CSE1007-Java Programming

Java Basics

Dr. Rajarajeswari S
Associate Professor
School of Computer Science and Engineering
VIT - Chennai

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Contents

What is Java and Java Platform with its types

History of Java and its Versions
Java Features and its Components
C++ Verses Java
First Java Program
JVM, JRE, JDK
Java Identifiers, Reserved Words, Variables
Java Data types, Operators, Examples
Type Casting
Java Numbers, Characters, Stgrings
Java Arrays
Java Methods

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What is Java

Java is a popular programming language.

JAVA was developed by Sun Microsystems Inc in the year 1991,
It is owned by Oracle, and more than 3 billion devices run Java.
It was developed by James Gosling and Patrick Naughton.
Java is a Open Source, High level, Robust, Object-oriented and Secure
programming language.
Platform: Any hardware or software environment in which a program
runs, is known as a platform. Since Java has a runtime environment (JRE)
and API, it is called a platform.
Java works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi,
etc.)

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Applications...

There are many devices where Java is currently used and are as follows:
Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus, etc.
Web Applications such as irctc.co.in, javatpoint.com, etc.
Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.
Mobile
Embedded System
Smart Card
Robotics
Games, etc.

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Java Applications and Platforms

There are 4 types of applications that can be created using Java programming:
Standalone Application
Web Applications
Enterprise Application
Mobile Application

There are 4 Platforms or Editions of Java:

Java SE (Java Standard Edition) : It includes Java programming APIs
such as java.lang, java.io, java.net, java.util, java.sql, java.math etc. It
includes core topics like OOPs, String, Regex, Exception, Inner classes,
Multithreading, I/O Stream, Networking, AWT, Swing, Reflection,
Collection, etc.
Java EE (Java Enterprise Edition) : It is built on the top of the Java SE
platform. It includes topics like Servlet, JSP, Web Services, EJB, JPA, etc.
Java ME (Java Micro Edition) : used to develop mobile applications.
JavaFX : used to develop rich internet applications

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Features of Java I

1 Simple : is very easy to learn, its syntax is simple, clean and easy.
2 Object-Oriented : Everything in Java is an object. OOPs is a methodology
that simplifies software development and maintenance by providing some
rules(Object, Class, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction,
Encapsulation).
3 Platform independent : it facilitates you to carry the Java bytecode to any
platform.
4 Secured : can develop virus-free systems because of
No explicit pointer
Java Programs run inside a virtual machine sandbox
5 Robust :
It uses strong memory management.
There is a lack of pointers that avoids security problems.
There is automatic garbage collection in java which runs on the Java
Virtual Machine to get rid of objects which are not being used by a Java
application anymore.
There are exception handling and the type checking mechanism in Java.

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Features of Java II

6 Architecture neutral : there are no implementation dependent.

7 High Performance : Java is faster than other traditional interpreted
programming languages because Java bytecode is "close" to native code.
8 Multithreaded : A thread is like a separate program, executing
concurrently.
9 Distributed : it facilitates users to create distributed applications in Java
using RMI and EJB.
10 Dynamic : Classes are loaded on demand and also supports functions from
its native languages, i.e., C and C++.

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C++ Verses Java

Comparison Index C++ Java

Platform Dependent Independent.
Application/Window/
Mainly used for System programming. Web-based/Mobile
programming.
System/Applications
Design Goal Network Computing.
programming.
Goto statement Yes No
Multiple inheritance Yes interfaces in java.
Operator Overloading Yes No
Pointers Yes No
Compiler and Interpreter Compiler Both
Call by Value and
Yes Only Call by Value
Call by reference

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C++ Verses Java

Comparison Index C++ Java

Structure and Union Yes No
Thread Support No Yes
Documentation comment No Yes
Virtual Keyword Yes No
unsigned right shift >>> No Yes
Inheritance Tree Yes Single
Hardware Nearer Far
Object-oriented Partially Fully

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First Java Program

/* FileName : "HelloWorld.java". */

class HelloWorld
{
// Your program begins with a call to main().
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("Hello, World");
}
}
The basic understanding of the code:
1 Class definition : uses the keyword class to declare a new class. HelloWorld is an
identifier and is the name of the class.
2 main() : Starting Point, every application must contain.
3 public: JVM can execute the method from anywhere.
4 static: Main method is to be called without object.
5 void: The main method doesn’t return anything.
6 String[]: command line arguments
7 System.out.println() is used to print statement.
Here, System is a class, out is the object of PrintStream class, println() is the
method of PrintStream class
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Modifications in Java Program

1. By changing the sequence of the modifiers,

method prototype is not changed in Java

static public void main(String args[])

2. The subscript notation in Java array can be used after type,

before the variable or after the variable.

public static void main(String[] args)

public static void main(String []args)
public static void main(String args[])

3. You can provide var-args support to the main method

by passing 3 ellipses (dots)

public static void main(String... args)

4. Having a semicolon at the end of class is optional in Java.

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Valid/Invalid main() Signatures

Valid java main method signature

public static void main(String[] args)

public static void main(String []args)
public static void main(String args[])
public static void main(String... args)
static public void main(String[] args)
public static final void main(String[] args)
final public static void main(String[] args)
final strictfp public static void main(String[] args)

Invalid java main method signature

public void main(String[] args)

static void main(String[] args)
public void static main(String[] args)
abstract public static void main(String[] args)

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JVM - Java Virtual Machine

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine.

It is called a virtual machine because it doesn’t physically exist.
It is a specification that provides a runtime environment in which Java
bytecode can be executed.
It can also run those programs which are written in other languages and
compiled to Java bytecode.
JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms.
The JVM performs the following main tasks:
Loads code
Verifies code
Executes code
Provides runtime environment

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JRE - Java Runtime Environment

JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment.

It is also written as Java RTE.
The Java Runtime Environment is a set of software tools which are used
for developing Java applications.
It physically exists and contains a set of libraries + other files that JVM
uses at runtime.
The implementation of JVM is also actively released by other companies
besides Sun Micro Systems.

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JDK - Java Development Kit

It is a software development environment which is used to develop Java

applications and applets.
It physically exists and contains JRE + development tools.

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Java Comments

Comments can be used to explain Java code, and to make it more

readable.
It can also be used to prevent execution when testing alternative code.

1. Single Line Comment

// This is a comment
System.out.println("Hello World");
System.out.println("Hello World"); // This is a comment

2. Multi Line Comment

/* The code below will print the words Hello World

to the screen, and it is amazing */
System.out.println("Hello World");

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Java Identifiers

They are used for identification purposes.

It is can be a class name, method name, variable name, or label.
For example :
public class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
int a = 20;
}
}
In the above java code, we have 5 identifiers namely :
Test : class name.
main : method name.
String : predefined class name.
args : variable name.
a : variable name.

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Rules to define Identifiers

There are certain rules for defining a valid java identifier. These rules must be
followed, otherwise we get compile-time error
The only allowed characters for identifiers are all alphanumeric
characters([A-Z],[a-z],[0-9]), $(dollar sign) and _ (underscore).
For example “Deepu@” is not a valid java identifier as it contain ‘@’
special character.
Identifiers should not start with digits([0-9]).
For example “123Deepu” is a not a valid java identifier.
Java identifiers are case-sensitive.
There is no limit on the length of the identifier but it is advisable to use
an optimum length of 4 – 15 letters only.
Reserved Words can’t be used as an identifier.
For example “int while = 20;” is an invalid statement as while is a
reserved word. There are 53 reserved words in Java.

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Valid - Invalid Identifiers

Examples of valid identifiers :

MyVariable, MYVARIABLE
myvariable, x
i, x1, i1,
_myvariable, $myvariable
sum_of_array, Deepu123

Examples of invalid identifiers :

My Variable // contains a space

123Deepu // Begins with a digit
a+c // + sign is not an alphanumeric character
variable-2 // hyphen is not an alphanumeric character
sum_&_difference// ampersand is not an alphanumeric character

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Java Reserved Words

Any programming language reserves some words to represent

functionalities defined by that language.
Types of Reserve Words
keywords(50) - define functionalities and
literals(3) - define a value.

abstract assert boolean break byte case

catch char class const continue default
double do else enum extends false
final finally float for goto if
implements import instanceof int interface long
native new null package private protected
public return short static strictfp super
switch synchronized this throw throws transient
true try void volatile while

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Variables in Java

It is a name given to a memory location. It is the basic unit of storage in a

program.
The value stored in a variable can be changed during program execution.
A variable is only a name given to a memory location, all the operations
done on the variable effects that memory location.
In Java, all the variables must be declared before use.

Examples :
float simpleInterest; //Declaring
int time = 10, speed = 20; //Declaring and Initializing
char var='h'; //Declaring and Initializing

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Types of Java Variables

Static : is declared as static and can create a single copy of static variable
and share among all the instances of the class.
Memory allocation for static variable happens only once when the class is
loaded in the memory.
Instance : declared inside the class but outside the body of the method.
Local : declared inside the body of the method and the other methods in
the class aren’t even aware that the variable exists.

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Examples....!

class A{
int data=50; //instance variable
static int m=100; //static variable
void method(){
int n=90; //local variable
}
}

Java Variable Example: Add Two Numbers

class Simple{
public static void main(String[] args){
int a=10;
int b=10;
int c=a+b;
System.out.println(c);
}
}

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Java Data types

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Operators in Java

Java provides many types of operators which can be used according to the
need. They are classified based on the functionality they provide. Some of the
types are:

Arithmetic Operators : +, -, *, /,
Unary Operators : +, -, ++, –, !
Assignment Operator : =, +=, -=, *=, /=,
Relational Operators : >, <, <=, >=, ==, !=
Logical Operators : &&, ||
Ternary Operator : ?:
Shift Operators : >>, <<, >>>
Bitwise Operators : &, |
and soon...

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Examples of Operators

Table: Arithmetic and Assignment Operators

Operator Name Description Example

+ Addition Adds together two values x+y
- Subtraction Subtracts one value from another x-y
* Multiplication Multiplies two values x*y
/ Division Divides one value by another x/y
% Modulus Returns the division remainder x%y
++ Increment Increases the value of a variable by 1 ++x
−− Decrement Decreases the value of a variable by 1 −−x
Operator Example Same As
Operator Example Same As
= x=5 x=5
&= x &= 3 x=x&3
+= x += 3 x=x+3
|= x |= 3 x=x|3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
^= x ^= 3 x = x ^3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >>3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x <<3
%= x %= 3 x=x%3

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Examples of Operators

Table: Relational Operators

Operator Name Example

== Equal to x == y
!= Not equal x != y
> Greater than x >y
< Less than x <y
>= Greater than or equal to x >= y
<= Less than or equal to x <= y

Table: Logical Operator

Operator Name Description Example

Returns true
&& Logical and x <5 && x <10
if both statements are true
Returns true
|| Logical or x <5 || x <4
if one of the statements is true
Reverse the result,
! Logical not !(x <5 && x <10)
returns false if the result is true

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Examles of Operators

Table: Bitwise Operators

Operator Example Same as Result Decimal

& 5&1 0101 & 0001 0001 1
| 5|1 0101 | 0001 0101 5
∼ ∼5 ∼0101 1010 10
^ 5 ^1 0101 ^0001 0100 4
<< 9 <<1 1001 <<1 0010 2
>> 9 >>1 1001 >>1 1100 12
>>> 9 >>>1 1001 >>>1 0100 4

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Type Casting in Java

Type casting is when you assign a value of one primitive data type to another
type and are of two types in Java.
Widening Casting (automatically) : converting a smaller to a larger type.
Narrowing Casting (manually) : converting a larger to a smaller size type.

Widening Casting :
byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -> double

Narrowing Casting :
double -> float -> long -> int -> char -> short -> byte

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Examples

// Widening Casting
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int myInt = 9;
double myDouble = myInt; // Automatic casting: int to double

System.out.println(myInt); // Outputs 9
System.out.println(myDouble); // Outputs 9.0
}
}

// Narrowing Casting
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double myDouble = 9.78;
int myInt = (int) myDouble; // Manual casting: double to int

System.out.println(myDouble); // Outputs 9.78

System.out.println(myInt); // Outputs 9
}
}
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Reading from Console

There are three different ways for reading input from the user in the command
line environment(console).

Using Buffered Reader Class : is a classical java method, used by wrapping

the System.in (standard input stream) in an InputStreamReader which is
wrapped in a BufferedReader (efficient).

Using Scanner Class : is used to parse primitive types and strings using
regular expressions. (nextInt(), nextFloat(), . . . ).

Using Console Class : it can be used for reading password-like input

without echoing the characters entered by the user; the format string
syntax can also be used (like System.out.printf()).

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BufferReader Example

// Java program to demonstrate BufferedReader

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
public class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
//Enter data using BufferReader
BufferedReader reader =
new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

// Reading data using readLine

String name = reader.readLine();

// Printing the read line

System.out.println(name);
}
}

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Scanner Example

// Java program to demonstrate working of Scanner in Java

import java.util.Scanner;

class GetInputFromUser
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
// Using Scanner for Getting Input from User
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

String s = in.nextLine();
System.out.println("You entered string "+s);

int a = in.nextInt();
System.out.println("You entered integer "+a);

float b = in.nextFloat();
System.out.println("You entered float "+b);
}
}

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Console Example

// Java program to demonstrate working of System.console()

// Note that this program does not work on IDEs as
// System.console() may require console

public class Sample

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Using Console to input data from user
String name = System.console().readLine();

System.out.println(name);
}
}

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Flow Control

Decision Making in programming is similar to decision making in real life.

In programming also we face some situations where we want a certain
block of code to be executed when some condition is fulfilled.
A programming language uses control statements to control the flow of
execution of program based on certain conditions.
These are used to cause the flow of execution to advance and branch
based on changes to the state of a program.

Sr.No. Statement & Description

if statement : consists of a boolean expression followed by one
1
or more statements.
if...else statement : can be followed by an optional else statement,
2
which executes when the boolean expression is false.
nested if statement : can use one if or else if statement inside another
3
if or else if statement(s).
switch statement : allows a variable to be tested for equality against a
4
list of values.

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Example - if

// Java program to illustrate If statement

class IfDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i = 10;

if (i > 15)
System.out.println("10 is less than 15");

// This statement will be executed

// as if considers one statement by default
System.out.println("I am Not in if");
}
}

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Example - if-else

// Java program to illustrate if-else statement

class IfElseDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i = 10;

if (i < 15)
System.out.println("i is smaller than 15");
else
System.out.println("i is greater than 15");
}
}

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Example - nested if

// Java program to illustrate nested-if statement

class NestedIfDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i = 10;

if (i == 10) {
// First if statement
if (i < 15)
System.out.println("i is smaller than 15");

// Second if statement
if (i < 12)
System.out.println("i is smaller than 12 too");
else
System.out.println("i is greater than 15");
}
}
}

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Example - if-else-if Ladder

// Java program to illustrate if-else-if ladder

class ifelseifDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i = 20;

if (i == 10)
System.out.println("i is 10");
else if (i == 15)
System.out.println("i is 15");
else if (i == 20)
System.out.println("i is 20");
else
System.out.println("i is not present");
}
}

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Example - switch

// Java program to illustrate switch-case

class SwitchCaseDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i = 9;
switch (i) {
case 0:
System.out.println("i is zero.");
break;
case 1:
System.out.println("i is one.");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("i is two.");
break;
default: System.out.println("i is greater than 2.");
}
}
}

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jump, break, and continue statements

Java supports three jump statement: break, continue and return. These three
statements transfer control to other part of the program.
1 jump : is used for
Terminate a sequence in a switch statement (discussed above).
To exit a loop.
Used as a “civilized” form of goto.

2 break : can force immediate termination of a loop, bypassing the

conditional expression and any remaining code in the body of the loop.
3 continue : Sometimes it is useful to force an early iteration of a loop.
4 return : is used to explicitly return from a method and transfer program
control back to the caller of the method.

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Example - break

// Java program to illustrate using break to exit a loop

class BreakLoopDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
// Initially loop is set to run from 0-9
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
// terminate loop when i is 5.
if (i == 5)
break;

System.out.println("i: " + i);

}
System.out.println("Loop complete.");
}
}

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Example - goto

// Java program to illustrate using break with goto

class BreakLabelDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
boolean t = true;

first: { // label first

second: { // label second
third: { // label third
// Before break
System.out.println("Before the break statement");

// break will take the control out of second label

if (t) break second;
System.out.println("This won't execute.");
}
System.out.println("This won't execute.");
}
System.out.println("This is after second block.");
}
}
}
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Example - continue

// Java program to illustrate using continue in an if statement

class ContinueDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
// If the number is even
// skip and continue
if (i%2 == 0)
continue;

// If number is odd, print it

System.out.print(i + " ");
}
}
}

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Example - return

// Java program to illustrate using return

class Return
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
boolean t = true;
System.out.println("Before the return.");

if (t)
return;

// Compiler will bypass every statement

// after return
System.out.println("This won't execute.");
}
}

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Loops in Java

Looping in programming languages is a feature which facilitates the

execution of a set of instructions/functions repeatedly while some
condition evaluates to true.
Java provides three ways for executing the loops.
While all the ways provide similar basic functionality, they differ in their
syntax and condition checking time.

Sr.No. Loop & Description

while loop : Repeats a statement or group of statements
1 while a given condition is true.
It tests the condition before executing the loop body.
for loop : Execute a sequence of statements multiple times and
2
abbreviates the code that manages the loop variable.
do...while loop : Like a while statement, except that it tests
3
the condition at the end of the loop body.

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Loops .....

while loop

for loop

do..while loop

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Loops .....

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Example - while

// Java program to illustrate while loop

class whileLoopDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x = 1;

// Exit when x becomes greater than 4

while (x <= 4)
{
System.out.println("Value of x:" + x);

// Increment the value of x for

// next iteration
x++;
}
}
}

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Example - for

// Java program to illustrate for loop.

class forLoopDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
// for loop begins when x=2
// and runs till x <=4
for (int x = 2; x <= 4; x++)
System.out.println("Value of x:" + x);
}
}

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Example - do...while

// Java program to illustrate do-while loop

class dowhileloopDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x = 21;
do
{
// The line will be printed even
// if the condition is false
System.out.println("Value of x:" + x);
x++;
}
while (x < 20);
}
}

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