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m - dx /dt + c - dx /dt + k - x = P cos ω t: Complex Numbers

1) The document discusses forced vibration of a single degree of freedom system under periodic excitation. 2) The equation of motion contains terms for mass, damping, stiffness, and a sinusoidal forcing term. 3) The general solution is the sum of the complementary function (free vibration) and particular solution (forced vibration). 4) For the particular solution, a sinusoidal form is assumed based on Euler's formula. This leads to the steady state solution being expressed as a complex exponential with unknown amplitude and phase.

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Cherian Joseph
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83 views3 pages

m - dx /dt + c - dx /dt + k - x = P cos ω t: Complex Numbers

1) The document discusses forced vibration of a single degree of freedom system under periodic excitation. 2) The equation of motion contains terms for mass, damping, stiffness, and a sinusoidal forcing term. 3) The general solution is the sum of the complementary function (free vibration) and particular solution (forced vibration). 4) For the particular solution, a sinusoidal form is assumed based on Euler's formula. This leads to the steady state solution being expressed as a complex exponential with unknown amplitude and phase.

Uploaded by

Cherian Joseph
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

These initial notes relate to single degree of freedom systems under the influence of
periodic excitation forces i.e.the force is sinusoidal in nature. If the solution of this general
case is known then, in principle, other more complicated period forces can be determined
by superimposing the effects of as many sinusoidal components as required. Other force
types e.g. rotating unbalanced forces will be addressed later.

Note:
This page includes use of complex numbers.
Information on manupulation of complex numbers is found on webpage Complex Numbers

Forced Vibration

The equation of motion for the above system is

m . dx2 /dt 2
+ c . dx /dt + k . x = P cos ω t

The general solution of the equation is the sum of two parts


1)The complementary function which is the general solution assuming the right hand side
set at zero
2)The particular solution which depends on the form of the right hand side of the equation.

Generally the systems under consideration are linear and the Superposition Principle
applies allowing both functions to be determined separately and then added.

x = xc + xp

The amplitude of the complementary solution decreases with time and is therefore a
transient part of the general solution. Notes on solving the complementary solution are
provided on webpage Free vibrations

The particular part remains over time and is really a steady state solution. The notes belw
relate to solution of the steady state solution.

As the right hand of the equation of motion is sinusoidal a convenient solution is based on
the relationship (Euler formula )

e iθ
= cosθ + i sin θ

putting ω t in place of θ
e iω t
= cosω t + i sin ω t

Note: cos ω t is the real component of ei ω t.


A particular solution of the equation of motion is obtained by use of the formula x = B
cos ω t + C sin ω t.
Another form of this equation is x = A cos (ω t - φ )

Substitution of the above into the Euler formula results in the equation

xp = Real( A e i (ω t - φ)
) = Real ( A e -i φ
e iωt
)

Next substitute Z for the complex constant A e -iφ The modulus of Z is the amplitude of
the steady state solution . The argument of Z is φ, the phase of the steady state solution.

An argand diagram of this equation is shown below.

note:

Referring to the initial equation

a) xp = Real ( Z e i ω t )
b) dx/dt = Real ( i ω t Z e iω t )
c) dx2/dt2 = Real ( i 2 ω 2 Z e iω t )

Substituting these values into the original equation

Real [ ( -m ω2 + i c ω + k ) Z e iωt
] = Real ( P e iωt
)

The solution for x is provided if

P = ( -m ω2 + i c ω + k ) Z
The steady state solution is therefore:
x = A cos ( ω t - φ )

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