1.

INTRODUCTION

Safe drinking water is one of the basic necessities for human beings. However, billions of
people in the world have not access to it today. Of this, significant number of the
population is from the developing countries. Particularly women and children are the
most vulnerable segments of the society. Worldwide and in Ethiopia significant number
of children are dying each day because of lack of safe drinking water and appropriate
sanitation and hygiene.

To improve this situation, the international community adopted the Millennium

Development Goal (MDG) and committed to reduce by half the proportion of people
without sustainable access to safe water and basic sanitation by 2015. As the main
development objective of the Ethiopian Government is poverty eradication, the country's
development policies and strategies are geared towards this end. The provision of safe
and adequate water supply for the population has far reaching effects on health,
productivity, quality of life, and at large to reduce poverty and ensure sustainable socio-
economic development.

In 2005 the government of Ethiopia has ratified Universal Access Program (UAP) that
enables to provide safe water to all citizens of the nation. In addition, the first Growth
and Transformation Plan (GTP-1) covering the period from 2011 to 2015 was also
endorsed in 2010 and it is under implementation now. This plan targets to increase the
rural, urban and total access to water supply coverage to 98%, 100% and 98.5%
respectively and reduce the malfunctioning schemes from 20% to 10%. For the last four
GTP years (2011-2014) different activities has been implemented to reach the target,
accordingly in June 2014 the water supply access coverage has reached to 75.5%, 84.1%
and 76.7% in urban, rural, and national respectively.

As the first growth and transformation plan will be finalized on the mid of 2015 this
Second Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP-2) covering the period from 2016-2020 is
prepared. As the country has a vision to reach to a level of lower middle income country
in its socio-economic development by the year 2025, the plan is prepared taking into
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consideration this national vision. Hence, the main focus of the plan is to ensure
availability of water supply and sanitation services that satisfies the need of lower middle
income countries’ citizens by the year 2020. For this purpose the experiences of some
middle income countries such as Indonesia, Vietnam, Ghana, and Kenya which have
some similarities to our country in demography, population settlement patterns, etc is
reviewed and their best experiences and achievements are used to set the objective of the
plan. The detail in this regard is annexed.

The planning document contains 9 chapters. The first chapter is introduction. It describes
the background and gives overview. The second chapter reviews the focus areas of GTP-
1, its four years implementation status and the challenges faced during the
implementation. The third chapter discusses about the objectives and goals of GTP-2.
The fourth chapter describes the implementation strategy of the plan. The fifth chapter
discusses the budget of the plan while the sixth, seventh and eighth chapters deals with
capacity building plan and the opportunities and risks of the plan, respectively. Finally,
chapter nine contains the conclusion.

2. PROGRESSES AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF GTP-1

2.1. Overall four years performance of the plan

The main objective of GTP-1 in the water supply sub-sector is to provide safe water
supply of about 15 liters per capita within a distance up to 1.5 km for rural and about 20
liters per capita within a distance of 0.5 km for urban population. Accordingly, the plan
set targets to attain 98.0%, 100% and 98.5% water supply access coverage for rural,
urban and total respectively by the year 2015. Moreover, the plan also set target to reduce
the proportion of malfunctioning water supply schemes from 20% to 10%. The baseline
water supply access coverage for 2010 used to formulate GTP-1 were 65.8%, 91.5%, and
68.5%% for rural, urban and total, respectively and the non-functionality rate was 20%.
However, based on the National WaSH Inventory (NWI) conducted in 2011, the water
supply access coverage estimated for the year 2011 was 48.85%, 74.64%, and 52.12% for
rural, urban and total, respectively and the non-functionality rate was 25.5%.
Accordingly, based on the National WaSH Inventory data for 2011, the base line water
2
supply access coverage for 2010 would have been 43.46%, 72.56%, and 47.26%, for
rural, urban and total respectively. This indicates that the baseline water supply access
coverage used for the planning was exceeding the access figures interpolated to the
baseline year based on the inventory findings by 22.4%, 18.9%, and 21.2% for rural,
urban and total water supply access coverage, respectively and the non-functionality rate
was higher by 5.5% than the base line data used for the planning, i.e. for year 2010.
However, the sub-sector has taken boldly the outcome and revised the GTP-1 plan based
on the new data.

During the 4 years (2011-2014) GTP-1 period, it is planned to provide access overall to
26,655,661 of which 23,601,204 are rural and 2,733,869 urban people and achieve
water supply access coverage of 92%, 99% and 93% for rural, urban and total,
respectively by the year 2014. Accordingly, for the last 4 years, the sector has exerted
significant effort to meet the objectives of the plan. These include:

 During the 4 years planning period it was planned to construct overall 74,255
water supply schemes of which 73,909 are rural and 346 urban. Of these, the
construction of 66,345 water supply schemes of which 66,139 rural and 206
urban is completed. This indicates that the physical plan is achieved by 89.5%
in rural and 59.6% in urban water supply. Even though the physical
achievement is lower than the plan, the achievement in terms of number of
beneficiaries of the facilities exceeds the plan as the types of individual facilities
actually constructed has more service capacity than those in the plan.

 During the 4 years planning period it was planned to provide safe water supply
access overall to 29,776,220 people of which 27,140,044 rural and 2,636,176
urban. Of these, overall 31,214,380 people (28,126,973 rural and 3,132,978
urban) have got access to safe water supply. This indicates that the plan is
achieved overall by 104.8% of which 103.6% is for rural and 114.8% for urban.

 Based on the NWI baseline data the water supply access coverage has reached
to 75.5%, 84.1%, and 76.7% respectively for rural, urban and total by the year
2014 indicating that the achievement has lagged behind the plan by 16.5%,

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 14.8% and 16.2% for rural, urban and total coverage, respectively due to the
baseline data revision.

 By the year 2014 it was planned to reduce non-functionality rate of rural water
supply schemes to 12% while the actual achievement is 15.5% indicating that
70.8% of the plan is achieved.

 In addition to community water supplies, 9409 schools and 4565 health

institutions are also provided with safe water supply.

 Significant capacity building measures has been carried out both for rural and
urban water supply services in terms of training (short, medium and long term),
working manuals and guidelines development, logistical support, support in
Research and Development and this intervention has significantly improved the
government and the private sector implementation capacity at federal, region,
zone, and woreda/town levels. As well significant effort is also exerted to
improve the community capacity in planning, implementation and O&M of their
own water supply facilities.

 Much experience is gained from the Joint Technical Review (JTR) field
assessment conducted in association with development partners and from
Multi-stakeholders Forum (MSF) which is taking place once in a year.

 Based on experiences of WASH program in the past years currently one WASH
program has been developed and launched.

 In order to improve the information management of the WaSH sector, a baseline

National WaSH Inventory (NWI) has been conducted in 2011. Accordingly,
about 92,588 rural and 1605 urban water supply schemers have been
inventoried and about 12 million households, 30 thousand schools and 20
thousand health institutions have been surveyed. Moreover, MIS software is
developed and computerized information management system is established to
support information flow.

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The sub-sector’s major plans and their 4-years implementation status are tabulated
hereunder in Table 1.

Table 1: The First Growth and Transformation Plan and its 4 years’ performance

No Description Plan 4-years Performance

performance (%)
5-Years 4-years
1 Water supply access (%)

1.1 Rural 98 92 75.5

1.2 Urban 100 99 84.1
1.3 Total 98.5 93 76.7
2 Beneficiary Population
(In millions)

2.1 Rural 33.7 27.1 28.1 103.6

2.2 Urban 3.2 2.7 3.1 114.8
2.3 Total 36.9 29.8 31.2 104.7
3 Water Supply Schemes (in
Number)
3.1 Rural Water Supply Schemes 93,827 73,909 66,139 89.5
3.2 Urban Water Supply Schemes 387 346 206 59.5
3.3 Total 94,214 74,255 66,345 89.3
4 Non-functional rural water 10 12 15.5
supply schemes (%)

The 4 years performance of the water supply sub-sector is encouraging even though there
are lags in achieving some of the targets of the plan.

2.2. GTP-1 core sstrategic ddirections and its adherence in the implementation

The following are the main strategic directions of GTP-1:

• Provide due attention for sustainability of water supply services,

• Ensure beneficiaries participation throughout project implementation cycle,

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 • Encourage and support self supply,

• Provide due focus for labor intensive low cost technologies utilizing local
construction material,

• Provide focus for maintenance and rehabilitation of existing water supply

schemes and reduction of Nonrevenue Water (NRW) before construction of new
ones,

• Provide due support for pastoralist regions,

• Provide focus on capacity building including the private sector,

• Empower women in all sub-sectors’ activities,

• Strengthen stakeholders’ coordination,

• Provide due attention for water sources protection and conservation,

• Establish system for recognition of best performers and mechanisms for

experience sharing,

• Undertake Research and Development focusing on water quality management and

appropriate technology adaptation and development,

• Strengthen MIS.

It is attempted to adhere the above mentioned core directions of the plan in the
implementation. However, because of lack of awareness some of the directions are not
adhered by some implementation agencies below region level. Thus, in GTP-2 focus
would be given to the creation of awareness on the plan to all stakeholders at all levels.

2.3. Main challenges of the sub-sector

The main challenges of the subs-sector include;

 There is no adequate overall (government, private and community) sub-sector

capacity to fulfill and manage the growing water supply demand in line with the
socio-economic development of the country.

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  Even though there are attempts to improve good governance in urban water
supply, still there are significant problems in this regard coupled with significant
water supply leakage.

 There is no coordination mechanism with the relevant stakeholders in urban

master plan development to properly incorporate water supply and sanitation
infrastructures in the plan.

 Significant quantity of construction materials and equipments required in the sub-

sector are imported from overseas demanding foreign currency and taking long
time.

 As the countries topography is rugged and mountainous in most parts of the

country, rural settlement is dispersed making water supply delivery with piped
system extremely difficult.

 Safe water supply sources are getting far from settlements because of
groundwater depletion and pollution.

2.4. GTP-2 core strategic directions

The core strategic directions of GTP-2 are:

 Upgrade the water supply service infrastructure to the level of middle income
countries by 2020.

 Increase the water supply access coverage upgrading the service level.

 Ensure good governance improving sustainability, effectiveness and efficiency of

water supply services.

 Build the sub-sector’s implementation capacity.

 Build effective and efficient civil service development army through

strengthening the civil service reform program.

 Empower women including decision making.

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  Ensure urban water supply customers’ satisfaction by enabling the water supply
utilities financially self-sufficient including investment cost recovery and ensuring
good governance in the service delivery.

 Establish urban wastewater management system.

 Encourage use of labor intensive low cost technologies using renewable energies
such as wind and solar and utilize piped system water supply technologies in
urban areas and in rural areas where there are significant number of settlers such
as kebele centers.

 Facilitate enabling environments for the private sector to import substitution

manufacturing.

 Provide due support to build implementation capacity of pastoralist regions.

 Provide due focus to community mobilization.

 Provide due focus to strengthen the sub-sector’s M&E and MIS.

3. OBJECTIVES AND GOALS OF THE PLAN

3.1. General objective

Contribute to the realization of the vision of the country to become middle income
country by 2025 through provision of access to safe and sustainable water supply and
urban wastewater management to the citizens of the country using low cost technologies
and community mass mobilization.

3.2. Specific objectives and main goals

3.2.1. Specific objectives

Objective-1

Increase safe water supply upgrading the service level and improve urban wastewater
management system.

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Objective-2

Ensure good governance in rural water supply enhancing sustainability, effectiveness and
efficiency of the service.

Objective-3

Ensure good governance in urban water supply enhancing sustainability, effectiveness

and efficiency of the service.

Objective-4

Build the sub-sectors’ overall capacity.

3.2.2. Main goals

Goal 1.1

Meet the universal target of providing access to safe and sustainable water supply for all
citizens of the country in the planning period as per the minimum water supply access
standard level set for GTP-1, i.e. for rural water supply 15 l/c/day within a distance up to
1.5 km and for urban water supply 20 liter per capita/day within a distance up to 0.5 km.

Goal 1.2

Provide rural water supply access with GTP-2 minimum service level of 25 l/c/day
within a distance of 1 km from the water delivery point for 85% of the rural population
of which 20% are provided with RPS.

Goal 1.3

Provide urban water supply access with GTP-2 minimum service level of 100 l/c/day for
category-1 towns/cities, 80 l/c/day for category-2 towns/cities, 60 l/c/day for category-3
towns/cities, 50 l/c/day for category-4 towns/cities, up to the premises and 40 l/c/day for
category-5 towns/cities within a distance of 250m with piped system for 75% of the
urban population.

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Goal 1.4

Carry out study and design of urban wastewater management system of 36 category 1, 2,
and 3 towns/cities and build wastewater management infrastructure for 6 towns/cities
with a population of 200,000 and more.

Goal 2.1

Decrease rural water supply schemes non-functionality rate from 15.5% to 7%.

Goal 2.2

Strengthen rural water supply community management through legalization of all

WaSHCOs.

Goal 2.3

Empower Women in WaSHCO management including in decision making and increase

their membership in WaSHCO to 50% and more.

Goal 2.4

Establish supply chain for low cost water supply technologies and spare parts.

Goal 2.5

Establish water supply extension supporting system at kebele level to enhance

implementation of household and communal level self-supply water and improve O&M
of rural water supply schemes.

Goal 2.6

Ensure rural water safety through rural water supply water quality monitoring system and
water safety planning and implementation.

Goal 3.1

Decrease urban Non-Revenue Water (NRW) from 39% and more (in 2015) to 20% by
2020.

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Goal 3.2

Improve the urban water supply continuity to 16 hours per day excluding water supply
delivery through public taps.

Goal 3.3

Enable category 1, 2, and 3 towns recover their investment cost at least by 80%,
category 4 by 60%, category 5 by 30% and O&M cost by 100% for all town categories
through their water tariff.

Goal 3.4

Ensure urban water safety through urban water supply water quality monitoring system
and water safety planning and implementation.

Goal 4.1

Train and engage into the sub-sector 4,374 higher and 13,000 medium level professionals
and 510,000 artisans and caretakers and ensure that involvement of women in this regard
is 25% and more.

Goal 4.2

Establish independent water supply and wastewater service regulatory agency to ensure
high service quality.

Goal 4.3

Enable category 1, 2, 3, and 4 towns’ water supply utilities have in their organizational
structure responsible section for wastewater management.

Goal 4.4

Increase the involvement of the private sector in the water supply activities particularly in
O&M of urban water supply utilities.

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Goal 4.5

Strengthen WaSH integration to meet the objectives of One National WaSH Program
(ONWP) and establish coordination with the Ministry of Urban Development and
Construction and its affiliates at all level in urban WaSH intervention.

Goal 4.6

Implement National ICT based M&E and MIS system for the subsector.

As per the GTP-2 water supply service level standard, it is required to provide safe water
in minimum 25 l/c/day within a distance of 1 km for rural while in urban areas it is
required to provide safe water in minimum 100 l/c/day for category 1 towns/cities
(towns/cities with a population more than 1 million), 80 l/c/day for category 2
towns/cities (towns/cities with a population in the range of 100,000-1million), 60 l/c/day
for category 3 towns/cities (towns/cities with a population in the range of 50,000 -
100,000), 50 l/c/day for category 4 towns/cities (towns/cities with a population in the
range of 20,000-50,000) up to the premises, and 40 l/c/day for category-5 towns/cities
(towns/cities with a population less than 20,000) within a distance of 250m.

Review of some middle income countries’ water supply service level having nearly
similar demography and settlement patterns as of Ethiopia and with relatively better
experience in the sub-sector is conducted among others to set the service level standard
for the planning period. The details are depicted in Annex-1.

The details of the plan in terms of annual water supply access coverage targets, the
number of beneficiaries planned to be served annually, and number of water supply
schemes planned to be implemented annually in the planning period are depicted in
Annex-2.

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4. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES OF THE PLAN

4.1. General strategies

 Ensure that GTP-2 plan preparation consistent to the targets of the national plan is
cascaded down up to the kebele level and served as a guiding implementation tool
for the planning period.

 Advocate and promote the plan to mobilize resources and trigger community
mobilization.

 Build the capacity of all sub-sectors’ stakeholders.

 Establish coordination mechanism with the health, education, agriculture, urban

development, environmental protection, and women affairs sectors to integrate the
water supply sub-sector engagements with sanitation and hygiene, urban
development and environmental undertakings.

 Ensure maximized benefit of women in water supply and sanitation undertakings.

 Ensure the private sector’s involvement in all sub-sector’s activities providing due
focus to Operation and Maintenance.

 Establish cooperation with higher education institutions in the area of training of

professionals, research in the area of water quality and development of
appropriate water supply technologies.

 Create enabling environment for investors to invest in manufacturing of goods

imported currently from overseas such as hand pumps and their spare parts,
various pipes such as DCI, fittings and devices, motorized pumps and generators
and their spare parts, water meters and flow and pressure controlling apparatus
etc. Moreover, ensure that all goods being manufactured currently in the country
has international standard quality.

 Capacitate the government and the private sector particularly in contract

management and strengthen the Public and Private Partnership (PPP) forum
which is currently serving as a platform to strengthen partnership.
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  Establish groundwater monitoring and catchment protection system around water
supply sources by urban water supply utilities and WaSHCOs.

 Establish/strengthen water supply operation and management system in all

regions.

 Establish best experience sharing among the sub-sector’s stakeholders and

incentive mechanisms.

 Strengthen coordination with donors and CSOs.

 Improve M&E and MIS of the sub-sector.

4.2. Rural water supply strategies

 Ensure community involvement in all project implementation cycle.

 Create enabling environment for WaSHCOs legalization/certification.

 Strengthen Community ownership and community management.

 Establish spare parts supply chain.

 Encourage multiple uses for household self-supply to generate income in addition

to domestic uses.

 Ensure rural water safety through rural water supply water quality monitoring
system and water safety planning and implementation.

4.3. Urban water supply strategies

 Enhance institutional capacity, improve good governance in the service delivery,

and improve utilities relations with customers through customers’ forum and
establish benchmarking and performance evaluation mechanism with due
recognition for the best performers.

 Strengthen the coordination of the sub-sector with the relevant undertakings of the
Ministry of Urban Development and Construction.

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  As urban water supply demand is ever increasing with the rapid urbanization and
industrial development, it is becoming a challenge to satisfy the demand only
from groundwater sources. Thus, use of hybrid sources both from ground and
surface water would be given due attention focusing particularly on the use of
dams and reservoirs for multiple use in association with the relevant
stakeholders.

 Ensure urban water safety through urban water supply water quality monitoring
system and water safety planning and implementation.

Environmental and social safeguard issues to be taken care of during projects’

implementation cycle is addressed in Annex-5.

5. FINANCIAL PLAN

As finance is one of the inputs required for the implementation of the plan, the
expenditure required is estimated taking due consideration the financial requirements
throughout a project implementation cycle. As well the planning has also attempted to
identify the possible financial sources with the estimated amount they could contribute to
the implementation of the plan.

In order to overcome the financial limitation challenges due focus would be given to low
cost technologies and use of the resources available in the community. Moreover, for the
same reason the costs of imported goods from overseas needs to be less than 26% of the
overall project cost.

Details of the financial requirement of the plan are depicted in Table 2. Overall financial
requirement for the implementation of the plan is Birr 82.8 Billion of which Birr 77.8
Billion is capital and Birr 5 billion recurrent budget. Of the capital budget Birr 28 Billion
is for rural and Birr 44.2 Billion for urban water supply construction and rehabilitation
while Birr 5.5 Billion is for urban wastewater management works. Moreover, 74% of the
capital budget (Birr 54.6 Billion) is planned to be spent in local currency while the
remaining 26% (USD 841.3 million) is planned to be spent in foreign currency.

15
Expenditures in local and foreign currency are depicted in Table 4 while the details on
the estimation for the same are in Annex-3.

Based on the experiences from GTP-1, the possible financial sources and their estimated
budget share are depicted in Table 3. Thus, it is deemed that 49% would be covered from
the government treasury, 31% from donors in terms of loan and grant, 4% from CSOs,
and 16% from beneficiary communities and urban utilities.

Table 2: Financial Plan

Sr. Description Total Annual Plan (000 Birr)

No. (000 Birr) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

1 Recurrent budget 5063188 819922 850134 1207632 1183503 1001999

2 Capital budget

Rural water supply

New 26,706,694 4,740,137 4,872,060 6,140,999 5,380,119 5,573,379

Rehabilitation 1,335,332 237,007 243,602 307,049 269,006 278,669

Sum
28,042,030 4,977,144 5,115,662 6,448,049 5,649,125 5,852,047

3 Capital budget

Urban water supply

Study and design 217311 43462 43462 43462 43462 43462

New construction 26397219 4273168 4558715 5272224 6376426 5916687

Rehabilitation 17598147 2848778 3039143 3514816 4250950 3944459

Sum 44212677 7165408 7641320 8830502 10670839 9904608

4 Sewerage const.

Study and design 17,500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500

New construction 5,500,000 500000 500000 2000000 2000000 500000

sum 5,517,500 503500 503500 2003500 2003500 503500

Sub-Total (Capital) 77772203 12646052 13260482 17282050 18323464 16260156

Total 82835391 13465974 14110616 18489683 19506966 17262155

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 Table 3: Budget source

Amount (Birr)
Sr.
Description
No. Amount (in
Percent
ooo’s)

1 Government 40598162 49%

2 Donors 25684551 31%

3 CSOs 3314136 4%

4 Urban water supply utilities 9113873 11%

5 Beneficiary community 4142670 5%

Total 82,853,391

Table 4: Cumulative rural and urban water supply and urban sewerage expenditure
in local and foreign currency
Sr. Description Total Amount in percent (%) Amount Remarks
No. Expenditure
(Birr) For Local For Foreign For Local For Foreign
Purchase Purchase Purchase Purchase
(Birr) (USD) (Birr) (USD)
1 Rural water
supply
28042030000 79% 21% 22204907878 259427650
2 Urban water
supply
44212677000 70% 30% 30948873900 589502360
3 Urban sewerage
5517500000 80% 20% 4414000000 49044444
Total sum and
average %
73518878660 74% 26% 54590451940 841263410

6. IMPLEMENTATION CAPACITY BUILDING

6.1. Human Resources Development

Human resources are the other basic input to materialize the plan. All implementation
agencies need to have the necessary experts well trained and having adequate experience
in the area of their specialty. The main responsibility of the government is to develop
policies, legislations, strategic plans and the like and search for financial sources while
17
the private sector would be involved in study, design, construction, operation and
maintenance. Donors and CSOs provide financial and technical assistance. As the rural
communities and urban utilities are beneficiaries of projects, they will have significant
involvement in all project implementation cycle.

Accordingly, all stakeholders of the plan are required to have adequate and trained human
resources to fulfill their responsibilities. Thus, the human resources plan considers the
need of the government, the private sector, CSOs, urban utilities, and the community for
study, design, construction, operation, maintenance and capacity building activities.
Moreover, the plan considers meeting 95% of the government need and to deploy water
extension workers at each kebele to assist the community self-supply engagement and
operation and maintenance of community managed water supplies and train care takers
and artisans which provide technical assistance to the community.

Total human resources required for the sector is depicted in Table 5. Accordingly, during
the planning period overall 527,874 work forces are required of which 4,374 are higher
and 13,000 medium professionals and the remaining 510,500 are artisans and care takers.
The details are in Annex-4. It is planned that the higher and medium professionals would
be trained by government and private sectors’ universities and colleges while artisans and
care takers would be trained by regions, zones, woredas and Woreda WaSH Consultants
(WWCs). Moreover, the JICA supported water technology training center is considered
to provide training in borehole drilling and other relevant skills.

Table 5: Training and job opportunity creation plan

Sr. Description Quantity 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No.
1 Higher professional 4,374 834 885 885 885 885

2 Medium professional 13,000 2600 2600 2600 2600 2600

3 Artisans and caretakers 510,000 92100 92100 112100 107100 107100

Sum 527,874 95534 95585 115585 110585 110585

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6.2. Institutional Development

Water supply regulatory agency would be established to ensure the quality of the service
and monitor the fulfillment of the minimum standard service level. Urban water supply
utilities of category 1, 2, 3, and 4 are required to include in their institutional arrangement
a section dealing with urban wastewater management with appropriate staffing and
capacity. Enabling environment would also be created for the private sector to actively be
involved in operation and maintenance of urban water supply utilities. Small private
enterprises would be established and capacitated to assist regions and woredas in
planning, design, construction and operation and maintenance. The consultation platform
of the Ministry with consultants and contractors which had been started earlier would
continue and be strengthened.

Customers and urban water utilities would establish “Urban Water Forums” to strengthen
relations between the customers and the service providers and improve good governance
in the service delivery. Moreover, system would be established for benchmarking and
performance evaluation of urban water supply utilities.

Water Extension Workers will be deployed in those Kebeles where self supply is
extensively being implemented and where there is a need for close monitoring of
operation and maintenance of rural water supply schemes and artisans and caretakers
would also be trained and deployed to assist the community.

The coordination to integrate water, sanitation and hygiene would be strengthened and
the sector would work in partnership with the Ministry of Urban Development and
Construction and its affiliates at all levels in urban WaSH. The effort to strengthen the
ICT based MIS of the sector would continue. Effective and efficient civil servant army
would be built through the on-going civil service reform. Independent water supply and
wastewater management services’ regulatory agency would be established to monitor and
regulate services and in so doing ensure good governance in the service delivery and
ease the Ministry’s burden to focus on policy issues.

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6.3. Partnership with Industries

The following are goods which are used in the sub-sector either manufactured in the
country or imported from abroad.

Table 6: Goods utilized in the sub-sector

Sr. No. Goods manufactured in the country Imported goods Remarks

1 HDP, uPVC , PE, and the like plastic DCI pipes and large diameter steel pipes
pipes, concrete pipes, GIS pipes
2 Rope pumps Fittings for uPVC, DCI and other large
diameter pipes
3 In house ceramic sanitary equipments Flow and pressure controlling valves
and flow meters
4 Motorized water pumps, conventional
hand pumps and their spare parts, solar
panels, automation equipments

Enabling environment would be facilitated for imported goods substitution

manufacturing in the subsector and goods currently produced in the country would be
required to fulfill international quality standards.

6.4. Partnership with Universities and Colleges

The sub-sector would establish strong partnership with universities and colleges in the
area of human resources development, research and development in water quality and
appropriate technologies among others. The partnership would focus on curriculum
development, internship facilitation, joint formulation of research projects and
implementation, providing service as co-supervisor for post graduates.

6.5. Partnership with Sector Ministries and Relevant Public Organizations

In order to integrate water supply and wastewater management services with sanitation
and hygiene, urban development and environmental protection activities coordination
would be strengthened with the health, education, agriculture, environmental protection,
urban development and construction, and women’s affairs sectors. Coordination system
with the Ministry of Urban Development and Construction and its affiliates at all levels
would be established in the preparation and implementation of urban towns’
development master plan. As well coordination mechanism would also be established

20
with all infrastructure development sectors. Moreover, as urban water demand
particularly those of large cities is significantly increasing, use of groundwater as the only
source of water supply is thus facing a challenge. Thus, there is a need to focus on using
surface water from dams and reservoirs being built for other purposes and establish
partnership for the same with relevant stakeholders.

7. OPPORTUNITIES

There are always opportunities which enhance the smooth implementation of plans and
threats which could hinder the progress of the implementation. Thus, it is very important
to assess beforehand the opportunities and threats that exist or could emerge during the
implementation of the plan and consider mitigation measures to minimize the threats and
efficiently utilize the opportunities. Accordingly, for the implementation of GTP-2, it is
important to consider the following opportunities which could create favorable
environment for accelerated implementation of the plan:
 Regional states political leaders are well aware of the targets of the sub-sector
and the implementation strategy thus will play key role in coordinating,
monitoring and evaluating the implementation.
 Harmonization of intervention among all stakeholders/partners of the sector is
undergoing well which will improve the synergetic effect for the
implementation by reducing negative impacts of disintegrated interventions.
 Joint technical review of implementation with the sector's financing partners
and multi-stakeholders forum initiated by the partners are now streamlined in
the government activities which will deepen the harmonization process.
 Even though the WaSH coordination at all levels is not strong enough as
anticipated, there are some improvements also in this respect.
 The Consolidated WaSH Account (CWA) fund established for the sector by
some donors will be a nucleus to bring other financers to the One WaSH
implementation thus strengthening the financial capacity of the CWA for the
implementation.

21
  The on-going studies on fluoride problem and its mitigation measures will
contribute a lot in alleviating the water supply problem in the rift valley area
having significant proportion of the population of the country.
 The on-going capacity building of urban water supply utilities to improve
service delivery and financial capacity for self-financing of investment costs
will also contribute to the implementation.
 The expansion of roads and other communication infrastructures in the
country will ease the implementation improving accessibility of water supply
schemes construction sites and speedy communication of stakeholders
involved in the implementation.
 The national capacity building program in expansion of education institutions
and improvement of public service delivery will enhance the implementation
by strengthening the trained man-power of the sector at all levels and reducing
idle time in implementation.
 The government's effort undergoing to strengthen the domestic financial
resource mobilization capacity will reduce the effect of unpredictability of
external financing thus accelerating implementation of the plan.
 Focuses given for environmental protection at national and international level
will improve the water resources potential of the country through external
financing enhancing the environmental rehabilitation and protection activities
undergoing at the grassroots level.
8. Threats
The threats to be considered and mitigation measures planned for them to minimize their
negative effects include:
 If the existing low implementation capacity both in the government and the
private sector is not build to cope up with the need for accelerated
implementation, this will significantly retard the required progress in the
implementation.

22
  The on-going processes of harmonization and establishment of coordination
of WaSH at all levels is very slow to cope up the required accelerated
implementation in the sector.
 Low involvement of professionals in the urban water supply utilities
management to change the utilities dependency on the government and lead
them to self-sufficiency,
 Population pressure, accelerated urbanization process and industrialization
add strain to the sub-sector.
 Financial implication to water supply infrastructure cost due to increasing
distance between settlement areas and water sources because of depletion of
existing ground water sources and urban settlement expansion,
 Dispersed settlement and topographical barrier for piped system water supply
for rural areas.
The threats and challenges stated above will be mitigated by accelerating the on-going
harmonization, WaSH coordination, and sector's capacity building. Moreover, enhanced
advocation and promotion of the strategy for accelerated implementation of the plan will
continue to reach to overall consensus among all stakeholders of the sub-sector building
up on the results gained in GTP-1 in this regard.
9. CONCLUSIONS
The overall objective of the plan is to contribute to the realization of the vision of the
nation to become middle income country by 2025 through provision of access to safe and
sustainable water supply and urban wastewater management to the citizens of the
country using low cost technologies where they are feasible and through community mass
mobilization.

The plan has targeted to expand the provision of safe water supply access at high
standard service level during the planning period and ensure the sustainability of the
services and build overall capacity of the sub-sector. It also focuses to improve urban
wastewater management. To achieve these objectives, the plan includes construction and
rehabilitation/expansion of water supply schemes and construction of urban wastewater
management facilities. Overall, Birr 82.8 billion is required to achieve the plan. It is
23
planned to be financed by the government, donors, NGOs, urban utilities, and beneficiary
communities. The plan also provides due focus to capacity building, WaSH coordination,
water sources and catchment protection and rehabilitation, and improving partnership
with all stakeholders. As well, creating enabling environments for import substitution
manufacturing investment in the subsector is also given due attention.
The plan also includes the monitoring, evaluation and reporting mechanism of the
implementation so as to ensure accountability and make informed decision. It is also
planned that M&E will be supported with ICT based MIS.

24
Annexes

25
Annex-1: The water supply level of middle income countries and
international targets in the sub-sector
One of the focus areas of the plan is to upgrade the service level of the sub-sector to the level of
middle income countries based on the vision of the country for 2025. Thus, before setting targets
of the plan it is appropriate to assess the status of water supply in some middle income countries
and would be international targets which are discussed hereunder.
(a) Water supply service delivery performance main indicators
The following are the main international water supply service delivery performance indicators.
1. Water supply access indicators
1.1. Water supply access coverage (rural, urban, and total)

1.1.1. Water Supply access coverage with improved water supply schemes (%)

1.1.2. Water Supply access coverage with piped system (%)

2. Service levels and service delivery performance indicators

2.1. Water quality indicators (as per Ethiopian and WHO Water Quality Standards)

2.2. Quantity of water delivered (l/c/day)

2.3. Distance from the water delivery point to residence (in km or in round trip travel time-
minute)

2.4. Non-functional rural water supply schemes (%)

2.5. Nonrevenue water (NRW) in urban water supply (%)

2.6. Water supply continuity in urban water supply (hours/day)

Regarding the water quality, it is expected to fulfill the water quality standards of World Health
Organization (WHO) and supplied with water supply schemes labeled as “improved” by Joint
Monitoring Program (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. Thus, the water supply service is provided
fulfilling the WHO water quality standard with improved water supply schemes as per the
requirement of JMP.
Regarding the standards on the quantity of water needed to be supplied and the distance for water
fetching; the following is internationally accepted service level ladder.

26
Table 1.1 Water supply service level ladder

Sr. Service Level Water quantity Water fetching travel

No. (l/c/day) time (minutes)
1 Higher 60 liter and above Below 10 minutes
2 Medium 40 - 60 liter 10-30 minutes
3 For basic sanitation 20 - 40 liter 30 - 60 minutes
4 Below standard 5 - 20 liter Above 60 minutes
5 Not considered as service delivered Below 5 liter
Moriarty et al., 2011

As per the standard formulated by Joint Monitoring Program of WHO and UNICEF for
monitoring MDGs of the sub-sector, a person need to get in minimum 20 liters water per day
within 1 km distance from the water delivery point with improved water supply schemes. These
UN organizations evaluate countries’ MDG performance using these standards and criteria. There
is no as such minimum standard regarding non-functionality of rural water supply schemes.
However, as the problem is very extensive in developing countries it also needs to be given
attention in the plan.
Even though there is no figure set as a standard for urban water supplies non-revenue water
(NRW), the NRW for urban water supplies with good management is usually 20% or below.
Even though urban water utilities are expected to deliver water to their customers throughout 24
hours in a day, there are only few middle income countries which comply with this commitment.
3. Construction quality indicators
Currently, there are no indicators in the sub-sector to evaluate construction quality. However, the
following could be used to monitor the quality of construction. In GTP-2 overall 238,770 small,
medium and large projects are implemented. Thus, the indicators to be proposed need to consider
these varieties. For this purpose, it is better to focus on the quality of the service the scheme
delivers after construction irrelevant of the size of the scheme.
Accordingly, the indicator proposed for construction quality monitoring is;
Proportion of constructed water supply schemes facing reduction in their water supply
delivery temporarily by 25% and more during their liability period of one year.
It is necessary to pinpoint the causes for construction quality problem in order to set solutions for
the same. Thus, some of the causes that could be mentioned here include the following;
 Lack of well prepared study, design, and bid documents,
 Financial and technical incompetence of contractors,

27
  Lack of properly prepared contract agreement,
 Deployment of unethical and corrupted or not competent project supervisors,
 Non prevalence of appropriate contract monitoring and evaluation system,
 Lack of transparency, accountability, and rule of low (sticking to contract agreement) in
contract management,
 Lack of proper commissioning of completed projects with involvement of beneficiaries
and other relevant stakeholders.
Thus, construction quality could be maintained through alleviation of the above mentioned
problems.

(b) Service level of the middle income countries as per the indicators

Table 1.2 Population of middle income countries selected for benchmarking

Sr. Description Ghana Indonesia Kenya Vietnam

No.
1 Area (square Km) 238,539 1860360 580,367 331,212

2 Total Population (in million) 23.8 224.6 40.5 86.1

3 Rural population (in million

and % of the total) 11.77 123.6 (65%) 30.8 (76%) 60.3 (70%)
(49%)
4 Urban population (in million
and % of the total) 12.03 101 (45%) 9.7 (24%) 25.8 (30%)
(51%)

28
Table 1.3 Service levels of the benchmarked middle income countries
Sr. Indicators Ethiopia and Benchmarked middle income countries
No. Ethiopia Ghana Indonesia Kenya Vietnam

GTP-1 GTP-2

1 Water quantity (l/c/day)

1.1 Urban 20 40- 46 117 56 120
100
1.2 Rural 15 25 20* 20* 20* 20*
2 Traveling distance in rural water 1.5 1 1* 1* 1* 1*
supply (km)
3 Water supply access-%
3.1 Urban
3.1.1 With piped system 51 75 34 32 44 61
3.2 Rural
3.2.1 With improved WS system 59 85 81 76 55 94
3.2.2 With piped system ----- 20 3 8 13 9
3.3 Total (rural and urban)
3.3.1 With improved WS system 58 83 87 85 62 95
3.3.2 With piped system ------ 30 19 21 20 26
4 Non-functionality of rural
water supply schemes (%) 15.5 7 20 --- 30 ------
5 Urban NRW (%)
39 20 52 30 45 30

6 Urban WS continuity (hour) ------ 16** ----- 19.8 13›6 22.7

Information sources: International Benchmarking Network (IBNET) for Water Supply and Sanitation Blue Book
2014, Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation, 2014 Update (WHO and UNICEF JMP፣, RWSN report)
*Minimum standard for UNICEF/JMP monitoring
As urban water supply is usually with piped system the comparison with the benchmarked countries is made
based on this indicator.

29
(C) MDG targets of the sub-sector
The sub-sectors MDG-7 (Target-10) is to reduce by half the proportion of people without access
to safe water by 2015. Currently Ethiopia has met this target.
(d) Post MDG development targets under consideration for the sub-sector

The following are Post MDG development targets under consideration for the sub-sector by the
UN Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for the next 15 and 25 years. They will be legal
international commitments of each member country when they are endorsed by the UN General
Assembly.
Target 2: By 2030, every one use basic drinking water supply (20-40 l/c/day with a travel time of
30 minutes or less) and hand washing facilities when at home, all schools, and health centers.
Target 3: The proportion of population not using an intermediate drinking water supply service
at home (40-60 l/c/day) has been reduced by half.
Target 4: All drinking water supply, sanitation, and hygiene services are delivered in
progressively affordable, accountable, and financially and environmentally sustainable manner.
Thus, GTP-2 is planned taking into consideration to meet the international targets within 5-10
years before the target years.

Annex-2: Action plan

The main objective of the plan is to make all the rural and urban population have access to safe
water supply by the next 5 years and expand accessibility upgrading the service level and to
achieve this ensure community participation, use of low cost technologies, sustainability of the
service and main cities are also provided with wastewater management infrastructures.
During the planning period it is planned to provide access to safe water for 29,324,999 rural,
7,705,913 urban and in total for 37,030,912 populations. Of these, 32,934,052 people are deemed to get
water supply as per the GTP-2 service standard.
To achieve the above mentioned targets, construction of 238,370 rural and 440 urban and
rehabilitation and expansion of 62, 500 rural and 200 urban water supply schemes are planned.
Annual water supply access coverage, annually served population and number of water supply
schemes constructed annually as per the plan are depicted in Tables 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 respectively.

30
Table 2.1: Main targets planned annually
Sr. Description Baseline Annual targets (%)
No. for 2015
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

1 Water Supply Access Coverage as per GTP-1

Standard (%) for Afar and Somali Regions 98 99 100 - - -

2 Rural Water Supply Access Coverage as per

GTP-2 Standard with Improved Water
64 69 75 80 85
Supply Schemes (%) 59

3 Rural Water Supply Access Coverage as per

GTP-2 Standard with Rural Pipes System ---- 4 4 4 4 4
(%)

4 Urban Water Supply Access Coverage as per 51

GTP-2 Standard with Piped System (%) 55 60 65 70 75

5 Total (Urban and Rural) Water Supply

Access Coverage as per GTP-2 Standard 58
63 67 73 77 83
with Improved Water Supply Schemes (%)

6 Total (Urban and Rural) Water Supply

Access Coverage as per GTP-2 Standard ------
6 6 6 6 6
with Piped System (%)

7 Rural Water Supply Schemes Non-

15.5 14 12 10 8 7
functionality Rate Reduction (%)

31
Table 2.2: Population planned to be served annually at national level

Sr. Description Base line Annual Targets (Number)

No. for 2015
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Total
(number)

1 Rural population to
be served as per the
71092140 2041140 2055720 ----------- ---------- ----------- 4096860
GTP-1 standard
service level

2 Rural population to
be served as per the
42800370 4477710 4602330 5801017 5082261 5264821 25228139
GTP-2 standard
service level

3 Total rural
population to be
served as per the
6518850 6658050 5801017 5082261 5264821 29324999
GTP-1 and 2
standard service
levels

2 Urban population
planned to be
served as per GTP- 8913780 1309654 1375354 1539522 1793581 1687802 7705913
2 standard

3 Total population
(to be served as 51714150 5787364 5977684 7340539 6875842 6952623 32934052
per GTP-2
standard)

32
Table 2.3: Water Supply infrastructures planned to be implemented annually

Sr. Description Total Annual Targets (number)

No.
(No) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

1 Rural Water Supply

Schemes:

New construction
238370 42308 43485 54811 48020 49745
Rehabilitation/maintenance
62,500 11250 11250 14375 12500 13125
Sub-total
300870 53558 54735 79186 60520 62870

2 Urban Water Supply

Schemes:

Study and design

300 60 60 60 60 60
New construction
400 90 90 90 70 60
Expansion
200 50 50 40 30 30
Sub-Total
900 200 200 190 160 150

3 Total (new construction) 238770 42398 43575 54901 48090 49805

4 Study and design of urban 36 18 18 ---------- ----------- --------

wastewater system

5 Construction of urban 6 ------- --------- 3 3 ---------

wastewater system

33
Table 2.3 (a): Lists of Projects Having Cost Estimate Exceeding USD 30 million
Implemented by Budgetary Institutions

Sr. On-going Projects Project Date Status Completion Allocated

No. Site Started Date Budget

In million
Birr

Total Allocated Budget (in Million Birr) -There are no projects in this category

Sr. Projects ready for Project Starting Status Completion Allocated

No. implementation Site Date Date Budget

In million
Birr

1 Shire and its environs water Shire 2017 Study and design 2020 (if started 3000.00
supply project document preparation earlier)
finalized

2 Humera and its environs Humera 2017 Study and design 2020 (if started 2,000.00
water supply project document preparation earlier)
finalized

3 Axum water supply project Axum 2017 Study and design 2020 (if started 2,000.00
document preparation earlier)
finalized

4 Bahir Dar water supply Bahir Dar 2017 Study and design 2019 (if started 1,000.00
project document preparation earlier)
finalized

5 Gonder water supply project Gonder 2017 Study and design 2018 (if started 782.00
document preparation earlier)
finalized

6 Geribi Dam water supply Addis 2017 Study and design 2020 (if started 6,000.00
project Ababa document preparation earlier)
finalized

7 Adama water supply project Adama 2017 Study and design 2019 (if started 1,000.00
document preparation earlier)
finalized

2 Mekelle Giba dam water Mekelle 2017 Study and design on-going 2020 (if started 7,000.00
supply project earlier)

34
 Total Allocated Budget (in Million Birr) 22,782.00

Sr. Projects under study and Project Starting Status Completion Allocated
No. design Site Date Date Budget

(In million
Birr)

1 Sibilu Water Supply Project Addis 2018 Study and design on-going 2022 (if started 12,000.00
Ababa earlier)

Total Allocated Budget (in Million Birr) 12,000.00

ANNEX 3: Expenditures in local and foreign currency

Table 3.1: Rural water supply construction expenditure in local and foreign currency

Sr. Description Total Cost (in Cost in Percent (%) Cost in Amount Remarks
No. Birr)
Local (Birr) Foreign Local (Birr) Foreign
(USD) (USD)
1 Rural water supply
1.1. Self-supply Hand Dug
1892110425
Well
1892110425 100% 0% 0
a Civil Works 100% 0%
b Pipe works NO NO
c Electromechanical Works 100% 0%
1.2. Conventional Hand Dug
Wells
3232355309 75% 25% 2424266482 35915059
a Civil Works 100% 0%
b Pipe works ---- -----
c Electromechanical Works 0% 100%
1.3. On-spot spring
1967794842 99% 1% 1948116894 874575
a Civil Works 100% 0%
b Pipe works
98% 2%
c Electromechanical Works -------- ------
1.4. Shallow wells
3577808804 96% 4% 3434696451 6360549
a Drilling 100% 0%
b Civil Works 100% 0%

35
c Pipe works ------ ------
d Electromechanical Works 0% 100%
1.5 Rural Piped System
(Spring with gravity
pipe)
1569750871 92% 8% 1444170801 5581336
a Civil Works
100% 0%
b Pipe works
90% 10%
c Electromechanical Works ---- -----
1.6 Rural Piped System
(Spring with motorized
pumps or Pressure pipe
line)
3139501742 70% 30% 2197651220 41860023
a Civil Works
100% 0%
b Pipe works
90% 10%
c Electromechanical Works
0% 100%
1.7 Rural Piped System
(Borehole pumped
system )
12662708007 70% 30% 8863895605 168836107
a Drilling
100% 0%
b Civil Works
100% 0%
c Pipe works
90% 10%
d Electromechanical Works
0% 100%
Total for Rural Water
Supply
28042030000 79% 21% 22204907878 259427650
Rural water supply
expenditure in % for
local and foreign
currency
79% 21%

36
Table 3.2: urban water supply and sewerage system construction expenditure in local and
foreign currency

Sr. Description Total Cost (in Cost in Percent (%) Cost in Amount Remarks
No. Birr)
Local (Birr) Foreign Local (Birr) Foreign
(USD) (USD)
1 Urban water supply
44212677000 70% 30% 30948873900 589502360
a Drilling
90% 10%
b Civil Works
100% 0%
c Pipe works
65% 35%
d Electromechanical
Works
0% 100%
2 Wastewater system
5517500000 80% 20% 4414000000 49044444
a Civil Works
85% 15%
b Pipe works
75% 25%
c Electromechanical
Works
0% 100%
3 Total for urban
water supply and
wastewater works
49730177000 71% 29% 35362873900 638546804

Table 3.3: Rural and urban water supply and sewerage system construction expenditure
summary in local and foreign currency

Sr. Description Total Cost (in Cost in Percent (%) Cost in Amount Remarks
No. Birr)
Local (Birr) Foreign Local (Birr) Foreign
(USD) (USD)
1 Rural water supply
28042030000 79% 21% 22204907878 259427650
2 Urban water supply
44212677000 70% 30% 30948873900 589502360
3 Urban wastewater
5517500000 80% 20% 4414000000 49044444
Total
73518878660 74% 26% 54590451940 841263410

37
Table 3.3 (a): Financial Need and Financial Sources of GTP-2 for Budgetary Institutions

Base Year 5-years

Projection (in Billion Birr)
Sr. (Estimate) Total
Description
No.
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 (2016-2020)

1 Total Expenditure 6.475 10.772 11.286 14.808 15.603 13.798 66.268

1.1 Investment 6.115 9.952 10.435 13.601 14.420 12.796 61.205

1.2 Recurrent 0.360 0.820 0.851 1.207 1.183 1.002 5.063

Foreign Currency Need (in

2 99.1 136.794 143.436 186.942 198.203 175.887 841.262
Million USD)

2.1. From National Bank ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ------

2.2. Loan from foreign sources 59.46 82.077 86.061 112.165 118.922 105.532 504.757

2.3 Grant from foreign sources 39.64 54.718 57.374 74.777 79.281 70.355 336.505

3 Financial Sources (in Billion

Birr) 6.475 10.772 11.286 14.808 15.603 13.798 66.268

3.1 From Government Treasury 4.533 6.600 6.920 9.020 9.563 8.485 40.589

3.2 Foreign Loan and Grant 1.942 4.172 4.366 5.788 6.04 5.313 25.679

3.2.1 Loan 1.165 2.505 2.627 3.423 3.629 3.221 15.405

3.2.2 Grant 0.777 1.667 1.739 2.365 2.411 2.092 10.274

3.3 Loan from financial sources in the ------- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ------
country

38
Table 3.3 (b): Financial Need and Financial Sources of GTP-2 for Public Enterprises
(Urban Water Supply and Sewerage Services)

Base Year 5-years

Projection (in Billion Birr)
(Estimate) Total
Sr. No. Description

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2019 2016-2020

1 Total Expenditure 0.194 1.482 1.554 2.025 2.146 1.905 9.112

1.1 Investment 0.194 1.482 1.554 2.025 2.146 1.905 9.112

1.2 Recurrent ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- --------- ------

2 Foreign Currency Need (in Million USD) ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -----

2.1 From National Bank ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ------

2.2 Loan from foreign sources ----- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- -------

2.3 Grant from foreign sources ----- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- -------

3 Financial Sources (in Billion Birr) 0.194 1.482 1.554 2.025 2.146 1.905 9.112

3.1 From Government Treasury ------ ------ ------- ------- ------ --------

3.2 Internal Revenue 0.194 1.482 1.554 2.025 2.146 1.905 9.112

3.2 Foreign Loan and Grant ----- ------ ------- ------- ------ ------- -----

3.2.1 Loan ------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------

3.2.2 Grant ----- ------ ------ ------- ------- ------ -------

3.3 Loan from financial sources in the country ------- ----- ----- ----- ------ ----- ------

39
Table 3.3 (c): Financial Need and Financial Sources of GTP-2 for Projects Implemented by
NGOs or CSOs

Base Year 5-years

Projection (in Billion Birr)
(Estimate) Total
Sr.
Description
No.
2016-
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
2020

1 Total project Investment Cost 0.356 0.539 0.566 0.736 0.780 0.692 3.313

Foreign Currency Need (in

2 3632.653 4791.111 5022.222 6542.222 6942.222 6151.111 29448.89
Million USD)

2.1. From National Bank ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ------

2.2. Foreign Source 3632.653 4791.111 5022.222 6542.222 6942.222 6151.111 29448.89

3 Financial Sources (in Billion 0.356

0.539 0.566 0.736 0.780 0.692 3.313
Birr)

3.1 From in country 0.249 0.378 0.396 0.515 0.546 0.484 2.319

3.2 From Foreign 0.107 0.161 0.17 0.221 0.234 0.208 0.994

40
Table 3.3 (d): Financial Need and Financial Sources of GTP-2 for Projects Implemented
Through Community Contribution

Base Year 5-years

Projection (in Billion Birr)
(Estimate) Total
Sr. No. Description

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2016-2020

1 Total project Investment Cost 0.324 0.674 0.706 0.921 0.976 0.865 4.142

2 Foreign Currency Need (in Million USD) ------ ------- ------- -------- -------- -------- --------

2.1 From National Bank ------ ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ------

2.2. Foreign Source ------ ------ ------- ------ ------ ------ ------

3 Financial Sources (in Billion Birr) 0.324 0.674 0.706 0.921 0.976 0.865 4.142

3.1 From in country 0.324 0.674 0.706 0.921 0.976 0.865 4.142

3.2 From Foreign ---- ------ ------- ------ ------ ------ ------

ANNEX-4: Human Resources Requirement, Training and Job

Opportunities Creation
Table 4.1: Annual based action plan for training and job opportunity creation

Sr. Profession and Total 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Remarks
No. professional level
A High Level
Professionals

1 Water engineer 1080 280 200 200 200 200

2 Geologist 400 80 80 80 80 80

3 Hydro-geologist 684 124 140 140 140 140

4 hydrologist 120 20 25 25 25 25

5 electromechanical 850 170 170 170 170 170

engineer

6 sociologist 700 140 140 140 140 140

7 economist 140 20 30 30 30 30

41
8 Chemist 200 50 50 50 50

9 Biologist 200 50 50 50 50

Sub-total 4,374 834 885 885 885 885

B Medium level
professionals

1 Water supply technicians 6750 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350

2 E&M technicians 5650 1130 1130 1130 1130 1130

3 Drillers 600 120 120 120 120 120

4 Others (provide the ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ----

profession name)

Sub-total 13,000 2600 2600 2600 2600 2600

1 Artisans 10500 2100 2100 2100 2100 2100

2 Care-takers 500,000 90,000 90,000 110,000 105,000 105,000

Sub-total 510,500 92100 92100 112100 107100 107100

Total 527,874 95534 95585 115585 110585 110585

Table 4.1 (a): Human Requirement of GTP-2 Based on Education Level/profession

Base Year 5-years

Projection (in Billion Birr)
Sr. No. Educational level/profession 2015 Total

(Estimate) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2016-2020

1 Grade 4 completed 500,000

198000 90,000 90,000 110,000 105,000 105,000

2 Grade 8 completed 2100 2100 2100 10500

4500 2100 2100

3 Grade 10 completed ------- -------- --------- -------- --------- ------- --------

4 Grade 12/preparatory completed -------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- --------

5 Graduated from TVT

5.1 Level- 1 520 520 520 520 2600

360 520

5.2 Level- 2 780 780 780 780 3900

1080 780

5.3 Level-3 780 780 780 780 3900

1080 780

5.4 Level- 4 260 260 260 260 1300

360 260

5.5 Level-5 260 260 260 260 1300

360 260

42
 6 Under Graduate (BSc)

6.1 Natural Science/Engineering

6.1.1 Water Engineer

125 196 140 140 140 140 756

6.1.2 electromechanical engineer

25 119 119 119 119 119 595

6.1.3 Geologist 80 80 80 80 80 400

65

7 Post Graduate (MSc)

7.1 Natural Science/Engineering

7.1.1 Chemist
25 40 40 40 40 40 200

7.1.2 Biologist
15 40 40 40 40 40 200

7.1.3 Water Engineer

40 84 60 60 60 60 324

7.1.4 electromechanical engineer

10 51 51 51 51 51 255

7.1.5 Hydro-geologist
20 124 140 140 140 140 684
7.1.6 Hydrologist
15 20 25 25 25 25 120

7.2 Social Science (MSc)

7.2.1 Eeconomist
10 140 140 140 140 140 700

7.2.2 Sociologist
20 20 30 30 30 30 140

ANNEX-5: Environmental and social impact mitigation

Projects carried out in the sub-sector would have environmental and social impact assessment in
order to maximize the positive benefit and mitigate negative impacts. Even though rural water
supply schemes are so small to have as such significant environmental and social impacts, rural
piped systems shall go through environmental and social screening. Large water supply projects
such as urban water supply schemes and urban sewerage systems need to go through conventional
environmental and social impact assessment procedure. Monitoring and evaluation system would
be established to ensure recommendations of environmental and social impact assessment studies
are implemented during construction and operation.

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Moreover, regarding water sources and their immediate catchment protection and conservation,
WaSHCOs and urban water supply utilities are required to make it part and parcel of their regular
engagements. Monitoring system would be established to ensure the realization of the same. As
urban water supply utilities are also engaged in urban wastewater management activities, they are
monitored for safe disposal of effluents and sludge.

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