Module 1 : Introduction

Rachel Anne E. Lagunay

Department of Chemistry
College of Science and Mathematics

Fisrt Semester AY 2021-2022

 If you are
workIng on somethIng
excItIng that you really
care about,
you don’t have
to be pushed.
the vIsIon pulls
you
Steve Jobs
Introduction RAE LAGUNAY 1
Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 2
 What’s Ahead
v What is Chemistry ( review)

v What is Analytical Chemistry and its Roles

v Classification of Quantitative Methods of Analysis (Gravimetric,

Volumetric, Instrumental

v Steps in Quantitative Analysis

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 3

 Learning Goals..

q Appreciate the role of analytical chemistry in the fields agriculture,

medicine and manufacturing industry

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 4

 What is Chemistry?
§ Structure- arrangement of atoms in a molecule

§ Composition- the types and amounts of simpler substances that

make it up
§ Properties- the characteristics that give each substance its unique
identity
§ Transformations from one form to another

§ Energy associated with those changes

Introduction © 2015 and © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2018, 2014 Cengage RAE LAGUNAY, 5
 Chemistry is

EVERYW HERE
7
Introduction © 2015 and © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2018, 2014 Cengage RAE LAGUNAY, 6
 Chemistry is

EVERYW HERE
8
Introduction © 2015 and © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2018, 2014 Cengage RAE LAGUNAY, 6
 Chemistry is

EVERYW HERE
9
Introduction © 2015 and © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2018, 2014 Cengage RAE LAGUNAY, 6
 Chemistry is

EVERYW HERE
10
Introduction © 2015 and © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2018, 2014 Cengage RAE LAGUNAY, 6
 Chemistry is

EVERYW HERE
11
Introduction © 2015 and © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2018, 2014 Cengage RAE LAGUNAY, 6
 Chemistry is…[1]

C en tral to o u r
u n d erstan d in g to
scien ce-related field s

12
Introduction © 2015 and © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2018, 2014 Cengage RAE LAGUNAY, 7
 Chemistry is…[1]
Medicine
Chemists are constantly Biochemistry
striving to design new and The flash of the firefly
improved drugs for treating results from a chemical
diseases reaction in the insect

C en tral to o u r
u n d erstan d in g to
scien ce-related field s Technology
OLEDs (Organic light-
Energy emitting diodes) are
Solar panels are used in high-end cell
composed of specially phones, tablet,and
treated silicon television displays

13
Introduction © 2015 and © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2018, 2014 Cengage RAE LAGUNAY, 7
 Why Study Chemistry?..
q Chemical reactions are involved in different areas around us

q lies near the heart of many matters of public concern: improvement of

health care, conservation of natural resources, and the supply of energy
needed to keep society running

q We have discovered and continually improved upon pharmaceuticals,

fertilizers, solar panels, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and building
materials

Introduction © 2015 and © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2018, 2014 Cengage RAE LAGUNAY,
 Why Study Chemistry?..
q Useful to everyone: Engineers, Teachers, Health Care Professionals,
Environmentalist… etc

q Learning the benefits and risks associated with chemicals will help anyone
to be
v Informed citizen
v Able to make intelligent choices concerning the world around us

q Teaches to solve problems and communicate with others in an organized

and logical manner

Introduction © 2015 and © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 2018, 2014 Cengage RAE LAGUNAY,
 Branches of Chemistry
The study of carbon and its compounds; the study of the chemistry of
life

The study of compounds not covered by organic chemistry; the study of

inorganic compounds, or compounds that don't contain a C-H bond
(many inorganic compounds contain metals)

The study of the chemistry of matter and the development of tools to

measure properties of matter

The branch of chemistry that applies physics to the study of chemistry,

which commonly includes the applications of thermodynamics and
quantum mechanics to chemistry

The study of chemical processes that occur inside of living organisms

16
Introduction https://www.thoughtco.com/the-5-branches-of-chemistry-603911 RAE LAGUNAY, 8
 Branches of Chemistry
The study of carbon and its compounds; the study of the chemistry of
life

The study of compounds not covered by organic chemistry; the study of

inorganic compounds, or compounds that don't contain a C-H bond
(many inorganic compounds contain metals)

The study of the chemistry of matter and the development of tools to

measure properties of matter

The branch of chemistry that applies physics to the study of chemistry,

which commonly includes the applications of thermodynamics and
quantum mechanics to chemistry

The study of chemical processes that occur inside of living organisms

17
Introduction https://www.thoughtco.com/the-5-branches-of-chemistry-603911 RAE LAGUNAY, 8
 Analytical
Chemistry

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 5

 Analytical
Brainly.in Chemistry

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 5

 Analytical
Brainly.in Chemistry Ctleng.com

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 5

 Analytical
Brainly.in Chemistry Ctleng.com

Avomeen.com

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 5

 Analytical Chemistry
q a measurement science consisting of a set
of powerful ideas and methods that are
helpful in all fields of science, medicine
and engineering

q concerned with the chemical

characterization of matter.

q concerned with the theory and practice of

methods used to determine the
composition of matter.
Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 6
 Two Major Areas in the Discipline of
Analytical Chemistry
q Qualitative Analysis
v What?
v deals the identification of elements, ions or compound present in a sample.
with

v concerned with what elements or compounds is in the sample.

v reveals the chemical identity of a species in the sample.

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 7

 Two Major Areas in the Discipline of
Analytical Chemistry
q Quantitative Analysis
v How much?
v concerned with the determination of the amount of a particular substance
present in a sample.

v establish the relative amount of one or more species (analytes)

Note: Qualitative information is required before a quantitative analysis

can be undertaken.

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 8

 Role of Analytical Chemistry

• “Analytical Chemistry, or the art of recognizing different substances and

determining their constituents, takes a prominent position among applications
of science, since the questions which it enables us to answer arise wherever
chemical processes are employed for scientific or technical purposes. Its
supreme importance has caused it to be assiduously cultivated from a very
early period in the history of chemistry, and its records comprise a large part of
the quantitative work which is spread over the whole domain of science.”

–– Wilhelm Ostwald, 1894

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 9

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 10
 Applications
q Analytical Chemistry has evolved from an art into a science with
applications throughout industry, medicine, and all the science.
Consider the following:

v The amounts of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide

present in the automobile exhaust gases must be measured in order to
determine the effectiveness of smog-control device.

v Measuring the ionized calcium in blood serum help diagnose

parathyroid disease in human patients.
Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 11
 Applications
q Analytical Chemistry has evolved from an art into a science with
applications throughout industry, medicine, and all the science.
Consider the following:

v Determination of nitrogen in foods establishes their protein content and

thus their nutritional value.

v Analysis of steel during its production permits adjustment in the

concentration of such elements as carbon, nickel, and chromium to
achieve a desired strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, and ductility.

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 12

 Applications
q Analytical Chemistry has evolved from an art into a science with
applications throughout industry, medicine, and all the science. Consider
the following:

v Modern farmers tailor fertilizers and irrigation schedules to meet

changing plant needs during growing season.

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 13

 Focus in this course is Quantitative
methods of analysis and Methods of
analytical separation

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 14

 Classification of Quantitative Methods of
Analysis
q “Wet” Chemistry
ü Uses classical methods (observation) to analyze materials
ü Analysis is done in the liquid phase

v Gravimetric

v Volumetric

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 15

 Classification of Quantitative Methods of
Analysis
q “Wet” Chemistry
ü Uses classical methods (observation) to analyze materials
ü Analysis is done in the liquid phase

v Gravimetric
ü the mass of the analyte or some compound chemically related to is
determined.
ü basis of calculation: mass

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 15

 Classification of Quantitative Methods of
Analysis
q “Wet” Chemistry
ü Uses classical methods (observation) to analyze materials
ü Analysis is done in the liquid phase

v Volumetric
ü the volume of a solution containing sufficient reagent to react
completely with the analyte is measured.
ü basis of calculation: volume

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 16

 Classification of Quantitative Methods of
Analysis
q Instrumental methods
ü employs instruments other than those used in gravimetric and
volumetric methods of analysis

v Electroanalytical

v Instrumental Methods

v Chromatographic Methods

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 17

 Classification of Quantitative Methods of
Analysis
q Instrumental methods
ü employs instruments other than those used in gravimetric and
volumetric methods of analysis
v Electroanalytical
ü involves the measurement of such electrical properties as
potential, current, resistance and quantity of electricity.
ü examples:
• Potentiometry
• Voltammetry
• Coulometry

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 17

 Classification of Quantitative Methods of Analysis
q Voltametry

ü qualitative information about

electrochemical processes under various
conditions, such as the presence of
intermediates in oxidation-reduction
reactions, the reversibility of a reaction

ü determine the electron stoichiometry of a

system, the diffusion coefficient of an https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chem
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Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 18
 Classification of Quantitative Methods of
Analysis
q Instrumental methods
ü employs instruments other than those used in gravimetric and
volumetric methods of analysis
v Spectroscopic method­
ü based upon the measurement of the interactions between electromagnetic
radiation and the analyte atoms or molecules or upon the production of
such radiation by analytes.
ü examples:
• UV-VIS Spectroscopy ∙ NMR Spectroscopy
• Fluorescence Spectrophotometry ∙ IR Spectroscopy
• Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)
Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 18
 Classification of Quantitative Methods of Analysis
q UV ­ VIS Spectroscopy

ü existence of the compound

ü exact conecnetration of your
compound

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A_Physical_Methods_in_Chemistry_and_Nano_Science_(Barron)/04
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Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 20

 Classification of Quantitative Methods of Analysis
q FT­IR Spectroscopy

ü The identification of unknown

compounds
ü Quantitative information, such as
additives or contaminants
ü Kinetic information through the
growth or decay of infrared
absorptions
ü To give complex information when
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Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 21

 Classification of Quantitative Methods of
Analysis
q Instrumental methods
ü employs instruments other than those used in gravimetric and
volumetric methods of analysis
v Chromatographic method­
ü involves separation of sample components based on differences in
their migration rates
ü examples:
• Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
• Gas Chromatography (GC)
• High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 22

 Classification of Quantitative Methods of Analysis
q TLC

ü separate the components of a

mixture using a thin
stationary phase supported
by an inert backing

ü means of monitoring the

progress of a reaction, or on
the preparative scale to
purify small amounts of a
compound https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Demos_Techniques
_and_Experiments/General_Lab_Techniques/Thin_Layer_Chrom
atography
Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 23
 Classification of Analysis
1. Based on the extent of analysis
q complete or exact analysis
• the amount of each constituent of the sample is determined quantitatively.
• e.g. blood analysis involves determination of glucose, Na. K, bilirubin etc.
q ultimate analysis
• amount of each element is determined.
• e.g. analysis of gasoline gives %C, %H, %O, %Pb, etc.
q proximate or partial analysis
• the amount of a certain selected constituent in the sample is determined.
• e.g. partial analysis of aspirin tablets gives the amount of salicylic acid
impurity.
Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 24
 Classification of Analysis
1. Based on the size of the sample available for analysis

Analysis mass of sample (mg) volume of sample (μL)

macro >100 >100
semimicro 10 – 100 50 – 100
micro 1 – 10 < 50
ultramicro <1

Note: Analytes are the components of sample that are to be determined.

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 25

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 26
 Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis
q Selecting a Method of Analysis
ü a vital step in any quantitative analysis.
ü choosing can be difficult and requires experience as well as intuition on
the part of the chemist.
ü the most important to be considered in the selection is the level of
accuracy required.
ü second consideration is related to economic factors which is the number
of samples to be analyzed.
ü finally, the choice of the method is governed by the complexity of the
sample as well as the number of components in the sample.

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 27

 Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis
q Sampling

ü the composition must represent a bulk of material from which it was

taken.

ü for large and non-homogeneous bulk, great effort is required to get a

representative sample.

ü Most difficult step in an analysis and the source of greatest error

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 28

 Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis
q Preparing a Laboratory Sample

v Solid Sample
ü a solid laboratory sample is ground to decrease particle size, mixed to
assure homogeneity, and stored for various lengths of time before the
analysis begins.

ü adsorption or desorption of water may occur, so any lost or gain of water

changes the chemical composition of the solids, and it is a good idea to
dry the samples before starting the analysis.

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 29

 Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis
q Preparing a Laboratory Sample

v Liquid Sample
ü present a slightly different but related set of problems during the preparation
step.
ü If such samples are allowed to stand in open containers, the solvent may
evaporate and change the concentration of the analyte
ü If the analyte is a gas dissolved in a liquid, the sample container must be kept
inside a second sealed container, perhaps during the entire analytical
procedure, to prevent contamination by atmospheric gases

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 29

 Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis
q Defining Replicate Samples
ü most analyses are performed on replicate samples whose masses or volumes have
been determined by careful measurements with analytical balance or with a precise
volumetric device; Portions of a material of approximately the same size that are
carried through an analytical procedure at the same time and in the same way

ü replication involves the quality of the results and provides a measure of their
reliability.

ü Quantitative measurements
ü usually averaged,
ü various statistical tests are performed to establish their reliability

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 30

 Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis
q Preparing Solutions of the Samples

ü most analyses are performed in solutions of the sample.

ü ideally, a solvent should dissolve the entire sample (not just the analyte)
rapidly and completely.

ü conditions of the dissolution should be sufficiently mild to avoid loss of

the analyte.

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 31

 Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis
q Eliminating Interferences

ü interferences are species other than the analyte that affect the final
measurement.

ü a scheme must be devised to isolate the analyte from the interferences

before final measurement is made.

ü resolution of this problem is the most demanding aspect of an analysis.

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 32

 Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis
q Calibration and Measurement

ü all analytical results depend on the final measurement X of a physical

property of an analyte.
ü this property varies in a known and reproducible way with the
concentration of the analyte.
ü ideally, the measurement of the physical property is directly proportional
to the concentration, cA, that is,

cA = k X

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 33

 Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis
q Calibration and Measurement
cA = k X

ü X is the property
ü k is the proportionality constant
ü cA is the concentration of the analyte

v Process of determining k is an important step in most analyses and is termed a

calibration.

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 34

 Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis
q Calculating Results
ü ordinarily a simple and straightforward task, particularly with modern
calculators and computers.
ü computations are based on:
i.) the raw experimental data collected in the measurement step,
ii.) the stoichiometry of the chemical reaction upon which the analysis is
based,
iii.) instrumental factors.

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 35

 Steps in a Typical Quantitative Analysis
q Evaluating Results by Estimating their Reliability

ü analytical results are incomplete without an estimate of their reliability.

ü the experimenter must provide some measure of uncertainties associated

with computed results if the data are to have any value.

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 36

 Reference
q Skoog, D.A , West, D.M, Holler, J.F, Crouch, S.R. (2014). Fundamentals of
Analytical Chemistry (1-9). USA:Cengage Learning. Retrieved from
https://chemistry.com.pk/books/skoog-fundamentals-of-analytical-
chemistry1/comment-page-1/

Introduction ©Cengage 2013 RAE LAGUNAY 37

 Thank you
for
listening!!!
Introduction RAE LAGUNAY, 02/18/21| 1