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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
150 views8 pagesChemistry Formula Booklet
A Perfect pdf for Your Chemistry Revision...
Uploaded by
Villie GreyCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 8
REVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
a ei suit 5 ———
‘substance | Molar mass [ Mot |” 6023 #107) <
© | Geam 2 esis
Bac
olime ofa aa STP)
© Molecularmass
SOME BASIC
CONCEPTS OF
CHEMISTRY
© Molccularmass=2* VD
© Eq. wtofmetal
___Wtof metal
WLof Hy displaced
weof metal
‘Wt of oxygen combined
© Faq. wofmenl
_ Mot meat
‘Woof ehiorine combined
© Molecular formula= (Empirical formula),
© Energy of electron in species with one
clectton.
-2n2metZ2
ATOMIC wh?
STRUCTURE _} For energyin SI system,
-2n'me!z?
Fam wna)?
“130222
132 got
0
nh
r=
2n
wh?
© Faz? 70529|T] A
(@ Total energy of electron in the n't shell.
Pf keze?\ __ kre?
=KE+PE, =kzo—+| 2) - WE
KE PE, =k 5—+[ SEE) =O
__ Average relative mass of one molecule
T
A xemassof C-12 stom
7 ate
1008
35.5
[R= 1.0968 « 107m)
VamxK.
(@ No. ofspectral linesproduced when an electron drops from.
=1
nn Jevel to ground level = =”
(© _Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle (Ax) (Ap) 2 b/d
@ _ Nodes (n - 1) = total nodes, ¢= angular nodes,
(n= £—1)= Radial nodes
(Orbital angular momentum : VEE = [ED
© © ionic character
Actual dipole mexnent
= cual dpe mere 100
CHEMICAL Calealated dipole moment ©
Ronnie Gi Dipote moment is helpful in
predicting geometry and polarity
‘ofimolccule.
° 's Rule : Following factors are helpful in increasing
covalent character in ionic compounds
@Smallcaion ——GiBiganion
(ii) High charge on catica/anion
(Gv) Cation having pseudo inert gas configuration (ns"p°d!)
eg. Cu‘, Ag’, Zn'?,Ca'?
© MO. theory:
@ Bondorder=40N,-N)
@)__ Higher the bond order, higher is the bond dissociation
‘energy, eaters the stability, shorter isthe bond length.
© Formal charge (F.C.) on an atom in a Lewisstructure
= [total number of valence electrons in the ree atoms]
{total number of non-binding (lone pair) electrons]
1
~ [total number of bonding (shared) electrons}
© _ Relative bond strength : sp'd?>dsp?>sp} >sp? >sp >p-p
(Co-axial)> s-p>s-s>p -p(Corateral) REVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY
© YSEPR theory
() (LP-LP) repulsion > (LP-BP) >(BP-BP)
Gil) NH, > Bond Angle 106° 45"because (LP-BP) repulsion
> (@P-BP) HO -> 104° 27'because (LP-LP) repulsion >
(P-LB)> FBP)
© Hybriaistion:
umber of valence elecons of central atom
4+mumber of monovalent atoms attached tot
2)
+ negative charge if any —-positive charge if any,
QK,=K.RT) wheredn, np-ny
(@Free Energy Change (4G)
(® IAG=0 then reversiblereaction
‘wouldbe in equilibrium,
(b) HAG= (+) ve the
be displaced in backward
direction; K,<1
(©) IAG = () ve then equilibrium will shift in forward
direction; K.>1
(a) K, unit > (moles/lity,
(W)K, unit (atm)**
Reaction Quotientand Equilibrium Constant
Consider the following reversible reaction
A+B=C+D
icp)
c= TATBI
CaseI: IfQ, [Products]
then the system is not at equilibrium
Casell : FQ, ~K, then : The sytem is ot equilibrium,
Case III :1fQ,>K, then : [Procucts}> [Reactants)
‘The system is hot at equilibrium,
@ Arelationship between the equilibrium constant K,. reaction
quotient and Gibb’s energy.
AG=aG"+RTIng
At equilibrium AG=0 andQ=K then
‘AG? = -RTInK,
& AG°=-RTIn
Q LeChatelir’sprintiple
@ _ Increase of reactant cone. (Shift reaction forward)
Gi) Decrease of reactant conc. (Shift reaction backward)
Gil) Increase of pressure (from more moles to less moles)
Gv) Decrease of pressure (iromless moles to more moles)
(v) For exothermic reaction decrease in temp. (Shift
forward)
(vi) For endothermic increase in temp. (Shift backward)
© © _LewisAcid (e pair acceptor) >
C0,,BF;,AICI,, ZnCl normal
CHEMICAL
EQUILIBRIUM
cation
IONIC i) Lewis Base (€~ pair donor) —>
EQUILIBIRIUM NH. ROH, ROR. HO. RNH3.
normal anions
© Dissociation of Weak Acid and Weak
Base
(Weak Acid, K,=C2/(1—x) or K,=CP:x<<1
Gi) Weak Base, K, = Cx2/(1 - x) or K, =Cx?;x<<1
Bulle solution (Henderson equation) :
@ Acidic, pH=pk, +1og (Sal/Acid).
For maximum bifer action pH=pK,
Range of buffer pH= pK, + |
@ Alkaline pOH=pK,, + fog (SaltBase} for max buffer
action pH 14—pK,,
Range pH= 14—pK,,+1
of Acid or Base Mixed
Change in pH
Relation between ionisation constant (K,) and degree of
ionisation(a):-
2 2
Ke we
¥ (-a)V (=a)
tis applicable to weak electrolytes for which a< ionic product thea the solution is
‘unsaturated and more ofthe substance can be dissolved in it.
Ga Ifionicproduct> solubility product the solution is super
saturated (principle of precipitation).
Salt of week acid and strong base:
K,
K, Kw.
PH=05 (PK, +PK,+ gor h= y= K.
(i= degree of hydrolysis)
Salt of weak base and strong acid:
K,
PH=0.5 (pKy—PKp—logeih= x Xe
Salt of weak acid and weak base
PH=05 (9K, +PK,~pky)ih = FA
@ Unitotrateconstant
k= moll fit} sect
(@ Order of reaction Itcan be fraction,
zero or any whole number,
Molecularity of reaction is abways a
iolenumter. Itis never more than three.
Iteannot be zero,
First Order Reaction
2.303 0.693
ke lotic Gay & bina
[A], = [Ale™t
second Order Reactions:
‘When concentration of A and B taking same,
a (5)
‘When concentration ofA and B ate taking iffeent -
2303 baa-x)
1@-b) 8 a=»)
ky REVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY
‘Zero Order Reaction: x=kt and ty
2k
‘The rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of
the reacting substance.
Time of n fraction of first order process,
5
Amount of substance left afer ‘n' half lives
303
4
hin
(Al,
a
Arrhenius equation : k= Ac-FeRT, slope = =
and Temperature Coefficient
ke\_ Bs (Bot
tes lk.) 7 2303 CHT
thas been found that for a chemical reaction with rise in
temperature by 10°C, the rate constant gets nearly doubled.
PZ qgeFeRT
© Oxidant itsetfis reduced (gives 0,)
Or Oxidant —> e-(s) Acceptor
Reductant tselfis oxidised (gives H,)
Or reductant —>€~ (3) Donor
© (i) Strength of ecid< ON
(i) Strengih ofbases 1/ ON
© (0 Electrochemical Series: Li, K,Ba,
Sr, Ca, Na, Mg,Al,Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Cd,Co,
Ni, Sn, Pb, Hy, Cu, Ag, Pt, Au
|As we move from top to bottom inthis series
(a) Standard Reduction Potential T
(b) Standard Oxidation Potential Y
(©) Reducing Capacity +
@pt
OXIDATION -
REDUCTION
(©) Reactivity +
© Fist awof Themoiynamics:
aE=Q+W
Expression for pressure volume work
PAV
um workin areversible expansion:
THERMO.
DYNAMICS
Maxi
Ye
W=-2,303n RT log
© q~eAT=AU, q,-6,AT= aH
Enthapy changes during phase transformation
© Enthalpy of Fusion
(i) Heat of Vapourisation
Gi) Heat of Sublimation
© Enthalpy : AH=AE-+PAV=AE+AnRT
@ _ Kirchofts equation
AEs, = AE, +ACy (T,~T,) [constant V]
AM, = Ally, +4Cp (T)~T,) [constant P]
Entropy(s) : Measure of disorder or randomness
AS=2S,-ES,
Mi, py
as 303 AR Iog sy, =2303m Rog
T
Free energy change: AG= AH—TAS, AG°=—nFE*,.
-AG= Wmaximi
‘aH aS AG Reaction characteristics
= + Always negative Reaction is spontaneous a
all temperature.
+ — Always positive Reaction is nonspontencous
at all temperature
~~ Negative at low Spontaneous at low temp. &
temperature but non spontaneous at high
positive at high temperature
temperature
+ + Positive at low Non spontaneous at low
temp. but temp. & spontaneous at high
negative at high temp.
‘temperature
oo
°o
© m=Zi
dea
© Degreeof dissociation : a= 53
a
ELECTRO- .
GHEmistrr | © Specific conductance
1 t gt
wolf Gf x cx constant (G4);
p Ra a so
1000, _ 11000
MAS WN
Kohlrausch'slaw: AQ, = 398 +y29,
‘Nernst Equation
0.0591 [Products]
ee n Toto (Reactants], {Reactants}
nE*
BEX a= Eig t Phen Kg =antilog [Sl
AG=-nFE,.y & AG’ =-nFE? cell=-2303 RTlogK,
° (2)
8 Wage RFE RAG AH T (SE)
Calculation of pH of an electrolyte by using a calomel
een 0.2415
electrode: pl =
Thermodynamic efficiency of fuel cells:
=7AG _=aF Ea
“a at
For H.-0, fuel ellsitis 95%.
PoKy.x
number of equivalents
Normality (Ny = Sumber of equivalents __
ormalty = fume of tie solution i res
umber of moles
Nolasity (“~~ cTame of the solution in lives REVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY
@ Raouit’s aw
P=Pat Pa=P’aX,t P’pXp,
QCharactertstics Of an ideal solution:
@ AgV=0 Gi) AgH=
QFRelative lowering of vapour pressure
Pay
SOLUTION AND
‘COLLIGATVE:
PROPERTES
se
re
n,
x,-
entry
Colligative & Number of particles! ions! moles ofsolute
properties
Depression of freezing point, AT,=Kjm.
Elevation in boiling point with relative lowering of vapour
pressure
) (Mt, =mol, wt of solvent)
Osmotic pressure (P) with depression in freezing point AT;
aRT
Pt SN
Relation between Ostratic pressure and other colligative
ant
“Mig, Relativelowering ofvapourpressure
Pa
= AT, x RT
) *2T*7Gop,_ Elevation in botingpoin:
Gil) x= AT, x
Depression in freezing point
__ Normal molar mass _ Observed colligntive property
* Observed molar mass Normal colligative property
Degree of association a= (1—i)
& degrer of dissoziation (a) =“
© Weal gaseuation :
@R=0.0821 lit
DR=2eals. cog”* moe
Gi) R=8.314 1K"! mole
© Velocities related to gaseous state
aye PP PRE.
puswiye PP PRT PP
a
‘Average speed= [°=" & Mos: probable speed = [28>
Average speed = % RMS speed
RMS speed = 1.085 x Average speed
MPS= 816 x RMS; RMS = 1.224 MPS
MPS: A.V. speed: RMS~ 11.128 = 1.224
PV=nkT
aim. deg" mole?
Rate of diffusion
© van der Waal's equation
(ma)
[Pepe] (Vn) =aRT for nmotes
© Z(compressibility factor) = —— ; Z= 1 for ideal gos
aT
Toa re Vent =
7d 270" wR
© Available space filled up by hard
spheres ostin fraction):
‘SOLIDAND
Simple eubie= = =0.52
LIQUID STATE 6
© _ Radius ratio and co-ordination mumber (CN)
Limiting radius rato] Geometey
10135-0225] [Phnewiangle}
(0255-0414) [Tetrahedral)
[oal4-0.732} [Octahedral]
(0.732-1] [bec]
© Atomic radius rand the edge of the unit cell:
Pure clements :
Simple c
Relationship between radius of void (r) and the radius
ofthe sphere (A) : r(tetrahedral) = 0.225 R ; r (octahedral)
044k
© _ Paramagnetic : Presence of unpaired electrons [attracted by
‘magnetic eld]
© Ferromagnetic : Permanent magnetism[? 144]
© Antiferromagnetic : Net magneticmoment is zero [74 TY]
© Ferrimagnetic : Net magnetic
moment isthree [TY 4 17]
surFace \\ @ Emulsion : Colloidal soln. of two
CHEMISTRY & immiscible liquids{O/W emulsion,
‘COLLOIDAL ‘W/0 emulsioa}
‘STATE © Emulsifier : Long chain
hydrocarbons are added 10
stabilize emulsion,
Lyophilic colloid : Starchy gum, gelatin have greater affinity
for solvent,
Lyophobic colloid : No affinity for solyent, special methods
are used toprepare sol. (e.g. As,S,, Fe(OH), sol]
Preparation of ollcidal solution :
( Dispersion methods (6) Condensation method.
—_1
Flecculating value
Properties of colloidal solution :
(Tyndall effec: (i)Brownian movement
(Gi) Coagulation (iv)Filtabiliy
Coagulating power
e0o 8 8 8 REVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY
eo 009
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
General electronic configuration
(ofouter orbits),
s-block mn:
PERIODIC pblick. atop
TABLE d-block (n-1)d!1? ns!-2
Fblock —(n-2)f!-Ms2peql
O-Ds?p'e? oF ne
Pr(LToR) Gr(toB)
o + t
@)_Tonisation potential t +
Git) Electron affin t t
(iv) Electroncgatvity t t
() Metalliccharacteror 4 t
elec itive character
(vi) Alkaline character +
of hydroxides
(si) Acidic character i. t
(viii)Reducing property t t
(&) Oxidising property t +
( Nonmeuliccharacter 4
1 1
IP © Metallic character “ Reducing character
L
EA => ccnuclear charge.
‘Second electron affinity is always negative.
Electron affinity of chlorine is greates than fluorine (small,
atomic size).
The firstelement ofa group has similar properties with the
second element of the next group. This is called diagonal,
relationship. The diagonal relationship disappearsafterIV
‘group.
© Atomicradii: LiNa>K>Rb> Cs
yc \ © Fitionization potential: Li> Na>K>
Rb> Cs
ELEMENTS J @ Melting point Li > Na > K > Rb
>Cs
© Colour of the flame Li- Red, Na -
Golden, K -Violet, Rb-Red, C5 Blue,
Ca- Brick red, Sr- Blood red, Ba-Apple
ph
Stability of hydrides : LiH> NaH> KH> RbH> Cs
Basic nature of hydroxides :LiOH Na>K>Rb> Cs
Reducing character :Li> Cs>Rb>K>Na
© Stability of +3 oxidation state:
B>Al>Ga>In>T1
© Stabilityof +1 oxidation siate:
BORON GaAlIn Sid, > GeO, > Sn0,> FO,
FAMILY Weaker acidic (amphoteric)
© Reducing nature of hydrides
Cl, < Sill, < Gell, SiCI,> GeCl,> SnCl,> PbO),
‘Oxidising character of M" species
GeCly
P,0,>As;0,
Acidic sirength of pentoxides,
1N,O,>P,03> As,05> Sb,0;>Bi,0,
(@ Acidic sitengtn of oxides or nitrogen
N,O PH, > AsH, > SbH, > BiH],
Stability of trihalides of nitrogen : NF,> NCI, > NBr,
Lewis base strength : NF, NBr, PCI,> AsCI, > SbC1, > BiCl,
Lewis acid strength of trihalides of P, As and Sb
PCI,> AsCl;>SbCl,
Lewisacid strength among phosphorus trihalides
PF, >PCI,> PBr,>Pl,
Nitrogen displays a great tendency to form pr—prmultiple
bonds with itselfas well as with carbon and oxygen.
‘The basic strength of the hydrides
NH, > PH, > AsH, > SbH,
‘The thermal stability ofthe hydrides decreases asthe atomic
size increases,
NITROGEN
FAMILY
‘© Melting ana oiling pointof nydrides
H,0>H,Te> H,Se>H,S
© Volatility ofhydrides
H,O SeO, > TeO,> PoO,;$0,> SeO, > Te,
Acidic character of oxide of aparticular element e.g. S)
‘80 «$0, Te0,> Se0,>PoO, REVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY
Bond_ energy
C1,>Be,> F,> ly
@ Solubility of halogen in water :
F,>Cly> Bry>ly
© Oxidising power : F, > Cl, > Br,
>I,
© Enihatpy ofhydration of X- ion: >
Cr>Br>r
Reactivity ofhalogens :F>C1>Br>1
Tonic character of M - X bond inalides
M-F>M-Cl>M-Br>M-I
Reducing character of X~ ion : I-> Br-> Cl-> F~
Acidic strength ofhalogen acids: HI> HBr> HC1> HF
Conjugate base strength of halogen aci
T C10, > C1,0,> C10,
Acidic character of oxyacids of chlorine
HCIO HCIO,> HCIO, > HCIO,
© Xek, +P —> [XeFT [PF]
Xe, + SbF; —> [XeFy]* [SbF]
of halogens
@ e060 9 060
XeFe+ HO —> XeOF, +2HF
XeFe+2H,0—> Xe0)F; +4HF
2XeF, +3H,0—>
Xe+XeO; +4HF+F,
XeF + 3Hz0—> Xe03 + 6HIF
2Xelig +Si0; —> 2XeOF, +SiF,
2XcOF, + SiO] —> 2XeOgF + Sify
2XeOaF; +Si02 —> 2XeO3 + Sify,
(@ The element with exceptional
configuration are
Cret(ary 34s}, Cu*[Ar}saas!
Mot7[Kr] 4d55s!. Pd’*[Kr] 4410550
Agi?([Kr] 4d°°5s!, Br'8[Xe] 41*5d'%6s°
Inner Transition Elements
© Fleetronic Configuration
[Xe]at 5a 6s?
(@ Magnetic pr fagnetic moment is given by the
formula p= Y45(S +1) + £(C+ 1
‘whore = Ortital quantim number, SSpin quantum numbsr
Coordination number's the number of
the nearest atoms or groups in the
coordination sphere.
Ligand is a Lewis base donor of
electrons that bonds toa central metal atom
in acoordination compound.
‘Paramagnetic substance is onethatis
altracted to the magnetic field, this results
‘on account of unpaired electrons present in
the atom/moleculefion.
Effective atomic number EAN |
= (Z— Oxidation number) + 2 x Coordination number)
Factors affecting stability of complex
(0 Greater the charge onthe eral metal on, greater is the
ability.
i) Greater the ability of the ligand to donate electron pair
(basic strength) greater isthe stability,
(ii) Formation of chelate rings increases the stability
Isomerism in coordination compounds :
@_ Structural Isomerism i) Tonization somerism
Gi). Hydration isomerism iv) Linkage|somerism
(vi) PolymerisationTsomerism (vii) Valence Isomerism
9 Coordination Position Isomerism
®
‘TRANSTION
ELEMENTS:
(d-and -BLOCK
ELEMENTS:
COORDINATION
COMPOUNDS
Stereolsomerism
@ Geometrical
(3 ‘Square planar complexes ofthe type
X,; MABX, MABXY
A cra sane
MA,X,Y,, MAA),X, ind M(ABCBEF).
©) Optiafiséaerism
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
@ The order of decreasing
lectronegativity of hybrid orbitals is
sp> sp? > sp.
GENERAL Conformational isomers are those
ORGANIC | isomers which arisedueto rotation around
CHEMISTRY / asingle bond.
‘A meso compound is optically
active, even though it has asymmetric
rotation of plane polarised light)
An equimolar mixture of enantiomers is called racemic
‘mixture, which is optically inactive,
Reaction intermediates andreagents:
Homdlyticfission—> Free radicals
Heterolytic fission —> Tons (Carbonium ions, carbanions
es)
‘Nucleophiles— Electron rich
‘Twotypes : (i) Anions (ii) Neutral molecules
with lone pair of electrons (Lewis bases)
centres (due to internal compensation of
Electrophiles: Electron deficient.
‘Two types : (i) Cations (i) Neutral molecules with vacant
orbitals (Lewis acids).
(@ _ Inductive effect is due to 6 electron displacement along a
chain and is permanent effect.
@ + Cinductive eifect) increases basicity, —LefTect increases
acidity of compounds
Resonanceis a phenomenon in which two or more structures
can be written for the same compound but none of them
actually exists.
© Pyrolytic cracking is aprocess inwhich
alkane decompeses toa mixture ofsmaller
hydrocarbons, when it isheated strongly,
in theabsence of oxygen.
(Q Ethane.an exist inan infinite numberof
conformations. They are REVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY
1 We un
A nw sen
J r
se Sun 7 Yu
Folge’ «OG Stggeed «60> Stew
© Conformations of Cyclohexane ; It exists in two nonplanar,
strainless forms, the boat and thechair form
L—~J-]=
Chai form Half Chaic
Most Stable
Twist Boat Boat form
(Least Sable)
on dehydration and
dehydrohalogenation the preferential order
for removal of hydrogen is 3° > 2° > 1°
(Sayveesrule).
@ The lower the AH, (heat of
hydrogenation) the more stable the alkene
is
@ Alkenes undergo anti-Markonikov
addition only with HBr in the presence of
peroxides.
© Alkynes add water molecule in
presence of mercuric sulphate and dil
H,SO, and form carbonyl compounds.
© _ Terminal akyneshave acidic H-atoms,
0 they form metal alkynides with Na,
ammonical cuprous chloride solution and
ammoniacal silver nitrate solution.
Alkynes are acidic because of H-atoms which are attached.
to sp °C’ atom which has more electronegativity and ‘s’
character than sp? and sp? ‘C” atoms.
@_ Alloand p-directing groups are ring
activating groups
(except=%)
‘Theyare : -OH,—NH,.—X.-R.—OR ete.
All m-directing groups are ring
deactivating groups.
‘Theyare: CHO, -COOH,-NO,,—CN,
°
= NRj. etc.
The order of reactivity is
()RI>RBr>RCI>RF
/ () Allyl halide> Alkyl halide> Vinyl
HALOGEN | halide
COMPOUNDS (ii) Alkyt halide > Aryl halide
QSq1 reaction : Mainly 3° alkyl halides
‘undergo this reaction and form racemic
‘mixture. Sy is favoured bypolar solvent
‘and low concentration of nucleophile.
© Sy2 reaction : Mainly 1° alkyl halides undergo this
substitution, Walden inversion takes place. S..2 reaction is
preferred by non-polar solvents and high concentration of
‘nucleophile
© _ Reaction with metals:
Do eter
@ R-X+Mg—P24R—Mg-X
A Gignart reagent
(id Wortzreaction:
R Bact RR +2NatX”
Alkenes are converted to alcahol in
lifferent ways as follows
Reagent ‘Types of addition
dilH,SO, —— Markovnikov
ByHgand ——_Anti-Markovnikoy
H,0,, OH
‘Oxymercuration ~Markovnikov
demercuration
© Oxidation of
LP alcohol —+ aldehyde —» carboxylicacid
(with sameno. (with same no. of
of Catom) Catom)
2° alcohol —> ketone —> carboxylic acid
(with sameno, (with less no. of
of Catom) Catom)
3° alcohol ——+> ketone —+ carboxylicacid
(with lessno. (with less no. of
of atom) ‘Catom)
© Phenol cucy/on?
Phenolic aldehyde
(Reimer-Tieman reaction)
‘© Phenol hy Phenolic carboxylic
acid (Kolbe's reaction)
Acidity of phenols
(i Increases by eleciron withdrawing substituents like
NO,,~CN, CHO, -COOH,-X, -NR3.
i) decreases by electron releasing sutstituents like
~R,— OH, ~NH,~NRp,~
OR
AO:
© ROH —ABS4R-0-R+H,0
(© RONa+X—R'—>ROR'+ NX
(Willamsea's sya)
© ROR+H,0—E 881 5 2RO
{© Formation of alcohols usingRMgx
(a) Formaldehyde + RMgX
—Hindoni_, 1° aleohol
” CARBONYL
‘COMPOUNDS (b)Aldehyde + RMgx —Hvdeobsis_,
2° alcohol
(other than HCHO)
(©) Ketone+RMgxX —Hxstolsis_,
3° alcohol REVISION CAPSULE - CHEMISTRY
© _ Cannizzaro reaction (Disproportionation) @ Tests to differentiate =
Aldehyde —H&L=°.5 Alcohol + Salt of acid 1", 2* and 3° aleohols WErcesiest
sll (i) Vietor meyer’s test
(no. H-atom) 1°, 2° and 3° amines Hinsberg test
© Aldo condensation : 1°, 2° and 3° nitro compounds Test with HNO, and KOH
Carbonyl compound + dil. alkalis f-hydroxy carbonyl Aryl halides and alkyl halides Test with AgNO, solution
(with ccFatom) compound Aldehydes and ketones __Tollen’s testFehling’s test
© _ Benzoin condensstion ‘Aromatic aldchydes and Fekling’s test
sierattesgt ‘otal Aliphatic aldehydes
ete Oy baste © _DILH,S0, [or Cone. 1,80, + H,0]
© Therelative reactivities of different acid derivativestowards Use —> Hydiating agent (+HOH)
nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction follow the ord Ale. KOH or NaNH,(Use > -HX)
oe oo megeant ) cea aso cn,
I | od I ll © Lucas Reagent ZnCl, + Cone, HCL
R-C-Cl> R-C-O-C-R'> R-C-OR'> R-C-NH, gent ZnCl, + Cone.
steers aaguate eg OP? Use» For distietion between I, 2°
i ke 3ale
@ Thetateofesterfcation decreases when ¢ Tj den Reagent NOCI (Nitrosyl chloride)
substituents. HANH, YC, CHC
CARBOXYLIC } 6 Ortho effect: All ortho substituted 6 AW tine KMtnO Stony oxdand
‘ACIDS J benzoic acids (irrespective of type of @ ine KMn0, (Strong oxidant)
substituent) arestronger than benzoic acid. Toluene —>Benzoic acid
© _ Bayer’ Reagent: 196 alkaline KMnO (Weak oxidan
Order ofbasicity: Use: For test of> C=C