both, or neither. (-1, 0}, (-2, 4), {3, -1}, {2, 6)}. Then determine whether the
8. {( -3, 0}, (0, 2}, (2, 4}, (4, 5}, (5, 2)} relation is a function. If it is a function, determine if it is
one-to-one, onto, both, or neither. State whether it is
9. {(-4, 1}, (3, 3}, (1 , 1}, (-2, 5}, (3, -4)}
discrete or continuous.
10. {(7, -4}, (5, -2}, (3, 0}, (1 , 2}, (-1, 4}}
Domain: {-4, - 2,- 1, 2,3}
Range: {- 1, 0, 3, 4, 6}
11. BOWLING A bowling alley charges $3.50 for shoe rental
and $5.25 per game bowled. The amount a bowler is Each element of the domain is paired with one element of
charged can be expressed as y = 3.50 + 5.25x, when the range, so the relation is a function. The function is both
1 :::; x:::; 5, and xis an integer. Find the domain and range. because each element of the domain is paired with a unique
Then determine whether the equation is a function. Is element of the range and each element of the range is
the equation discrete or continuous? paired with a unique element of the domain. The function is
discrete as its domain consists of individual points.

2-2 Linearity and Symmetry

State whether each function is a linear function. Write yes Example2 1
or no. Explain. State whether f(x) = 3x2 is a linear function. Write yes or
12. 3x + 4y = 12 13. x2 +I = 4 no. Explain.
14. y= X3 - 6 15. y = 6x - 19 No, because the expression includes a variable raised to the
1 second power.
16. f (x) = - 2x + 9 17. x- +3y = - 5
- ~
\dentify the type of symmetry in the graph of each function. Example3 !

-
1 Identify the type of symmetry in the graph.
18. y= - x+ 1 19. y = x2 - 2x - 3
2 y j
y y
~ A I
'-..: 1\ I I
i"" ....... \ 1
....... ....... \ I I
....... ....... I
0 ...... ....... X
~
' ~0 J X
0
J
If X

\ I I
' \.. _) I
'
There is no vertical line in which the graph can be reflected
onto itself. The graph does not display line symmetry.
The graph displays point symmetry at (1, - 1) and a 180°
rotation about that point gives the original graph.

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 139
 2-3 Extrema and End Behavior
For each graph: Example4
a. describe the end behavior. Use the graph to answer the questions below.
b. state the number of real zeros. a. Describe the end behavior.
f(x) ~ + oo as x ~ - oo,
20. 21.
f(x) ~ - oo as x ~ + oo
b. State the number of real
zeros. 0 XI
X X The graph intersects the x-axis
at three points, so there are
three real zeros.

Use a graphing calculator to estimate the x-coordinates at

which the maxima and minima of each function occur.
Round to the nearest hundredth.
22. f(x) = 2X3 - 3x2 - 4x + 5
23. f(x) =0 + 3X3 - x2 + Bx + 1

2-4 Sketching Graphs of Functions

Use the key features of the function to sketch its graph. ExampleS
24. y-intercept: (0, -3) Use the key features of the function to sketch its graph.
Linearity: linear y-intercept: (0, 10)
Positive: for all values of x such that x > 2 Linearity: linear
Increasing: for all values of x Negative: for all values of x such that x > 15
End Behavior: as x ~ oo, f(x) ~ oo; Decreasing: for all values of x
as x ~ -oo, f(x) ~ - oo
To include they-intercept and
~"' 20 y
25. y-intercept: (0, 0) all key features, set axes f'
from -25 to 25. ..... ~
Linearity: nonlinear •v ~

Plot they-intercept at (0, 10). ....~

Continuity: continuous
-20 -10 0 10 ~ £..x
Positive: for all x such that -4 < x < 0 The graph is a decreasing
-10
Decreasing: for all x such that x > -2 straight line that is negative I
1
Extrema: relative maximum at (-2, 4) for all values of x such 20
I
End Behavior: as x ~ oo, f(x) ~ -oo; that x > 15.
as x ~ -oo, f(x) ~ -oo

140 I Chapter 2 I Study Guide and Review

 2-5 Graphing Special Functions
Example 6 _~f
I
Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.
-2x if x~ -1 Write the piecewise-defined f{x) I ~
26. f(x) =
{
+ 1 if -1 < X < 3
X function shown in v
X if X~ 3 the graph.

-3 if x< -1 The left portion of the

[7
27. f(x) = 4x - 3 if -1 ~ x ~ 3 graph is the graph of
ov X
{ f(x) = 3. There is a circle v
nmrr Ill·•
X if X> 3
at (-2, 3), so the linear [7

~~:~~~~~~~~~se-defined
function is defined for
28. x< -2.
The center portion of the graph is the graph of f(x) = x -1.
There is a dot at (-2, -3) and a circle at {2, 1), so the linear
01\ X
function is defined for -2 ~ x < 2.

v ' The right portion of the graph is the graph of f(x) = 2x. There
~ is a dot at {2, 4), so the linear function is defined for x ~ 2.

3 if X< -2
Graph each function. Identify the domain and range. f(X) = X- 1 if -2 ~ X < 2
{
2x if x~ 2
29. f(x) = [x] + 2 30. f(x) = [x + 3]
Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.

31. f(x) = 1-xl + 1 32. f(x) = 2lx -11

L..-.--

2-6 Transformations of Functions

Describe the translation in each function. Example7 I
33. y= x2- 3 34. y= x - 4 Describe the translation in y = I x + 61.
Describe the reflection in each function. The graph of y = I x + 61 is a translation of the
graph of y = 1 xI left 6 units.
35. y= 1-xl 36. y= -x2
Describe the dilation in each function. ExampleS
37. y=6lxl 38. y = (2x) 2 Describe the reflection in y = (- x) 2.
39. The graph of g(x) was obtained by transforming the The graph of y = (- x) 2 is a reflection of the graph
graph of f{x). Which equation can be used to describe of y = x2 in they-axis.
g(x) in terms of f{x)? I I I I I I I fy btl 1-
A g(x) = -f{x +2)
~v ,_ Example9
B g(x) = - f{x -1) - 1 Describe the dilation in y= -ilxl.
N l l.7
~
C g(x) = -f{x+1) -1 The graph of y = ~lxl is a dilation of t he graph
of y = lxl compressed vertically.

~ II
D g(x) = -f{x -1) + 1 X

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 141
 2-7 Solving Equations by Graphing
Find the x- andy-intercepts of the graph of each function. Example10
40. y=3x-4 Find the x- andy-intercepts of the graph of y = x2- 2,
which is shown below.
41. ~x) = - ! x+2 ~ y lj
2 4
42. ~x) =5 x + 5 \ ll
1 II
Solve each equation by using the graph of the related ~ j
function. 1\ I
fJ X

43. 0= - 21 x+3 '~

0 J
44. 37 x- 314 =o
45. 0 = -4x-1
The graph intersects the x-axis at about the points (-1.4, 0)
and (1.4, 0). The x-intercepts are about -1.4 and 1.4.
The graph intersects they-axis at (0, -2). They-intercept is -2.

142 I Chapter 2 I Study Guide and Review

 .-..,~ Go Online! for
t1 another Chapter Test

1. State the domain and range of the relation shown 8. Use a graphing calculator to estimate the
in the table. Then determine whether it is a x-coordinates at which the maxima and minima of
function. If it is a function, determine if it is one-to- the function in exercise 7 occur. Round to the
one, onto, both, or neither. nearest hundredth.

9. Use the key features of the function to sketch its

graph.
y-intercept: (0, -2)
Linearity: nonlinear
Continuity: continuous
Positive: for all values of x such that x < -2
2. Graph each equation and determine whether the Decreasing: for all values of x
equation is a function, is one-to-one, onto, both, or Extrema: no relative maximum or minimum
neither. State whether it is discrete or continuous. End Behavior: As x -H)o,f(x)---+ - oo;
as x ---+ -oo, f(x) ---+oo
State whether each function is a linear function. Write
yes or no. Explain. -xifx<-2
10. Graph f(x) = x + 2 if -2 :::; x :::; 2.
3. -4x + y = -1 4. y = x2 - 2x +1 {
5if x >2

5. Identify the type of symmetry in the graph.

11. Write the piecewise-defined function shown.
y y ~
/
"
~

0
I
J ' I\
\
~ X
' 0 X
l
I 1\
I \
If ~

6. For the graph below: 12. Graph f(x) = 2lxl - 4. Identify the domain and
range.
a. describe the end behavior.
b. state the number of real zeros. 13. Identify the domain and range of y = [x] + 2.
f(x) 14. Describe the translation toy= x2 + 5.
15. Describe the reflection in y = -jxj.

X 16. Describe the dilation in y = (5x)2 .

Find the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of each

function.

7. Analyze the function f(x) = 2.0 - 3x4 + .x3 - 2x2 - 17. f(x) = Ix + 3 I - 2
x - 1 and describe its end behavior.
18. g(x) = x2 +x- 6

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 143
r Performance Task
Provide a clear solution to each part of the task. Be sure to show all of your work, include all
relevant drawings, and justify your answers.

BUSINESS A statistical and business analysis company collects and evaluates data for its
corporate clients.

The company gets several collections of data, which are shown in the graphs below.
Graph B Graph C

-..
y
5~
40
~
30
r~ ~-
20
10
r,
0 2 4 6 8 10x

1. Determine for each graph whether an equation can be used to represent the data, and
if so, the type of function that should be used to model the data.

1@1:1
The company does an analysis for a small family corporation that makes athletic 1doo Y ,.. ....
shoes of potential profits and losses at various units produced. The data is shown 6000 \I
on the graph. 5ooo
iE0 ~4000
I
1\
\
2. Determine the greatest amount of profit the shoe company can expect to make. 0::: 3qoo ,
2qoo 1 !\.
1
3. Determine the greatest amount of loss the shoe company can expect to incur. 1~oo 1 r Tl'"1-:
I0 ~ ~0 2000 3000 4000 15000 I X
l P""'"
lfflli Units Produced
The company analyzes a set of data regarding the ideal number of products a
company should produce based on their costs and consumer demand. They produce the
equation
p = -0.0125(n- 300) 2 + 500, where pis the profit and n is the number of units of the
product produced.
4. Determine the number of products at which the profit will be $0.

5. Determine the ideal number of products the company should make.

144 I Chapter 2 I Preparing for Assessment

Test-Taking Strategy
Example
Test-Taking Tip
Read the problem. Identify what you need to know. Then use the information in the Strategies for Solving
problem to solve. Reading Math Problems
The first step to solving any
Which of the following best describes the graph of y - 2x ::; 6? math problem is to read the
A a solid line with shading above the line problem. When reading a
math problem to get the
B a solid line with shading below the line information you need to
solve, it is helpful to use
C a dashed line with shading above the line special reading strategies.
D a dashed line with shading below the line

tal What do you know? What do you need to know? Is there enough
information? Is there extra information?
The question gives the equation of the line. I need to put the equation in

,,. slor e-intercept form and determine where it should be shaded.

How are the facts given related? Are there any keywords that give you a clue
on how to solve?
The answer choices all mention solid versus dashed lines and shading, so I
know I need to determine what the graph of an inequality looks like.
lllmlll Can you eliminate any answer choices?
I can eliminate choices C and D because they are dashed lines, and an
inequality with an "or equal to" sign is a solid line.
fim What is the correct answer?
Choice B is correct.

Apply the Strategy

Read the question. Then use the information in the problem to solve.

Which equation best represents the graph shown below? y lA

4
l/
A y=l x l +2 C y = l-2x + 1 1 ~ :l/
l/ ~
!'\
B y = l2x + 11 D y=lx+21

Answer the questions below.

"
- 4 - 3- 2 -10
I2
1 2 3 4X

3
a. What do you know? What do you need to know? I 4
Is there enough information? Is there
extra information?
b. How are the facts given related? Are there any keywords
that give you a clue on how to solve?
c. Can you eliminate any answer choices?
d. What is the correct answer?

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 145
Read each question. Then fill in the correct answer on 5. Graph the absolute value function that has
the answer document provided by your teacher or on a x-intercepts of -6 and -2 and a minimum of
sheet of paper. (-4, -4).

1. Letf(x) = -3x2 - 2x. What isf( -~)?

QA4 6. Which of the following functions have the end
behavior f(x) --+ -oo, as x--+ -oo? Select all
QB 47 that apply.

0 c 14 D A y=-x2

Q D 2
DB y=-x-5+2

13 D C y = -3x4 - 9
QE 4 D D y=2x3 +6
D E y = 0.5x7 - 2.5

2. What is the y-intercept of the graph of

y = I X - 121 + 6? 7. What is the value of the function when x = 0?
1
ifx < 0
f(x) = [ - ; : : : ifO=s:;x<9
3. Which of the following scenarios should be
represented by continuous functions? Select all that -2x + 10 ifx;::::9
apply. QA -4
D A A train with c cars can hold p people. QB 8
D B A car uses g gallons of gas per m miles. oc 9

D C A tree grows c centimeters for every n On 10

inches of rain. QE undefined
D D A baseball team gives away h hats for every
t tickets bought.
8. Determine whether each function is one-to-one,
D E A person's femur bone is n inches for every onto, both, or neither.
f feet the person is tall.
a.
-1
-2
4
I -4 I -8
-3 -4
8

4. y 5 10 15 20
~
,... ...... I\.
b.
0 1 2 3

,
~
/
'l \

=~ 1-~ I I
0 2
c.
·~
1/
2 4
~ )7 0 X
L_L_
'--

0.5 1.0 1.5 I 2.0

d.
0 1 0 1 -1 -2
What are the extrema of the graph shown above?

146 I Chapter 2 I Preparing for Assessment

9. Determine whether each graph has a line of 10. Which inequality has no solutions in the first
symmetry, a point of symmetry, both, or neither. quadrant?
a. I y 0 A y > -l x l

1\ 0 B y < 120- xl
0 C y < -l x l
\
\ 0 X
0 D y < l x l - 20

"'J1"
'

11. What is an equation of the function shown in the

graph?
b. y
y
-
lo' ....... , -
- -
-
4
3
~ -
v
7
j
0
t\.
' X
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1
I
-2-10 I 1 2 3 \
I ' ~
\
5 6 X

\ ) - I-! l

' '~'-....
""""""
~
f7
r.
ir
l \
,
\

c.
0 A y = (x - 2) 2 + 3
Y-4
I 0 B y = -(x + 2) 2 + 3
'I
J 0 C y = -(x - 3) 2 + 2
1 0 D y = - (x - 2) 2 + 3
I -- -
J
I
I 0 X

J
,.I 12. Let f(x) = Ix + 421 + 35. What is the minimum
value of the function?
d. .. y -4
l I
\ I
\, I
I
\ J Test-Taking Tip
\ I Question 12 The minimum value of a quadratic function like f(x)
II
0
' ~ l./ X
occurs at its vertex.

Need Extra Help?

If you missed Question ... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Go to Lesson ... 2-1 2-6 2-1 2-3 2-4 2-3 2-5 2-1 2-2 2-5 2-6 2-3
)

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 147