Focus on the Learner

Review of the development theories

The educational trend brought out by a number of ground-breaking tells us that you
can be an effective facilitator of learning if you have a good working knowledge of your
learners’ development. In this Unit, the very basic developmental theories are reviewed.

Module 3 – Review of Theories Related to the Learners’ Development

Take the Challenge!

In this module, challenge yourself to attain the following learning outcomes:
 Explain the silent concepts and principles of the major development theories.
 Apply these theories to teaching-learning situations.

Introduction
The educational trend brought out by a number of ground-breaking researches tells
that one can effective facilitator of learning if one has a good working knowledge of the
learners’ development. Previously in your Child and Adolescent Development course, the
foundational theories related to the learners; development were discussed. This Module aims
to help you think about and review these theories that you have taken up and connects them
to learning.

Advance Organizer

Freud
Freud Erikson
Erikson Piaget
Piaget
omponents of Personality
omponents of Personality 88 Psycho-social
Psychosexual Stages
55 Psychosexual Stages
Psycho-social 44 Stages of Cognitive
Stages of Cognitive
of Development
Stages of
Stages Development Development
Development
of Development
of Development

Theories Related
Theories Related
to the Learners’
to the Learners’
Development
Development

Kohlberg
Kohlberg Vygotsky
Vygotsky Brofenrener
Brofenrener
Levels and
33 Levels and On Language
On Language Bio-Ecological Systems
Bio-Ecological Systems
66 Substages of Moral
Substages of Moral of Proximal
Zone of
Zone Proximal
Development
Development Development
Development
Activity
Who said what?

__________ 1. "The teacher must orient his work A. Sigmund Freud

not on yesterday’s development in
the child but on tomorrow’s.”
__________ 2. “Healthy children will not fear life B. Urie Bronfenbrenne
their elders have integrity enough
not to fear death.”
__________ 3. “Right action tends to be defined in C. Jean Piaget
terms of general individual rights and
standards that have been critically
examined and agreed upon by the
whole society.”
__________ 4. “The principal goal of education in D. Lev Vygotsky
the schools should be creating men
and women who are capable of
doing new things, not simply
repeating what other generations
have done.”
__________ 5. “The mind is like an iceberg, it floats E. Lawrence Kohlberg
with one-seventh of its bilk above
water.”
__________ 6. “We as nation need to be reeducated F. Erik Erikson
about the necessary and sufficient
conditions for making human beings
human. We need to be reeducated
not as parents-but as workers, neighbors,
and friends; and as member of the G. Robert Havighurst
organizations, committees, boards-
and, especially the informal networks
that control our social institutions and
thereby determine the conditions of
life for our families and their children.”
Analysis
Challenges your stock knowledge! After answering the short exercise above,
write what you remember most about the ideas of the following theorists. Focus on
what you think are their most important ideas about the development of learners.

Sigmund Freud ________________________________________________________

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Erik Erikson___________________________________________________________
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Jean Piaget ___________________________________________________________
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Lev Vygotsky _________________________________________________________
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Urie Bronfenbrenner ____________________________________________________
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Synapse Strengtheners
Freud’s Components of the Personality

Review the three components and write important concepts about them in the
spaces provides.

Id Ego Superego
 Freud’s Psycho-Sexual Stages of Development

Write the description, erogenous zone and fixation of each of the stages below.

ORAL STAGE

ANAL STAGE

PHALLIC STAGE

LATENCY STAGE

GENITAL STAGE
 Erikson’s Psychological Stages of Development

Review the psycho-social stages and fill out the matrix below.

Stage Crisis Significant Maladaptation Malignancy Virtue (include

Person (include (includes description
description) descriptions)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.
 Piaget’s Cognitive of Development

Sensory
Sensory Motor
Motor Stage:Age
Stage:Age Range:
Range:

Characteristics:
Characteristics:

Key
Key Teaching
Teaching Strategies:
Strategies:

Pre-operational
Pre-operational Stage:Age
Stage:Age Range:
Range:

Characteristics:
Characteristics:

Key
Key Teaching
Teaching Strategies:
Strategies:

Concrete
Concrete Operations
Operations Stage:Age
Stage:Age Range:
Range:

Characteristics:
Characteristics:

Key
Key Teaching
Teaching Strategies:
Strategies:

Formal
Formal Operations
Operations Stage:Age
Stage:Age Range:
Range:

Characteristics:
Characteristics:

Key
Key Teaching
Teaching Strategies:
Strategies:
 Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

Review the moral stages and identify and describe each using the graphic
organizer below.

STAGE
STAGE 11

PRE-CONVENTIONAL
PRE-CONVENTIONAL
STAGE
STAGE 22

STAGE
STAGE 33

CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONAL
STAGE
STAGE 44

STAGE
STAGE 55

POST-CONVENTIONAL
POST-CONVENTIONAL
STAGE
STAGE 66
 Vygotsky’s Socio-Cultural Theory

Define or describe the words below.

More Knowledgeable Zone of Proximal

Scaffolding
Other (MKO) Development (ZPD)
 Vygotsky’s Socio-Cultural Theory

Define or describe the words below.

More Knowledgeable Zone of Proximal

Scaffolding
Other (MKO) Development (ZPD)
 Bronfenbrenner’s Bio-Ecological Theory

Describe each of the systems in the theory.

Macrosystem

Exosystem/Mesosystem

Microsystem/Chronosystem

The Individual
Application
Describe what parents and teachers should do to help children develop into the
persons that they are meant to be the point of view of:

1. Freud _____________________________________________________________
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2. Erikson ___________________________________________________________
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3. Piaget ____________________________________________________________
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4. Kolhberg __________________________________________________________
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5. Vysgotsky _________________________________________________________
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6. Bronfenbrenner _____________________________________________________
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Research Connection
Read a research or study related to child development. Fill out the matrix
below.

Problem Research Methodology

Title and Source: (Complete APA bibliographical entry format)

Findings Conclusions
Assessment Task/s
1. Identify one concept from the theories reviewed and describe how this can be
applied in teaching and learning.

Theory/Concept Application
5-minute non-stop writing
Your 5-minute non-stop writing begins NOW!
From the review of theories related to learners’ development I realize that…
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