Formal Lab Report - Semester 1 Assignment

Specification and Instructions

Coursework Title: Formal Laboratory Report – Semester 1

Module Name: Engineering Practice 1

Module Code: 4106MECH

Level: 4

Module Credits: 20

Module Leader: Ella Fan

[email protected]
Contact Details:
Office: T610

Monday 14th December 2020 at 23:59 (Soft copy in Canvas)

Deadline:
Monday 14th December 2020 from 9:30-14:30 (Hard copy in T610)

Module Weighting: 20 %

Your report will be marked by your module leader and feedback will be
Feedback:
given within 15 working days.

Programmes: MEng/BEng Mechanical Engineering

4106MECH Engineering Practice 1

Introduction
You are required to write-up a full formal laboratory report from one of the timetabled five labs that you
have completed during semester 1. The allocation list is given in Appendix A on the following page. You must
only write-up your allocated lab, even if you did not attend the laboratory session. You will receive a zero
mark if you write-up a different lab to the one you have been allocated. Your attempt must be your own
work; hence, you are not permitted to work with others to complete the assignment, and you will not receive
any help from staff.

During the laboratory sessions, you were required to record hand written details of your work in the form of
a log report that was checked and signed by your lab instructor at the end of the session. You will need to
use the details in this to write up your formal report, but you do not need to submit your hand written log
report. This is for you to keep for future reference and revision.

The full laboratory report should be word processed, well-constructed and presented in accordance with the
guidelines given in Appendix B of this document. Please note that this appendix is intended to be a general
outline for formal reports and not all sections may be applicable.

This coursework is designed to meet the third module learning outcome (LO3) which states that students
should be able to:

“Carry out experimental procedures in a range of different engineering disciplines, process the data
collected, and produce a formal technical report.”

Report Structure
The formal laboratory report is a technical account that should report on the experimental process,
calculated values, established data, and include appropriate discussions and conclusions. Included in the text
should be relevant references to enforce any technical points discussed using a recognised referencing
method. Guidelines to writing academic reports are given in Appendix B.

The main body of text of the formal laboratory report (i.e. sections from the Introduction to Conclusions)
must be no more than 2500 words, excluding appendices and references. Please note that only the first 2500
words will be marked, where anything outside of this will not be assessed. The marking scheme for this formal
laboratory report is given in Appendix C along with the grade descriptors for level 4 written work.

Additional Resources
Further resources to aid you in completing this coursework can be found on Canvas in the form of lectures
on experimental methods and lab report writing, lab sheets, referencing guide, and report cover template.

Submission Requirements
• One electronic copy in .pdf file only
• File name should be in the form of: YourSurname_FirstName_4106MECH_Lab_Report_1
• Submitted via TurnItIn in the Assignments folder on the Canvas module
• No later than 23:59 on Friday 13th December 2019

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4106MECH Engineering Practice 1

Department of Maritime and Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Appendix A:

Allocation of Laboratory
Session to Write-Up as a
Formal Report

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4106MECH Engineering Practice 1

Department of Maritime and Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Appendix B:
Guidelines for
Writing Academic
Individual and Group
Reports

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4106MECH Engineering Practice 1

Contents

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 10

2. Style and Formatting ............................................................................................................................... 10

3. Spelling, Punctuation and Grammar ....................................................................................................... 10

4. Structure .................................................................................................................................................. 11

4.1 Title Page ......................................................................................................................................... 11

4.2 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 11

4.3 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 11

4.4 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 12

4.5 Main Text......................................................................................................................................... 12

4.6 Appendices ...................................................................................................................................... 13

4.7 References ....................................................................................................................................... 13

5. Referencing Sources ................................................................................................................................ 13

5.1 Using the Citation Manager .............................................................................................................. 14

5.1.1 Managing Sources .............................................................................................................. 14

5.1.2 Inserting a citation ............................................................................................................. 15

5.1.3 Generating a list of citations .............................................................................................. 15

6. Cross-referencing Equations, Tables and Figures ................................................................................... 16

6.1 Equations .......................................................................................................................................... 16

6.2 Tables ................................................................................................................................................ 17

6.3 Figures ............................................................................................................................................... 18

References ....................................................................................................................................................... 18

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1. Introduction
This document provides guidance on the basic structure and formatting which is required when submitting
formal technical reports.

In section 2, the requirements regarding document style and formatting are discussed. This provides a set
of rules and guidelines which should be followed during the preparation of reports which are submitted in
the modules listed above. Section 3 outlines the rules on spelling, punctuation and grammar along with an
important requirement regarding the tense in which the report should be written. Section 4 provides an
overview of the expected structure of any general engineering report. It is important to note that the
specific structure will depend upon the project being carried out and should be discussed with supervision
staff. Section 5 provides detailed information on how information sources should be referenced in a report
while section 6 gives clear rules regarding how equations, figures and tables should be labelled and cross-
referenced. Finally, section 7 gives some essential information regarding preparation for digital submission.

2. Style and Formatting

The report should be written using a word processor (Microsoft Word 2016 is the University supported
package). When submitted the report should have the following general characteristics:

• Text Colour: Black

• Font: 11pt – Arial, Calibri, Times New Roman (or similar)
• Line Spacing: 1.5
• Margins: Left = 30mm, Top = 20mm, Right = 20mm, Bottom = 30mm
• Header: Module code and report title
• Footer: Left = Student name and person number, Right = Page number.
• Binding: Comb bound or metal strip (available in the library)
• Title Page: White paper printed as per the supplied template.
• Front Cover Material: Clear plastic acetate
• Back Cover Material: Black or white card / paper
Compliance with these formatting requirements ensures that the report is readable and that it can be
handled, marked and stored robustly.

3. Spelling, Punctuation and Grammar

It is expected that all students will submit a report which is written in the third-person passive tense using
good quality English language and which is free from spelling mistakes. It is also expected that the report
should be well punctuated and that it should use grammar which promotes comfortable reading.

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The spelling and grammar checking tools which are built into Microsoft Word mean that it should be
possible to eliminate most errors prior to the proof reading process. The availability of this functionality
also means that there is no excuse for significant numbers of spelling or grammar errors to appear in your
report. It is important to ensure that the spellchecker function is properly regionalised as it will normally
default to using US English instead of UK English.

4. Structure
In general reports should follow the general structure shown below:

• Title Page (no section number or page number)

• Acknowledgements (no section number)
• Abstract (no section number)
• Table of Contents (no section number)
• Main Text (with section numbers)
• Appendices (with appendix number, not section number)
• References (no section number)
The following subsections provide information regarding what is expected in each case.

4.1 Title Page

The title page must follow the template supplied on Canvas. The template includes the approved LJMU
logo, the title of the project, the full names of all contributors (i.e. authors), the project supervisor and the
date when the report is submitted.

4.2 Acknowledgements
If it is appropriate, the student (individual projects) or group (design projects) may wish to thank people or
organisations for help or support which has been provided. This should be supplied on its own page and
does not have a section number.

4.3 Abstract
The abstract is a concise summary of the material which is contained within the report. It provides the
potential reader with essential information regarding the primary aim of the project and possibly a problem
statement. It will outline the methods or procedures which have been used and if applicable will mention
the basic experimental procedures followed. The abstract will also provide a summary of the main results
and the most important conclusions which can be drawn from the work. The abstract will be a single
paragraph and will be no more than 200 words.

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4.4 Table of Contents

Every report should include a table of contents, after the abstract but before the main body of text. All
numbered sections in the report must be included in addition to the un-numbered sections such as
acknowledgements, abstract and references.

4.5 Main Text

The exact formulation of the main body of text will depend upon the nature of the project being reported
upon. However, there are some common sections which most reports would be expected to have:

Introduction

It is common for the first section of the main body of text to be an introduction which provides the reader
with background on the project and the motivation for carrying it out. The introduction should clearly state
the project aims and objectives.

Theory/Research/Literature Review

The introduction is often followed by a literature review relating to important aspects of the project being
undertaken. This section will give the reader a clear and concise outline of the research which has been
carried out and an analysis of what the findings from the research mean in relation to the rest of the
project.

Method

Following the research, a section which describes and justifies approach which was taken to completing the
aims of the project should be outlined. In an experimental or simulation based project, this section will
describe what apparatus (or software) was used and the way in which the experiment (or model) was set
up. The method will describe how the testing was carried out and will justify the ways in which results were
collected and recorded and what measures were taken in order to recognise and reduce sources of error.

In a design report, the Method section will describe the design process which was followed and will justify
the way in which that method was applied. If a criteria based approach (for example) has been taken, then
the criteria must be justified objectively and quantified where possible.

Results

Following the method, a section containing the results of the process (experiment, simulation, design etc.)
will be presented. This section will clearly collate results in an appropriate form (graphs, tables, drawings)
depending upon the type of project. It is crucial that results are provided in a critical and objective manner.

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4106MECH Engineering Practice 1

The language which is used should provide the reader with a clear and unbiased review of the outcome of
the method. If there are limitations to the accuracy or validity of results then this should be made clear.

Discussion

The discussion is probably the single most important section of the report. It is in this section where the
author has an opportunity to analyse and evaluate the results and to present the findings to the reader in
the clearest way possible. The discussion should never simply summarise what has been done.

Conclusions

The conclusions section will provide a clear and concise summary of the main findings of the project and
will give the author an opportunity to offer recommendations. By definition, there should be no findings
given in the conclusions which have not previously been covered in the discussion.

4.6 Appendices
Appendices are self-contained supplements to your report. Information which is not directly required to
explain your conclusions but which helps to support your findings can be included after the main body of
text but before the references.

4.7 References
The final component of your report will be a complete list of references for sources which you have cited in
your report (See Section 5).

5. Referencing Sources
It is essential that all reports are properly referenced using a recognised referencing style. Proper
referencing requires that citations 1 are placed into the text of the report itself in order to inform the reader
whenever a third-party source of information has been referred to or quoted. It is also necessary to provide
a citation in the caption of any figure which has been scanned or reproduced (redrawn) from another
source. See Section 6.3 for more information.

It should be noted that adding a bibliography is not sufficient since this is simply a list of books or other
sources which have been consulted. A bibliography gives no indication of when or where a particular

1
A citation is a reference embedded in the text of a written work which defines the published source of some
information which the author has relied upon to develop their argument.

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4106MECH Engineering Practice 1

reference has been used. A proper referencing system provides not only a list of sources used but also a
positive link (citation) back to that source which is placed in the body of the text.

The required referencing formats are either the Harvard system or the ISO690 Numerical style. An
advantage of using the Harvard system is that you can get free study support at the library which will help
you to understand how it works and how it should be applied. A disadvantage of this system is that it
cannot be generated automatically using the Microsoft Word® (MS Word) citation manager.

5.1 Using the Citation Manager

The citation manager utilises a set of tools which are available in the 'References' section of the 'Ribbon' in
Microsoft Word (Figure 1).

Figure 1 - Citation Manager tools in the references section of the MS Word ribbon.

The citation manager requires the user to do three things, these are:

1. Manage Sources
2. Insert Citations
3. Generate a list of citations (references)
5.1.1 Managing Sources
A list of sources can be created and maintained using the 'Manage Sources' feature of Word. This is
activated and edited but clicking on the 'Manage Sources' button in the References section of the ribbon
(see Figure 2). The information relating to each source is then added to a simple database by completing
the appropriate fields (see Figure 3), doing so ensures that the references produced will meet the
requirements.

Figure 2 - Click on 'Manage Sources' to access and edit a database of sources used in your report.

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Figure 3 - The Source Manager is used to add information regarding sources which can be referenced using citations.

5.1.2 Inserting a citation

A citation can be added to the text in the required location by placing the cursor and clicking on the 'Insert
Citation' button. This will place the reference, which you select from a list, at the cursor in the format
defined by the 'Style' option. You should ensure that this is set to 'ISO 690'. The numerical reference will
then be inserted into the text like this -> (2).

Figure 4 - Citations are added by clicking 'Insert Citation' button and then selecting the reference from a list.

5.1.3 Generating a list of citations

When you are compiling your report, the final section will be a list of references (NOT a bibliography). This
can be automatically generated if you are using the Word Citation Manager.

The list of citations will be added in the location selected and will look something like this:

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References
1. Matthews, Christian. Notes for Guidance: Writing individual project and group design reports. Liverpool :
s.n., 2010.

2. Pugh, Stuart. Total Design. 1st Edition. Harlow : Pearson Education, 1991.

3. Bosch, Robert. Automotive Handbook. 5th Edition. Warrendale, PA : SAE International, 2001.

4. Bolton, William. Mechatronics: A multidisciplinary approach. London : Pearson Education, 2008.

By default, the list will be entitled 'Citations' but you can manually edit the heading.

6. Cross-referencing Equations, Tables and Figures

In addition to using proper referencing to indicate which sources have been used, it is also important that
the reader is provided with good cross referencing information when equations, tables and figures are used
to reinforce the written word of the report. Microsoft Word includes tools to insert captions (including
automatic numbering) and to insert cross references in the text (which will be automatically updated if
numbering changes). The captioning and cross-referencing tools are available from the 'References' tab in
the ribbon (Figure 5).

Figure 5 - Cross-referencing

6.1 Equations
Equations should be inserted and edited using the built-in equation editor (Alt + =). The equation should be
centred on the page and its label is normally added on the right hand side (see example below).

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 (1)
𝑚𝑚 = � 𝐹𝐹
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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4106MECH Engineering Practice 1

However, the built in captioning and cross referencing tools in Microsoft Word will only allow captions to
be added above or below an equation, for this reason it is equally acceptable to label and caption equations
as shown below.

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑚𝑚 = � 𝐹𝐹
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Equation 1

6.2 Tables
Tables should be centred on the page and their number and caption should be placed above. This is shown
in the example table (Table 3) below. Note that the table should be given a descriptive caption which
provides the reader with clear information. If the table uses data from another source then a citation
should be included in the caption.

Table 1- Vehicle Specifications for the Lamborghini Diablo SV 5.7i (3)

Specification Value

Useful Power @ 7100 RPM 390

[kW]

Maximum Torque @ 5500 RPM 605

[N m]

Maximum Speed [km/h] 320

Acceleration (0-100 km/h) 3.85

[seconds]

Curb Weight [kg] 1530

Gross Vehicle Weight [kg] -

Weight-to-power ratio [kg/kW] 3.9

Specific Power Output [kW/l] 68.3

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4106MECH Engineering Practice 1

6.3 Figures
Figures should also be centred on the page but their number and caption should be placed below. This
convention is shown in the example below. If the figure is taken from another source then the citation
should be included in the caption.

Figure 6 - A simple amplification system. From Bolton, W. Mechatronics: A Multidisciplinary Approach (4th), London.
Pearson Education, 2008. Page 63 (4)

References
1. Matthews, Christian. Notes for Guidance: Writing individual project and group design reports. Liverpool :
s.n., 2010.

2. Pugh, Stuart. Total Design. 1st Edition. Harlow : Pearson Education, 1991.

3. Bosch, Robert. Automotive Handbook. 5th Edition. Warrendale, PA : SAE International, 2001.

4. Bolton, William. Mechatronics: A multidisciplinary approach. London : Pearson Education, 2008.

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4106MECH Engineering Practice 1

Department of Maritime and Mechanical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Appendix C: Marking
Scheme for Formal
Laboratory Report

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4106MECH Engineering Practice 1 Student:
Grade descriptors and feedback sheet for the Formal Lab Report
Assessor:
Formal Laboratory Report

Section Weighted
Outcome < 40% 40 to 49% 50 to 59% 60 to 69% 70 to 79% 80 to 89% 90 to 100% Weight
Mark /100 Mark
Front Matter and Introduction
Does the report have the following front matter sections: Title page,
Abstract, Acknowledgements, Contents, and Nomenclature? Does
the Introduction section provide appropriate background to the 0.1
experiment? Are the aims and objectives of the experiment clearly
stated? Are individual section introductions used throughout in
order to signpost the report?
Theory and Method
Does the Background Theory section include the relevant
engineering principles and equations that will be used in the analysis
of results? Does the Experimental Method section include an
0.1
annotated diagram of the apparatus set up, and does the section
contain a procedure of how the experiment was conducted?
Results, Discussion and Conclusions
Does the Results section include relevant data and technical
information (e.g. graphs, tables, sample calculations, and diagrams)?
Does the presentation of results conform to the expected standards?
Has a sufficiently detailed analysis of the results been undertaken?
Does the Discussion section demonstrate that the student has 0.5
developed a deep understanding of the experiments? Have they
attempted to establish facts through a process of critical discussion?
Have appropriate conclusions been drawn and concisely written in
the Conclusions section? If so, are they based on well-reasoned
argument or analysis?
References
Have an appropriate range of relevant sources been referenced? Are
the citations generally of a high quality? Has one of the approved
methods of citation been used (Harvard or Vancouver methods)? Do 0.2
the references appear in the main body of text when a source has
been cited, and are they correctly listed in the References section at
the end of the report?
Layout, Structure and Presentation
Does the report conform to the layout, structure and presentation
requirements that are detailed in the guidelines? Has the report
been written in good quality technical English in a formal manner? 0.1
Does it have an appropriate structure which conveys the work
carried out in a logical sequence? Is the presentation of the report at
a professional standard?
 Total Mark:

Comments:

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Assessor’s signature: …………………………………………………………………. Date: ………………………………….

4106MECH Engineering Practice 1

Grade Descriptors for Level 4 Written Work

Mark Characteristic Criteria
range
90 -100 Exceptional Exemplary attainment of all learning outcomes
Pass Exceptional knowledge of the underlying concepts and principles
associated with the subject area
Offers an exhaustive exploration of the literature and evidence-base
The material covered is accurate and relevant
The argument is highly sophisticated
The standard of writing is refined
No errors in the use of the specified referencing system
Well-presented and organised in an appropriate academic style

80-89 Outstanding Excellent attainment of all learning outcomes, with some met to an
Pass exemplary standard
Outstanding knowledge of the underlying concepts and principles
associated with the subject area
Extends far beyond expected levels of engagement with the literature and
evidence-base
The material covered is accurate and relevant
The argument is generally very astute
The standard of writing is highly advanced
No errors in the use of the specified referencing system
Well-presented and organised in an appropriate academic style

70-79 Excellent pass Excellent attainment of all learning outcomes

Excellent knowledge of the underlying concepts and principles associated
with the subject area
Thorough use the literature and evidence-base
The material covered is accurate and relevant
The argument is persuasive and there are very perceptive elements
The standard of writing is well clear and readable, with some
sophisticated phrasing
Only minor errors in the use of the specified referencing system
Well-presented and organised in an appropriate academic style

60-69 Good Pass Good attainment of all learning outcomes

Good knowledge of the underlying concepts and principles associated
with the subject area
Good consideration of the literature and evidence-base that develops from
recommended readings
The material covered is accurate and relevant
The argument is persuasive
The standard of writing is clear and readable.
Some errors in the use of the specified referencing system, but meets key
principles
Generally well presented and organised, but does not always conform to
conventions of academic presentation

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4106MECH Engineering Practice 1

Mark Characteristic Criteria

range
50-59 Clear Pass Adequate attainment of all learning outcomes, with some met to an good
standard
Demonstrates a good grasp of key concepts with limited application to a
specific area of study
Sufficient consideration of the literature and evidence-base, but little
consideration beyond recommended readings
The material covered is mostly accurate and relevant The
argument is straightforward and relatively clear The
writing style is clear and readable.
Some errors in the use of the specified referencing system, but meets key
principles
Generally well presented and organised, but does not always conform to
conventions of academic presentation

40-49 Threshold / Adequate attainment of all learning outcomes

satisfactory Demonstrates a reasonable grasp of key concepts with limited
pass application to a specific area of study
Basic consideration of the literature and evidence-base, but restricted to
recommended readings
There are some inaccuracies or irrelevant materials, but there is
sufficient accurate material to suggest a threshold level of
understanding
The argument is relatively clear, although some elements are difficult to
understand
The writing style is reasonable and there are very few areas of confusion
and/or errors in spelling/grammar.
Some errors in the use of the specified referencing system, but meets key
principles
Good presentation that may include some organisational errors and/or
tendency not to conform to conventions of academic presentation

30-39 Needs Meets most, but not all learning outcomes

improvement Demonstrates a reasonable grasp of key concepts, but no application to a
specific area of study
Minor consideration of the literature and evidence-base, but inadequate use
of recommended reading and no exploration outside that.
Some materials is accurate, but the amount of inaccurate or irrelevant
materials indicates insufficient understanding of key concepts
The argument is poorly defined and defended
Writing style is acceptable. The structure is reasonable, but there are some
areas of confusion and/or some errors in spelling/grammar Attempts to use
of the specified referencing system. Meets key principles, but there are
systematic errors
Acceptable presentation that may include some organisational errors and a
tendency not to conform to conventions of academic presentation

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4106MECH Engineering Practice 1

Mark Characteristic Criteria

range
20-29 Needs significant Does not meet most learning outcomes
revision Demonstrates a poor grasp of key concepts with no application to a specific
area of study
Superficial consideration of the literature and evidence-base There are major
inaccuracies or significant amounts of irrelevant
There are major inaccuracies or significant amounts of irrelevant The argument
is very weak
Standard of writing is poor. The structure is disorganised and/or there are too
many errors in spelling/grammar.
Does not use the specified referencing system Weak or untidy presentation

0-19 Needs Does not meet any learning outcomes

substantial work Little or no knowledge of the underlying concepts and principles associated
with the subject area
No engagement with the literature and evidence-base The material covered is
inaccurate or irrelevant
The argument is incoherent
Standard of writing is very poor. The structure is chaotic and/or there are far
too many errors in spelling/grammar.
Does not use specified referencing system Very poor presentation

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4106MECH Engineering Practice 1

Guide to Performance Criteria

70% and above:
Your work must be of outstanding quality and fully meet the requirements of the coursework specification
and learning outcomes stated. You must show independent thinking and apply this to your work showing
originality and consideration of key issues. There must be evidence of wider reading on the subject.

60% - 70%:
Your work must be of good quality and meet the requirements of the coursework specification and learning
outcomes stated. You must demonstrate some originality in your work and show this by applying new
learning to the key issues of the coursework. There must be evidence of wider reading on the subject.

50% - 60%:
Your work must be comprehensive and meet all of the requirements stated by the coursework specification
and learning outcomes. You must show a good understanding of the key concepts and be able to apply
them to solve the problem set by the coursework. There must be enough depth to your work to provide
evidence of wider reading.

40% - 50%:
Your work must be of a standard that meets the requirements stated by the coursework specification and
learning outcomes. You must show a reasonable level of understanding of the key concepts and principles
and you must have applied this knowledge to the coursework problem. There should be some evidence of
wider reading.

Below 40%:
Your work is of poor quality and does not meet the requirements stated by the coursework specification
and learning outcomes. There is a lack of understanding of key concepts and knowledge and no evidence of
wider reading.

Plagiarism
Plagiarism is considered as academic misconduct. The University takes cases of plagiarism very seriously
and all alleged cases of academic misconduct will be investigated thoroughly by a School Investigatory
Panel. Students are advised to ensure that any coursework submitted is their own work or, where the work
of others is referred to (this includes any third-part material e.g. text, images, diagrams, drawings), it is
correctly referenced. The University defines plagiarism in the following way:
• The representation of the work, written or otherwise, of any other person, from any source
whatsoever, as the candidate's own. Examples of plagiarism may be as follows:
• The verbatim copying of another's work without clear identification and acknowledgement –
including the downloading of materials from the internet without proper referencing and
acknowledgement
• The close paraphrasing of another's work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of
presentation, without clear identification and acknowledgement.
• Unidentified and unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another's work.
• The deliberate and detailed presentation of another's concept as one's own.

Coursework Specification 25 Level 4 - Mar 2017