Edition 11/2010

Users Guide

AVL BOOST
VERSION 2010

© AVL List Gmbh 2009. All right reserved

Users Guide BOOST v2010

AVL LIST GmbH

Hans-List-Platz 1, A-8020 Graz, Austria
http://www.avl.com
0H

AST Local Support Contact: www.avl.com/ast-worldwide

1H

Revision Date Description Document No.

A 17-Jul-2009 BOOST v2009 – Users Guide 01.0104.2009
B 30-Nov-2009 BOOST v2009.1 – Users Guide 01.0104.2009.1
C 19-Nov-2010 BOOST v2010 – Users Guide 01.0104.2010

Copyright © 2010, AVL

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed,
stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language, or computer language in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual or otherwise, without
prior written consent of AVL.
This document describes how to run the BOOST software. It does not attempt to discuss all the
concepts of 1D gas dynamics required to obtain successful solutions. It is the user’s responsibility
to determine if he/she has sufficient knowledge and understanding of gas dynamics to apply this
software appropriately.
This software and document are distributed solely on an "as is" basis. The entire risk as to their
quality and performance is with the user. Should either the software or this document prove
defective, the user assumes the entire cost of all necessary servicing, repair or correction. AVL and
its distributors will not be liable for direct, indirect, incidental or consequential damages resulting
from any defect in the software or this document, even if they have been advised of the possibility
of such damage.

All mentioned trademarks and registered trademarks are owned by the corresponding owners.
Users Guide BOOST v2010

Table of Contents
1. Introduction _____________________________________________________1-1 1H

1.1. Scope _______________________________________________________________________ 1-1 12H

1.2. User Qualifications ___________________________________________________________ 1-1 13H

1.3. Symbols _____________________________________________________________________ 1-2 14H

1.4. Documentation_______________________________________________________________ 1-2 15H

2. Graphical User Interface ________________________________________2-1 16H

2.1. BOOST Specific Operations ___________________________________________________ 2-1 17H

2.1.1. Menu Bar ________________________________________________________________ 2-2 18H

2.1.2. BOOST Icons ____________________________________________________________ 2-5 19H

2.1.3. Elements Tree ___________________________________________________________ 2-6 20H

2.1.4. Model Tree______________________________________________________________ 2-11

21H

2.1.5. Import _________________________________________________________________ 2-12

2H

2.2. Model Menu ________________________________________________________________ 2-1323H

2.2.1. Parameters _____________________________________________________________ 2-13

24H

2.2.2. Case Explorer ___________________________________________________________ 2-14

25H

2.2.3. Solid Materials __________________________________________________________ 2-15

26H

2.2.4. Liquid Materials _________________________________________________________ 2-16

27H

2.3. Simulation Menu ____________________________________________________________ 2-17

28H

2.3.1. Control _________________________________________________________________ 2-17

29H

2.3.2. Volumetric Efficiency ____________________________________________________ 2-29

30H

2.3.3. Test Bed Conditions _____________________________________________________ 2-29

31H

2.3.4. Creation of Series Results ________________________________________________ 2-30

32H

2.4. Utilities ____________________________________________________________________ 2-31

3H

2.4.1. BURN __________________________________________________________________ 2-31

34H

2.4.2. Search__________________________________________________________________ 2-47

35H

2.4.3. License Manager ________________________________________________________ 2-47

36H

2.4.4. Pack Model _____________________________________________________________ 2-48

37H

2.4.5. Export GCA Parameters__________________________________________________ 2-48

38H

2.4.6. Export Pressure Curves __________________________________________________ 2-49

39H

2.4.7. Export Flowmaster 4D Map_______________________________________________ 2-50

40H

2.4.8. Calculation List _________________________________________________________ 2-51

41H

3. Design a BOOST Calculation Model______________________________3-1 42H

3.1. Pipe Design__________________________________________________________________ 3-1 43H

3.2. Required Input Data__________________________________________________________ 3-1 4H

3.3. Modeling ____________________________________________________________________ 3-2 45H

4. Elements_________________________________________________________4-1 46H

4.1. General Information __________________________________________________________ 4-1 47H

4.1.1. Data Input Window _______________________________________________________ 4-1 48H

4.1.2. Table Window ____________________________________________________________ 4-2 49H

4.1.3. Initialization _____________________________________________________________ 4-4 50H

AST.01.0104.2010 - 19-Nov-2010 i
BOOST v2010 Users Guide

4.1.4. Flow Coefficients _________________________________________________________ 4-5 51H

4.2. Pipe ________________________________________________________________________ 4-6 52H

4.2.1. Hydraulic Settings ________________________________________________________ 4-6 53H

4.2.2. Bending Radius___________________________________________________________ 4-7 54H

4.2.3. Friction Coefficients ______________________________________________________ 4-8 5H

4.2.4. Absorptive Material _______________________________________________________ 4-8 56H

4.2.5. Heat Transfer Factor _____________________________________________________ 4-9 57H

4.2.6. Variable Wall Temperature ________________________________________________ 4-9 58H

4.2.7. Chemistry ______________________________________________________________ 4-10

59H

4.2.8. Initialization ____________________________________________________________ 4-10

60H

4.3. Mechanical Connection ______________________________________________________ 4-11

61H

4.4. Cylinder____________________________________________________________________ 4-12

62H

4.4.1. General_________________________________________________________________ 4-13

63H

4.4.2. Initialization ____________________________________________________________ 4-14

64H

4.4.3. Combustion Model _______________________________________________________ 4-15

65H

4.4.4. Chamber _______________________________________________________________ 4-42

6H

4.4.5. Heat Transfer ___________________________________________________________ 4-43

67H

4.4.6. Valve / Port Data ________________________________________________________ 4-44

68H

4.5. Engine _____________________________________________________________________ 4-53

69H

4.5.1. General_________________________________________________________________ 4-53

70H

4.5.2. Cylinder Setup __________________________________________________________ 4-54

71H

4.5.3. Engine Friction__________________________________________________________ 4-54

72H

4.5.4. BMEP Control __________________________________________________________ 4-57

73H

4.6. Mechanical Consumer _______________________________________________________ 4-58

74H

4.6.1. General_________________________________________________________________ 4-58

75H

4.7. Vehicle _____________________________________________________________________ 4-59

76H

4.7.1. General_________________________________________________________________ 4-59

7H

4.7.2. Driver __________________________________________________________________ 4-60

78H

4.8. Measuring Point ____________________________________________________________ 4-63

79H

4.9. Boundaries _________________________________________________________________ 4-63

80H

4.9.1. System Boundary ________________________________________________________ 4-63

81H

4.9.2. Aftertreatment Boundary_________________________________________________ 4-65

82H

4.9.3. Internal Boundary _______________________________________________________ 4-66

83H

4.10. Transfer Elements _________________________________________________________ 4-67

84H

4.10.1. Flow Restriction ________________________________________________________ 4-67

85H

4.10.2. Throttle _______________________________________________________________ 4-68

86H

4.10.3. Rotary Valve ___________________________________________________________ 4-69

87H

4.10.4. Check Valve____________________________________________________________ 4-69

8H

4.10.5. Injector / Carburetor ____________________________________________________ 4-70

89H

4.10.6. Pipe Junction __________________________________________________________ 4-74

90H

4.11. Volume Elements __________________________________________________________ 4-77

91H

4.11.1. Plenum________________________________________________________________ 4-77

92H

4.11.2. 3D Cell Elements _______________________________________________________ 4-80

93H

4.11.3. Variable Plenum _______________________________________________________ 4-82

94H

4.11.4. Perforated Pipe in Pipe__________________________________________________ 4-83

95H

4.12. Assembled Elements________________________________________________________ 4-84

96H

ii AST.01.0104.2010 - 19-Nov-2010
Users Guide BOOST v2010

4.12.1. Air Cleaner ____________________________________________________________ 4-84 97H

4.12.2. Catalyst _______________________________________________________________ 4-86 98H

4.12.3. Air Cooler _____________________________________________________________ 4-89 9H

4.12.4. Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) ___________________________________________ 4-90 10H

4.12.5. Type Specification ______________________________________________________ 4-91 10H

4.13. Charging Elements _________________________________________________________ 4-92 102H

4.13.1. Turbocharger __________________________________________________________ 4-92 103H

4.13.2. Turbine ______________________________________________________________4-103

104H

4.13.3. Turbo Compressor _____________________________________________________4-104

105H

4.13.4. Positive Displacement Compressors______________________________________4-105

106H

4.13.5. Pressure Wave Supercharger (PWSC)____________________________________4-106107H

4.13.6. Waste Gate ___________________________________________________________4-108

108H

4.13.7. Electrical Device_______________________________________________________4-109

109H

4.14. External Elements ________________________________________________________4-11010H

4.14.1. FIRE Link ____________________________________________________________4-110

1H

4.14.2. User Defined Element__________________________________________________4-110

12H

4.14.3. CFD Link_____________________________________________________________4-11113H

4.14.4. CRUISE Link _________________________________________________________4-11114H

4.15. Control Elements _________________________________________________________4-11115H

4.15.1. Engine Control Unit ___________________________________________________4-112

16H

4.15.2. MATLAB DLL Element ________________________________________________4-115 17H

4.15.3. MATLAB API Element_________________________________________________4-118 18H

4.15.4. Engine Interface_______________________________________________________4-118

19H

4.15.5. PID Controller ________________________________________________________4-121

120H

4.15.6. Formula Interpreter ___________________________________________________4-124

12H

4.15.7. Monitor ______________________________________________________________4-131

12H

4.16. Acoustic Elements_________________________________________________________4-132123H

4.16.1. Microphone ___________________________________________________________4-132

124H

4.16.2. Perforate _____________________________________________________________4-134

125H

4.16.3. Open Gap Chamber ____________________________________________________4-135126H

4.16.4. Overlapping Pipes _____________________________________________________4-137

127H

4.16.5. Folded Boundary Resonator ____________________________________________4-139

128H

5. BOOST Post-processing__________________________________________5-1 129H

5.1. Analysis of Summary Results __________________________________________________ 5-1 130H

5.1.1. Definition of Global Engine Data (SI-Units) _________________________________ 5-2 13H

5.2. Analysis of Cycle Dependent Results___________________________________________ 5-18 132H

5.3. Analysis of Crank Angle Dependent Results ____________________________________ 5-20 13H

5.4. Analysis of Pressure Wave Motion_____________________________________________ 5-24 134H

5.5. Analysis of Composite Elements ______________________________________________ 5-25 135H

5.6. Analysis of Frequency Dependent Results and Orifice Noise______________________ 5-26 136H

5.6.1. Sound Pressure Operation ________________________________________________ 5-27 137H

5.6.2. WAV Files ______________________________________________________________ 5-28 138H

5.7. Analysis of Case Series Results________________________________________________ 5-29 139H

5.8. Analysis of Animated Results _________________________________________________ 5-30 140H

5.9. Message Analysis____________________________________________________________ 5-31 14H

5.9.1. Message Description _____________________________________________________ 5-31 142H

AST.01.0104.2010 - 19-Nov-2010 iii

BOOST v2010 Users Guide

5.9.2. Message Examples _______________________________________________________ 5-33

143H

5.9.3. Fatal Errors_____________________________________________________________ 5-34

14H

5.10. Analysis of Aftertreatment Analysis Results ___________________________________ 5-34

145H

6. The BOOST Files ________________________________________________6-1 146H

6.1. The .bwf Files________________________________________________________________ 6-1 147H

6.2. The .bst Files ________________________________________________________________ 6-1 148H

6.3. The .atm Files _______________________________________________________________ 6-1 149H

6.4. The .rs0 and .rs1 Files ________________________________________________________ 6-2 150H

6.5. The .uit File _________________________________________________________________ 6-2 15H

6.6. The .gpf File _________________________________________________________________ 6-2 152H

6.7. The rvalf.cat File _____________________________________________________________ 6-2 153H

7. Recommendations _______________________________________________7-1 154H

7.1. Turbocharger Matching _______________________________________________________ 7-1 15H

7.2. Important Trends ____________________________________________________________ 7-5 156H

7.3. Altitude Operation __________________________________________________________ 7-10

157H

7.4. Modeling Extensions_________________________________________________________ 7-10

158H

8. Appendix ________________________________________________________8-1 159H

8.1. Running The Executable ______________________________________________________ 8-1 160H

8.1.1. Command Line ___________________________________________________________ 8-1 16H

8.2. Available Channel Data _______________________________________________________ 8-5 162H

8.2.1. Sensor Channels__________________________________________________________ 8-5 163H

8.2.2. Actuator Channels _______________________________________________________ 8-16

164H

iv AST.01.0104.2010 - 19-Nov-2010
Users Guide BOOST v2010

List of Figures
Figure 2-1: BOOST - Main Window...................................................................................................................... 2-1 165H

Figure 2-2: Model Parameter Window ............................................................................................................... 2-13 16H

Figure 2-3: Case Explorer Window (Example: ottoser.bwf) .............................................................................. 2-14 167H

Figure 2-4: Example Table Input for Variable Wall Temperature ................................................................... 2-15 168H

Figure 2-5: Example Table Input for Liquid Material Dataset......................................................................... 2-16 169H

Figure 2-6: Simulation Control – Simulation Tasks Window ........................................................................... 2-17 170H

Figure 2-7: Simulation Control – Cycle Simulation Window ............................................................................ 2-18 17H

Figure 2-8: Simulation Control – Classic Species Setup Window ..................................................................... 2-20 172H

Figure 2-9: Simulation Control – General Species Setup .................................................................................. 2-22 173H

Figure 2-10: Simulation Control – Convergence Control Window ................................................................... 2-24 174H

Figure 2-11: Simulation Control – Restart Control Window ............................................................................ 2-26 175H

Figure 2-12: Simulation Control – Output Control Window............................................................................. 2-28 176H

Figure 2-13: Burn - Global Window.................................................................................................................... 2-31 17H

Figure 2-14: Burn - Operating Point Window.................................................................................................... 2-34 178H

Figure 2-15: Burn - Pressure Trace Window ..................................................................................................... 2-35 179H

Figure 2-16: Burn - Fitting Data Window .......................................................................................................... 2-36 180H

Figure 2-17: Pressure Curve - Measured & Filtered ......................................................................................... 2-37 18H

Figure 2-18: Fitting Target ................................................................................................................................. 2-38

182H

Figure 2-19: Fitting - End of Adaptation Range ................................................................................................ 2-39 183H

Figure 2-20: Adjust Cylinder Pressure Curve - Pressure Offset....................................................................... 2-39 184H

Figure 2-21: Adjust Cylinder Pressure Curve - TDC Offset.............................................................................. 2-40 185H

Figure 2-22: Drift Compensation........................................................................................................................ 2-41

186H

Figure 2-23: Pressure at IVC Adaptation........................................................................................................... 2-42 187H

Figure 2-24: Compression Ratio Adaptation ...................................................................................................... 2-43 18H

Figure 2-25: Compression Ratio and Pressure at IVC Adaptation ................................................................... 2-43 189H

Figure 2-26: Burn Results - ROHR..................................................................................................................... 2-45 190H

Figure 2-27: Burn Results - Mass Fraction Burned........................................................................................... 2-45 19H

Figure 2-28: Burn Results - Calculated Pressure Trace.................................................................................... 2-46 192H

Figure 2-29: Burn Post-processing ..................................................................................................................... 2-46

193H

Figure 2-30: Search Utility Displaying Initialization Data for Pipes ............................................................... 2-47 194H

Figure 2-31: License Manager Window .............................................................................................................. 2-48 195H

Figure 2-32: Export GCA Parameters Utility .................................................................................................... 2-48 196H

Figure 2-33: Opening GCA Parameter file (.gpa) in Concerto .......................................................................... 2-49 197H

Figure 2-34: ECU - General Window.................................................................................................................. 2-50 198H

Figure 2-35: Export Flowmaster 4D Map Window ............................................................................................ 2-51 19H

Figure 2-36: Calculation List Window................................................................................................................ 2-51 20H

Figure 3-1: Modeling of Steep Cones .................................................................................................................... 3-3 201H

Figure 3-2: Modeling of an Intake Receiver ......................................................................................................... 3-3 20H

Figure 3-3: Modeling of an Intake Receiver with Pipes and Junctions .............................................................. 3-4 203H

Figure 3-4: Intake Receiver Models ...................................................................................................................... 3-4 204H

Figure 3-5: Influence of Intake Receiver Modeling on Volumetric Efficiency and Air Distribution ................ 3-5 205H

Figure 3-6: Exhaust Port Modeling ...................................................................................................................... 3-5 206H

Figure 3-7: Modeling Multi-Valve Engines .......................................................................................................... 3-7 207H

Figure 4-1: Data Input Window ............................................................................................................................ 4-1 208H

Figure 4-2: Table Window ..................................................................................................................................... 4-3209H

Figure 4-3: Graph Context Menu ......................................................................................................................... 4-4 210H

AST.01.0104.2010 - 19-Nov-2010 v
BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Figure 4-4: Mounting of a Pipe End ..................................................................................................................... 4-5 21H

Figure 4-5: Example Table Input for Bending Radius ........................................................................................ 4-7 21H

Figure 4-6: Example Table Input for Variable Wall Temperature ..................................................................... 4-9 213H

Figure 4-7: Engagement Time ............................................................................................................................ 4-11

214H

Figure 4-8: Standard Cranktrain........................................................................................................................ 4-12

215H

Figure 4-9: Scavenging Models ........................................................................................................................... 4-14

216H

Figure 4-10: Crank Angle related to Combustion Duration.............................................................................. 4-18 217H

Figure 4-11: AVL MCC Combustion Model Window ......................................................................................... 4-24 218H

Figure 4-12: AVL MCC IRATE Tool................................................................................................................... 4-25 219H

Figure 4-13: IRATE - Nozzle Flow Data Window.............................................................................................. 4-26 20H

Figure 4-14: IRATE - Pressure Data Window.................................................................................................... 4-26 21H

Figure 4-15: IRATE - Calculated ROI Window.................................................................................................. 4-27 2H

Figure 4-16: Comparison of Measured and Predicted SOC................................................................................ 4-30 23H

Figure 4-17: Influence of ct and cL on Turbulent Intensity ................................................................................ 4-30 24H

Figure 4-18: Flat Cylinder Head ......................................................................................................................... 4-31

25H

Figure 4-19: Disc Chamber Cylinder Head ........................................................................................................ 4-32 26H

Figure 4-20: Spherical Cylinder Head ................................................................................................................ 4-32

27H

Figure 4-21: Backset Special Cylinder Head ...................................................................................................... 4-33 28H

Figure 4-22: Pent Roof Cylinder Head ............................................................................................................... 4-3329H

Figure 4-23: Flat Piston Top............................................................................................................................... 4-34

230H

Figure 4-24: Heron Piston Top ........................................................................................................................... 4-34

231H

Figure 4-25: Spherical Bowl Piston Top............................................................................................................. 4-34 23H

Figure 4-26: Spherical Piston Top ...................................................................................................................... 4-35

23H

Figure 4-27: Pent Roof Piston Top ..................................................................................................................... 4-35

234H

Figure 4-28: Definition of Angle between Spark Plug and Bowl/Top Center .................................................. 4-36 235H

Figure 4-29: Definition of Spark Plug Position ................................................................................................. 4-37 236H

Figure 4-30: Valve Port Specifications Window................................................................................................. 4-45 237H

Figure 4-31: Calculation of Effective Valve Lift ................................................................................................ 4-46 238H

Figure 4-32: Modification of Valve Lift Timing ................................................................................................. 4-46 239H

Figure 4-33: Positive intake valve opening and closing shift (same value) ....................................................... 4-47 240H

Figure 4-34: Positive intake valve closing shift only .......................................................................................... 4-47 241H

Figure 4-35: Positive intake valve opening shift only ........................................................................................ 4-47 24H

Figure 4-36: Positive exhaust closing shift and positive intake opening shift .................................................. 4-47 243H

Figure 4-37: Positive exhaust opening and closing shift (same value) .............................................................. 4-48 24H

Figure 4-38: Positive exhaust opening shift only................................................................................................ 4-48 245H

Figure 4-39: Positive exhaust valve closing shift only........................................................................................ 4-48 246H

Figure 4-40: Positive exhaust valve closing shift and negative intake opening shift ....................................... 4-48 247H

Figure 4-41: Negative exhaust shifts (same value) and positive intake shifts (same value) ............................ 4-49 248H

Figure 4-42: Interpolation of Flow Coefficients................................................................................................. 4-49 249H

Figure 4-43: Definition of Window Geometry .................................................................................................... 4-51 250H

Figure 4-44: Calculation of Minimum Duct Cross Section................................................................................ 4-52 251H

Figure 4-45: Engine Friction Window ................................................................................................................ 4-5425H

Figure 4-46: Engine Friction - Table Input Window ......................................................................................... 4-56 253H

Figure 4-47: Engine Friction - Friction Model Window .................................................................................... 4-56 254H

Figure 4-48: Shifting Process.............................................................................................................................. 4-61

25H

Figure 4-49: Engine Cylinder Sub-model ........................................................................................................... 4-66 256H

Figure 4-50: Sudden Diameter Change .............................................................................................................. 4-67 257H

Figure 4-51: Distillation curves for different fuel types (Source: www.chevron.com)..................................... 4-72 258H

Figure 4-52: Fuel Injector Puddle mass-flow ..................................................................................................... 4-73 259H

vi AST.01.0104.2010 - 19-Nov-2010
Users Guide BOOST v2010

Figure 4-53: Flow Coefficients of a Junction ..................................................................................................... 4-75 260H

Figure 4-54: Plenum – Connection Definition Window..................................................................................... 4-77 261H

Figure 4-55: Perforated Pipes Contained in Plenum ........................................................................................ 4-79 26H

Figure 4-56: 3D Cell Attachment Angle specification ....................................................................................... 4-81 263H

Figure 4-57: Perforated Pipe in Pipe Window ................................................................................................... 4-83 264H

Figure 4-58: Steady State Air Cleaner Performance ......................................................................................... 4-85 265H

Figure 4-59: Deterioration Factor of a Twin Entry- or Multiple Entry Turbine............................................. 4-94 26H

Figure 4-60: Compressor Map............................................................................................................................. 4-97 267H

Figure 4-61: Turbine Map ................................................................................................................................... 4-99

268H

Figure 4-62: PD-Compressor Map .................................................................................................................... 4-105

269H

Figure 4-63: Angle specification of Rotor Channels ........................................................................................ 4-107 270H

Figure 4-64: Angle specification of Attachments ............................................................................................. 4-108 271H

Figure 4-65: Interaction between BOOST and External-Link Element ........................................................ 4-111 27H

Figure 4-66: Selection of ECU Actuator Channels .......................................................................................... 4-113 273H

Figure 4-67: ECU Map Specification ................................................................................................................ 4-114

274H

Figure 4-68: Time Constants for Transient ECU Functions .......................................................................... 4-115 275H

Figure 4-69: MATLAB DLL Element Input..................................................................................................... 4-115 276H

Figure 4-70: Sensor Channel Selection ............................................................................................................ 4-11627H

Figure 4-71: Actuator Channel Selection ......................................................................................................... 4-117 278H

Figure 4-72: MATLAB API Element Input...................................................................................................... 4-118 279H

Figure 4-73: Engine Interface - Data Set Main Dependency Window............................................................ 4-119 280H

Figure 4-74: Engine Interface - Data Set Side Dependency Window ............................................................. 4-120 281H

Figure 4-75: Engine Interface - Data Set Table Input Window ...................................................................... 4-120 28H

Figure 4-76: Engine Interface - Actuator Input Window ................................................................................ 4-121 283H

Figure 4-77: PID - General Input Window....................................................................................................... 4-122 284H

Figure 4-78: PID - Channels Input Window .................................................................................................... 4-123 285H

Figure 4-79: Formula Interpreter – General, Global Variables ...................................................................... 4-129 286H

Figure 4-80: Formula Interpreter – Sensor Channels ..................................................................................... 4-129 287H

Figure 4-81: Formula Interpreter – Actuator Channels.................................................................................. 4-129 28H

Figure 4-82: Formula Interpreter – Declarations and Formula ..................................................................... 4-130 289H

Figure 4-83: Formula Interpreter – Declarations and Formula ..................................................................... 4-132 290H

Figure 4-84: Microphone Input Window .......................................................................................................... 4-132 291H

Figure 4-85: Microphone Position .................................................................................................................... 4-133

29H

Figure 4-86: Microphone WAV File Input Data............................................................................................... 4-133 293H

Figure 4-87: Perforate General Input Window ................................................................................................ 4-134 294H

Figure 4-88: Perforate Geometry...................................................................................................................... 4-135

295H

Figure 4-89: Open Gap Chamber General Input Window............................................................................... 4-135 296H

Figure 4-90: Open Gap Chamber Modeling ..................................................................................................... 4-136 297H

Figure 4-91: Overlapping Pipes General Input Window ................................................................................. 4-137 298H

Figure 4-92: Overlapping Pipes Model ............................................................................................................. 4-13829H

Figure 4-93: Folded Boundary Resonator General Input Window ................................................................. 4-139 30H

Figure 4-94: Folded Boundary Resonator Modeling ........................................................................................ 4-139 301H

Figure 5-1: Summary Analysis Window ............................................................................................................... 5-1 302H

Figure 5-2: Fuel conversion factor........................................................................................................................ 5-8 30H

Figure 5-3: Relation of Gas Exchange Data ....................................................................................................... 5-12 304H

Figure 5-4: Show Elements Window................................................................................................................... 5-25 305H

Figure 5-5: Acoustic Storage Cycles.................................................................................................................... 5-26 306H

Figure 5-6: Microphone position......................................................................................................................... 5-27 307H

Figure 5-7: Show & Play Audio Results ............................................................................................................. 5-28 308H

AST.01.0104.2010 - 19-Nov-2010 vii

BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Figure 5-8: Create Series Results Window ......................................................................................................... 5-29

309H

Figure 5-9: PP3 Main Window............................................................................................................................ 5-30

310H

Figure 5-10: Message Analysis Window ............................................................................................................. 5-31

31H

Figure 5-11: MATLAB API Error - version mismatch ...................................................................................... 5-34 312H

Figure 7-1: Engine Operating Line in the Compressor Map............................................................................... 7-2 31H

Figure 7-2: Engine Operating Line in the Compressor Map (compressor too small) ........................................ 7-3 314H

Figure 7-3: Engine Operating Line in the Compressor Map (compressor too large)......................................... 7-3 315H

Figure 7-4: Engine Operating Line in the Compressor Map (correct compressor)............................................ 7-4 316H

Figure 7-5: Engine Operating Point in the Turbine Map ................................................................................... 7-4 317H

Figure 7-6: Influence of In-Cylinder Heat Transfer on Engine Performance.................................................... 7-5 318H

Figure 7-7: Influence of Port Flow Coefficients on Engine Performance .......................................................... 7-6 319H

Figure 7-8: Influence of IVC on Engine Performance ......................................................................................... 7-6 320H

Figure 7-9: Influence of EVO on the Engine Performance ................................................................................. 7-7 321H

Figure 7-10: Air Feed to Intake Receiver ............................................................................................................. 7-8 32H

Figure 7-11: Influence of Air Feed Pipe Length on Engine Performance.......................................................... 7-8 32H

Figure 7-12: Influence of Number of Cylinders on Engine Performance........................................................... 7-8 324H

Figure 7-13: Intake Running Length ................................................................................................................... 7-9 325H

Figure 7-14: Influence of Intake Runner Length on Engine Performance ........................................................ 7-9 326H

Figure 7-15: Chamber with Inlet and outlet pipe extensions ........................................................................... 7-11 327H

Figure 7-16: Model using restriction elements for extensions .......................................................................... 7-11 328H

Figure 7-17: Model using quarter wave elements for extensions ..................................................................... 7-12 329H

viii AST.01.0104.2010 - 19-Nov-2010

Users Guide BOOST v2010

1. INTRODUCTION
BOOST simulates a wide variety of engines, 4-stroke or 2-stroke, spark or auto-ignited.
Applications range from small capacity engines for motorcycles or industrial purposes up
to large engines for marine propulsion. BOOST can also be used to simulate the
characteristics of pneumatic systems.
The BOOST program package consists of an interactive pre-processor which assists with
the preparation of the input data for the main calculation program. Results analysis is
supported by an interactive post-processor.
The pre-processing tool of the AVL Workspace Graphical User Interface features a model
editor and a guided input of the required data. The calculation model of the engine is
designed by selecting the required elements from a displayed element tree by mouse-click
and connecting them by pipe elements. In this manner even very complex engine
configurations can be modelled easily, as a large variety of elements is available.
The main program provides optimised simulation algorithms for all available elements.
The flow in the pipes is treated as one-dimensional. This means that the pressures,
temperatures and flow velocities obtained from the solution of the gas dynamic equations
represent mean values over the cross-section of the pipes. Flow losses due to three-
dimensional effects, at particular locations in the engine, are considered by appropriate
flow coefficients. In cases where three-dimensional effects need to be considered in more
detail, a link to AVL's three-dimensional flow simulation code FIRE is available. This
means that a multi-dimensional simulation of the flow in critical engine parts can be
combined with a fast one-dimensional simulation elsewhere. This feature could be of
particular interest for the simulation of the charge motion in the cylinder, the scavenging
process of a two-stroke engine or for the simulation of the flow in complicated muffler
elements.
The IMPRESS Chart and PP3 post-processing tools analyze the multitude of data resulting
from a simulation. All results may be compared to results of measurements or previous
calculations. Furthermore, an animated presentation of selected calculation results is
available. This also contributes to developing the optimum solution to the user's problem.
A report template facility assists with the preparation of reports.

1.1. Scope
This document describes the basic concepts and methods for using the BOOST program to
perform engine cycle simulation.

1.2. User Qualifications

Users of this manual:
ƒ Must be qualified in basic UNIX and/or Microsoft Windows.
ƒ Must be qualified in basic engine cycle simulation.

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

1.3. Symbols
The following symbols are used throughout this manual. Safety warnings must be strictly
observed during operation and service of the system or its components.

Caution: Cautions describe conditions, practices or procedures which

! could result in damage to, or destruction of data if not strictly observed or
remedied.

) Note: Notes provide important supplementary information.

Convention Meaning

Italics For emphasis, to introduce a new term or for manual titles.

monospace To indicate a command, a program or a file name,

messages, input / output on a screen, file contents or
object names.

MenuOpt A MenuOpt font is used for the names of menu options,

submenus and screen buttons.

1.4. Documentation
BOOST documentation is available in PDF format and consists of the following:

BOOST
Release Notes
Users Guide
Primer
Examples
Theory
Aftertreatment
Aftertreatment Primer
Linear Acoustics
Surface Import
1D-3D Coupling
Interfaces
Validation

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Users Guide BOOST v2010

BOOST Hydsim
Release Notes
Users Guide
Primer
BOOST Real-Time (RT)
Release Notes
Users Guide
BOOST Thermal Network Generator (TNG)
Users Guide
Primer
AVL Workspace (AWS)
Release Notes
GUI Users Guide
Python Scripting
DoE and Optimization
Installation Guide
Licensing Users Guide
System Requirements and Supported Platforms

Known Issues are available on the AST Service World – Knowledge Base:
Link to AWS Known Software Issues
2H

We Want to Hear from You

Your comments and suggestions help us to improve the quality and practical
relevance of our documentation.
If you have any suggestions for improvement, please send them to:
[email protected]
3H

We look forward to hearing from you.

19-Nov-2010 1-3
Users Guide BOOST v2010

2. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

Based on the AVL Workspace Graphical User Interface (AWS GUI), the pre-processing
tool assists the user in creating an engine model for a BOOST simulation.
For the general handling of the AWS GUI please refer to the GUI Users Guide. The
BOOST specific operations are described as follows:

2.1. BOOST Specific Operations

BOOST Menu Bar Icon Bar Element/Model Working Area

Button Bar Tree Area

Figure 2-1: BOOST - Main Window

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

2.1.1. Menu Bar

File Save activated case Saves the current model to a new bwf file, during
which the parameter values are set to the data of the
activated case and all case sets and cases are
removed from the case explorer.

Import Imports Boost 3.x (*.bst), GT-Power (*.gtm), CAD

(*.xml) models. Refer to section 2.1.5 for details.
30H

Element Parameters Displays the parameters for the selected element.

Parameters can be added or deleted. Alternatively
click on an element with the right mouse button and
select Parameters from the submenu. Refer to
section 2.2.1 or the GUI Users Guide, section 2.4.1 for
31H

further information.

Properties Displays the dialog box for defining the values for the
selected element. Alternatively click on an element
with the right mouse button and select Properties
from the submenu.

Copy Data First select the source element type in the working
area or model tree, then data can be copied from the
selected source element to the selected target(s).

Model Parameters Defines values for the model. Refer to section 2.2.1 or
32H

the GUI Users Guide, section 2.5.2 for further

information.

Case Explorer Define parameter variations. Refer to section 2.5.3 of

the GUI Users Guide for further information.

Solid Materials… Displays the solid materials GUI. Refer to section

2.2.3 for further information.
3H

Liquid Materials Displays the liquid materials GUI. Refer to section

2.2.4 for further information.
34H

Favorites This is a is a user defined dialog, which should be

designed by template model designers in order to
provide users of the template model with a simplified
way to enter the required model data. Refer to section
2.5.4 of the GUI Users Guide for further information.

Favorites Designer The Favorites dialog is defined in the Favorites

Designer, by inserting Favorites GUI elements from
the toolbar. Refer to section 2.5.5 of the GUI Users
Guide for further information.

Simluation Run Opens the dialog to start the simulation. This displays
both the cases for the current model and the tasks to
be performed. Refer to section 2.2.1 or the GUI Users
35H

Guide, section 2.6.1 for further information.

Status Check the status of the simulation. Refer to section

2.6.2 of the GUI Users Guide for further information.

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Control Defines parameters used to control the simulation and

define the global values used in the simulation. Refer
to section 2.3.1 for further information.
36H

Volumetric Displays and sets the reference element to be used

Efficiency for volumetric efficiency calculations. This can be
either a measuring point or a plenum. Refer to section
2.3.1.3 for further information.
37H

Test Bed Conditions Displays and sets the test bed reference elements
(Measuring Points only) labeled according to
document “AVL Standard Sensor Locations Engine
Test Bed”. Refer to section 2.3.3 for further
38H

information.

Create Series Prepares the procedure for the Case Series results.
Results Refer to Section 2.3.4 for further information.
39H

Show Summary Cycle Simulation

Aftertreatment
Opens the ASCII browser and displays the summary
values from either the cycle simulation or
aftertreatment analysis. Refer to Chapter 5.
340H

Show Results Opens the IMPRESS Chart post-processor which is

used to examine and plot the simulation results.

Show Audio For playing any WAV files from the microphone
element.

Show Messages Cycle Simulation

Aftertreatment
Opens the Message browser and displays the
messages generated by the solver during the cycle
simulation or aftertreatment analysis. Refer to Chapter
5.
341H

Show Animation Opens the PP3 post-processor. Refer to Chapter 5. 342H

Show Elements Cycle Simulation

Opens a browser to display more detailed information
on compound perforated elements.
Linear Acoustics
Shows how the elements are translated from the
graphical to the linear acoustic ones.
Import Results Prepares results of a BOOSTFILENAME.bst file run
outside the graphical user interface.
View Logfile Displays the screen output of the calculation kernel
during the simulation or model creation.
Optimization Refer to the AWS DoE and Optimization manual.

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Options Job Submission Define job submission settings: queues, number of

processors per job and number of parallel jobs. Refer
to section 2.8.1 of the GUI Users Guide for further
information.
Model Locking Lock the property dialogs for elements for simplified
and protected model views. Refer to section 2.8.2 of
the GUI Users Guide for further information.
GUI Options Defines the number or recently opened files to be kept
in the file menu.
Defines the initial position and size of the AVL
Workspace window.
Frame Set of graphical elements used for page layout, e.g.
rectangle (frame), logo and text elements.
None: Removes the frame from the page.
AVL Report: The standard AVL frame.
Frame Definitions Customized settings of the current frame. Specify text
and the customer logo for the frame.
Units Used to display and set the units used. Refer to
section 2.8.3 of the GUI Users Guide for further
information.
Environment With the help of these settings the BOOST calculation
Settings kernel can be configured.
Utilities BURN Tool for Combustion Analysis. Refer to section 2.4.134H

for further information.

Search Displays tables of the input data used in the model.
These can be saved in HTML format. Refer to section
2.4.2 for further information.
34H

License Manager Controls availability and usage of licenses. Refer to

section 2.4.3 for further information.
345H

License File If the registration of the FLEXnet license files fails, use
Definition this editor to access the Windows-Registry to set the
license file.
Pack Model Creates a compressed tape archive of all relevant
model information. Refer to section 2.4.4 for further
346H

information.
Unpack Model Unpacks a compressed BOOST Model including
results.
Export GCA The basis of the required input data for GCA can be
parameters exported from a BOOST model.
Export Pressure For each operating point the export of the pressure
Curve curves for all cylinders is done. After running this
feature AVL-EXCITE can import that data. Refer to
section 2.4.6 for further information.
347H

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Export Flowmaster Exports a map which can be loaded into the

4D-Map FLOWMASTER Element "AVL BOOST Engine". Refer
to section 2.4.7 for further information.
348H

Export Engine Data Exports a characteristic set of Engine Data in xml

format for e.g.: usage in a database.
Calculation List Refer to section 2.4.8 for further information.
349H

Export Engine Data Engine data can be exported from the BOOST model.
Python Scripts Export Active Case Directory
Open Shell in Active Case Directory
Export Case Table to HTML-File
Export Case Table to XML-File
Convert bst to bwf
Refer to the Python Scripting Manual for more details.
Help Contents Opens the Users Guide for online help.
Manuals Access to manuals in PDF format.
AVL AST Service Information on how to register for the AST Service
World World. This provides platforms for software
downloads, product information and data transfer.
About Displays version information.

2.1.2. BOOST Icons

If selected the mouse can be used to connect a pipe between two elements.
(pipe, wire, mechanical, aftertreatment, perforated pipe in plenum).
Reverses the positive flow direction of the selected pipe.

Changes the attachments of a selected pipe or a wire.

Rotates the selected object counter-clockwise (90 degrees steps)

Rotates the selected object clockwise (90 degrees steps)

Opens the input window for general simulation control (globals) data. Refer to
Simulation|Control.
Enter model information.

Refer to Model|Parameters as described above.

Refer to Model|Case Explorer as described above.

Refer to Simulation|Run as described above..

Refer to Simulation|Status as described above..

Refer to Simulation|Show Summary as described above..

Refer to Simulation|Show Messages as described above..

Refer to Simulation|Show Results as described above..

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Refer to Simulation|Show Animation as described above..

2.1.3. Elements Tree

Cylinder Engine cylinder element. Refer to Section
4.2.8 for further information.
350H

Engine Engine Element. Refer to Section 4.5 for 351H

further information.

Mechanical Mechanical Consumer Element. Refer to

Consumer Section 4.6 for further information.
352H

Vehicle Vehicle Element. Refer to Section 4.7 for 35H

further information.

Measuring Access to flow data and gas conditions over

Point crank angle at a certain location in a pipe.
Refer to Section 4.5 for further information.
354H

Dummy Import Results for unrecognizable Element

importing a GT Power Model.

Aftertreatment Pipe in the Aftertreatment mode.

Pipe

Boundaries System Boundary Provides the connection of the calculation

model to a user-definable ambient. Refer to
Section 4.9.1 for further information.
35H

Aftertreatment Provides the connection of the

Boundary aftertreatment analysis model to a user-
definable ambient.

Internal Boundary Allows boundary conditions for the

calculation model to be specified directly in
the last cross section of a pipe where a
model ends. Refer to Section 4.9.3 for
356H

further information.

Transfer Restriction Considers a distinct pressure loss at a

certain location in the piping system. Refer
to Section 4.10 for further information.
357H

Throttle Controls the air flow in a pipe as a function

of throttle angle.

Rotary Valve Controls the air flow in a pipe as a function

of crank angle or time. Refer to Section
4.10.3 for further information.
358H

Check Valve A pressure actuated valve used to prevent

reverse flow. Refer to Section 4.10.4 for 359H

further information.

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Injector Used for engines with external mixture

preparation to add the fuel to the air in the
intake system. Refer to Section 4.10.5 for
360H

further information.

Junction Used to connect three or more pipes. In the

case of three pipes, a refined junction
model may be used. This considers
geometric information such as the area ratio
of the connected pipes and the angles
between the pipes. In other cases a simple
constant pressure model is available. Refer
to Section 4.10.6 for further information.
361H

Volumes Plenum An element in which spatial pressure and

temperature differences are not considered.
Refer to Section for 4.11.1 further
362H

information.

3D Cells 3D Cell General

3D Cell Sphere
3D Cell TRight
Refer to Section 4.11.2 for further
36H

information.

Variable Plenum Considers the change of the volume and

surface area of the plenum over time. Refer
to Section 4.11.3 for further information.
364H

Perforated Pipe in Single element representing two pipes. An

Pipe inner perforated pipe and an outer pipe.
Refer to Section 4.11.4 for further
365H

information.

Assembled Air Cleaner The instantaneous pressure loss is

determined from the pressure loss specified
in a reference point at steady state
conditions. Refer to Section 4.12.1 for
36H

further information.

Catalyst The pressure loss in the catalyst must be

defined for a reference mass flow. Its
characteristics are determined from this
input and additional geometrical
information. It is important to note that
chemical reactions in the catalyst are not
considered by the cycle simulation model.
Refer to Section 4.12.2 for further
367H

information. Using the aftertreatment

analysis mode, chemical reactions can be
simulated. Refer to the Aftertreatment
Manual.

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Cooler The treatment of the Air Cooler is similar to

the Air Cleaner. The pressure loss, cooling
performance and the corresponding steady
state mass flow must be defined as
reference values. Refer to Section 4.12.3 368H

for further information.

Diesel Particulate Pressure drop, loading, regeneration of

Filter particulate filters can be simulated using the
aftertreatment analysis mode. Refer to the
Aftertreatment Manual.

Charging Turbocharger Turbocharger element. Both simple and full

models are available. Refer to Section
4.13.1 for further information.
369H

Turbine Turbine Element. Both simple and full

models are available. Refer to Section
4.13.2 for further information.
370H

Turbo Compressor Either a constant pressure ratio and a

constant compressor efficiency, an iso-
speed line or a full map may be specified. If
an iso-speed line or a compressor map is
defined, the pressure ratio and the
efficiency are determined according to the
instantaneous mass flow rate and the actual
compressor speed. Refer to Section 4.13.2 371H

for further information.

Positive Either a constant mass flow and a constant

Displacement compressor efficiency, an iso-speed line or
Compressor a full map may be specified. The iso-speed
line of the positive displacement
compressor is defined by mass flow and
efficiency versus the pressure ratio across
the compressor. Refer to Section 4.13.4 for
372H

further information.

Pressure Wave The BOOST PWSC Element covers the

Super Charger flow simulation inside the rotor channels
and the interface between the casing and
rotor channels. The intake and exhaust
casing channels have to be modeled by
means of BOOST pipes and restrictions.
Allowing an arbitrary number of casing
attachments this separation enables the
setup of a wide range of possible geometry
configurations (gas pockets and related
valves).

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Users Guide BOOST v2010

Waste Gate A valve actuated by the pressure difference

on the valve body plus the pressure
difference on a diaphragm mechanically
linked to the valve body. Refer to Section
4.13.4 for further information.
37H

Electrical Device Electrical Device Element. Both simple and

full models are available. Refer to Section
4.13.7 for further information.
374H

External Fire Link Simulation of three dimensional (3D) flow

patterns. Refer to Section 4.14.1 for further
375H

information.

User Defined Allows the user to implement algorithms.

Element For maximum support, the UDE handles the
data of the pipe attachments. Empty
subroutines are shipped with the BOOST
installation as a guide for the User to
incorporate into his model. Furthermore
results obtained from the UDE may be
analysed in the post-processor. Refer to
Section 4.14.2 for further information.
376H

CFD Link With the same functionality as the FIRE

Link the CFD Link element offers the
possibility to link BOOST to 3rd party CFD
codes.

CRUISE Link The CRUISE Link element can be used to

specify optional channels for the exchange
of information between elements in a
BOOST model and CRUISE.

Control Engine Control Models all the important functions of an

Unit electronic engine control. The output of the
ECU, such as ignition timing, start of
injection or the setting of a control valve is
calculated from maps dependent on
specified input parameters. Possible input
parameters are engine speed or ambient
conditions and data from measuring points
and plenums. The parameters specified in
the baseline maps may be modified by a
number of corrections for ambient
conditions, acceleration or deceleration of
the engine. Refer to Section 4.15.1 for
37H

further information.

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

MATLAB DLL The Dynamic Link Library element can be

used to include control algorithms or
complete engine control models created
with a commercial control algorithm design
software (e.g. MATLAB/SIMULINK).
Information channels are passed between
elements and this junction using wires. The
information channels include both sensor
and actuator channels. The DLL may be
written in any programming language
provided the compiler supports mixed
language programming. This junction is
also used to link with the MATLAB s-
function. Refer to Chapter 4 for further
information.

MATLAB API Passes information to and from MATLAB.

Information channels are passed between
elements and this junction using wires. The
information channels include both sensor
and actuator channels. Refer to Section
4.15.7 for further information.
378H

Engine Interface Used to supply data to elements in a

BOOST model which are connected by
wires. Refer to Section 4.15.4 for further
379H

information.

PID Controller Refer to Section 4.15.5 for further

380H

information.

Formula Interpreter The formula interpreter element allows to

specify a function that returns a desired
value (OUTPUT) as a function of other
variables (INPUT).

Monitor The Monitor element is used to produce

transient results in the results folder and in
the Online Monitor for an arbitrary number
of Actuator and Sensor Channels

Acoustic Microphone A microphone element can be added to any

BOOST model in order to extract acoustic
data such as overall dB(A) levels or order
plots. The microphone is not attached to
any pipes but linked in the input for the
microphone to one or more system
boundaries. Refer to Section 4.16.1 for
381H

further information.

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Perforate This is handled as a flow restriction with a

flow coefficient that reflects the open area
of the perforate as a function of the total
surface area. Refer to Section 4.16.2 for
382H

further information.

Open Gap This is a super element, i.e. it is not an

Chamber element by itself but consists of a number of
more fundamental acoustic elements. Refer
to Section 4.16.3 for further information.
38H

Overlapping Pipes This is a super element, i.e. it is not an

element by itself but consists of a number of
more fundamental acoustic elements. Refer
to Section 4.16.4for further information.
384H

Folded Boundary This is a super element, i.e. it is not an

Resonator element by itself but consists of a number of
more fundamental acoustic elements. Refer
to Section 4.16.5 for further information.
385H

User Elements

2.1.4. Model Tree

A list of elements and connections used in the model is displayed. Click on the required
item with the left mouse button, then click the right mouse button and select the required
options from the submenu:
Properties opens the selected element's properties window as shown in Figure 4-1.386H

Parameters opens the selected element's parameters window as shown in Figure 2-2. 387H

Group Elements links all selected elements together.

Sort Elements by Id organizes elements according to their Id.
Sort Elements by Name organizes elements according to their name.
Expand or expands the model tree.
Collapse or closes the tree.
Data can be copied from a selected element type in the model tree or working area by
selecting Element|Copy Data. A window opens where the source element can be selected
and copied to the target element.

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

2.1.5. Import
Select File | Import to open a dialog which enables Boost 3.x (*.bst), GT-Power (*.gtm) or
CAD Import (*.xml) models to be imported.

• BOOST 3.x files (*.bst)

These files represent a previous version of BOOST models.

• GT-Power model (*.gtm)

These models are made in GT-Power tools. GT-Power versions up to and
including 6.2 are supported.

• CAD Import (*.xml)

XML model files are made with BOOST Surface Import utility (BSI). BSI
imports CAD surface files (*.stl) and with user help, identifies components,
pipes, topology, geometry and flow directions. Please refer to BSI utility
documentation for details on how to import CAD surface data.
Geometry data contained in the STL file, supplemented by user input, is then
saved into the *.xml file. CAD Import does not support all the components
found in BOOST, only pipes, plenums, 3D cells general, restrictions,
catalysts, diesel particulate filters and junctions. Manifolds are supported,
but are rendered into separate components, based on preference made in BSI
utility.
To ease import of intake and exhaust branch of an engine, multiple models
can be imported, one after the other. The resulting BOOST model will
contain XML models side by side, in the order in which they are imported.
If a new model is to be imported, File / New option will dispose of everything done in editor
thus far.
After each import message browser is displayed. If successful, it will contain just two
messages, Start and End. Any error will be displayed, similarly to one on the screenshot:

CAD Import supports only "Cycle Simulation" task. After import has finished, right-clicking
on any component and choosing Properties will bring Task Selection dialog similar to
screenshot:
Here, select "Cycle Simulation" only, as others are not supported. Should you define
Simulation Task prior to import (via Simulation / Control from menu), make sure "Cycle
Simulation" is selected.
After import has finished you might wish to enter all other relevant, non-geometrical data,
before running simulation.

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2.2. Model Menu

2.2.1. Parameters
Parameters can be assigned to input fields and are defined in Model | Parameters or
Element properties windows. There are two types of parameters:
1. Global Parameters
These can be used for any element.
2. Local Parameters
These can only used for individual elements and are used for:
• Creating simplified and protected model views
• Overriding commonly defined values by element-specific, local values.
To assign a new or existing parameter in the properties dialog of an element, click the label
to the left of the input value with the right mouse button and select Assign new parameter
(global) or Assign new parameter (local) from the submenu.
Then enter a name for the new parameter, e.g. Speed. Select OK and it will replace the
original input value.

Select Assign existing parameter from the submenu, then locate the predefined parameter
in the dialog box.

) Note: Parameter names should not have any spaces.

2.2.1.1. Assign a Model Parameter

Select Model | Parameters to show parameters for all elements used in the model (as
shown in the following figure).

Figure 2-2: Model Parameter Window

The parameter tree on the left shows all existing parameters for all elements of the model.
Global parameters can be found at the top of the tree (e.g. Speed). On the right, the values
of the parameters can be edited. Constant values or expressions can be used to define a
value.

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Select Model and then select New Parameter to add new global parameter values. A
default parameter name is automatically entered and this can be typed over as required.
Select the required element and then select New Parameter to add new local parameter
values. A default parameter name is automatically entered and this can be typed over as
required. Enter the relevant value in the Value input field and select the relevant unit
from the pull-down menu by clicking on the Unit input field.
Select Delete to remove the selected parameter.

2.2.1.2. Assign an Element Parameter

Select Element | Parameters to show the parameters of the selected element. Only the
parameters in the element's domain can be edited in the table.
To edit parameters for one element only, select the element in the working area and then
select Parameters from the Element menu, or click the element with the right mouse
button and select Parameters from the submenu.

2.2.2. Case Explorer

The Case Explorer defines parameter variations for the model. Select Model | Case
Explorer to open the following window.

Figure 2-3: Case Explorer Window (Example: ottoser.bwf)

In this window Case 2 is the active case as it is red. To make a case active, double click on
it with the left mouse button in the tree and it turns red. The assigned global parameters
of the active case are displayed by selecting Model | Parameters.
New case parameters, i.e. parameters that will be subject to variation, can be added by

clicking . Then select the unused parameter and click to add the required
parameter. Enter the relevant values for each case.
In this window Engine Speed is the main parameter as it follows State. To define it as a
main parameter, select it first in the Parameter Group Editor window.

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Users Guide BOOST v2010

Note: Only global parameters can be subject to variation with the Case
) Explorer. When a parameter is defined in the case table, the parameter
value is disabled in the Model|Parameters dialog.

2.2.3. Solid Materials

An arbitrary number of solid material property sets can be defined under Model | Solid
Materials.

Figure 2-4: Example Table Input for Variable Wall Temperature

The input required for each solid material is as follows:

• material name (used for selecting a certain material in the wall layer specification
(see Figure 4-6)
38H

• density
• thermal conductivity (constant or function of temperature)
• specific heat (constant or function of temperature)
• opacity (checked for solids (opaque), not checked for gases (transparent))
• for opaque materials emissivities are required for the inner and outer surface.
The following table gives some property values of materials used typically for engine
manifolds:

Density Specific Heat Specific Heat

Material
3
[kg/m ] [kJ/kgK] Capacity [kJ/m3K]

Cast Iron 7200 0.545 3900

Steel 7840 0.46 3600

Aluminum 2700 0.91 2460

PVC (Plastics) 1390 0.98 1360

Ceramics 3500 0.84 2940

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

2.2.4. Liquid Materials

An arbitrary number of liquid material property sets can be defined under Model | Liquid
Materials. The following property sets are already available: Water, AdBlue ( from BASF,
Technisches Merkblatt M 6221 d November 2006), Urea, Diesel.

Figure 2-5: Example Table Input for Liquid Material Dataset

The following input is required:

• material name (used for selecting a certain material in the Liquid Injected Fluid
section
• molar weight of liquid
• liquid density (constant or function of temperature)

• specific heat (constant or function of temperature)

• thermal conductivity (constant or function of temperature)
• heat of evaporation (constant or function of temperature)
• vapor pressure (constant or function of temperature)

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2.3. Simulation Menu

Since the general input data is used to control the input process for each element, BOOST
requires the specification of the general input data prior to the input of any element.

2.3.1. Control
The global input data must be defined first. Select Simulation⏐Control to open the
following window. This data is used to prepare the input process for each element.

2.3.1.1. Simulation Tasks

Figure 2-6: Simulation Control – Simulation Tasks Window

Date The date is when the BOOST data set was last changed. It is
automatically inserted by the pre-processor.
Project-ID Comment lines which may be specified to identify the calculation and
may have a length of up to 50 characters.
Run-ID

Simulation Tasks Depending on the new tasks, at least one of the following should be
selected before starting with the model:
Cycle Simulation:
Gas exchange and combustion BOOST calculation.
Aftertreatment Analysis:
Simulation of chemical and physical processes for aftertreatment
devices.
Linear Acoustics:
Frequency domain solver to predict the acoustic performance of
components.

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Aftertreatment Analysis should be activated to run simulations in aftertreatment analysis

mode. In this case one catalytic converter or one diesel particulate filter can be linked with
aftertreatment connections to aftertreatment boundary conditions. Using these elements a
complete aftertreatment analysis model is specified and it can be simulated 'stand-alone' or
it can be integrated within an existing BOOST cycle simulation model. Refer to the
BOOST Aftertreatment Manual for further details.
Linear Acoustics should be activated to generate a linear acoustic model, which should
include one source, one termination and at least one other linear acoustic element. Due to
the nature of a linear acoustic simulation the connection of pipes and their flow direction
(defined by the arrow) are very important in order to determine inlets and outlets.
Using the linear acoustics mode the acoustic behavior of elements can be investigated.
Therefore the following information is needed to define the frequency range of interest:
• Minimum Frequency: Determines the beginning of the simulation.
• Maximum Frequency: Determines the end of the simulation.
• Frequency Points: Determines the number of frequencies calculated
between the minimum and maximum in equal steps.
Refer to the BOOST Linear Acoustics Manual for further details.

2.3.1.2. Cycle Simulation

Select Cycle Simulation to open the following window:

Figure 2-7: Simulation Control – Cycle Simulation Window

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Species The Classic Species Transport option is default. In this case the
Transport behavior of the GUI and the solver is 100% compatible with previous
BOOST versions.
If the General Species Transport is selected the following changes
apply to the model set-up:
• The Fuel Data input (section 2.3.1.2.2) is disabled. For General
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Species Transport the type of the fuel species is defined as

described in section 2.3.1.2.2. The lower heating value and the
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stoichiometric air/fuel ratio are calculated by the solver based on

the thermodynamic properties. The resulting values can be
found after the calculation in the Summary output.
• The number and the type of chemical species are defined on the
General Species Setup page (section 2.3.1.2.2.).
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• The number (and the corresponding input files) of chemistry sets

is defined on the General Species Setup page (section
2.3.1.2.2.).
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• The composition of the fuel (number, type and ratio of species)

is defined on the General Species Setup page (section
2.3.1.2.2.).
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• The name of an external database input file for the calculation of

the thermodynamic properties is defined on the General Species
Setup page (section 2.3.1.2.2.).
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Non-Engine Application (no Engine element present in the model)

Reference Speed Specifies the relation between the time domain and a virtual engine
crank angle domain
Reference Cycle Specifies the periodicity of a virtual engine crank angle domain:
Type
2-Stroke (1 Crank Shaft Revolution per Cycle)

4-Stroke (2 Crank Shaft Revolutions per Cycle)

Rotary Piston Engine (assumed to be a 4-Stroke Engine with 3

Eccentric/Crank Shaft Revolutions per Cycle)

Simulation Interval
End of The End of Simulation sets the crank angle interval after which the
Simulation simulation stops and the results will be written to the .bst file. For
steady state simulations it must be sufficiently long in order to achieve
stable calculation results. It is recommended to use a multiple of the
cycle duration. The required calculation period until stable conditions
are achieved depends upon the engine configuration.
Convergence Select to access the convergence control input fields described in
Control section 2.3.1.2.3.
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Spatial Pipe Discretization

Average Cell Size Target Average Cell Size for Spatial Pipe Discretization

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Simulation Step Target Calculation Step Size in degree crank angle. From the stability
Size criterion for the pipe flow calculation this input is converted in a
required cell size.
CFL Multiplier The default CFL Multiplier for solving the pipe flow is 0.95. In some
calculation cases it is required to reduce this value to improve stability
of the pipe solver.

2.3.1.2.1. Classic Species Setup

Select Classic Species Setup to open the following window:

Figure 2-8: Simulation Control – Classic Species Setup Window

Fuel Properties
Standard Fuel BOOST provides accurate gas properties for the following standard
fuels:
• Gasoline
• Diesel
• Methane
• Methanol
• Ethanol
• Hydrogen
• Butane
• Pentane
• Propane
For each fuel, default values for the lower heating value and for the
stoichiometric air/fuel ratio are also available. If more accurate data is
available, the default values may be overwritten.

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User-defined A Gas Properties Data file can be loaded which was generated with
Fuel the BOOST Classic Gas Properties Tool allowing the User to
compose his own Fuel Blend.

Lower Heating Lower Heating Value Input (overruling default value).

Value

Stoichiometric Stoichiometric A/F Ratio Input (overruling default value).

A/F Ratio
Gas Properties
Real Gas Factor In addition to Dissociation Phenomena, which are already considered
in the genuine BOOST Gas Property Database, the Real Gas
Behavior of Combustion Products is modeled by using the second
virial coefficient (refer to the Theory manual).

Air Humidity Select to activate the Air Humidity input fields described below.

Property f(P, T, mixture):

Dependencies In general, BOOST uses variable gas properties, which means that at
any location in the system the gas properties are determined from the
actual gas composition, actual pressure and actual temperature.

f(mixture):
The properties are taken for a fixed pressure and temperature but are
calculated from the actual gas composition.

const:
Constant gas properties are evaluated based on a perfect gas
approach with a Gas Constant R = 287.0 J/kg/K and an Isentropic
Exponent k = 1.4.

Reference Reference Pressure at which the Dependency f(mixture) is evaluated.

Pressure

Reference Reference Temperature at which the Dependency f(mixture) is

Temperature evaluated.

Air Humidity
Air Humidity Select Relative or Absolute.

Relative Air Ratio of vapor pressure to saturation vapor pressure [Pa/Pa].

Humidity

Absolute Air Mass of water contained in a unit volume of moist air [kg/m3]).
Humidity

Reference Reference Temperature for Air Humidity Input (required for Relative
Temperature and Absolute Input).

Reference Reference Pressure for Air Humidity Input (required for Relative and
Pressure Absolute Input).

Adaptation of If the input for the Stoichiometeric Air/Fuel-Ratio is referenced to dry

A/F-Ratio Input air, an Adaptation for humid air can be selected.

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Initialization
In this dialog predefined initialization sets for Classic Species Transport can be specified
and later on used for the specification of boundary and initial values in the respective
elements.

Ratio For the characterization of Combustion Products one of the following

types can be selected:
A/F-Ratio
Air Equivalence Ratio
Excess Air Ratio

2.3.1.2.2. General Species Setup

Select General Species Setup to open the following window:

Figure 2-9: Simulation Control – General Species Setup

The specification of the chemical species, the chemistry models and the fuel composition is
shown in Figure 2-9.
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Species Set The list of chemical species is either typed in (by using the
Insert/Remove options) or read in from an ASCII input file.

Homogenous For each chemistry model an arbitrary key (string) is defined. In the
Reaction Set BOOST model a specific chemistry model is referred through this key.

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Fuel Species Set Select Mass Based Fractions or Volume Based Fractions.

Use Insert/Remove to define the number of components. For each

component the corresponding ratio must be specified. The liquid
density of the fuel is required for the volume based option only.

User Database If the species list contains species names that are not available in the
internal database the solver will stop with an error message. However,
by activating this option an external database file can be specified.
The file can contain an arbitrary number of data-sets. BOOST expects
the User Database in the following format:
User Thermodynamics Property Database

THERMO
300.000 1000.000 5000.000
O L 1/90O 1 G 200.000 3500.000 1000.000 1
2.56942078E+00-8.59741137E-05 4.19484589E-08-1.00177799E-11 1.22833691E-15 2
2.92175791E+04 4.78433864E+00 3.16826710E+00-3.27931884E-03 6.64306396E-06 3
-6.12806624E-09 2.11265971E-12 2.91222592E+04 2.05193346E+00 6.72540300E+03 4
O2 TPIS89O 2 G 200.000 3500.000 1000.000 1
3.28253784E+00 1.48308754E-03-7.57966669E-07 2.09470555E-10-2.16717794E-14 2
-1.08845772E+03 5.45323129E+00 3.78245636E+00-2.99673416E-03 9.84730201E-06 3
-9.68129509E-09 3.24372837E-12-1.06394356E+03 3.65767573E+00 8.68010400E+03 4
H L 7/88H 1 G 200.000 3500.000 1000.000 1
2.50000001E+00-2.30842973E-11 1.61561948E-14-4.73515235E-18 4.98197357E-22 2
…

In addition to the fourteen fit coefficients (lines 2, 3 and 4) it also contains the species’
name, its elemental composition, its electronic charge and an indication of its phase. The
following table provides the exact input specification.

Table 1: Format for Thermodynamic Data

Card Contents Format Card

number Column

1 Species Name (must start in Column 1) 18A1 1 to 18

Date (not used in the code) 6A1 19 to 24
Atomic symbols and formula 4(2A1,I3) 25 to 44
Phase of species (S, L, or G for solid, liquid or gas) A1 45
Low temperature E10.0 46 to 55
High temperature E10.0 56 to 65
Common temperature (if needed) E8.0 66 to 73
Atomic symbols and formula (if needed) 1A1, I3 74 to 78
The integer “1” I1 80
2 Coefficients a1-a5 for upper temperature interval 5(E15.0) 1 to 75
The integer “2” I1 80

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3 Coefficients a6 and a7 for upper temperature interval 5(E15.0) 1 to 75

and a1-a3 for the lower

The integer “3” I1 80

4 Coefficients a4-a7 for lower temperature interval 5(E15.0) 1 to 60
The integer “4” I1 80

Initialization
The Initialization window (definition of sets of Pressure, Temperature, Fuel Vapor,
Combustion Products and A/F ratio) and the Initialization Mass Fractions window are
available. Here sets of Pressure, Temperature and Mass Fractions for each species can be
defined. These sets can then be used for the specification of boundary and initial values in
the respective elements.

Ratio For the characterization of Combustion Products one of the following

types can be selected:

A/F-Ratio
Air Equivalence Ratio
Excess Air Ratio

2.3.1.2.3. Convergence Control

A convergence control can be performed, where either a convergence flag is set or the
calculation stops, if a prescribed convergence criterion is fulfilled. The convergence
criterion is that the variation of the cycle averaged values ("transients") of some parameters
in BOOST elements over the last three consecutive cycles is less than a prescribed
threshold.
Select Convergence Control in the Cycle Simulation window (Figure 2-7), then select the
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Convergence Control sub-group in the tree to open the following window.

Figure 2-10: Simulation Control – Convergence Control Window

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Finish Select either the calculation should Finish or a Flag for external
applications should be available after achieving the Convergence
Flag
Criterion.

The controlled elements, parameters and the corresponding threshold values can be
specified.

The convergence criterion is that the variation of the cycle averaged values (transients) of
some parameters in BOOST elements over the last three consecutive cycles is less than a
prescribed threshold.
The following elements and variables can be used for convergence control:
1. Cylinder:
• IMEP
2. Measuring point:
• Convergence (combination of pressure, velocity and temperature)
3. Turbocharger:
• Rotational speed
• Turbine discharge coefficient
• Turbine-to-total massflow
• Turbine work
• Compressor work
• Compressor pressure ratio
• Boost pressure
4. Turbo Compressor:
• Compressor work
• Compressor pressure ratio
• Boost pressure
5. Positive Displacement Compressor:
• Compressor work
• Compressor pressure ratio
• Boost pressure
6. Plenum:
• Pressure
• Temperature
• Mass
7. Microphone:
• Overall linear sound pressure level
• Overall ‘A’ weighted sound pressure level
For each selected variable the threshold value has to be specified.

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2.3.1.2.4. Restart Control

Select Restart Control to open the following window.

Figure 2-11: Simulation Control – Restart Control Window

Restart
Restart An already completed calculation can be continued:
Simulation
• Yes
The new calculation starts with initial conditions taken from a
restart file; for a single calculation the maximum calculation
period is the sum of the calculation period of the initial
calculation and that of the restarted calculation.

• No
The new calculation starts with the initial values specified in
the model.

Use Most Recent In the case of a restart, the program checks for the most recent file
Restart File and takes the stored conditions for the initialization. The same
directory as the input file is checked first and then the parent directory
of the input file (one level up) for each restart file. This allows
individual cases to be restarted from other cases provided it cannot
find both restart files in its own case directory. Note that the restart file
for a case is copied to the parent directory on completion of that case.
If neither .rs0 nor.rs1 exist, the program run will be interrupted with
an error message.

Restart/Backup An individual Restart or backup file can be selected for the initial
File conditions of a restart calculation.

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Time Reset Select Time Reset to avoid long transient output. In a restart, this
causes only the transient results from the restart on to be written to the
.bst-file. The transient results will be lost from the calculation where
the restart file was obtained.
If Time Reset is deselected, the complete history will be stored on the
.bst-file and can be analyzed using the transient analysis feature of
the BOOST post-processor.
Restart
Save Restart File This option forces the saving of a restart file at the end of the
at End of simulation.
Simulation

Restart File None

Saving Interval
No restart file is saved
Specific Interval
This can be selected in order to save restart data at regular
crank angle intervals.
Every Simulation Step
A restart file is saved every simulation time-step (this option is
very run-time consuming)

Cyclic
A restart file is saved at every cycle end event.
The restart files have same name as the model with the extension
.rs0 and .rs1. The first restart file is written to .rs0 and the second
to .rs1. The third restart file is written to .rs0, thus only the
penultimate and last restart files exist.

Saving Interval If Specific Interval is selected, enter the desired saving interval.
Backup File
Saving Interval Backup files are not recursively overwritten but stored with a filename
extension corresponding to their individual crank-angle.

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2.3.1.2.5. Output Control

Select Output Control to open the following window.

Figure 2-12: Simulation Control – Output Control Window

Animation Special output for the animated display of the results with the BOOST
post-processor is provided for last calculated cycle.
Traces
Traced Cycles This option allows to extend the number of cycles for which traces are
available.
Recorded Range

Acoustic Cycles This option allows to extend the underlying period for post-processing
Acoustic results are available.
Recorded Range

Saving Interval Input for the Increment for which the Traces results should be output.

Reference Ambient Conditions

Pressure The reference conditions (pressure and temperature) are required in
order to calculate specific engine performance data such as delivery
Temperature
ratio, volumetric efficiency etc. related to ambient conditions. It is the
user's responsibility to ensure that these conditions match the
conditions at the system boundary from which the engine aspirates its
air. Otherwise, the results might be misleading.

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2.3.1.2.6. FIRE/CFD Link Control

Number of If a BOOST-FIRE simulation is performed this data has to be
BOOST-only specified. During the number of "Boost only cycles" the BOOST-
cycles / simulation is performed using the shadow network as 1D-
approximation of the 3D FIRE domain. During the number of "Fire only
Number of
cycles" the FIRE-simulation is performed applying fixed boundary
FIRE/CFD-only
conditions generated during the last cycle of the "Boost only"
cycles
simulation. The third step is the coupled simulation, where the BOOST
and FIRE calculations are performed simultaneously and full data
exchange FIRE -> BOOST and BOOST -> FIRE appears. The
calculation in the BOOST shadow network also is performed. A data
exchange from the coupled BOOST-FIRE-simulation to the shadow
network appears, but does not appear in the other direction.
Please refer to the BOOST-FIRE 1D-3D Coupling Manual for further
information.

2.3.1.3. User Defined Parameters

This can be used in order to supply the boost calculation kernel with additional input
information. Therefore a Parameter Key and a corresponding Value has to be specified. For
more information about this feature please contact [email protected].
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2.3.2. Volumetric Efficiency

The BOOST pre-processor allows a plenum or a measuring point to be specified as a
reference location for the calculation of the air delivery ratio and the volumetric efficiency
related to intake manifold conditions.
Select Simulation⏐Volumetric Efficiency and then select the desired element with the left
mouse button to display the relevant information. Select OK to complete the selection
process.

2.3.3. Test Bed Conditions

Displays and sets the test bed reference elements (Measuring Points only) labeled according
to the document “AVL Standard Sensor Locations Engine Test Bed”:
R 11: Downstream Engine Intake Air Filter
R 21: Downstream Compressor

R 2_1: Downstream Intercooler

R 31: Engine Out Exhaust
R 41: Engine Out Exhaust downstream Turbine
Related Simulation Pressures and Temperatures (type and unit according to the
mentioned document above) are displayed in the Transients Results of the Test Bed
Element.

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2.3.4. Creation of Series Results

Select Simulation⏐Create Series Results and then select Cycle Simulation.
In the first column of the table you can select whether you want series-results created for
each of the case-sets. Series-results can only be created for case-sets with one or more
parameters assigned through case-explorer. In the Main Parameter column you can select
main-parameter for each case-set. The State column indicates the state of creation process
for each case-set. Creation process is started by pressing Run-Creation button.
When calculating series results via Simulation | Run | Creation of Series Results BOOST
always creates series results versus the left-most parameter of the first parameter group in
the case explorer. The same behavior is valid for optimizations e.g. via the Design Explorer.
Description of states:
New - always set when the dialog is opened
Started - creation of results has started
Done - creation process finished successfully

Failed - creation process failed

The creation process can fail for a number of reasons, the most common being that the
simulation has not been run for some or all of the cases in the case-set.

Starting from a single case model, it is possible to create a case series calculation. This
allows parameters to be assigned for a set of cases so that a series of operating points or
engine variants can be calculated at one time.
Refer to section 2.5.3 of the GUI Users Guide for a detailed description of the Case
Explorer. Also refer to the BOOST case series calculation (ottoser.bwf – Examples
Manual) for details.

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2.4. Utilities

2.4.1. BURN
The BURN utility can be used for combustion analysis, which is the inverse process of the
combustion calculation performed in the BOOST cylinder. That is, the rate of heat release
(ROHR) can be obtained from measured cylinder pressure traces. The resulting ROHR can be
used to specify the combustion characteristics of a single zone or two zone model.
For the analysis, general data is necessary about the type of engine and fuel, geometry data
for the cylinder and data describing the operating point. After the analysis the results can
be examined, especially the calculated rate of heat release (ROHR).

Select BURN from the Utilities menu to open the following window.

Figure 2-13: Burn - Global Window

The following buttons are available:

Load Data Loads predefined data from the required directory.

Save Data Saves the current data with a different file name.

Calculate Starts the calculation. A window appears in which the customer can
check the operating points.

Results Opens the IMPRESS Chart post-processor which can be used to

examine and plot the simulation results.

Messages Opens the Message browser and displays the messages generated
by the solver during the simulation (refer to Chapter 5).
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Summary Opens the ASCII browser and displays the summary values from the
simulation (refer to Chapter 5).
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Copy Data from Select the required cylinder from the pull-down menu and then select
'Globals' and...... Copy. This allows existing data specified for a cylinder in the model to
Copy be used for the combustion analysis.

Alternatively while inputting the cylinder data for a BOOST model, select Table under the
Combustion sub-group. In this case the resulting ROHR can be accepted immediately
after calculation.

2.4.1.1. Globals
The global data shown in Figure 2-13 is described under section 2.3.
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Analysis: Select either 1 zone or 2 zone (burned and unburned) for the number of zones
considered in the combustion analysis.

2.4.1.2. Cylinder
The cylinder specifications are the same as those necessary for the BOOST cylinder.

Number of The total number of cylinders in the engine. This is used to calculate
Cylinders the mass flows to each individual cylinder by dividing the air and fuel
mass flows by this number.

Bore, Stroke, Main geometry data of the cylinder.

Compression
Ratio, Conrod
Length

Piston Pin Offset The direction of positive Piston Pin Offset is defined as the direction
of the rotation of the crankshaft at TDC.

Effective Blow By For the consideration of blow-by from the cylinder, an equivalent
Gap, Mean Crank Effective Blow-By Gap has to be specified, as well as the Average
Case Pressure Crankcase Pressure. The actual blow-by mass flow is calculated
from the conditions in the cylinder, the pressure in the crankcase and
the effective flow area calculated from the circumference of the
cylinder and the effective blow-by gap.

User Defined If the piston motion and volume changes cannot be derived from the
Piston Motion main cylinder geometry data, the piston position can be defined as a
Table depending on crank angle, by selecting User Defined Piston
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Motion, input fields under Piston Motion.

Only the relative position must be specified, a value of 0 meaning
piston at TDC, a value of 1 meaning piston at BDC.

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In Cylinder For direct injection engines the rate of evaporation can be defined.
Evaporation The Rate of Evaporation defines the addition of fuel vapor to the
cylinder charge. The specified curve is normalized, so that the area
beneath the curve is equal to one. The actual amount of fuel added is
either defined directly or by the target A/F-Ratio.
The latent heat of evaporation of the fuel (Evaporation Heat) is
defined independent of the main fuel definition.
The Heat from Wall specifies the fraction of the evaporation energy
taken from the wall as opposed to the gas. An input value of 1 means
that all the fuel evaporates on the wall and the in cylinder evaporation
will have no affect on the gas mixture in the cylinder. An input value of
0 means the fuel evaporates in the gas mixture in the cylinder.

2.4.1.3. Heat Transfer

Four different models are available for modeling the Heat Transfer in the Cylinder:
• Woschni 1978
• Woschni 1990
• Hohenberg
• AVL 2000
The extension of the Woschni model by Lorenz is not available, because engines with
prechamber are not considered for the combustion analysis.
For the wall heat transfer the surfaces of Piston, Cylinder Head and Liner must be
specified. The variation of the wetted liner surface is considered automatically, only the
surface with piston at TDC must be input. With the Calibration Factor the wall heat
transfer calculated from the specific model may be increased or decreased. The factors may
also be specified as tables accessible in the specific substructures.

Layer Discretization is available for the Liner wall heat transfer.

The wall temperatures are specified in the following section.

2.4.1.4. Operation Point

It is possible to perform the analysis for more than one operating point with a single
procedure. Therefore two types of input data are available:
• Data independent of the operating point, e.g. cylinder geometry, mixture
preparation and fuel type. The number of combustion analysis zones can be set
to single zone analysis (1 Zone) or two zone analysis (2 Zone: burned and
unburned) using the Analysis option.
Global and Cylinder data is independent of the operating point. If a BOOST
model is loaded or the BURN tool is applied while specifying the combustion
data for a BOOST model, this data can be copied from a BOOST model by
selecting a cylinder from the pull-down menu and then selecting Copy (as
shown in Figure 2-13). Additional operating point data can be loaded for the
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first operating point to be calculated. The necessary global and cylinder data
corresponds to the data required for the preparation of a BOOST model.

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• Data describing the operating point, e.g. engine speed, wall temperatures, valve
timing and mass flows.
Select the Operation Point sub-group folder to add or remove operating points
by using Insert Row and Operating Point and Remove Row and Operating
Point. The values for engine speed and load cannot be specified directly in the
table but after specifying data each operating point, the table can be used to
examine these values.
Select the required Operating Point, e.g. OP(1) and specify the following:

Figure 2-14: Burn - Operating Point Window

Engine Speed / Engine Speed and measured Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP). Load
BMEP as BMEP. The load does not influence the results and is used only to
describe the operating point.

Start of High Crankangle for the start of the high pressure phase. Should be set to
Pressure Intake Valve Closing (IVC). This defines the starting crankangle for the
combustion analysis calculation.

End of High Crankangle for the end of the high pressure phase. Should be set to
Pressure Exhaust Valve Opening (EVO). This defines the end crankangle for
the combustion analysis calculation.

Air Massflow / Fuel Specify for the whole engine. The value for a single cylinder is
Massflow determined by dividing these numbers by the number of cylinders in
the engine, assuming an even distribution to the cylinders.

Trapping If the assumption of even distribution is not valid Trapping Efficiency

Efficiency Air / Air and Trapping Efficiency Fuel also can be used to consider such
Trapping an effect.
Efficiency Fuel

Wall Temperature Wall Temperature must be defined for piston, head and liner in the
same way as it is done for BOOST.

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1. Pressure Trace
Select the Pressure Trace sub-group and specify the required data or read it in as a
table. The pressure traces are required over a whole cycle. For a four stroke example
that is from 0 to 720 (inclusive) i.e. the data at 0 deg and 720 deg should be defined.

Figure 2-15: Burn - Pressure Trace Window

2. Fitting
In order to compensate for noise, errors or inaccuracies in the measured cylinder
pressure curve, filtering and four fitting adaptations are available to adjust the
measured pressure curve. The resulting adapted pressure curve is then used for the
combustion analysis. The compression ratio and pressure at IVC fitting alter the target
pressure curve of the adaptation. TDC Offset and Pressure Offset change the
measured cylinder pressure curve to get an adapted pressure curve. The measured
pressure curve can be adjusted up and down for pressure and left or right for
crankangle. In both cases any adjustment made is the same across the entire range of
the defined measured curve. The fitting adaptations are also intended for small
adjustments to the measured curve and are not suitable for large pressure or
crankangle offsets.

Select the Fitting sub-group to open the following window:

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Figure 2-16: Burn - Fitting Data Window

Filter The filtering of the pressure curve is done first and separately from the
other adaptations. A low pass FIR filter is applied to the input
measured cylinder pressure. The cut off frequency for the filtering is
calculated by multiplying the input smoothing coefficient by the engine
speed. For the Smoothing Coefficient, select Manual from the pull-
down menu to specify a value or select Automatic to set the
smoothing coefficient to 1.5.

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Figure 2-17: Pressure Curve - Measured & Filtered

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Adjust Cylinder The fitting adaptations are performed by comparing the input
Pressure Curve measured cylinder pressure curve and a simulated compression curve
between start of high pressure (SHP) and the start of combustion
(SOC). This is shown with the thick line in Figure 2-18. SHP and SOC
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(Ignition Timing/Start of Injection) are input directly in the Operating

Point window, see Figure 2-14.
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From the Pressure Offset and TDC Offset pull-down menus, select
Manual to specify a value which will be applied directly for any
adaptations or Automatic to perform the fitting process automatically.
The Automatic setting will allow adjustment of the parameter based
on a fitting algorithm. The four fitting adaptations are nested, so if all
four are set to Automatic the fitting process can take some time. The
None option turns off the process.
The target of the adaptation is always to minimize the differences
between the measured pressure curve and the simulated compression
curve between start of high pressure (SHP) and start of combustion
(SOC).

Figure 2-18: Fitting Target

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Figure 2-19: Fitting - End of Adaptation Range

Pressure Offset The cylinder pressure offset compares the simulated compression
curve between SHP and SOC to the input measured pressure. To
calculate the simulated compression curve between SHP and SOC
the pressure at SHP (=IVC) must be given.

This option must be enabled to permit a pressure adjustment to the

measured curve. Any cylinder pressure offset is applied equally
across the entire measured range.

Figure 2-20: Adjust Cylinder Pressure Curve - Pressure Offset

TDC Offset This option must be enabled to permit a crankangle adjustment to the
measured curve. Any TDC Shift set for the measured curve is applied
across the entire measured range.

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Figure 2-21: Adjust Cylinder Pressure Curve - TDC Offset

Drift The drift compensation algorithm is a simplified method to correct a

Compensation cyclic temperature drift (short term drift also known as thermoshock) of
the cylinder pressure transducer. The cyclic temperature drift acts
over a large crank angle range and tends to over predict the actual
cylinder pressure, particularly just after firing top dead centre (FTDC).
The effect then reduces for the remainder of the cycle. Characteristic
values to describe temperature drift are determined firstly by cyclic
heating under atmospheric condition of the transducer in a special
tester and secondly in real engine operation by comparative
measurement with a highly accurate reference transducer [G2]. The
effect of drift will be seen most clearly in the predicted mass fraction
burn curve (integral of heat release) of the combustion analysis. This
will show a slowly increasing mass burned fraction after the end of
combustion rather than a flat level line. Drift compensation corrects
the cylinder pressure curve after FTDC proportionally, so that at a
specified point the specified pressure difference is correct. The drift
correction will be greatest at the specified crankangle point and zero
at Firing TDC (0 deg CA) and gas exchange TDC (360 deg CA). A
positive drift is when the measurement is too large and needs to be
reduced at the specified point.
In the following example a drift compensation of 1 bar is applied at 25
deg after TDC.

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Figure 2-22: Drift Compensation

Motored Pressure The simulated compression curve is first calculated by determining the
Curve = Target for initial pressure at IVC and then performing the adaptation. The
Fitting adaptations are nested with the compression ratio at the top level
followed by the pressure at IVC, the TDC offset and finally the
pressure offset at the deepest level.

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Initial Pressure @ IVC

Compression Ratio

Pressure @ IVC

TDC Offset

Pressure Offset

The initial pressure at IVC is estimated by

• Determining the mass at IVC from the air and fuel flow rates, trapping efficiencies
and residual gas content
• Determining the density from the volume and mass at IVC
• Determining the gas properties from estimated pressure and temperature

Pressure at IVC The pressure at IVC is used to set initial conditions for the
determination of the simulated compression curve. Like the
compression ratio option, by itself this option will have no effect on the
adapted pressure curve. This is because it will only change the target
(simulated compression curve) of the adaptation but without TDC
Offset or Pressure Offset no adaptation will be made. If the
adaptation for Pressure at IVC is None then this pressure will be read
directly from the pressure curve at SHP.

Figure 2-23: Pressure at IVC Adaptation

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Compression Ratio The compression ratio used to calculate the simulated compression
curve is adjusted with this option. The pressure at IVC used to
determine the simulated compression curve is fixed unless the
Pressure at IVC option is activated.

Figure 2-24: Compression Ratio Adaptation

Compression Ratio If both the compression ratio and pressure at IVC options are used
and Pressure at then the simulated compression curve has two degrees of freedom.
IVC

Figure 2-25: Compression Ratio and Pressure at IVC Adaptation

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End of Adaptation Crankangle at which the adaptation range finishes. The adaptation is
Range performed by comparing the two pressure curves between the start of
high pressure and this value. The target curve is a motored
compression curve so the adaptation range should end before the
start of combustion.

) Note: Choosing all three types of fitting may increase calculation time for
one operating point.

Wall Heat Transfer When activated repeated calculations (max 5) are performed where
Calibration the wall heat transfer calibration factors are adjusted with the target of
getting an energy balance of 1.0. All wall heat factors (head, liner and
piston) are adjusted by the same amount. This includes table input
where each value in the table is adjusted by the same %. Adjustment
is calculated as follows:
Δ% for calibration factors = (1 - Energy Balance) * fuel energy / wall
heat energy
Where,

Energy Balance = released energy / fuel energy

Note: Wall heat transfer calibration should be used with caution as it

) could calibrate for other differences apart from wall heat transfer. It is
intended for fine tuning of already calibrated models.

2.4.1.5. Run the Calculation

After specifying the data select Save Data and save it as an input file. This can be used for
later examination by selecting Load Data.
Select Calculate to start the calculation. A window appears in which the user can check
the operating points. Then select Run Calculation(s) to perform the calculation of all
operating points.

2.4.1.6. Results
The basic results for each operating point can be examined under the Results sub-group.
The results of the fitting procedures are shown and the energy balance confirms the
validity of the analysis.
Fitted Values: The results of the fitting (adaptation) process on the measured pressure
curve and the Energy Balance from the calculation. Energy Balance is defined as the ratio
between the energy set free through combustion and lost to the exhaust divided by the
energy brought in by the trapped fuel. A valid analysis should show an energy balance
value less than but close to 1.

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Vibe Values: Following a calculation a vibe curve is fitted to the rate of heat release. These
are the calculated vibe parameters (start, duration and m parameter) as well as the mass
fraction burn points from the vibe fit curve.
Combustion Values: Crankangles from the calculated mass burned fraction curve
corresponding to different burn percentages are shown.
In the ROHR sub-group, the resulting rate of heat release is shown. In addition to the heat
release, the net heat release (net ROHR) is also shown, which does not consider the wall
heat transfer.

Figure 2-26: Burn Results - ROHR

In the Mass Fraction Burned sub-group, the cumulative mass fraction burned that has
been calculated is displayed.

Figure 2-27: Burn Results - Mass Fraction Burned

In the Calculated Pressure Trace sub-group, the pressure traces after fitting and filtering
are shown.

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Figure 2-28: Burn Results - Calculated Pressure Trace

If the analysis is started from modeling an engine with BOOST, the user is asked to accept
the resulting ROHR for one of the operating points and the resulting ROHR is used as
input data for the table.

2.4.1.7. Post-processing

Select to open IMPRESS Chart and load the combustion analysis results
data as shown in the following figure.

Figure 2-29: Burn Post-processing

The Messages and Summary buttons can also be used to display these results in a similar
manner following a standard BOOST cycle simulation calculation.

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2.4.2. Search
The Search utility can be used to displays tables of the input data used in the model. These
can be saved in HTML format. The current search options are:
• Initialization data =ALL=
• Initialization data =PIPES=
• Geometry of and initial conditions in the Pipes
• Geometry and Comments of Pipes
• Volumes

• Volumes and Comments

• Flow coefficients =RESTRICTIONS=
• Vibe

Figure 2-30: Search Utility Displaying Initialization Data for Pipes

2.4.3. License Manager

The License Manager dialog shows the active license configuration, i.e. the status of each
license used by Boost. If necessary, the license configuration can be changed by
enabling/disabling the appropriate check-box and will then be active at the next Boost
startup. There are restrictions regarding license requirements, for example, a license
cannot be disabled if it is required by an enabled license and vice versa. If all licenses are
disabled, Boost will be in demonstration mode at the next startup. All features will be
available except Save and Run Simulation.
Select Utilities|License Manager to open the following window:

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Figure 2-31: License Manager Window

The active configuration is shown on the left with the different license options:

License is available and not checked out.

License is available and checked out.
License is not available.

For a new configuration, select the required license and then restart BOOST.

2.4.4. Pack Model

This creates a compressed tape archive of all files related to the current active model. These
include input data, results, model layout, simulation messages and system information. On
success, a message box will be displayed showing the path and name of the created file. The
base name of the created file will match the current active model and will have the
extension .tar.gz.
This utility can be used for sending models to the BOOST support team to check problems
or errors.

2.4.5. Export GCA Parameters

The basis of the required input data for GCA can be exported from a BOOST model using
Utilities | Export GCA Parameters.
Select the cylinder from which to export the data and also the path and filename for the
GCA parameter file name (.gpa) to be created.

Figure 2-32: Export GCA Parameters Utility

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This file can then be opened in Concerto (or IndiCom) via the GCA/Burn interface.

Figure 2-33: Opening GCA Parameter file (.gpa) in Concerto

It is important to check the imported data and set the correct links from the measured
IFILE before running the gas exchange and combustion analysis (see GCA Product Guide
for more information)
Assumptions

• Only the cylinder data itself is exported exactly. The attached pipe geometry
needs to be manually set. This is especially true for tapered pipes attached to
the cylinder.
• GCA only supports one dependency for a set of valve flow coefficients, so
these are assumed to all be the same as the first (if there are multiple)
• Downstream ends of intake pipes are connected to the cylinder
• Upstream ends of exhaust pipes are connected to the cylinder

2.4.6. Export Pressure Curves

Select Utilities|Export Pressure Curves to run this export function. For each operating
point the export of the pressure curves for all cylinders is done. After running this feature
AVL-EXCITE can import that data.
In order to create the export for EXCITE, the model should be set up in a way which allows
the calculation for different load signals for a set of speed points. This can be reached by
models containing an Engine Control Unit.

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The Engine Control Unit must be set to the control mode "Load Signal". For the load signal
a parameter should be defined which can be set in the case explorer afterwards. The name
of the parameter is not restricted. Refer to the Engine Control Unit window in Figure 2-34.
406H

In the Globals the engine speed should also be defined as a parameter.

The calculations should be set up in a predefined schema to allow the export component the
data access. Here are the rules for the case and case set definition:
• Each case set represents one load signal
• Each case of a case set represents a speed corresponding to the load signal of
the current case set
• The case set definition should be identical in relation to the speed points Æ all
case sets should contain the same speeds (case order should also be the same)

2.4.7. Export Flowmaster 4D Map

This feature allows the export of a map which can be loaded into the FLOWMASTER
Element "AVL BOOST Engine". Flowmaster Element:

The map consists of three independent variables "Speed", "Load" and "Temperature", and
one dependent variable "rejected heat". The feature can be launched from the menu
Utilities|Export Flowmaster 4D-Map.
To export a 4D-map, the model should be set up in a way which allows the calculation for
different load signals for a set of speed points and depending on a reference temperature.
This can be reached by models containing an Engine Control Unit.

The Engine Control Unit must be set to the control mode "Load Signal". For the load signal
a parameter should be defined which can be set in the case explorer afterwards. The name
of the parameter is not restricted.

Figure 2-34: ECU - General Window

In the Globals, the engine speed should also be defined as a parameter.

And finally a temperature parameter should be defined in the cylinder. Currently it is
necessary to define one of the following 3 input data as a workspace parameter:
• Cylinder - Heat Transfer - Piston - Wall Temperature

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• Cylinder - Heat Transfer - Cylinder Head - Wall Temperature

• Cylinder - Heat Transfer - Variable Wall Temperature - Coolant Temperature
The calculations should be set up in a predefined schema to allow the export component the
data access. Here are the rules for the case and case set definition:
• Each case set represents one load signal at one temperature
• Each case of a case set represents a speed corresponding to the load signal at one
temperature of the current case set
• The case set definition must be identical in relation to the speed points Æ all case
sets should contain the same speeds
Select Utilities|Export Flowmaster 4D-Map to open the following window:

Figure 2-35: Export Flowmaster 4D Map Window

The only setting which is necessary for the export is the definition of the temperature
which will be one independent variable of the exported map.

2.4.8. Calculation List

Figure 2-36: Calculation List Window

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3. DESIGN A BOOST CALCULATION

MODEL
To create a calculation model, double-click the required element in the Element tree with
the left mouse button. In the working area move the displayed element to the desired
location with the left mouse button.
The positioning of the elements in the working area is assisted by a grid. The spacing of
the grid points and the total size of the working area may be adjusted by selecting File |
Page Setup. If a symbol must be positioned between grid points, snapping to the grid can
be suppressed by pressing the shift key together with the left mouse button.
It is recommended to locate all required elements in the working area and then connect
them with the pipes. Finally the measuring points should be located in the pipes. The
elements are numbered automatically in the order which they were inserted.

3.1. Pipe Design

Select to insert a pipe. All possible points for a pipe attachment are indicated by small
circles. Triangles are displayed for cylinders, air cleaners, catalysts and coolers to represent
intake and exhaust connections. Select the desired circle (or triangle) with the left mouse
button to attach the pipe to the element.
Define the shape of the pipe by placing as many reference points in the working area as
required with the left mouse button. The last of the series of points must be located at a
possible pipe attachment and then click the right mouse button to complete the connection.
The appearance of a pipe may be modified by selecting it with the mouse and then selecting
. The pipe defined points become visible and can be moved with the left mouse button.
Additional points may be inserted by clicking the line between two reference points with
the left mouse button. The modification is finished by clicking the right mouse button.
Attachment points of pipes at a plenum, a variable plenum, an air cleaner, catalyst or air
cooler may be relocated by dragging the attachment point with the left mouse button. The
direction in which the pipe was designed is suggested as the direction of positive flow
(indicated by an arrow). The direction can be reversed by selecting .

3.2. Required Input Data

The following list is a summary of data required as input for a BOOST model.

Engine Data • bore, stroke, number of cylinders, con rod length

• numbering of cylinders, principle arrangement of manifolds
(diagram or sketch)
• compression ratio, firing order and firing intervals
• number of valves, inner valve seat diameters
• valve lift curves, cold valve clearances
• flow coefficients of the ports (incl. reference area), swirl number
(incl. definitions)

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Turbocharging • compressor and turbine maps including efficiencies,

System Data
• mass flow characteristic of waste-gate valve,
• intercooler size and hot effectiveness

Fuel Data • lower heating value, stoichiometric air-fuel ratio

Boundary • ambient pressure, ambient temperature

Conditions
• max. permissible charge air temperature
• pressure loss of air cleaner and intercooler
• pressure loss of exhaust system
• dimensions of engine compartment

Drawings • detailed drawings of the complete intake and exhaust system

• (including all receivers, mufflers, throttles and pipes)
• drawings of the cylinder head
• (including the port geometry, flange areas and valve positions)

Measurements • measured full load performance of the engine

• (BMEP, BSFC, air-fuel ratio, fuelling, air flow, volumetric
efficiency)
• mean pressures and temperatures in the intake and the
exhaust system
• (including location of the measuring points)
• combustion data, cylinder pressure traces

• friction measurement results (including definition of procedure)

For Transient • Inertia of engine and power consumption devices

Simulation
• Inertia of rotor assembly (TC)
• Inertia of supercharger reduced to drive shaft (mechanically
driven compressors)

3.3. Modeling
In principle, the following requirements must be met by the engine model:
1. The lengths in the piping system must be considered correctly.
2. The total volumes of the intake and exhaust systems must be correct.
As experience shows, major problems may occur when specifying the dimensions of pipes.
The length of a pipe is determined along the centerline and may be difficult to measure.
Also, the engine model should meet the requirement that both the lengths of the single
pipes and the total length (e.g. the distance between inlet orifice and intake valves of the
cylinder) are considered properly.
The modeling of steep cones or even steps in the diameter of a pipe by specifying a variable
diameter versus pipe length should be avoided. A flow restriction should be used instead.

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Figure 3-1: Modeling of Steep Cones

If the modeling of steep cones is necessary, the mass balance (i.e. the difference of the in-
flowing at out-flowing mass) of this pipe should be checked carefully by the user. In this
context it is important to mention that the plenum elements do not feature a length in the
sense of a distance which must be passed by a pressure wave. For this reason it is
sometimes difficult to decide on a correct modeling of a receiver; on one hand a plenum
could represent a convenient modeling approach while on the other a more detailed
modeling with several pipes and junctions could be required. The decision must be made
on the basis of the crank angle interval which pressure waves need to propagate
throughout the receiver. This means that for high engine speeds a detailed pipe junction
model is required, whereas for low engine speeds a plenum model may produce excellent
results.
The following figure illustrates both options for the example of the intake receiver of a four
cylinder engine with frontal air feed.

Figure 3-2: Modeling of an Intake Receiver

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The plenum model may predict equal air distribution whereas in reality this is often a
critical issue especially for long receivers with small cross sectional areas. For the latter,
the pipe junction model is preferred. The step in the cross sectional area at the inlet to the
intake receiver is modeled with a flow restriction. Ensure correct modeling of the length of
the intake runners (refer to Figure 7-13).
407H

Figure 3-3: Modeling of an Intake Receiver with Pipes and Junctions

The following figure shows three different models for an intake receiver of a four cylinder
engine:

Figure 3-4: Intake Receiver Models

The first model is a simple plenum model. The second is a pipe and junction model with
lateral inlet, and the third is a pipe and junction model with central inlet. The total
volume of the receiver was kept constant. Figure 3-5 shows the predicted volumetric
408H

efficiency and air distribution for the three models. The air distribution is expressed as the
difference between the maximum and minimum volumetric efficiency of an individual
cylinder related to the average volumetric efficiency.

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Figure 3-5: Influence of Intake Receiver Modeling on Volumetric Efficiency and Air
Distribution

The predicted overall volumetric efficiency is similar for all three models, except for shifts
in the resonance speeds. As the plenum model does not account for pressure waves in the
intake receiver, equal volumetric efficiencies are calculated for all cylinders. The lateral
air feed proves to be most critical with respect to air distribution especially at higher
engine speeds.
Modeling of the ports deserves special attention, especially modeling of the exhaust ports.
The flow coefficients are measured in an arrangement similar to the following figure:

Figure 3-6: Exhaust Port Modeling

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The measured mass flow rate is related to the isentropic mass flow rate calculated with the
valve area and the pressure difference across the port. The model shown on the bottom
left of the above figure would produce mass flow rates which are too high (too low in the
case of a nozzle shaped exhaust port), because the diffuser modeled causes a pressure
recovery increasing the pressure difference at the entry of the pipe modeling the port. The
mass flow rate is calculated with the increased pressure difference and the valve area, and
is therefore greater than the measured one. This problem can be overcome either by a
correction of the flow coefficients or by switching to a model as shown on the bottom right
of the above figure. Due to modeling the pipe as a straight diameter pipe with flange area,
there is no pressure recovery. However, the flow coefficients need to be corrected by the
ratio of the different areas. This can be done easily by the scaling factor.
For modeling a multi-valve engine two options are available:
1. A pipe is connected to each valve (refer to Figure 3-7, left side):
409H

The branched part of the intake and exhaust port is modeled by two pipes and
a junction. For this junction, the refined model should be used exclusively, as
the constant pressure model causes very high pressure losses. This modeling is
required only if the two valves feature different valve timings, the geometry of
the runner attached to each valve is different or a valve deactivation systems is
used.
2. All intake and all exhaust valves are modeled by one pipe attachment (refer to
Figure 3-7, right side):
410H

The number of valves is taken into account by specifying the flow coefficients
and scaling factor in such a way that the total effective flow area of all
considered valves is obtained. This modeling is preferred as it requires fewer
elements and is therefore less complicated and more efficient.

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Figure 3-7: Modeling Multi-Valve Engines

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4. ELEMENTS
Once the engine model is designed, the input data for each element must be specified.

4.1. General Information

4.1.1. Data Input Window

Double click the required element in the Element tree to display it in the working area.
Select the displayed element with the right mouse button and select Properties from the
submenu to open the relevant data input window. The following window relates to the
general data of the pipe.

Figure 4-1: Data Input Window

Data input windows are available for sub-groups displayed in the tree shown in the above
figure by clicking on the required sub-group with the left mouse button.
New or existing parameters can be inserted in the input fields by clicking on the label to
the left of the field with the right mouse button and selecting the required option from the
submenu. Refer to section 2.2.1 for further information.
41H

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While inputting data, the following options are available:

Apply: The specified data is saved when the error check is valid. The sub-group
icon turns green.
Accept: The specified data is saved but no error check is executed and/or
insufficient data is accepted by the user after a warning dialog. The sub-
group icon turns yellow.
Reset: Returns to the previous applied settings.
Revert: Returns to the default settings.

Help: Online help is available.

OK: Confirms data input completion and exits the element.
Cancel: Modified data input is not saved. This also exits the element.

If all required data for the element is applied and/or accepted, the red exclamation point
disappears, indicating that the input process for that element is completed.
If any input data is missing after selecting apply or accept, a window appears with a list of
the missing data and a red exclamation point is displayed on the element. However, the
user should be aware that incomplete or incorrect data usually renders a calculation of the
data set impossible.
After confirming the element input data, the calculation model must be stored in a file
with the extension .BWF by selecting File⏐Save as.

4.1.1.1. Sub-group Icons

The Sub-group icons inform the user as to their status as follows:

Green Sub-group Icon: Valid data has been specified.

White Sub-group Icon: Data has not yet been specified.
Grey Sub-group Icon: Disabled.
Red Sub-group Icon: Insufficient data.
Yellow Sub-group Icon: Insufficient data has been accepted by the user.
Select a Sub-group icon with the right mouse button to access the following options:

Expand or displays all available items in a folder.

Collapse or closes a folder.
Show All displays the complete list of items in the tree.
Show Enabled Only displays the available green and white sub-group icons.
Show Invalid Only displays the gray sub-group icons.

4.1.2. Table Window

Depending on the selected sub-group, the user can enter a constant value or a list of values
where the Table icon is displayed. The Table window represents a standard window
used throughout the program to specify values dependent on a certain parameter.
As shown in Figure 4-2, select the Table icon
412H and select Table from the submenu. Then
select the Table button which appears on the input field to open the following window.

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Figure 4-2: Table Window

Select Insert Row to add a line and enter the relevant values. Select Remove Row to delete
a selected line.

New or existing parameters can be inserted in the table by clicking on the active field with
the right mouse button and selecting the required option from the submenu. Refer to
section 2.2.1 for further information.
413H

Large data arrays can be read from an external file by selecting Load. If the data has been
specified in the pre-processor, it may be saved in an external file by selecting Store. These
files have the default extension .dat. It is ASCII format with one pair of data in each
record. The values are separated by one or more blanks. No heading lines are allowed.
If data is defined versus time, the total time interval for which the values are specified may
be less than, equal to or greater than the cycle duration. If the time interval is shorter
than the specified maximum calculation period, BOOST treats the specified function as a
periodic function.

Note: A data point at 0 degrees and 360 degrees or 720 degrees is

) needed to obtain a period of 360 or 720 degrees for the specified function.

0 degree crank angle corresponds to the Firing Top Dead Center (TDC) of
cylinder 1 (or the selected cylinder at the cylinder input).

The data entered in the table is plotted in the graph as shown in Figure 4-2. The axes and
41H

legend of the graph can be manipulated as desired. Click with the left mouse button, then
click the right mouse button and select the required option from the following context
menu.

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Figure 4-3: Graph Context Menu

4.1.3. Initialization
The initial or boundary conditions can be defined with either Local Initialization or Global
Initialization. In the case of Global Initialization the parameters are taken from one of the
predefined sets that can be selected with the Preference drop down menu.
Predefined initialization sets can be defined in the Globals section (See Simulation-
>Control->Initialization sub tree item).

Preference
For Global Initialization all the parameters are taken from the selected predefined set, no
other input is required. For Local Initialization this is optional but if selected can be used
as a starting point for the required parameters. These can then be set individually be
editing the appropriate number.

Pressure ... Initial/Boundary gas pressure

Gas Temperature ... Initial/Boundary gas temperature.
Fuel Vapor ... Initial/Boundary fuel vapor fraction.
Combustion Products … Initial/Boundary combustion product fraction.
Ratio Type ... Defines the units (or type) for the Ratio Value
It can be either:
A/F - Ratio : (Air Fuel Ratio)
Air Equivalence Ratio
Excess Air Ratio
Ratio Value ... Initial/Boundary value which determines the burned fuel
fraction in the combustion products.

For initialization of pipes the values can be given as function of pipe location while the
Boundary Conditions (System/Internal Boundary) can be specified as function of time.

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4.1.4. Flow Coefficients

The following table may be used to determine flow coefficients for well manufactured pipe
attachments. Values between the specified points can be obtained by linear interpolation.

Table 4-1: Flow Coefficients – Standard Values

Relative Edge Relative Inlet Radius

Distance 0.0 .02 .06 .12 .20

0.0 .815 .855 .910 .950 .985

0.025 .770 .840 .910 .950 .985

0.075 .750 .830 .910 .950 .985

0.20 .730 .825 .910 .950 .985

>0.50 .710 .820 .910 .950 .985

The relative inlet radius is defined as the inlet radius divided by the (hydraulic) pipe
diameter r/Dh.

The relative edge distance is defined as the protrusion of the pipe end through the wall in
which it is mounted, divided by the (hydraulic) pipe diameter L/Dh. A relative edge
distance equal to zero represents a pipe mounted flush with the wall, refer to Figure 4-4.
415H

Figure 4-4: Mounting of a Pipe End

For flow out of a pipe into the ambient, a flow coefficient of 1.0 is normally used if there is
no geometrical restriction in the orifice.

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Table 4-2: Flow Coefficients – Directions

FLOW COEFFICIENTS INFLOW OUTFLOW

System Boundary Flow into pipe * Flow out of pipe **

Plenum Flow into plenum Flow out of plenum

Variable Plenum Flow into plenum Flow out of plenum

Air Cleaner Flow into cleaner Flow out of cleaner

Catalyst Flow into catalyst Flow out of catalyst

DPF Flow into DPF Flow out of DPF

Air Cooler Flow into cooler Flow out of cooler

Junction (Constant Pressure) Flow into junction Flow out of junction

User defined Element Flow into element Flow out of element

* (typically less than 1 for flow from large volume into pipe)
** (typically 1 for flow out of pipe into a large volume )
The outflow coefficient should generally be less than one (flow into a pipe from a volume)
but this is dependent on the actual volume (and other factors) so there is no hard and fast
rule. The exception is the system boundary where the outflow (pipe to boundary) should
typically be one and the inflow (boundary to pipe) less than one.

4.2. Pipe
Click on Aftertreatment or Linear Acoustics for relevant information.

For thermodynamic engine simulation programs which consider the gas dynamics of the
intake and exhaust systems, the pipe element is one of the most important elements in the
engine model. One dimensional flow is calculated in the pipes by solving the appropriate
equations. This means that the pipe is the only element where the time lag caused by the
propagation of pressure waves or the flow itself is considered.
BOOST allows the pipe diameter (given the same cross-sectional area), bend radius,
friction coefficient, wall heat transfer factor, wall temperature, as well as the initial values
for pressure, gas temperature, A/F ratio, concentration of fuel vapor and concentration of
combustion products to be specified depending on the location in the pipe by selecting
Table
416H . If this feature is used, the pipe length must be specified first.

4.2.1. Hydraulic Settings

The hydraulic diameter is defined as

4A
dh = (4.2.1)
C

A cross-sectional area

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C circumference of the cross-section

In BOOST this value is not only available for accounting of non-circular flow cross sections
but can also be used for modeling multiple flow channels represented by one pipe (e.g.:
catalyst channels). It determines the instantaneous Reynolds number and consequently
the flow regime type (laminar, transition or turbulent) and can be either directly input or
specified via the Hydraulic Area.

4.2.2. Bending Radius

For table input of the pipe bend radius, the pipe radius for a whole section is taken as the
value at the highest (or furthest) point defined. That is, the first value defined for table
input of bend radius will effectively be ignored.
For example, in the following table the bending radius is,
120mm from 0 - 105mm (along the length of the pipe)
60mm from 105mm to 210mm
10000mm from 210mm to 315mm

Figure 4-5: Example Table Input for Bending Radius

The bend angle for a pipe section is then calculated from the length of the defined section
divided by the bending radius.
Using the same example as before, between 105mm and 210mm:
210 - 105
bend angle = = 1.75 radians = 100 degrees
60

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4.2.3. Friction Coefficients

4.2.3.1. Turbulent friction: direct specification

The pipe wall friction coefficient for turbulent flow depends on the absolute surface
roughness Rz of the pipe, pipe diameter and the Reynolds number of the flow in the pipe.
For fully turbulent flow, the standard values for the friction coefficient may be taken from
the following table:

Material Pipe Diameter [mm]

(Roughness [mm]) 30 60 100 150

Plastics (0.0015) 0.011 0.01 0.01 0.01

Steel new (0.05) 0.023 0.019 0.017 0.016

Steel old (0.17) 0.032 0.027 0.023 0.021

Cast Iron (min. 0.25) 0.037 0.029 0.026 0.023

Cast Iron (max. 0.5) 0.044 0.037 0.031 0.028

Values between the specified diameters may be obtained by linear interpolation.

4.2.3.2. Turbulent friction: surface roughness based specification

Using the specified value for the absolute surface roughness Rz BOOST calculates the
turbulent friction coefficient according the [P7] (“Moody’s diagram”).

4.2.3.3. Laminar friction

For the laminar flow regime the default value for the Laminar Friction coefficient (Hagen-
Poisseuille-Law: 64) can be modified.

4.2.4. Absorptive Material

Absorptive Material, such as glass fibers, can be added to any pipe in a BOOST model
including perforated pipe in pipe element. The absorptive material is defined by entering
the flow resistivity and material porosity which can be calculated from more fundamental
parameters of the material such as fiber radius and material density.

Flow Resistivity The flow resistivity or specific flow resistance per unit thickness of an
absorptive material is defined as follows,
1 Δp
R=− .
u Δx
The Users Guide shows how to calculate this parameter from
fundamental material properties.
Typical value for resistivity would be about 30000 Ns/m4

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Material Porosity The material porosity represents the fraction of air space within the
material (0 to 1). This will be a function of the packing density of the
material. For example, a Material Porosity of 0.9 defines that 10% of
the volume is filled with material and 90% is space for the gases.
Material Porosity = 1 - (Packing Density)/(Material Density)

4.2.5. Heat Transfer Factor

The heat transfer coefficient for the calculation of the heat flux from or to the pipe walls is
calculated from the Reynolds’ analogy. The heat transfer factor allows the user to increase
or to reduce the heat transfer as the calculated heat transfer coefficient is multiplied by
this factor.

4.2.6. Variable Wall Temperature

BOOST can model the variation of the pipe wall temperature. This takes into account the
heat transfer from the outer pipe wall to a surrounding ambient and heat flux from the gas
flow to the pipe wall.

Figure 4-6: Example Table Input for Variable Wall Temperature

Additional input required for the variable wall temperature model is as follows:
• number of wall layers
• thickness of each layer
• number of grid points used for the discretization of each layer
• material properties for each layer
• temperature in the ambient of the pipe
• radiation sink temperature for the pipe

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• wall-ambient heat transfer model (direct or model based specification of the

external heat transfer factor)
An arbitrary number of solid material property sets can be defined under Model | Solid
Materials (refer to section 2.2.3).
417H

4.2.7. Chemistry
For a General Species Transport Calculation chemical reactions can be taken into account
in the pipe. If activated, a chemistry set needs to be specified.

4.2.8. Initialization
The conditions within the pipe can be defined with Local Initialization or Global
Initialization. For Global Initialization the parameters are taken from a predefined set
which is selected from the Preference pull-down menu. Predefined initialization sets can
be defined under Simulation | Control | Initialization.
For Local Initialization a predefined set can be used as a starting point for the required
parameters. These can then be set individually by editing the appropriate number.

Input can be constant or by a Table

418H , where it may be specified as a function of distance
from the upstream pipe end. The first value must be specified at the upstream pipe end
(Location = 0) and the last value at the downstream pipe end (Location = Length).

Preference All parameters are taken from the selected predefined set.

Pressure Initial gas pressure in the pipe.

Gas Temperature Initial gas temperature in the pipe.

Fuel Vapor Initial fuel vapor fraction in the pipe.

Combustion Initial combustion product fraction in the pipe.

Products

Ratio Type This defines the units (or type) for the Ratio Value. Select:
• A/F - Ratio : (Air Fuel Ratio)
• Air Equivalence Ratio
• Excess Air Ratio

Ratio Value The ratio value (dependent on Ratio Type for the initial gas
composition in the pipe).

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4.3. Mechanical Connection

The Mechanical Connection couples two Mechanical Components (Engine-Turbine,
TurboCharger-ElectricalDevice-Mechanical Consumer-Vehicle) either via their Power
Exchange (Simplified Model) or their Rotational Speed (Full Model).
While the Simplified Model requires only input for Mechanical Efficiency, the Full Model
needs also Input for Gear Ratio ( = SpeedUpward/SpeedDownward; Mechanical Connection Arrow
indicates the Direction from Up- to Downward) and Slip (Difference of ideal driven
component speed and actual driven component speed related to the ideal driven component
speed).
The Clutch, available for the Mechanical Connection Full Model, is located between the
Upward Connection and the Gear Transmission. It requires the following input:
• Clutch Release Position (constant value or time dependent Table). This value is
treated discrete: for values greater than 0.5 the Clutch is disengaged while for
values less or equal 0.5 it is engaged; crossing 0.5 initiates an
Engagement/Disengagement)

• Engagement time (Period between start and end of Engagement/Disengagement)

Figure 4-7: Engagement Time

• Friction Coefficient Ratio between slipping and sticking transmission

• Maximum transferable Torque for sticking transmission. If a constant value is
specified it is assumed that this value decreases linear to 0 with increasing Clutch
Release Position; a different dependency can be specified by means of a Table.

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4.4. Cylinder
The specifications for the cylinders cover the basic dimensions of the cylinder and the
cranktrain (bore, stroke, compression ratio, conrod length, piston pin offset, firing order),
plus information on the combustion characteristics, heat transfer, scavenging process and
the valve/port specifications for the attached pipes. Furthermore, initial conditions for the
calculation in the cylinder must be specified.
If a standard cranktrain is used, the piston motion is calculated from the stroke, conrod
length and piston pin offset. The direction of positive piston pin offset is defined as the
direction of the rotation of the crankshaft at Top Dead Center (TDC).

Figure 4-8: Standard Cranktrain

Alternatively, BOOST allows a user-defined piston motion to be specified. This gives the
user freedom to simulate an unconventional powertrain. For a user-defined piston motion
the relative piston position should be specified over crank angle.
The relative piston position is defined as the distance of the piston from the TDC position
relative to the full stroke. Zero degree crank angle corresponds to the Firing TDC of the
selected cylinder.

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Considering blow-by from the cylinder, an equivalent effective blow-by gap must be
specified as well as the average crankcase pressure. The actual blow-by mass flow is
calculated from the conditions in the cylinder and the pressure in the crankcase, and from
an effective flow area which is calculated from the circumference of the cylinder and the
effective blow-by gap. The blow-by mass flow is lost. No recirculation to the intake may be
considered.

4.4.1. General
Bore / Stroke / Basic dimensions of the cylinder and the cranktrain.
Compression
Ratio / Con-rod
Length / Firing
Order

Piston Pin Offset If a standard cranktrain is used, piston motion is calculated from the
stroke, the con-rod length, and the piston pin offset. The direction of
positive Piston Pin Offset is defined as the direction of the rotation of
the crankshaft at TDC.

Effective Blow For the consideration of blow-by from the cylinder, an equivalent
By Gap / Mean Effective Blow-By Gap and Mean Crankcase Pressure should be
Crankcase specified. The actual blow-by mass flow is calculated from the
Pressure conditions in the cylinder, the pressure in the crankcase and the
effective flow area calculated from the circumference of the cylinder
and the effective blow-by gap. The blow-by mass flow is lost. No
recirculation to the intake may be considered.

User Defined A user-defined piston motion to be specified which allows the user to
Piston Motion simulate an unconventional powertrain. For a user-defined piston
motion the relative piston position should be specified over crank
angle. The relative piston position is defined as the distance of the
piston from the TDC position relative to the full stroke. Zero degree
crank angle corresponds to the Firing TDC of the selected cylinder.
The cylinder piston motion may be specified alternatively depending
on degrees crank angle. The piston position is expressed relatively
with 0 meaning piston in TDC and 1 piston in BDC.

Chamber Select if an engine with divided combustion chamber is to be

Attachment simulated. The pre-chamber data can be specified under the
Chamber sub-group.
532H419

Scavenge Model Three scavenging models are available (Figure 4-9 shows a
420H

comparison of the scavenging efficiency curves of the perfect

displacement and the perfect mixing models.):
Perfect mixing: The gas flowing into the cylinder is mixed
immediately with the cylinder contents. The gas leaving the cylinder
has the same composition as the mixture in the cylinder. The perfect
mixing model is the standard scavenging model for the simulation of 4-
stroke engines.

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Perfect displacement: A pipeline model is used to determine the

exhaust gas composition. This means that all residual gases in the
cylinder are exhausted first. Only when no more residual gases are
left in the cylinder, is fresh charge lost to the exhaust.
User-defined scavenging model: For the simulation of 2-stroke
engines, the specification of the scavenging efficiency over scavenge
ratio is required to define the quality of the port arrangement with
respect to scavenging flow. This data are usually taken from literature
or from the results of scavenging tests. The scavenging efficiency is
defined as the volume of fresh air in the cylinder related to the total
cylinder volume. The scavenge ratio is defined as the total volume of
air which entered the cylinder related to the total cylinder volume.

Figure 4-9: Scavenging Models

4.4.2. Initialization
As initialization the cylinder conditions (pressure, temperature and gas composition) at the
end of the high pressure at exhaust valve opening must be specified. The simulation of the
in-cylinder conditions for each cylinder starts with the first exhaust opening and is not
performed before.

4.4.2.1. SHP Condition Setting

In certain cases (i.e. identification of combustion model parameters) it can be useful to
specific the cylinder state at each SHP event (all valves closed). This can be achieved by the
SHP Conditions Setting option.
If activated, the following options are available:

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Setting of Mass The user specifies mass and pressure in the cylinder at SHP, the
corresponding temperature is calculated.

Pressure at SHP Specifies the pressure at SHP.

Air Massflow Specifies the air massflow for the given cylinder.

Fuel Massflow Specifies the fuel massflow for the given cylinder.

Trapping Multiplier to tune the actually trapped air mass (i.e. two stroke engines,
Efficiency Air large valve overlap in four stroke engines,...)

Trapping Multiplier to tune the actually trapped fuel mass (i.e. two stroke
Efficiency Fuel engines, large valve overlap in four stroke engines,...)

Mass Fraction of Specifies the mass fraction of EGR at SHP

Residual Gas at
SHP

Setting of The user specifies temperature and pressure in the cylinder at SHP,
Temperature the corresponding mass is calculated.

Pressure at SHP Specifies the pressure at SHP.

Temperature at Specifies the temperature at SHP.

SHP

SHP Gas Specifies the air composition at SHP.

Composition

4.4.3. Combustion Model

For the specification of the combustion characteristics, either a heat release approach, a
theoretical combustion cycle, a user-written subroutine or a truly predictive model can be
selected from the pull down menu.
For selected Vibe Parameter Fitting option Vibe Parameters for the calculated Rate of
Heat Release (based on Combustion Models or Table input) are fitted and available as
Transients results.
Thereby the total heat released during the combustion is calculated from the amount of
fuel which is burned in the cylinder and the lower heating value of the fuel:
For engines with internal mixture preparation the fuel is injected directly into the cylinder
and the fueling is therefore part of the cylinder specification. For convenience, the fueling
may be specified as the fuel mass which is injected into the cylinder or as a target A/F
ratio, where the actual fueling is calculated every cycle from the mass of air in the cylinder
and the specified target air/fuel ratio.
In the case of external mixture preparation, the fuel is fed to the intake system and the
total heat supply is calculated from the amount of fuel in the cylinder at intake valve
closing. For modeling of gasoline direct injection engines, fuel may be added to the
cylinder charge directly. In this case In Cylinder Evaporation (4.4.3.19) must be selected
421H

and the normalized rate of evaporation must be specified. The rate of evaporation defines
the addition of fuel vapor to the cylinder charge.

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The specified curve is normalized, so that the area beneath the curve is equal to one. The
actual amount of fuel added is either defined directly or by the target A/F-Ratio.
As for engines with internal mixture preparation, the evaporating fuel mass or the target
A/F-ratio can be set by the user. If the target A/F-ratio is selected, the injected fuel mass
will be determined as the fuel mass required in addition to the aspirated fuel mass to
achieve the desired A/F-ratio. If the A/F-ratio is already lower than the target A/F-ratio, no
fuel will be added. The evaporation heat is used to calculate the cooling of the cylinder
charge due to the evaporation of the fuel. The following table may be used to determine
the evaporation heat of different fuels:
Table 4-3: Evaporation Heat – Standard Values

Fuel Evaporation Heat [kJ/kg]

Methanol 1109
Ethanol 904
Gasoline 377-502
Gasoline (Premium) 419
Diesel 544-795

By specifying Heat from Wall greater than 0, the amount of evaporation heat covered from
the combustion chamber walls can be input.

For the definition of the heat release characteristics over crank angle, the following options
are available:
• Single Vibe function
53H642

• Double Vibe function

536H742

• Single Zone Table

537H842

• Two Zone Table

• Woschni/Anisits (internal mixture preparation only)
538H942

• Hires et al. (external mixture preparation only)

539H4026

• User Defined Model

540H127

• User-Defined High Pressure Cycle

541H28

• Constant Volume Combustion

542H39

• Constant Pressure Combustion

543H0

• Motored
54H31

• Vibe 2 Zone
54H632

• Target Pressure Curve

546H73

• Target Pressure Curve 2 Zone

547H83

• Fractal
548H93

• Single Zone HCCI

For the specification of the relevant parameters for the pollutant formation models, the
following is available:
• Pollutants

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For a General Species Transport calculation additional options are available:

For the Single Zone HCCI and HCCI 6-Zone combustion model the following
chemistry sets can be defined:
• Single Zone Chemistry: The specified chemistry set is taken into account
during the high pressure phase.
• Gas Exchange Phase Chemistry: The specified chemistry set is taken into
account during the gas exchange phase.
For any Two Zone combustion model the following chemistry sets can be defined:

• Single Zone Chemistry: The specified chemistry set is taken into account
during the high pressure phase except the two zone phase.
• Gas Exchange Phase Chemistry: The specified chemistry set is taken into
account during the gas exchange phase.
• Two Zone Unburned Chemistry: The specified chemistry set is taken into
account in the unburned zone during the two zone phase (i.e. knock
chemistry).
• Two Zone Burned Chemistry: The specified chemistry set is taken into account
in the burned zone during the two zone phase (i.e. pollutant formation
chemistry).
If there are convergence problems, the relative and absolute tolerance of the cylinder
solver can be specified. (Smaller values give higher accuracy and lead to higher run-times.)

4.4.3.1. Single Vibe Function

The Vibe function is a very convenient method for describing the heat release
characteristics. It is defined by the start and duration of combustion, a shape parameter
'm' and the parameter 'a'. These values can be specified either as constant values or
dependant on engine speed (in rpm) and engine load (expressed as BMEP in bar). Select
Map to specify these values.

The heat release characteristic of gasoline engines, with essentially homogeneous mixture
distribution in the cylinder, is mainly determined by the flame propagation speed and the
shape of the combustion chamber. A high flame propagation speed can be achieved with
high compression ratio and high turbulence levels in the cylinder. In diesel engines on the
other hand, the combustion characteristic depends strongly on the capabilities of the fuel
injection system, compression ratio and the charge air temperature.
For accurate engine simulations the actual heat release characteristic of the engine, (which
can be obtained by an analysis of the measured cylinder pressure history), should be
matched as accurately as possible. To obtain an estimate on the required combustion
duration to achieve a certain crank angle interval between 10% and 90% mass fraction
burned, the following chart may be used.

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Figure 4-10: Crank Angle related to Combustion Duration

For example:
A shape parameter of 1.5 is selected and the duration between 10% and 90% MFB is 30
degrees CRA. The crankangle interval between 10% and 90% MFB related to the
combustion duration is 0.46. (read from the graph). Hence the combustion duration is
30/0.46 = 65 degrees CRA. The point of 50% MFB is at 10 degrees CRA ATDC. According
to the graph the location of 50 % MFB after combustion start related to the combustion
duration is 0.4. Thus the combustion start is calculated from 10 – 65 * 0.4 = -16 = 16
degrees BTDC.
If measured heat release data is not available, the following standard values may be used
to complete the engine model.

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Table 4-4: VIBE Parameters – Standard Values

Operating Point Comb. Duration Par. m

Gasoline Engine Standard Combustion System (2-Valve Engine)

1500 rpm WOT 60 degrees CRA 2.3
5000 rpm WOT 65 degrees CRA 1.9
Standard Combustion System (4-Valve Engine)
1500 rpm WOT 50 degrees CRA 2.5
5000 rpm WOT 55 degrees CRA 2.1
Fast Burn Concepts
1500 rpm WOT 45 degrees CRA 2.6
5000 rpm WOT 50 degrees CRA 2.6
Passenger Car Naturally Aspirated (Full Load)
Diesel Engine (IDI) Rated Speed 90 degrees CRA 0.5
30% Rated Speed 65 degrees CRA 0.5
Turbocharged (Full Load)
Rated Speed 90 degrees CRA 1.0
30% Rated Speed 65 degrees CRA 0.8
Turbocharged Intercooled (Full Load)
Rated Speed 90 degrees CRA 1.1
30% Rated Speed 65 degrees CRA 0.8
Passenger Car Naturally Aspirated (Full Load)
Diesel Engine (DI) Rated Speed 80 degrees CRA 0.4
30% Rated Speed 55 degrees CRA 0.4
Turbocharged (Full Load)
Rated Speed 75 degrees CRA 0.9
30% Rated Speed 55 degrees CRA 0.7
Turbocharged Intercooled (Full Load)
Rated Speed 75 degrees CRA 1.0
30% Rated Speed 55 degrees CRA 0.7

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Heavy Duty Naturally Aspirated (Full Load)

Truck Engine (DI) Rated Speed 70 degrees CRA 0.5
50% Rated Speed 55 degrees CRA 0.6
Turbocharged (Full Load)
Rated Speed 70 degrees CRA 1.1
50% Rated Speed 55 degrees CRA 0.8
Turbocharged Intercooled (Full Load)
Rated Speed 75 degrees CRA 0.9
50% Rated Speed 60 degrees CRA 1.0
Medium Speed Rated Output 65 degrees CRA 1.0
Engines (DI, TCI)

The start of combustion must be defined considering fuel consumption, peak cylinder
pressure limitation, or knocking characteristics for gasoline engines.
The Vibe parameter 'a' characterizes the completeness of the combustion. For complete
combustion, a value of 6.9 is required.
Start of Combustion, Combustion Duration and Shape Parameter Maps: These values
can be specified as map depending on engine speed and load (BMEP).

4.4.3.2. Double Vibe Function

For a good approximation of the double peak heat release characteristics of DI diesel
engines (first peak due to premixed burning, second peak due to diffusion burning),
BOOST allows two Vibe functions to be specified. These are superimposed during the
calculation process. Besides the start of combustion, the fuel allotment must be specified.
The fuel allotment is defined as the fraction of fuel burnt with the characteristics of Vibe 1.
For each Vibe function, the combustion duration and the shape parameter 'm' must also be
specified.

4.4.3.3. Single Zone Table

For an optimum approximation of the actual heat release characteristics of an engine,
BOOST allows reference points for the rate of heat release over crank angle to be specified.
As the specified heat release characteristics will be normalized by the BOOST code (i.e.
converted to percent of the total heat input per degree CRA), the dimension of the heat
release values is of no importance.

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4.4.3.4. Woschni/Anisits Model

The Woschni/Anisits Model predicts the Vibe parameter for engines with internal mixture
preparation if the parameters for one operating point are known. This model should be
used for transient simulations as the heat release characteristics will change with different
operating conditions. In addition to the Vibe parameters, the following data must be
specified to characterize the baseline operating point:
a) Engine speed
b) Dynamic injection nozzle opening
c) Ignition delay
d) A/F ratio
e) Cylinder conditions at intake valve closes

4.4.3.5. Hires et al. Model

For gasoline engines the Hires et al. Model may be used for transient simulations. Similar
to the Woschni/Anisits model, the heat release characteristic is calculated from the Vibe
parameters and some characteristic data of a baseline operating point.
The heat release characteristic of gasoline engines with essentially homogeneous mixture
is mainly determined by the flame propagation speed and by the shape of the combustion
chamber. A high flame propagation speed can be achieved with high compression ratio and
high turbulence levels in the cylinder.
The Piston to Head Clearance which is the distance of the piston crown to the cylinder
head with the piston at TDC-position completes the input for this model.
This model cannot predict knocking combustion.

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4.4.3.6. User Defined Model

If the heat release characteristics are set to User Defined Model, the subroutine
UDCOMB_CALCULATE_TS() is called for the calculation of the rate of heat release. The
source code of this subroutine is available for the user and any model may be implemented
provided it is translated into valid FORTRAN 90, compiled and linked to the rest of the
code. For details please refer to the BOOST Interfaces Manual.
In the case of the selected 2 Zone Framework option the Cylinder is performing a 2 Zone
Combustion Model simulation (Burned/Unburned Zone). A precondition for this 2 Zone
simulation is a proper related User Coding Template which can be requested from
[email protected].
5H

The User Model Parameters input dialog allows the specification of data which can be
accessed in the user written code (identification via the Parameter Key). In addition to
single values (of type integer, double precision and character string) it is also possible to
input an arbitrary number of two-column double- precision User Model Tables for the
usage in the user written code (e.g.: RateOfInjection, ...).

4.4.3.7. User-Defined High Pressure Cycle

If the User-Defined High Pressure Cycle is selected, the complete high pressure cycle is
replaced by the subroutine UDHPC_CALCULATE_TS(). For details please refer to the
BOOST Interfaces Manual.
In the case of the selected 2 Zone Framework option the Cylinder Environment is
prepared to calculate a 2 Zone Combustion Model (Burned/Unburned Zone).
The UD High Pressure Cycle Parameters input dialog allows the specification of data
which can be accessed in the user written code (identification via the Parameter Key). In
addition to single values (of type integer, double precision and character string) it is also
possible to input an arbitrary number of two-column double- precision UD High Pressure
Cycle Tables for the usage in the user written code (e.g.: RateOfInjection, ...).

) Note: Only experienced users should add user-defined subroutines.

4.4.3.8. Constant Volume Combustion

If Constant Volume Combustion is selected, the entire combustion takes place at the
crankangle specified by the user. In theory, constant volume combustion yields maximum
efficiency at a certain compression ratio if no peak firing pressure limits have to be
considered and the combustion timing is set to firing TDC.

4.4.3.9. Constant Pressure Combustion

If the combustion characteristics are set to Constant Pressure Combustion, BOOST
determines the rate of heat release with the following strategy from the specified peak
cylinder pressure:

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• If the maximum cylinder pressure at the end of compression is lower than

the specified peak cylinder pressure, the cylinder pressure is raised to the
specified value by a constant volume combustion and the remaining fuel is
burned in such a way that this pressure is kept constant. This combination
of constant volume/constant pressure combustion is called the Seiliger
process.
• If the maximum cylinder pressure at the end of compression exceeds the
specified value, constant pressure combustion is initiated when the cylinder
pressure drops below the specified value during the expansion stroke.
In theory constant pressure combustion yields maximum efficiency for a certain peak firing
pressure if the compression ratio is selected to achieve the maximum sustainable peak
firing pressure at the end of the compression stroke.
The Seiliger process yields maximum efficiency for a certain combination of peak firing
pressure and compression ratio.

4.4.3.10. Motored
If the heat release characteristics are set to Motored, no combustion will take place
irrespective of the amount of fuel aspirated or injected.

4.4.3.11. Vibe 2 Zone Combustion Model

For the Vibe 2 zone combustion model, the same input as for the single Vibe function is
required. However, instead of one mass averaged temperature, two temperatures (burned
and unburned zone) are calculated. This model also predicts the knocking characteristics
of the engine, provided the actual rate of heat release is described properly by the Vibe
function specified.

4.4.3.12. Empirically Based Combustion Models: EBCM and PBCM

) Note: From BOOST v5.0 on the EBCM and PBCM combustion models
are replaced by the “Fractal Combustion Model”.

4.4.3.13. AVL MCC Model

The AVL MCC model predicts the rate of heat release and NOx production in DI-Diesel
engines based on the amount of fuel in the cylinder and on the turbulent kinetic energy
introduced by the fuel injection. The model requires the number of injector holes, the hole
diameter, the discharge coefficient of the injector holes and the rail pressure to calculate
with the effective hole area, the velocity and thus the kinetic energy of the fuel jet.
The table containing the rate of injection determines injection rate. The input is
normalized and used with the fuel specified in the general cylinder box to determine the
fuel injected each time step.

The ignition delay is calculated using the modified ignition delay model developed by
Andree and Pachernegg. To fit the delay to measured data it can be influenced by the
ignition delay calibration factor.

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The model parameters are normalised, therefore with a value of 1 good results should be
obtained. The following parameters control the rate of heat release and the NOx
production.
1. The ignition delay calibration factor influences the ignition delay, higher values result
in longer ignition delays.
2. The combustion parameter has the greatest influence on the ROHR shape. A higher
value results in a faster combustion.
3. The turbulence parameter controls the influence of the kinetic energy density while
the dissipation parameter influences the dissipation of the kinetic energy.
4. Dissipation parameter controls the turbulence dissipation.
5. The NOx production parameter has influence on the NOx result.

6. The EGR influence parameter controls the influence of EGR on combustion.

7. The premixed combustion parameter determines the fraction of fuel injected during
ignition delay burned during premixed combustion, a value of 0.7 should be used as
default.

Figure 4-11: AVL MCC Combustion Model Window

8. Activate Experienced Users Input to access the following options.

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PreMixed Parameter to tune the duration of the pre-mixed combustion phase.

Combustion
Duration Factor

TKE Calculation Specifies the type of TKE model used:

Standard: makes former formulation of the TKE model available for
compatibility reasons.
Revised: default and recommended option.

Combustion Parameter to tune the excess air ratio development of the burned
Excess Air Ratio zone.
Development

Evaporation Parameter to tune the evaporation velocity.

Velocity
Parameter

AVL MCC Model / IRATE Calculation

The AVL MCC combustion model is extended to predict the Rate of Injection based on the
nozzle flow calculation. This mode is activated in Figure 4-11 by selecting calculated from
436H

the Rate of Injection pull-down menu.

Figure 4-12: AVL MCC IRATE Tool

In addition to the density of the injected fuel data for the injection timing is required. It is
controlled by pairs of Signal On/Off crank angles (usually two: pre and main injection)
which are adapted according to the delay times of the signals.
The flow characteristics of the nozzle are specified by measured data for the volume flow as
a function of needle lift which is usually based on a Steady State Flow Test Rig (constant
test bed injection pressure and specific oil fluid).

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An initial cylinder pressure trace input is required to calculate the Rate of Injection
(displayed in Calculated ROI). During calculation the cyclic updated cylinder pressure is
used to evaluate the ROI curve.
To check the input data, an Excel sheet evaluating an estimation for the injection fuel
mass can be requested from [email protected].
6H

Figure 4-13: IRATE - Nozzle Flow Data Window

Figure 4-14: IRATE - Pressure Data Window

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Figure 4-15: IRATE - Calculated ROI Window

4.4.3.14. Target Pressure Curve

In addition to the cylinder pressure trace this combustion model requires the following
input:

Ignition Time / Specifies the time when the algorithm starts to burn/inject fuel.
Start of Injection

Adapted Value at Specifies the value that is adapted at SHP:

SHP • Pressure Curve (Shift)
• Cylinder Mass
• Cylinder Temperature

4.4.3.15. Target Pressure Curve 2 Zone

In addition to the cylinder pressure trace this combustion model requires the following
input:

Ignition Time / Specifies the time when the algorithm starts to burn/inject fuel.
Start of Injection

Adapted Value at Specifies the value that is adapted at SHP:

SHP • Pressure Curve (Shift)
• Cylinder Mass
• Cylinder Temperature

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4.4.3.16. Fractal Combustion Model

Refer to Combustion Models, section 2.2.2 of the Theory Manual for a detailed description
and the corresponding parameters:

Ignition Timing Specifies the start of the combustion simulation (spark deployment).

Ignition Parameter to tune the ignition delay: cign

Formation
Multiplier

Ignition radius Parameter to tune the ignition delay: r f ,ref

ratio

Turbulence Parameter to tune the turbulence model: ct

Production
Constant

Turbulent Length Parameter to tune the turbulence model: cl

Scale Parameter

Turbulence Parameter to tune the turbulence model: m

Length Scale
allows the adaptation of Length Scale L max dependent on Unburned
Density
Zone Density:
Exponent
D3 − 2
⎛ dmb ⎞ ⎛L ⎛ ρ SOC ⎞
m
⎞
⎜ ⎟ = ρu ⎜ I ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟ AL S L
⎝ dt ⎠ fractals ⎜ lk ⎝ ρUZ ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
ρ SOZ Density of Unburned Zone at Start of Combustion (entire
cylinder content)

ρUZ Density of Unburned Zone

Mass Fraction Determines when the model starts with the wall combustion phase:
Burned at Wall ⎛ mb ⎞
Combustion
⎜ ⎟
⎝ m ⎠ tr
Start
transition time t tr is determined when the specified Mass Fraction
⎛ mb ⎞
Burned ⎜ ⎟ is achieved (instead of flame arrival at cylinder wall).
⎝ m ⎠ tr

LFS Exponent Determines when the model starts with the wall combustion phase: d

allows the adaptation of Laminar Flames Speed S L dependent on

Residual Gas Mass Fraction mf RG according to the following formula:
S L = clfs S L , RG =0 (1 − mf RG ) .
d

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Guide to Tuning Fractal Combustion Parameters

The fractal combustion model assumes that combustion undergoes the following stages:
Stage 1: Ignition;
Stage 2: Turbulent flame development;
Stage 3: Turbulent flame propagation;
Stage 4: Wall combustion/Termination (determined by wall combustion).

These 4 stages are governed by 7 parameters characterizing, respectively,

Ignition delay (1 parameter);
Beginning and end of turbulent flame combustion (2 parameters);
Turbulence production and dissipation (2 parameters);
Turbulent-combustion interaction (1 parameter);
Influence of residual gas content on combustion (1 parameter).
The process of tuning the combustion parameters is as follows:

Step 1: Building the Boost model and setting initial values for all 7 combustion
parameters.
After building the Boost model, set the following default valves for the 7 combustion
parameters:
Ignition delay parameter: cign = 1.0
Reference flame radius: Rf,ref = 0.01

Mass fraction for wall combustion: w2 = 0.2

Residual gas content influence parameter: d=2
Turbulence-combustion interaction parameter: m = - 0.33
Turbulence production constant: ct = 0.5
Turbulent length scale parameter: cL = 0.5.
In general, Rf,ref, w2 and d should take their default values and no tunings are needed.
Run the Boost model. Plot the calculated as well as the measured cylinder pressures
and rates of heat release (ROHR).
Step 2: Tuning the ignition delay parameter cign

Compare the calculated and measured ROHR to see if the combustion starts at the
same timing. If not, tune the ignition delay parameter cign by increasing it (>1) or
decreasing it (<1). Figure 4-16 shows the comparison of the start of combustion
437H

(SOC). In the case (a), the predicted SOC is too early; thus, cign must be increased to
increase the delay period. In the case (b), the predicted SOC is too late; therefore, cign
must be decreased to reduce the delay period. After tuning, rerun the model. Repeat
this process until a close start of combustion is reached.

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Figure 4-16: Comparison of Measured and Predicted SOC

Step 3: Tuning turbulent production constant ct and turbulent length scale parameter
cL

Compare the calculated and measured cylinder pressures and ROHR; if they do not
match then ct and cL need to be tuned.
The turbulent production constant ct governs how rapidly the turbulent intensity u’
grows during the intake stroke. A large value for ct leads to that the peak for u’ occurs
in the early stage of the intake valve opening; a small value for ct results in an
occurrence of the peak for u’ in the middle or late stage of the intake valve opening;
and, if ct is too low, the peak of u’ may occur in the compression stroke due to
contribution of the density term in the turbulent kinetic energy equation.
The turbulent length scale parameter cL controls the decay rate of the turbulent
intensity u’: a large value for cL leads to a slow decay during compression and thus a
higher u’ before combustion; a small value for cL results in a rapid decay which tends
to lower the value of u’ before combustion.

Influence of ct and cL on u’ is shown in Figure 4-17. In the case (a), a high ct results in
438H

an early occurrence in the peak of u’; and the decay in u’ depends on the value of cL. In
the case (b), a too low ct gives a slow increase in u’ and the peak of u’ occurs in the
early stage of the compression stroke; and, the high cL leads to a slow decay in u’,
which may result in an overestimation of u’ during combustion. For the case (b),
although lowering cL may make u’ fall into the right range during combustion, this
case is not physically correct.

Figure 4-17: Influence of ct and cL on Turbulent Intensity

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According to the CFD simulations conducted by AVL, the peak of u’ occurs in the early
stage of the intake valve opening for part load and it appears around the crank angle
where the piston reaches its maximum speed for full load. Generally, during
combustion, the value for u’ is about 1 ~ 2 times of the mean piston speed. The
locations for peak values of u’ from CFD simulations and the values for u’ during
combustion should be used as a guide in tuning ct and cL. The recommended values for
ct and cL are: for part load ct = 0.6 ~ 0.7 and for full load ct = 0.4 ~ 0.6; and for both
full and part load, the input value of cL should be adapted to give a simulation result
value for u’ at compression TDC being 1 ~ 2 times of the mean piston speed..
Step 4: Tuning turbulence-combustion interaction parameter m
The turbulence-combustion interaction parameter m is a fine tuning parameter to
better match the cylinder pressures and ROHR. Because it works as a factor that
corrects the turbulent length scale parameter cL, depending on the value for cL, the
final value for m may be several times of its default value in either positive or negative
direction.

Specification of Chamber Geometry

For simple geometries, the table can be generated by BOOST. Select the Chamber
geometry calculation subgroup to input the main dimensions of the combustion chamber.
For the cylinder head, the following shapes can be considered (required input as shown in
the sketches):

Figure 4-18: Flat Cylinder Head

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Figure 4-19: Disc Chamber Cylinder Head

Figure 4-20: Spherical Cylinder Head

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Figure 4-21: Backset Special Cylinder Head

Figure 4-22: Pent Roof Cylinder Head

In addition, the user must select the shape of the piston top from the following list
(required input as shown in the sketches):

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Figure 4-23: Flat Piston Top

Figure 4-24: Heron Piston Top

Figure 4-25: Spherical Bowl Piston Top

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Figure 4-26: Spherical Piston Top

Figure 4-27: Pent Roof Piston Top

If there is an offset between spark plug location and the cylinder axis as well as an offset
between the center of the piston bowl or top, the angle between spark plug and bowl or top
center must be input according to the definition shown in the following sketch.

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Figure 4-28: Definition of Angle between Spark Plug and Bowl/Top Center

For a pent roof head or a pent roof piston, the spark plug position must be defined by two
rectangular coordinates as shown in Figure 4-28.
439H

Alternatively, the table can be generated externally and the name of the file can be
specified by the user. The file must be a sequential formatted ASCII file and may contain
comment lines marked with a “#” in the first column.

) Note: The geometry file format has changed from version 3.2.

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Figure 4-29: Definition of Spark Plug Position

The file format can be seen in the following example.

TYPE 2
#
# Bore = 84.0mm, Stroke = 90.0mm, Compression Ratio = 9.0
# Headtype: flat
# Spark Plug Position: x = 0.0mm, y = 0.0mm, z = 0.0mm
# (Position x=0, y=0, z=0 means center of bore at head bottom)
# Pistontype: flat
# Number of flame radii
NUMFLARAD 101
# Number of piston positions
NUMPISPOS 101
# total head area [mm2]
TOTHEADAREA 5541.77
# minimal liner area [mm2]
MINLINAREA 2968.81
# total piston area [mm2]
TOTPISAREA 5541.77
# volume in head [mm3]
HEADVOL 0.00
# volume in piston [mm3]
PISVOL 0.00
# minimum piston position [-]
PISPMIN 0.00
# maximum piston position [-]
PISPMAX 90.00
# increment of piston position [-]
PISPINC 0.03

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# minimum flame radius [mm]

FRADMIN 0.00
# maximum flame radius [mm]
FRADMAX 99.32
# increment of flame radius [mm]
FRADINC 0.99
# minimum burned zone volume[mm3]
BVMIN 0.00
# maximum burned zone volume[mm3]
BVMAX 525001.01
# flame front radii:
FLAMERADII
0.000000E+00 0.993177 ...
# contact area burned zone - cylinder head versus flame front radius [mm2]
HEADAREA
0.000000E+00 3.09887 ...
# depending on piston position:
# contact area burned zone - liner versus flame front radius [mm2]
# contact area burned zone - piston versus flame front radius [mm2]
# contact area burned zone - unburned zone versus flame front radius [mm2]
# burned zone volume versus flame front radius [mm3]
# data for piston position:
PISPOS 0.000000
LINERAREA
0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 ...
PISTONAREA
0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 ...
FREEFLAMES
0.000000E+00 6.19773 ...
BURNEDVOL
0.000000E+00 2.05182 ...
# data for piston position:
PISPOS 0.027930
LINERAREA
0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 ...
PISTONAREA
0.000000E+00 0.000000E+00 ...
FREEFLAMES
0.000000E+00 6.19773 ...
BURNEDVOL
0.000000E+00 2.05182 ...
.

Stratification of Charge
The two options for the input of Stratification of Fuel and Residual Gas allows to specify
the local Fuel and Residual Gas Concentration the Flame is propagating through during
Combustion (usually a result available from 3D-CFD simulations).

The definition of the required Table Input for Normalized Air-Equivalence-Ratio and
Normalized Residual-Gas-Ratio can be found in the related part of section 2.2.2 of the
Theory Manual.

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4.4.3.17. HCCI 6-Zone Combustion Model

Refer to Combustion Models, section 2.2.2 of the Theory Manual for a detailed description
and the corresponding parameters:

Boundary Layer Defines the thickness of all boundary layer zones (piston, liner, head).
Thickness Recommended values are 0.5 – 2 mm.

Zone Heat Zone heat transfer time constant defines the heat flow rate between
Transfer Time the zones. Its usage is shown in equation (6ZHCCI_4). Lower values
Constant give higher rates of heat flow which lowers a temperature difference
between zones. Recommended values are 0.5 – 2 ms.

Crevice Zone Defines the volume which will be represented as a constant

Volume temperature crevice zone.

Solver Absolute Absolute tolerance gives the actual amount of the error for each
Tolerance for component of the solution vector. Since the values of temperature are
Temperature significantly different to the values of the other components (which can
be set optionally in the Cylinder/Combustion Dialog), the absolute
tolerance has to be set separately for the temperature.

Mass Exchange In mass exchange calculation a factor for multiplication of mass

Multiplication transfer is calculated. This factor speeds up the convergence of the
Factor solution. But if this factor is too large it can produce a oscillating
problem which can lead to calculation error. Therefore a maximum
value of this factor must be set. Larger values of this factor will give
faster convergences, but in some cases will produce oscillations, while
a lower value reduce the possibility of obtaining oscillations but with a
cost of a greater number of iterations before convergence of the
solution is obtained. Recommended values are 100 – 400 (300).

Number of Single Since for the convergence of results there is a need for calculation of
Zone HCCI Pre- several cycles, in order to make the calculation faster it is possible to
Cycles use combined single zone – six zone calculation. If this option is used
then a single zone HCCI calculation of in cylinder changes during high
pressure cycle is used for a several cycles whose number is defined
by the user, and after that a six zone calculation starts for the residual
number of cycles. If this option is used than a number of single zone
cycles must be defined. If the total number of calculation cycles is less
than or equal to number of single zone cycles than only single zone
calculation will be performed.

4.4.3.18. Open Chamber Gas Engine Combustion Model

Refer to Combustion Models, section 2.2.2 of the Theory Manual for a detailed description
and the corresponding parameters:

Ignition Timing Specifies the start of the combustion simulation (spark deployment).

Combustion Chamber Geometry

Piston Bowl Diameter of the piston bowl d b

Diameter

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Piston Bowl Depth of the piston bowl hb

Depth

TDC Piston to Distance from piston top to head at top dead center position of the
Head Distance piston hcl ,min

Valve Seat Angle Valve seat angle α v

Turbulence

Squish Constant Squish constant C squish

Usual value range: 0.2 – 2

Swirl Constant Swirl constant C swirl

Usual value range: 0.01 – 0.05

Swirl Friction Swirl friction constant C sf

Constant Usual value range: 0.01 – 0.05

Dissipation Dissipation constant C D

Constant Usual value range: 2.E-5 – 1.E-4

Compression Compression constant C C

Constant Usual value range: 0.01 – 0.1

Turbulence Level Turbulence level constant CTL

Constant Usual value range: 0.05 – 0.4

Ignition Delay

Arrhenius Arrhenius constant AArr

Constant Usual value range: 2.E5 – 5.E5

Magnussen Magnussen constant AMag

Constant Usual value range: 0.02 – 0.05

Ignition Delay Ignition delay constant AId

Constant Usual value range: 0.5 – 2

Combustion

ROHR Constant Rate of heat release constant C ROHR

Usual value range: 10 – 30

Flame Thickness Flame thickness s F

Usual value range: 0.5 – 2 mm

Mass Fraction Mass fraction burned at transition μT

Burned at Usual value range: 0.3 – 0.7
Transition

Wall Transition Wall transition parameter PT

Parameter Usual value range: 0.2 – 2

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4.4.3.19. In Cylinder Evaporation

The Rate of Evaporation defines the addition of fuel vapor to the cylinder charge. The
specified curve is normalized, so that the area beneath the curve is equal to one. The actual
amount of fuel added is either defined directly or by the target A/F-Ratio.

4.4.3.20. Pollutants
NOx and CO:
For all two zone combustion models (internal and external mixture preparation) the NOx
and CO production models are activated. The following parameters can be set:

NOx Kinetic Parameter to tune the NOx production model.

Multiplier

NOx Parameter to tune the result of NOx production model.

Postprocessing
Multiplier

CO Kinetic Parameter to tune the CO production model.

Multiplier

For the NOx model the stratification of the burned zone can be considered. It is
recommended to use 5-10 zones.

Soot:
The soot production model is available for all two zone combustion models in combination
with internal mixture preparation (Diesel). The following parameters can be set:

Soot Production Parameter to tune the soot production.

Constant

Soot Parameter to tune the soot consumption.

Consumption
Constant

Hydrocarbon emissions (HCs):

The HC production model is available for all two zone combustion models in combination
with external mixture preparation (Gasoline). The following parameters can be set:

Crevice height Height of the top land crevice; typically 5 mm

Crevice gap Gap of the top land crevice; typically 0.1-0.2 mm

Oilfilm thickness typically 5 microns

HC postoxidation Parameter to tune the post-oxidation of the HCs in the burned gases;
multiplier default = 1.0

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HC postoxidation Activation temperature of the post-oxidation of the HCs in the burned

E gases; default = 18790K

HC postoxidation Scaling factor of the post-oxidation of the HCs in the burned gases;
f default = 0.3 mean that only in 30% of the burned zone the post-
oxidation reactions can take place.

HC partial burn P Scaling factor for the partial burn emissions model.

Knock

For gasoline engines (External Mixture Preparation) the knock model calculates the
minimum octane number required for engine operation free of knock based on the Model
constants input.

4.4.4. Chamber
If an engine with divided combustion chamber is to be simulated, the user may specify the
pre-chamber data after selecting Chamber Attachment in the General folder of the
Cylinder element. The basic input of the pre chamber is its volume and the initial
conditions (pressure, temperature and gas composition) at exhaust value opens. The
geometry of the connecting pipe is described by its length and diameter. In addition the
turbulent wall friction coefficient, the wall temperature and a heat transfer amplification
factor must be input.
In order to consider particular pressure losses resulting from multi dimensional flow
phenomena at the connecting pipe orifice, BOOST requires the specification of flow
coefficients for in-flow and out-flow at the connecting pipe. The flow coefficients are
defined as the ratio between the actual mass flow and the loss-free isentropic mass flow for
the same stagnation pressure and the same pressure ratio.
The flow coefficients may be specified either as constant values or in a Table
40H as
functions of time in seconds, time in degrees crank angle or pressure difference between
cylinder and chamber.
For in-flow (flow into the chamber) the pressure difference is defined as the static pressure
in the connecting pipe minus the pressure in the chamber. For out-flow it is defined as the
pressure in the chamber minus the static pressure in the connecting pipe.
The flow coefficients for flow from the chamber into a pipe depend mainly on the
protrusion of the pipe end through the wall in which it is installed and on its bellmouth
characteristics. Refer to Flow Coefficients for details on standard values and directions.
41H

To specify the heat release characteristics in the chamber, the user may use a Vibe-
function, a double Vibe function or a single zone table.
If the wall heat transfer in the chamber is turned on, the box for the input of the required
data is accessed. The data comprise the chamber geometry (spherical or user-defined), the
friction coefficient for the calculation of the friction torque, the connecting pipe
eccentricity, the chamber wall temperature and a calibration factor. For a user defined
chamber geometry the surface area, the characteristic radius for the calculation of the heat
transfer coefficient by the Nusselt equation, and the inertia radius of the chamber are to
be defined by the user.

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If a variable wall temperature is to be considered, the wall thickness of the pre chamber,
the conductivity of the material and its heat capacity as well as the coolant temperature
and the outer heat transfer coefficient must be input.

4.4.5. Heat Transfer

The following heat transfer models are available for the cylinder:
• Woschni 1978 and 1990
• Hohenberg
• Lorenz 1978 and 1990 (Cylinders with attached chamber only)
• AVL 2000
Alternatively, None can be selected.
In addition to the heat transfer coefficient provided by the heat transfer model, the surface
areas and wall temperatures of the piston, cylinder head and liner must be specified.
The wall temperatures are defined as the mean temperature over the surface.
A calibration factor for each surface may be used to increase or to reduce the heat transfer.

For the surface areas the following guidelines may be used:

Piston:
DI diesel engines with a bowl: Surface area is approximately 1.3 to 1.5 times the bore area.
SI engines: Surface area is approximately equal to the bore area.
Cylinder Head:

DI diesel engines: Surface area is approximately equal to the bore area.

SI engines: Surface area is approximately 1.1 times the bore area.
Liner with Piston at TDC:
The area may be calculated from an estimated piston to head clearance times the
circumference of the cylinder.
Wall temperature must be specified at the piston TDC and BDC positions. Between those
positions a special temperature profile is assumed (refer to Section 2.1.1 of the Theory
manual).
Refined Liner Layer Discretization:
If detailed information about the liner wall temperature distribution along the liner is
available, the option “Layer Discretization” allows the User to input the wall temperature
dependent on the distance from cylinder head.
This discretization can also be used in combination with an external link element (Liner
Layer Wall Temperature Actuator, Liner Layer Wall Heat Flow Sensor).

For both Woschni formulae, the user must specify whether the engine features a divided
combustion chamber.
Select IDI for IDI diesel engines (swirl chamber or pre-chamber combustion system).
Select DI for DI diesel engines and gasoline engines.

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In order to consider the influence of the in-cylinder charge motion on the heat transfer
coefficient, the in-cylinder swirl ratio (defined as the speed of the charge rotation relative
to engine speed) must be specified.
Select Variable Wall Temperature to calculate the energy balance of the combustion
chamber walls. For each wall (head, piston and liner) an effective wall thickness together
with material data must be specified. Conductivity and heat capacity are required and the
following list provides some typical materials:

Table 4-5: Heat Capacity and Conductivity – Standard Values

Heat Capacity Conductivity Specific Heat Density

Material
[kJ/m3K] [W/mK] [kJ/kgK] [kJ/m³]

Cast Iron 3900 53 0.545 7200

Steel 3600 48 0.460 7840
Aluminum 2460 221 0.910 2700
PVC (Plastics) 1360 0.17 0.980 1390
Ceramics 2940 5.5 0.840 3500

The mean effective Thickness of the piston, the liner and the fire deck of the cylinder
head together with the Heat Capacity determine the thermal inertia of the combustion
chamber walls. The Conductivity is required to calculate the temperature difference
between the surface facing the combustion chamber and the surface facing the coolant.

The Heat Capacity is the product of the density and the specific heat of the material.
For the heat transfer to the coolant (head and liner) and engine oil (piston), an average
heat transfer coefficient and the temperature of the medium must be specified.
For the heat transfer in the ports, a modified Zapf-model is used (refer to Section 2.1.2 of
the Theory manual).

The Lorenz Heat Transfer Model for cylinders with divided combustion chamber similar to
Woschni's equation. However the velocity term is modified to consider the velocities
introduced by flow into or out of the chamber.

4.4.6. Valve / Port Data

For each pipe attached to a cylinder, the user must specify whether this port is controlled
by a valve or by the piston (piston control is only feasible for 2-stroke engines). If the
cylinder features a combustion chamber, the pipe may be also declared to be attached to
the chamber. In this case, the port may be either controlled by a valve or with the
standard definition of flow coefficients.

Click on the input field with the left mouse button to open the submenu shown in the
following window.

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Figure 4-30: Valve Port Specifications Window

If the heat transfer in the intake and exhaust ports must be considered, the specification of
the port surface area and the mean port wall temperature is required (valve controlled port
only).
For the calculation of the energy balance of the port wall, similar data as for the
combustion chamber walls (i.e. the average thickness, the heat capacity and the
conductivity of the material) is required.

For the calculation of the summed up intake and exhaust mass flow characteristics, the
user must specify whether the considered port is an intake or exhaust port. A pipe
attached to the combustion chamber is considered as an intake.
For valve controlled ports the inner valve seat diameter is required for the calculation of
the port wall heat transfer coefficient, as well as for the conversion of normalized valve lift
to effective valve lift.
The valve lift is defined by the valve lift curve and by the valve clearance.
By specifying the crank angle of the first valve lift value and the cam length, the crank
angle range in the table is defined. The number of reference points for the valve lift curve
can be specified directly or by inputting a constant crank angle interval between two valve
lift points.
After completing the input of reference points, the input is presented in the graphics
window for immediate control purposes.
If a valve lift curve is already specified in the table, a new specification of the timing of the
first valve lift shifts the entire valve lift curve.
If the cam length is changed, a shorter or longer valve lift curve will be calculated from the
baseline valve lift curve under the assumption of similar valve velocities.
The actual valve lift at a certain crank angle is calculated from the valve lift, specified in
the valve lift curve, minus the valve clearance, as shown in the figure below:

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Figure 4-31: Calculation of Effective Valve Lift

For Valve Controlled valves a modification of the baseline valve lift curve can be specified
in the Modification of Valve Lift Timing. This is possible for each individual valve
connected to a cylinder so that different modifications can be applied to different intake (or
exhaust) valves of a multiple valve model.

Figure 4-32: Modification of Valve Lift Timing

The possible modifications using these options are shown in the following figures
(dashed lines are the baseline valve lift curves before modification).

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Figure 4-33: Positive intake valve opening and closing shift (same value)

Figure 4-34: Positive intake valve closing shift only

Figure 4-35: Positive intake valve opening shift only

Figure 4-36: Positive exhaust closing shift and positive intake opening shift

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Figure 4-37: Positive exhaust opening and closing shift (same value)

Figure 4-38: Positive exhaust opening shift only

Figure 4-39: Positive exhaust valve closing shift only

Figure 4-40: Positive exhaust valve closing shift and negative intake opening shift

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Figure 4-41: Negative exhaust shifts (same value) and positive intake shifts (same
value)

To consider particular pressure losses resulting from multi dimensional flow phenomena
which cannot be directly predicted by the program, BOOST requires the specification of
flow coefficients of the ports. The flow coefficients are defined as the ratio between the
actual mass flow and the loss-free isentropic mass flow for the same stagnation pressure
and the same pressure ratio.
BOOST allows the specification of the flow coefficients of ports as a function of the
pressure ratio at the port. For the flow into the cylinder, the pressure ratio is defined as
the pressure in the cylinder divided by the stagnation pressure in the port (pressure ratio
<1). For flow out of the cylinder, the pressure ratio is defined as the cylinder pressure
divided by the static pressure in the port (pressure ratio > 1).
BOOST interpolates linearly the flow coefficients of pressure ratios which are less than
and greater than one. It does not interpolate between the largest pressure ratio smaller
than one and the smallest pressure ratio larger than one. Outside the defined range the
value for the smallest/largest pressure ratio is taken. Figure 4-42 illustrates this
42H

procedure:

Figure 4-42: Interpolation of Flow Coefficients

The program interprets the specified flow coefficients of the ports are related to the cross-
section of the pipe attached to the cylinder. If the measured flow coefficients of the ports
are related to a different cross-section, the scaling factor for the effective flow area may be
used to overcome this and achieve the correct effective flow areas.

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Usually, the flow coefficients are related to the inner valve seat area. In this case, the
scaling factor may be calculated easily from the following formula:

nv ⋅ d vi
2
f sc = (4.4.1)
d pi 2

f sc scaling factor

nv number of valves modeled with the port under consideration

d vi inner valve seat (= reference) diameter

d pi attached pipe diameter

The effective flow area is then calculated as:

d pi ⋅ π
2

Aeff = f sc ⋅ α ⋅
4 (4.4.2)

α flow coefficient

The flow coefficients of the ports must be specified over valve lift. This can be done either
by specifying the flow coefficients directly over valve lift or over the normalized valve lift.
The latter is defined as valve lift related to the inner valve seat diameter (AVL definition).
The advantage of using the normalized valve lift as a parameter is that the flow
coefficients of similar ports can be used without modification.
For intake ports, the swirl characteristics versus valve lift may also be specified by the
user. With this input, a dynamic in-cylinder swirl is calculated. In addition, a static swirl
with AVL's standard lift curve and the engines actual lift curve will be calculated for each
port.
The following options are available to specify the flow characteristics and the opening
characteristics of the ports of 2-stroke engines:
• Specification of the effective flow area: The user may specify the effective
flow area over piston position or over crank angle. If, in addition to the
effective flow area, the port geometry is specified, the pre-processor
calculates the flow coefficients for the port automatically. They may be used
to determine effective flow areas for slightly modified ports (e.g. modified
timing).
• Specification of port geometry and flow coefficients: Instead of specifying
the effective flow area directly, the user may specify the port geometry over
piston position or crank angle, and the flow coefficients of the port
depending on the port opening. The port geometry, i.e. the port width over
piston position or crank angle must be specified for each port opening. In a
BOOST model one port may feature more than one opening so the number
of openings must be specified.
Similar to the valve controlled ports, BOOST allows the effective flow areas of the ports as
a function of pressure ratio at the port to be specified. The definition of pressure ratio is
the same as described for valve controlled ports.

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The scaling factor may be used to increase or to decrease the specified flow areas by a
constant factor.
The effective flow areas of the ports may be specified either as a function of the distance
between the actual position of the piston and its TDC position, or on crank angle. If the
effective flow area is specified over crank angle, the full crank angle range between port
opening and port closing must be covered. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure that the
timing relative to BDC is symmetrical.
The flow coefficients are defined as the actual mass flow related to the specific mass flow
rates calculated from the isentropic flow equations for the same stagnation pressure and
temperature and for the same pressure ratio.
The definition of the port geometry consists of the specification of the port openings, the
port width (either as chord or as developed length) over the distance from the upper port
edge, and the minimum duct cross-section.
The port opening timing may be specified either in degrees crank angle after TDC or as the
distance between the upper port edge and the TDC position of the piston top (location of
upper port edge below TDC), Figure 4-43.
43H

Figure 4-43: Definition of Window Geometry

The minimum duct cross-section is required to determine the upper limit for the geometric
cross-section of the port. It may be specified directly or calculated from the port opening
dimensions and the port angles (angles between the port centerline and the horizontal and
radial planes), Figure 4-44. So it accounts for a situation where the flow direction of
4H

entering/leaving mass is not normal to the port opening area so that the entire effective
flow area table is scaled according to that ratio Aeff/A.

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Figure 4-44: Calculation of Minimum Duct Cross Section

The flow coefficients of the ports of two-stroke engines are related to the actual port
opening area which varies with piston position. They must be specified as a function of
distance from the upper port edge.

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4.5. Engine

4.5.1. General
Transient Engine Steady state simulations are default. BOOST can also simulate engine
Speed and vehicle acceleration or deceleration processes by selecting
Transient Calculation Speed.

Engine Speed The engine speed is the revolution speed of the crankshaft. For
steady state simulations, it is kept constant. For transient simulations
it is the starting value which is in the following calculated from solving
the moment of momentum equation applied to the crankshaft at each
time step.

Inertia Moment of Input the average moment of inertia for the crank train (plus all
Engine auxiliary drives and the inertia of the load reduced to engine speed if
not modeled by separate elements connected via Mech. Connectors).

Cycle Type 2-Stroke (1 Crank Shaft Revolution per Cycle)

4-Stroke (2 Crank Shaft Revolutions per Cycle)

Rotary Piston Engine (assumed to be a 4-Stroke Engine with 3

Eccentric/Crank Shaft Revolutions per Cycle)

BMEP Control Select to activate the BMEP Control input fields described in section
4.5.4.
45H

The engine inertia may depend on time or crank angle, therefore input the values in the
Table
46H .
To convert the mass of a vehicle to a rotational inertia related to engine speed, the
following formula may be used:

mV ⋅ rT
2

I= (4.5.1)
i2

I rotational inertia of the vehicle

rT (dynamic) tire radius

i total gear ratio between engine and drive wheels, given:

ne
i= (4.5.2)
nw

ne engine speed

nw wheel speed

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To convert the mass of a vehicle to a rotational inertia related to engine speed, the
following formula may be used:

m ⋅r
2

I= V 2T (4.5.3)
i
I rotational inertia of the vehicle

rT (dynamic) tire radius

i total gear ratio between engine and drive wheels, given:

ne
i= (4.5.4)
nw
ne engine speed

nw wheel speed

4.5.2. Cylinder Setup

Identical BOOST features individual cylinders which means that each cylinder
Cylinders can have its own specifications. If this feature is not required, it is
recommended to select identical cylinders in order to simplify the
input process. In this case, only the specifications for cylinder 1, the
firing order and the firing intervals must be specified.

Firing Order Input the firing order of each cylinder with reference to the absolute
crankshaft start angle (0 deg).

4.5.3. Engine Friction

Engine friction adversely affects the maximum work output and fuel economy
characteristics of an engine and directly accounts for much of the difference in fuel
consumption between cold and full-warm engine operation. For the calculation of the
brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) and the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC),
the specification of friction mean effective pressure (FMEP) over engine speed and engine
load is required.

Figure 4-45: Engine Friction Window

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Engine Friction BOOST offers different methods to specify the FMEP:

None:
No losses due to engine friction are considered in the BOOST
calculation

Table:
The FMEP can be specified as a function of engine load, represented
by the BMEP, and the engine speed.

Patton, Nitschke, Heywood –Model:

This model calculates the FMEP based on a set of engine type and
geometry related input data.

Shayler, Leong, Murphy –Model:

Similar to the above model the FMEP is calculated based on a set of
engine type and geometry related input data.

Friction This can be used to scale the specified (Table) or calculated (PNH
Multiplier model and SLM model) FMEP.

4.5.3.1.1. FMEP Table Input

The engine friction may be defined versus engine speed for several loads expressed by
BMEP.
In order to add data for various engine loads select the Engine Friction sub-group with the
right mouse button and then select Add:
• Define the engine load (BMEP).

• Define the Friction Mean Effective Pressure (FMEP) versus engine speed in
the Table
47H .
The following rules apply when evaluating the table during runtime:

• Values which are not specified explicitly in the table are obtained by interpolation
with the actual speed and load.
• For operating points outside the defined range the values at the boundary of the
defined range will be used by the program.
If no data is available for the friction as function of load, a difference of 0.2 bar in the
FMEP between zero and full load may serve as a rough guide line.

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Figure 4-46: Engine Friction - Table Input Window

4.5.3.1.2. PNH and SLM –Models

Both the PNH and the SLM models calculate the friction losses associated with the main
bearings, the valve train, piston group and auxiliary components.

Figure 4-47: Engine Friction - Friction Model Window

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Cylinder

Cylinder Default values are available for Inline, V6 and V8 engines.

Arrangement
If User Defined is selected, the following data must be specified:
Number of Crankshaft Main Bearings
Crankshaft Main Bearing Diameter
Crankshaft Main Bearing Length
Big End Con Rod Bearing Diameter
Big End Con Rod Bearing Length

Valve Train

Type of Valve If No Valve Train is selected, the contribution of the valve train to
Train engine friction is neglected.

If SOHC-Finger Follower, SOHC-Rocker Arm, SOHC-Direct Acting,

DOHC- Direct Acting or OHV Push Rods is selected, the following
data must be specified:
Number of Camshaft Bearings
Maximum Valve Lift
Type of Cam Follower – Flat or Roller
Oil Type Select the oil type from the list.

Oil Temperature Specify the oil temperature.

Injection Pump Activates/Deactivates the Injection Pump.

4.5.4. BMEP Control

The BMEP Control offers a convenient way to reach a target BMEP value without using
an ECU element. The controlled value is either the injected fuel mass (DI, GDI) of selected
Cylinders or the flow-coefficient (throttle, turbine waste-gate) of selected Restrictions. In
addition to the BMEP value, the controlled value and elements, the parameters of the
Integral Controller have to be specified.
According to the following formula (4.5.5) either the injected fuel mass (DI, GDI) of
48H

selected cylinders or the flow-coefficient of selected restrictions (throttle, turbine waste-

gate) is controlled.

vc = vc guess + (vcupper − vclower )

t

∫ (BMEP − BMEP ) ⋅ dt
i
des (4.5.5)
t CDUR 0

vc controlled value (injected fuel mass [kg] or flow coefficient [1] )

vc guess initial value for controlled value ([kg] or [1] )

vcupper , vclower upper and lower limit for controlled value ([kg] or [1] )

i integral control gain [1/Pa]

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t CDUR cycle duration [s]

BMEPdes target BMEP [Pa]

BMEP current BMEP[Pa]

Select BMEP Control in the General window to access the following options in the BMEP
Control sub-group:

Desired BMEP Target BMEPdes [Pa] to be reached

Controlled Controlled actuator value; one of:

Fuel Mass [kg]

Flow Coefficients [1]
Throttle Angle [1]

Controlled Value lower limit for controlled value vclower ([kg] or [1] )
Lower Limit

Controlled Value upper and lower limit for controlled value vcupper ([kg] or [1] )
Upper Limit

Controlled Value initial value for controlled value vc guess ([kg] or [1] )
Guess

Integral Control integral control gain i [1/Pa]

Gain

Element List of elements to be controlled

4.6. Mechanical Consumer

4.6.1. General
Inertia of Input the average moment of inertia for the Mechanical Consumer.
Mechanical
Consumer

Load Coefficient a
Characteristic Coefficient b
Coefficient c
Coefficient d
AMEP If the Mechanical Power supplied/consumed by the Mechanical
Consideration of Consumer should be considered in the Engine AMEP this Check Box
Mech. Power has to be selected.

The Load Characteristic applied to the Mechanical Consumer is calculated according to

the formula

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a
M = + b + cnc + dnc 2 (4.6.1)
nc

M load torque
a, b, c, d load coefficients

nc rotational speed of the Mechanical Consumer

coefficients a, b, c and d specified as constant value or as a Table

49H .
A Mechanical Consumer has to be connected to another Mechanical Component by means
of a Mechanical Connection Full Model.

4.7. Vehicle

4.7.1. General
Inertia of Inertia considering the assembly between engine clutch and road
Drivetrain wheels referenced to wheel speed.

Vehicle Mass Inertia of translational moved masses.

Rolling Radius (dynamic) tire radius.

Vehicle Load The vehicle load is calculated from the following formula:
Characteristic

a
F= + b + c v + d v2 (4.7.1)
v

F vehicle load [N]

v vehicle speed
a, b, c, d vehicle load coefficients

(in general determined by : b ... rolling resistance, uphill gradient;

c ... friction caused by laminar flow; d ... air resistance)
• Input a constant value for Coefficient a or a Table
450H of time dependent values.
Coefficients b, c, d are treated analogous.

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4.7.2. Driver
The Driver transient calculation allows the user to simulate the dynamic behavior of the
two-body system vehicle and engine which can be decoupled by a gear shift. The ECU
(described in section 4.15.1), which has to be present when executing the driver model,
451H

tries to follow a specified speed course by calculating the load signal depending on the
deviation of the actual vehicle speed from the desired one.
Select Desired Engine Speed for the ECU input (the value or table of the Desired Engine
Speed is not taken into account).
In the Engine element the Transient Engine Speed option has to be selected. The inertia
input field is activated. Input the inertia of the engine plus all auxiliary drives (not
including mechanically driven supercharging devices, inertia of drivetrain and inertia of
vehicle). Input can be a constant value or a Table452H of time or crank angle dependent
values.
The crank angle dependent inertia caused by the translational moved masses of a standard
crank train (no piston pin offset considered) can be calculated from:

2
⎛ ⎞
⎜ sin( 2α ) ⎟
m s2 ⎜ ⎟
It = ⎜ sin(α ) + 2 ⎟ (4.7.2)
4 ⎜ ⎛ l⎞
2
⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟ − sin (α ) ⎟
2
⎜
⎝ ⎝ s⎠ ⎠

It inertia of translational moved masses [kgm2]

m translational moved masses [kg]

s stroke [m]
l conrod length [m]

The Vehicle Element has to be Engine Element by means of a Mechanical Connection

Full Model with activated Clutch. Concerning the transferred torque the clutch has the
following states:
a. The clutch does not slip (transferred torque is smaller than the maximum
transferable torque)
b. The clutch slips (transferred torque is equal to the maximum transferable torque)
The maximum transferable torque is given by the formula

t tm = t cm pcc (4.7.3)

t tm maximum transferable torque [Nm]

t cm maximum clutch torque [Nm]

pcc clutch-control position [ 1]

Specify the maximum clutch torque t cm [Nm].

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During the Shifting process (Figure 4-48) the load signal and clutch-control position are
453H

determined according to the following figure.

Figure 4-48: Shifting Process

ls Load signal [1]

ls0 Load signal at start of shifting process [1]

pcc Clutch-control position [1]

ts Period of shifting process [s]

td
End of decoupling period [1]
ts
tc
Start of coupling period [1]
ts
tld
End of the load signal decreasing period [1]
ts
tlc
Start of the load signal increasing period [1]
ts

Driver

Shifting Time Period of shifting process t s [s]

Clutch Pedal On td
End of decoupling period [1]
ts

Acceleration tld
End of the load-signal decreasing period [1]
Pedal Off ts

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Acceleration tlc
Start of the load-signal increasing period [1]
Pedal On ts

Clutch Pedal Off tc

Start of coupling period [1]
ts

Velocity

Vehicle Velocity Based on the deviation of the actual vehicle speed from the specified
value(s), the ECU calculates the load signal according to the formula
t
ls = p (ndes − n ) + i ∫ (ndes − n )dt + d (ndes − n )
d
(4.7.4)
0
dt
ls load signal [1]

p proportional control gain [1/rpm]

i integral control gain [1/rpms]

d differential control gain [s/rpm]

ndes desired vehicle speed reduced to crank shaft speed [rpm]

n engine speed [rpm]

The desired vehicle speed is interpolated from a specified constant

value or a Table
45H of time dependent values.

Gear Shifting

Min. Engine A gear shift downwards is initiated if the engine speed falls below the
Speed minimum engine speed [rpm].

Max. Engine A gear shift upwards appears by exceeding the maximum engine
Speed speed [rpm].

Gear Box

Gear Step At To initialize the gearbox, input the gear step which will calculate the
Calculation Start vehicle speed at the start of the calculation (the corresponding engine
speed is specified in the Engine).
Input a table of corresponding gear ratios in ascending order [1].

Definition of the total gear ratio:

ne
i= (4.7.5)
nw
i gear ratio [1]

ne engine speed [rpm]

nw driving wheel speed [rpm]

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4.8. Measuring Point

Using measuring points, the user can access flow data and gas conditions over crank angle
at a certain location in a pipe. The location of the measuring point must be specified as its
distance from the upstream pipe end.
The user may select the output for a measuring point:

Standard Pressure, flow velocity, temperature, Mach number and mass flow
rates.

Extended Additional output of stagnation pressure, stagnation temperature,

enthalpy flow, fuel concentration, combustion products concentration,
fuel flow, combustion products flow, forward and backward pressure
and velocity waves. Additional acoustic data is also written to the
acoustic folder for measuring points with extended output selected.

4.9. Boundaries

4.9.1. System Boundary

Click on Linear Acoustics for relevant information.
The system boundary element provides the connection of the calculation model to a user-
definable ambient.

4.9.1.1. General
Saving of Energy Select to determine the temperature condition for Inflow by the
and Mass for accumulated Outflow.
Backflow

Boundary Type Standard is the default setting for a system boundary. No special
features are used.
Anechoic Termination suppresses backward pressure waves. This
can be used for the termination of an acoustic model.

Acoustic Source generates a varying pressure in the ambient. Used

for generating source conditions for acoustic models.

End Correction Select to include an acoustic end correction in order to account for
multidimensional effects. This will increase the length of the attached
pipe by the magnitude of the end correction (=0.6 * radius of the
connected pipe). See Theory Manual for details.

4.9.1.2. Boundary Conditions

Both local or global boundary conditions can be set. In the later case one of the predefined
global sets can be used to specify the boundary conditions.

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The ambient conditions (pressure, temperature, air/fuel ratio, fuel vapor and combustion
products) must be specified either as constant values or in a Table
45H as functions of time
or crank angle.
For General Species Transport the specification of mass fractions is possible either as a
constant value (using the Initialization Mass Fraction window in Simulation
Control/Globals) or as table (by activating the Mass Fraction Input option).
The input of user-defined concentrations is disabled if the number of user-defined
concentrations was set to zero.

4.9.1.3. Flow Coefficients

The flow coefficients for flow from the ambient into a pipe depend mainly on the
protrusion of the pipe end through the wall in which it is installed and on its bellmouth
characteristics. Refer to Flow Coefficients for details on standard values and directions.
456H

4.9.1.4. Acoustic Source

The numerical generation of an acoustic periodic signal (white noise) is carried out as the
sum of N sinusoidal pressure oscillations with a fixed amplitude, Δp, and frequency
multiple of the fundamental frequency, f.

N
p (t ) = po + ∑ Δp sin (2πft + ϕ n )
n =1

po is a constant value representing the mean ambient pressure. A random phase is used for
each sinusoidal component of the sum.
Minimum frequency: This is also the fundamental frequency for the pressure
calculation.
Maximum frequency: Frequency is incremented from the minimum frequency in
steps of the fundamental frequency (also the minimum frequency) until the maximum
frequency is reached.
Mean Pressure, po: Base pressure about which the pressure is varied. This can be
used to control the mean flow during the simulation depending on the termination
conditions.
Delta Pressure, Δp: The acoustic pressure of the source.
Transmission Loss: The transmission loss between two measuring points can
automatically be calculated when using an acoustic source system boundary and an
anechoic termination (if a non anechoic termination is used the result will be the noise
reduction and not the transmission loss). Simply activate the transmission loss
checkbox and select the upstream and downstream measuring points in the model.
The transmission loss is then calculated as follows (assuming MP1 is the upstream
MP and MP2 is the downstream MP),
Transmission Loss = Sound Pressure @ MP1 – Sound Pressure @ MP2 –
10.log(A2/A1)
Where,

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A1 = cross sectional area at MP1

A2 = cross sectional area at MP2
Note : When an acoustic source is used with an anechoic termination, the sound
pressure levels at the measuring points are from the forward running pressure wave
only.
After a successful calculation the Transmission Loss result can be found in the
Acoustic folder of the Acoustic Source System Boundary.

4.9.2. Aftertreatment Boundary

Click on Aftertreatment for relevant information.
The aftertreatment boundary element provides the connection of the aftertreatment
analysis model to a user-definable ambient. Two aftertreatment boundaries (one inlet and
one outlet) can be connected to one catalytic converter model or one diesel particulate
filter. The application of this type of boundary can only be used for aftertreatment analysis
simulations. More detailed information can be found in the BOOST Aftertreatment
Manual.

Note: Input values for an aftertreatment boundary are considered to be

) periodic. This means the defined period is repeated until the end of the
simulation.

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4.9.3. Internal Boundary

The internal boundary element allows boundary conditions for the calculation model to be
specified directly in the last cross section of a pipe where a model ends. It is extremely
helpful if measured boundary conditions in the intake and exhaust pipe of a cylinder are
available. In this case a simplified sub-model of the engine between the two measuring
points is made. An internal boundary is placed at the location of the measuring point, and
the measured pressure and temperature over crank angle are specified.

Figure 4-49: Engine Cylinder Sub-model

4.9.3.1. General
Select Save Energy and Mass for Backflow to determine the temperature boundary
condition when flow is into the pipe from the accumulated flow out of the pipe into the
boundary.

4.9.3.2. Boundary Conditions

Both local and global boundary conditions can be set. In the later case one of the
predefined global sets can be used to specify the boundary conditions.
The gas conditions in the pipe (pressure, temperature, air/fuel ratio, fuel vapor and
combustion products) must be specified either as constant values or in a Table 457Has a
function of time or crank angle.
The input of user-defined concentrations is disabled if the number of user-defined
concentrations has been set to zero.
For General Species Transport the same options are available as for the System
458H

Boundary.

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4.10. Transfer Elements

4.10.1. Flow Restriction

The flow restriction element is used to consider a distinct pressure loss at a certain
location in the piping system. This pressure loss may be caused by a geometrical
restriction of the pipe cross-section (e.g. a butterfly valve, an orifice plate, etc.), or by a
flow separation at that location caused by a step in the diameter of the piping or by a
narrow elbow.
For a flow restriction, flow coefficients must be specified for both possible flow directions.
The flow coefficients are defined as the ratio between the actual mass flow and the loss-
free isentropic mass flow for the same stagnation pressure and the same pressure ratio.
The flow coefficients of restrictions depend very much on the design details of the
restriction (control valve, orifice, flow separation, sudden change of diameter etc.).
Standard values for the flow coefficients can only be given for a sudden change of the
diameter.
For a sudden expansion of the flow (flow direction from a smaller to a larger diameter
pipe), the flow coefficients depend mainly on the cross-sectional area ratio. This influence
is considered automatically by the BOOST program. The values specified in the input
cover only the deterioration over the ideal geometry. Therefore, a value of 1.0 is
recommended for a well manufactured diameter step.
For a sudden contraction of the flow (flow from a larger to a smaller diameter pipe), the
flow coefficients depend again mainly on the cross-sectional area ratio and on the relative
radius at the inlet to the smaller pipe. This is defined as the actual radius divided by the
(hydraulic) diameter of the smaller pipe (refer to Figure 4-50).
459H

Figure 4-50: Sudden Diameter Change

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Relative Area Ratio (d/D)²

Radius (r/d) 0.0 .4 .7 .9 1.0

0.0 .815 .865 .915 .960 1.0

0.02 .855 .895 .935 .970 1.0

0.06 .910 .935 .960 .980 1.0

0.12 .955 .970 .980 .990 1.0

>0.20 .985 .990 .995 .998 1.0

Values between the specified points can be obtained by linear interpolation.

For all other types of restriction, the flow coefficients must be determined by steady state
flow tests or estimated from the geometrical restriction of the pipe cross-section.

) Note: In BOOST the flow coefficients of restrictions are always related to

the minimum attached pipe cross-section.

The restriction element can include a physical pipe extension from the smaller pipe into
the larger pipe (Inlet or Outlet Extension) as well as an end correction (Karal’s End
Correction) to account for multidimensional effects. The combined length of the extension
(physical + end correction) is used to adjust the length of the two connected pipes. The
length is added to the smaller diameter pipe and subtracted from the larger diameter pipe.
The length is also used to create a quarterwave resonator at the junction between the two
pipes. If the length and applied corrections result in a negative pipe length or a quarter
wave resonator length smaller than the model cell size the corrections are not applied and
no resonator is created.
See Recommendations : Modelling Extensions for more details.

) Note: Flow coefficients of restrictions are fixed to 1.0 when the extension
and or end correction result in quarter wave resonator.

4.10.2. Throttle
Click on Linear Acoustics for relevant information.

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The throttle element is used to consider a distinct pressure loss over the throttle element.
The implementation and the functionality of the throttle element is similar to the flow
restriction element, except that the flow coefficients must be specified as a function of the
throttle flow angle for both possible flow directions.
The flow coefficients are defined as the ratio between the actual mass flow and the loss-
free isentropic mass flow for the same stagnation pressure and the same pressure ratio and
are typically determined experimentally, where the reference diameter is the diameter that
was used to calculate the flow coefficients.

4.10.3. Rotary Valve

Rotary valves are used to control the air flow in a pipe as a function of crank angle or time.
A typical application is the control of the intake process of a two-stroke engine. In the
BOOST system the rotary valve is treated in a similar way to the flow restriction.
For the rotary valve the flow coefficients must be specified for both possible flow directions
depending on the time in seconds or on crank angle.
The flow coefficients are defined as the ratio between the actual mass flow in the loss-free
isentropic mass flow for the same stagnation pressure and the same pressure ratio.

The total time interval for which the flow coefficient is specified may be less than, equal to,
or greater than the cycle duration. If the time interval is shorter than the specified
maximum calculation period, BOOST treats the flow coefficient over time function as a
periodic function.

) Note: For the rotary valve, the flow coefficients are related to the
minimum pipe cross-section attached.

4.10.4. Check Valve

A check valve is a pressure actuated valve used to prevent reverse flow. Two models are
available:
1. Simplified Check Valve Model
The flow resistance of the valve only depends on the pressure difference over the check
valve. No inertia effects of the valve are considered. In this case BOOST requires the
specification of flow coefficients for both possible flow directions as a function of the
pressure difference over the check valve.
The flow coefficients are defined as the ratio between the actual mass flow and the
loss-free isentropic mass flow for the same pressure difference. In the case of the check
valve, the flow coefficients are related to the minimum pipe cross-section attached.
If the actual pressure difference in the engine model exceeds the maximum pressure
difference for which a flow coefficient has been specified, the flow coefficient for the
maximum specified pressure difference will be used.

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2. Full Check Valve Model

The dynamic valve lift is calculated using an equivalent spring-damper-mass system.
The flow coefficients must be specified as a function of the valve lift.
The moving masses, damping coefficient, valve spring pre-load and valve spring rate
must be defined. Furthermore, the specification of reference areas is required in order
to calculate the forces acting on the valve resulting from the pressure difference over
the valve. BOOST allows different reference areas for the closed valve and opened
valve to be specified.

The maximum valve lift may be limited as is often the case in real check valve
configurations.
Flow coefficients as a function of valve lift must be specified for both possible flow
directions.

4.10.5. Injector / Carburetor

The injector element is used to add fuel (classic species transport) or any other species
(general species transport) into a pipe in the intake or exhaust system, although it is most
often used for engines with external mixture preparation (PFI, MPFI, …) to add the fuel to
the air in the intake system.
To consider the particular pressure losses resulting from multi-dimensional flow
phenomena which cannot be predicted by the program, BOOST requires the specification
of flow coefficients at the fuel injector. The flow coefficients are defined as the ratio
between the actual mass flow and a loss-free isentropic mass flow for the same stagnation
pressure and the same pressure ratio.

4.10.5.1. Injected species specification

BOOST requires the user to choose between the “Fuel” (default) and the “Local Species
Definition” method.
For both approaches BOOST can take into account the heat needed for the evaporation
and the heat needed for heating the injected mass flow from the reference temperature
(298.15K) to the instantaneous temperature. Please refer to Table 4-3 for the evaporation
460H

heat of different fuels. By specifying Heat from Wall greater than 0, the amount of
evaporation heat covered from the combustion chamber walls can be input.

4.10.5.2. Injected mass flow specification

The injected mass flow can be specified either using the Ratio Control (default) or the
Direct Control method.

For Ratio Control the fuel supply is specified by the A/F Ratio. If the Carburettor Model is
used, the air flow at the carburettor position is used together with the specified A/F ratio to
calculate the amount of fuel supplied. For the Injection Nozzle Model a measuring point at
the position of the air flow meter has to be specified. In this case the fuelling is calculated
from the mass flow at the air flow meter position and the specified A/F ratio. As the air
flow meter usually serves more than one cylinder, the percentage of the total air flow
served by each injector must be specified.
For Direct Control the mass flow can be specified either in kg/s or in kg/cycle.

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4.10.5.3. Injection method specification

Using the Continuous Injection method (default) the mass is injected over the whole
engine cycle. The Intermittent Injection option enables the user to model the injection
event in a more detailed way. The following additional input is required:
• Reference Cylinder: Choose the cylinder which is targeted by this injector (defined
FTDC for the definition of the Injection Angle).
• Injection Angle: Specify either the SOI or the EOI timing.
• Rate/Duration Settings: Choose from 'Rate', 'Duration' or 'Rate and Duration'.

• Delivery Rate: Specify the delivery rate for the injector. If the delivery ration is not
known, the below formula can be used to estimate it.
• Injection Duration: Specify the duration of the injection.
• Fuel Film Thickness: Specify the thickness of the fuel film.
• Fraction of Fuel in Wallfilm: Specify the fraction of the injected fuel that is directly
deposited in the wallfilm.

• Film=Wall Temperature taken from: Select the Measuring Point that will be used
to determine the wallfilm temperature for the evaporation.
• Evaporation Multiplier: Can be used to tune the rate of evaporation (Sherwood
number based part).
• Shape Multiplier: Can be used to tune the rate of evaporation (geometry based
part).

If the injector Delivery Rate is not known, a realistic estimate can be made using the
following formula:

1 6
m& delivery = η v ⋅ ρ ref ⋅ n ⋅ Vdisp ⋅ ⋅ (4.10.1)
( A F )engine N cyl ⋅ Δα inj
with:
m& delivery injector delivery rate [g/s]

ηv volumetric efficiency [-]

n engine speed [rpm]
Vdisp engine displacement [l]

( A F )engine air/fuel ratio (mass based) [-]

N cyl no. of cylinders [-]

Δα inj injection duration [degCA]

Typically an injector is designed such, that at the highest speed and at WOT the injection
duration equals the duration of the intake valve opening (~200 degCA).
The evaporation characteristics of gasoline fuel are typically described by a Distillation
Curve as shown for Gasoline in Figure 4-51. Components with higher volatility evaporate
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at lower temperatures (approx. 50 degC), components with lower volatility evaporate at

higher temperatures (approx. 170 degC).

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Figure 4-51: Distillation curves for different fuel types (Source: www.chevron.com)

BOOST requires the distillation curve (distillation temperature as f(fraction evaporated

fuel)) as input and takes this effect into account by splitting the injected mass into three
different packages:
• High Volatility: 0-25% evaporated
• Mean Volatility: 25-75% evaporated
• Low Volatility. 75-100% evaporated
For each of these three packages the rate of evaporation and the corresponding mass in the
fuel puddle are balanced separately.

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Fuel Injector Puddle mass-flow Chart

Figure 4-52: Fuel Injector Puddle mass-flow

m& F ,eff = m& F ,inj + m& F , puddle (4.10.2)

m& F ,inj = (1 − X ) ⋅ m& F (4.10.3)

m& F , puddle = ∑ (C evap ⋅ m& q ,evap + C geom ⋅ m& q , geom )

Q
(4.10.4)
q =1

⎛ y q , sat − y q ⎞
m& q ,evap = k q ⋅ AP ⋅ ρ g ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ MWq (4.10.5)
⎜ 1− y ⎟
⎝ q , sat ⎠

m& q , geom = C P ⋅ m P ,q (4.10.6)

m& F ,eff effective fuel mass flow, [kg/s]

m& F ,inj effective fuel mass flow, injected part [kg/s]

m& F , puddle effective fuel mass flow, puddle part [kg/s]

m& F total injected mass flow, [kg/s]

X injected mass distribution factor, part injected into puddle [-]

Q total number of fuel-type packages, [-]

m& q ,evap puddle fuel mass flow, evaporation part [kg/s]

m& q , geom
puddle fuel mass flow, geometry part [kg/s]

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m P ,q
mass of package q in the puddle , [kg]

CP puddle geometry tuning factor (default=3.0), [1/s]

CG puddle geometry multiplier, [-]

Cevap evaporation rate multiplier, [-]

kq mass transfer coefficient of package q, [m/s]

AP puddle area, [m2]

ρg molar density of the gas , [kmole/m3]

yq bulk (cell value) mole fraction of package q, [-]

y q ,sat saturation mole fraction of package q, [-]

MWq molecular weight of package q, [kg/kmole]

4.10.6. Pipe Junction

Click on Linear Acoustics for relevant information.
For the junction of pipes three sub-models are available:

1. Constant Pressure Model

Flow coefficients for flow to the junction and flow out of the junction must be specified
explicitly by the user for each pipe attachment. The flow coefficients for the pipe
attachments may be specified either as constant values or as functions of time in
seconds, time in degrees crank angle or on the pressure difference at the pipe
attachment. For in-flow (flow into the junction), the pressure difference is defined as
the static pressure in the pipe minus the pressure at the junction, and for out-flow as
the pressure at the junction minus the static pressure in the pipe.
Refer to Flow Coefficients for details on standard values and directions.
462H

) Note: This model corresponds to a plenum with zero volume. The

momentum of flow into the constant pressure junction is lost.

2. Constant Static Pressure Model

This junction model enforces the same static pressure in all pipe cross sections
attached to the junction.

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3. Refined Model (Three-way Pipe Junctions)

An accurate calculation model based on the equations for orifice flow is available. This
model requires flow coefficients for each flow path in each possible flow pattern, which
adds up to two times six flow coefficients. Figure 4-53 shows the qualitative trend of
463H

these flow coefficients versus the ratio of the mass flow in a single branch to the mass
flow in the common branch for a joining flow pattern.

Figure 4-53: Flow Coefficients of a Junction

The actual values depend on the geometry of the junction, i.e. the area ratio and the
angle between the pipes. BOOST interpolates suitable flow coefficients for the
considered junction from a database (RVALF.CAT) delivered with the program.
The database contains the flow coefficients of six junctions, covering a wide range of
area ratios and angles. The data was obtained from measurements on a steady state
flow test rig. The file RVALF.CAT is a formatted ASCII file. The user may add
measured flow coefficients for special junctions or for an extension of the catalogue.
The structure of the file is as follows:
MEASURED 0 30 1.3158 1.6900
11 0 0.7600 0.0000 0.2332 0.4385 0.6072 0.7400 0.8380 0.9032 0.9381 0.9462 0.9314 0.9029
12 30 0.5917 0.0000 0.1732 0.3530 0.5208 0.6624 0.7691 0.8375 0.8696 0.8727 0.8595 0.8490
21 30 1.6900 0.0000 0.0785 0.1517 0.2205 0.2859 0.3486 0.4087 0.4661 0.5202 0.5702 0.6192
22 150 1.2844 0.0000 0.0740 0.1430 0.2077 0.2690 0.3268 0.3807 0.4294 0.4712 0.5036 0.5418
31 0 1.3157 0.0000 0.1311 0.2565 0.3696 0.4696 0.5567 0.6315 0.6954 0.7507 0.8001 0.8241
33 150 0.7785 0.0000 0.1212 0.2297 0.3249 0.4061 0.4735 0.5271 0.5680 0.5972 0.6163 0.6351
41 0 1.3157 0.0000 0.1498 0.2997 0.4495 0.5133 0.5964 0.6811 0.7619 0.8453 0.9498 1.0800
42 30 1.6900 0.0000 0.1710 0.3420 0.5130 0.6099 0.7049 0.7894 0.8606 0.9216 0.9812 1.0400
51 30 0.5917 0.0000 0.0410 0.0831 0.1266 0.1720 0.2196 0.2698 0.3231 0.3795 0.4394 0.5023
52 150 0.7785 0.0000 0.0672 0.1290 0.1862 0.2394 0.2894 0.3366 0.3812 0.4234 0.4632 0.4944
61 0 0.7600 0.0000 0.0489 0.1006 0.1552 0.2135 0.2761 0.3439 0.4180 0.4995 0.5896 0.6862
62 150 1.2844 0.0000 0.1275 0.2319 0.3197 0.3952 0.4620 0.5226 0.5785 0.6304 0.6678 0.6959
S1 0 1.3157 0.6192 0.6892 0.7526 0.8059 0.8452 0.8687 0.8767 0.8720 0.8593 0.8456 0.8241
S2 30 1.6900 0.8241 0.8456 0.8593 0.8720 0.8767 0.8687 0.8452 0.8059 0.7526 0.6892 0.6192

CATALOGUE 0 90 1.6900 1.3158

11 0 0.5917 0.0000 0.2751 0.5096 0.6916 0.8227 0.9069 0.9510 0.9644 0.9643 0.9603 0.9496
12 90 0.7600 0.0000 0.1051 0.2158 0.3242 0.4236 0.5095 0.5796 0.6337 0.6739 0.7042 0.7380
21 90 1.3157 0.0000 0.0858 0.1615 0.2304 0.2943 0.3540 0.4098 0.4608 0.5055 0.5417 0.5715

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22 90 0.7785 0.0000 0.1377 0.2595 0.3673 0.4626 0.5465 0.6196 0.6818 0.7328 0.7715 0.7985
31 0 1.3157 0.0000 0.0828 0.1701 0.2610 0.3545 0.4486 0.5403 0.6259 0.7006 0.7490 0.7705
32 90 0.7785 0.0000 0.0863 0.1697 0.2491 0.3241 0.3942 0.4589 0.5175 0.5691 0.6128 0.6575
41 0 1.6900 0.0000 0.1103 0.2298 0.3531 0.4760 0.5969 0.7167 0.8389 0.9698 1.1182 1.3000
42 90 1.3157 0.0000 0.1391 0.2488 0.3375 0.4121 0.4778 0.5385 0.5966 0.6532 0.7080 0.7520
51 90 0.7600 0.0000 0.0611 0.1255 0.1904 0.2538 0.3142 0.3708 0.4236 0.4730 0.5200 0.5609
52 90 1.2844 0.0000 0.1019 0.2085 0.3155 0.4192 0.5166 0.6054 0.6842 0.7523 0.8098 0.8446
61 0 0.5917 0.0000 0.0529 0.1057 0.1583 0.2112 0.2646 0.3193 0.3757 0.4349 0.4975 0.5619
62 90 0.7785 0.0000 0.0829 0.1565 0.2240 0.2874 0.3482 0.4075 0.4653 0.5213 0.5745 0.6217
S1 0 1.6900 0.5715 0.6028 0.6318 0.6617 0.6901 0.7149 0.7350 0.7501 0.7602 0.7665 0.7705
S2 90 1.3157 0.7705 0.7665 0.7602 0.7501 0.7350 0.7149 0.6901 0.6617 0.6318 0.6028 0.5715

The lines are described as follows:

1st line:
• Measured: The flow coefficients are used for a junction with the same area
ratio and the same angle between the pipes.
• Catalogue: The flow coefficients are used for the interpolation of flow
coefficients if no suitable measured flow coefficients are found. They are not
used even if the specified junction in the data set exactly matches the junction
from which the catalogue data was obtained.
Deflection angle for flow path 1 (a → c), flow pattern 1
Deflection angle for flow path 2 (a → b), flow pattern 1
Area ratio between pipe a and c
Area ratio between pipe b and c

2nd to 13th line:

The first two characters indicate the flow pattern and the flow path.
Deflection angle of the specific flow path
Area ratio between the pipe attachments upstream and downstream of the specific
flow path
Flow coefficients for the mass flow ratio 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.9, 1.0 between the flow in the
specific flow path and the total mass flow through the junction.

14th and 15th line:

Additional flow coefficients for the special treatment of injector effects in flow pattern
4 (joining flow). These lines must be omitted if there is no flow against a pressure
gradient.

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4.11. Volume Elements

4.11.1. Plenum
Click on Linear Acoustics for relevant information.
A plenum is defined as an element in which spatial pressure and temperature differences
are not considered. This means that the momentum of the flow in the plenum is neglected.

4.11.1.1. General
For Geometry Definition select Volume or Diameter and Length. Depending on the
selection, specify the values respectively.
If a perforated pipe is contained in the plenum, the effective volume is calculated by
subtracting the volume of the contained pipes from the specified one.
If Wall Heat Transfer is selected, input fields in the Wall Heat Transfer sub-group are
activated (see section 4.11.1.5).
46H

4.11.1.2. Connection Definition

Figure 4-54: Plenum – Connection Definition Window

For Connection Definition select Flush Eccentric, Inlet and Outlet Extension or None.
Depending on the selection, specify the values respectively.

4.11.1.3. Initialization
The initial conditions (pressure, temperature, gas composition and user-defined
concentrations) must be specified for a plenum, as well as flow coefficients for each pipe
attachment.
For General Species Transport the specification of mass fractions is possible by using the
Initialization Mass Fraction window in Simulation Control.

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4.11.1.4. Flow Coefficients

In order to consider particular pressure losses resulting from multi-dimensional flow
phenomena which cannot be directly predicted by the program, BOOST requires the
specification of flow coefficients for in-flow and out-flow at each pipe attachment. The flow
coefficients are defined as the ratio between the actual mass flow and the loss-free
isentropic mass flow for the same stagnation pressure and the same pressure ratio.
The flow coefficients for each pipe attachment may be specified either as constant values or
in a Table
465H as functions of time in seconds, time in degrees crank angle or pressure
difference at the pipe attachment.
For in-flow (flow into the plenum) the pressure difference is defined as the static pressure
in the pipe minus the pressure in the plenum. For out-flow as the pressure in the plenum
minus the static pressure in the pipe. Refer to Flow Coefficients for details on standard
46H

values and directions.

4.11.1.5. Wall Heat Transfer

The specification of the plenum surface, the wall temperature and the heat transfer
coefficient is required. The user may specify the heat transfer coefficient directly or use a
simplified heat transfer model for plenums incorporated in BOOST. In this case, the
calculated heat transfer coefficient may be increased or decreased by means of an
Amplification factor.
In order to determine the transient wall temperature, the wall thickness of the plenums,
its material properties and data describing the ambient of the plenum are required.

4.11.1.6. Chemistry
For a General Species Transport Calculation chemical reactions can be taken into account
in the plenum. If activated, a chemistry set needs to be specified.

4.11.1.7. Perforated Pipe

Select to insert a perforated pipe in the plenum.
In addition to the standard input of the pipe, the perforation characteristics and those of
the (automatically) generated transfer elements have to be specified. The effective flow
area of the outer pipe is calculated from its cross section area by subtracting the area of the
inner pipe.

Perforation Characteristics
Porosity and Porosity Discharge Coefficient for both flow directions, which
determine the effective perforation flow area.
Perforation Hole Diameter and Perforation Wall Thickness which have influence
on the inertia of the flow across the perforation. Porosity, Perforation Hole
Diameter and Perforation Wall Thickness can be specified as functions of the
location in the pipe in a Table
467H :
They may be specified as a function of distance from the upstream pipe end. The
first value must be specified at the upstream pipe end (Location = 0) and the
last value at the downstream pipe end (Location = Length).

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Transfer Elements
• Plenum Boundary Anchors
If an outer pipe is attached to a perforated pipe in plenum a transfer element
analogous to the Flow Restriction is created, otherwise one analogous to the
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System Boundary is attached.

469H

• Plenum Internal Anchors

If two perforated pipes are connected to the same internal anchor of the plenum
a transfer element analogous to the Flow Restriction is created. A single
470H

perforated pipe connected to an internal anchor is a simple attachment to the

plenum and only flow coefficients have to be specified. Refer to Flow
471H

Coefficients for details on standard values and directions.

In addition, input for the pipe ends is necessary. Four types of connection for a perforated
pipe end are available as shown in the following figure:

Figure 4-55: Perforated Pipes Contained in Plenum

1. If the pipe end is attached to the plenum boundary and there is no outside pipe
connected to the same anchor: this results in the pipe end being connected to a
system boundary. This system boundary will be automatically generated but not
shown on the screen. Additional data for this system boundary has to be specified.
The data for this system boundary can be input in the data window for the
appropriate perforated pipe.
2. If the pipe end is attached to a plenum boundary and an outside pipe connects to
the same anchor: This results in a connection via a restriction element between
these two pipes. The restriction will be automatically generated but not shown on
the screen. Additional data for this restriction has to be specified. The data for this
restriction can be input in the data window for the appropriate perforated pipe.
3. If a single pipe end is attached to an anchor point inside the plenum: This results
in a connection between the pipe end and the plenum. The flow coefficients for the
inflow and outflow from this pipe have to be specified in the data window for the
plenum.
4. If two pipe ends are attached to the same anchor point inside the plenum: This
results in a connection via a restriction element between these two pipes. The
restriction will be automatically generated but not shown. Additional data for this
restriction has to be specified.

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4.11.2. 3D Cell Elements

The required geometry input and the default Wall Heat Transfer surface for the different
3D Cell Types is:

General Overall Volume sum over all attachments of ((Attachment

Circumference) *(Characteristic Length))
Sphere Volume equivalent diameter sum over all attachments of ((Attachment
Circumference) *(3D Cell Diameter))
T-Right Diameter and Length of the PI*Diameter*Length
straight flow section

Junction Type
The General 3D cell can also be sub divided into a pipe based junction model (Junction
Type) or a volume based 3D cell intended for acoustic modeling (non Junction Type).
If the effective Wall Heat Transfer Surface differs from the Default Value the optional
input can be enabled by selecting the related check box.

Friction
The laminar wall friction loss is calculated by means of the Laminar Friction Coefficient
(Default Value according to Hagen-Poiseuille Law:64).
The turbulent wall friction loss is calculated by means of the Friction Coefficient. This can
be either specified directly or via the specification of the Absolute Surface Roughness in
combination with a Friction Multiplier. In this case the BOOST Solver calculates the
Friction Coefficient based on Moody's diagram (see User Manual).

Heat Transfer
The calculation of the Gas/Wall Heat Transfer is based on a Nusselt number. For its
definition BOOST offers several approaches. If Constant is chosen, the Heat Transfer
Coefficient can be specified directly.
The Heat Transfer Factor enables the wall heat losses calculated from the wall and gas
temperatures to be increased or reduced.
The Wall Temperature is either fixed or the initial one if Variable Wall Temperature is
selected.
If Variable Wall Temperature is set, the wall temperature of the cell will change according
to the heat balance between the heat flux from the gas-flow in the cell to the cell wall and
the heat flux from the cell wall to the ambient. Additional information is required under
the Variable Wall Temperature sub tree item.
For the detailed input requirement of the Variable Wall Temperature Functionality please
refer to the section 4.2.6.
472H

Initialization
The initial conditions (pressure, temperature, gas composition and user-defined
concentrations) must be specified for a plenum, as well as flow coefficients for each pipe
attachment.

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For General Species Transport the specification of mass fractions is possible by using the
Initialization Mass Fraction window in Simulation Control.

3D Cell General and Sphere Attachment Specification

For each 3D Cell Attachment the following input is required:
• Angle X, Y and Z between the Flow Attachment centerline and the Local X-, Y,
and Z-Axis of the cell (see Figure below). The sign of the flow attachment
centerline vector should be consistent (either towards the cell center or away from
it) for all attachments.
• Characteristic Flow Length before a fluid particle entering the attachment hits
the opposite cell wall or attachment opening (3D Cell General only).
• Diameter of characteristic flow cross-section to which fluid expands while entering
the cell volume (3D Cell General only).

Figure 4-56: 3D Cell Attachment Angle specification

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4.11.3. Variable Plenum

The variable plenum is similar to a standard plenum and in addition considers the change
of the volume and surface area of the plenum over time. The user may specify the volume
over time explicitly by selecting one of the following:

User-Defined BOOST allows the volume and the surface area to be specified
depending on time in seconds or on time in degrees crank angle.
Zero volume is not allowed as input. If the Volume Work should be
considered in the Engine AMEP the corresponding Check Box has to
be selected.

Crankcase The user must specify the number of the cylinder to which the defined
crankcase is related. By specifying the geometrical crankcase
compression ratio, which is defined as the volume of the crankcase
with the piston at TDC divided by the volume of the crankcase with the
piston at BDC, the geometrical definition of the crankcase is
completed.
For consideration of the wall heat transfer in a crankcase BOOST
requires the specification of the minimum plenum surface area (piston
at BDC), the wall temperature, and the heat transfer coefficient.
Similar to the plenum data for the calculation of the energy balance of
the variable plenum wall can be specified by the user. The heat
transfer coefficient may be specified directly or a simplified heat
transfer model for plenums incorporated in BOOST can be used.

Scavenging A scavenging pump is defined as a pumping cylinder which is directly

Pump actuated by the crankshaft. This means that the speed of the
scavenging pump is equal to engine speed.
For consideration of the power consumption of the scavenging pump
the user must specify to which cylinder the scavenging pump is
attached.
The geometrical specifications of a scavenging pump cover the TDC
delay relative to the attached cylinder, the bore and the stroke of the
pumping cylinder as well as the con-rod length and the piston pin
offset. The definition of the volume of the scavenging pump over
crank angle is completed by the specification of the scavenging pump
compression ratio, which is defined as the BDC volume divided by the
TDC volume.

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4.11.4. Perforated Pipe in Pipe

Click on Linear Acoustics for relevant information.
In addition to the standard pipe data for inner and outer Pipe, the following perforation
473H

data should be specified in the following window:

Figure 4-57: Perforated Pipe in Pipe Window

Porosity and Porosity Discharge Coefficient for both flow directions, which determine the
effective perforation flow area.
Perforation Hole Diameter and Perforation Wall Thickness which have influence on the
inertia of the flow across the perforation (Porosity, Perforation Hole Diameter and
Perforation Wall Thickness can be specified pipe location dependent).
Heat transfer between the two pipes is not considered and the wall heat transfer dialog for
the inner pipe is disabled.

Transfer Elements
If a pipe is attached to a perforated pipe anchor a transfer element analogous to the Flow
47H

Restriction is created, otherwise one analogous to the System Boundary is attached.

475H

Note: The geometric outer pipe diameter (not the hydraulic one) should
) be input to give the effective flow area in the outer pipe. This is because
the effective flow area of the outer pipe is calculated from its cross
sectional area less the cross sectional area of the inner pipe.

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4.12. Assembled Elements

4.12.1. Air Cleaner

BOOST automatically creates a more refined calculation model of a plenum-pipe-plenum
type for the air cleaner. This is used to model the gas dynamic performance of the air
cleaner as well as the pressure drop over the air cleaner depending on the actual flow
conditions.

4.12.1.1. General
The input of the total air cleaner volume, the inlet and outlet collector volumes and the
length of the filter element is required. It is important to note that the length of the
cleaner pipe is also used to model the time a pressure wave needs to travel through the
cleaner. The physical diameter of the cleaner pipe is calculated from the specified pipe
volume (Vpipe = Vtotal– Vinlet collector– Voutlet collector) and the specified pipe length (length of filter
element).
By default the hydraulic diameter in Equation 2.4.9 in the Theory Manual is identical with
the physical diameter. By activating the Hydraulic Settings option the hydraulic diameter
can be specified by the user directly or via the hydraulic area.

4.12.1.2. Friction
There are two options to specify the performance (pressure drop) of the air cleaner:

Option 1: Target Pressure Drop

The air cleaner pressure drop is specified by means of a reference mass flow, the target
pressure drop (defined as the static pressure difference at the inlet and the outlet pipe
attachment) at the reference mass flow and the inlet air conditions (temperature and
pressure), Figure 4-58.
476H

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Figure 4-58: Steady State Air Cleaner Performance

On the basis of this information, the wall friction loss of the model is adjusted by the
program.
Option 2: Coefficient

The pressure drop of the air cleaner is calculated using the specified values for laminar and
turbulent friction coefficients and the specified hydraulic diameter of the pipe as described
in section 2.4 of the Theory Manual.

4.12.1.3. Flow Coefficients

Particular flow resistances at the inlet to and at the outlet from the air cleaner can be
considered. The flow coefficients for the pipe attachments may be specified as a function of
time in seconds, time in degrees crank angle or pressure difference at the pipe attachment.
For in-flow (flow into the air cleaner) the pressure difference is defined as the static
pressure in the pipe minus the pressure in the air cleaner collector, and for out-flow as the
pressure in the air cleaner collector minus the static pressure in the pipe. Refer to Flow
47H

Coefficients for details on standard values and directions.

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4.12.2. Catalyst
Click on Aftertreatment or Linear Acoustics for relevant information.
As for the air-cleaner (refer to 4.12.1) BOOST automatically creates a more refined
478H

calculation model of the catalyst. This is used to model the gas dynamic performance of the
catalyst as well as the pressure drop over the catalyst depending on the actual flow
conditions.

4.12.2.1. General

Note: The catalyst model in the BOOST cycle simulation can also be
) used in combination with chemical reactions. Please refer to the BOOST
Aftertreatment Manual for additional information.

The input of the total catalyst volume (i.e. the monolith volume consisting of the gas and
also the solid structure), the inlet and outlet collector volumes and the length of the
monolith is required.

The specification of the honeycomb cell structure has a decisive effect on the pressure drop
that is calculated for the catalyst:
• Square Cell Catalyst: The hydraulic diameter of the catalyst pipe is defined via a
CPSI value and a wall and washcoat thickness.
• General Catalyst: The hydraulic diameter of the catalyst pipe is defined directly or
via the hydraulic area of the catalyst front face (without solid part). The input of
open frontal area (OFA) and geometric surface area (GSA) is relevant only if
chemical reactions are active in this catalyst.
In order to simulate the chemical conversion behavior of the catalyst, activate the
Chemical Reactions toggle switch in any case. Otherwise the catalyst is understood as
flow element where only data about geometry and friction is required.
The basic geometry has to be defined by the following data:
Typical Values
and Ranges

Monolith Volume Determines the volume of the monolith in 1–10 (dm3)

comprising both, the volume of the gas
phase and the solid substrate.

Length of Monolith Determines the length of the monolith. 1–0.5 (m)

Inlet Collector Determines the volume of the inlet cone. 1 (dm3)

Volume This information is only required for the
Cycle Simulation task.

Outlet Collector Determines the volume of the inlet cone. 1 (dm3)

Volume This information is only required for the
Cycle Simulation task.

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4.12.2.2. Type Specification

The cell structure of the monolith can either be defined assuming Squared Cell Catalysts
in a simplified way or within any geometrical assumptions for General Catalysts.
If Square Cell Catalyst is selected, the following input data has to be defined:

Typical Values
and Ranges

Cell density Determines the type of monolith using the 100–900(1/in²)

(CPSI) number of channels per in2.

Wall Thickness Determines the thickness of the monolith’s 0.006–0.015 (in)

walls.

Washcoat Determines the thickness of the washcoat. 0–0.003 (in)

Thickness

If General Catalyst is selected, the following input data has to be defined:

Typical Values
and Ranges

Open Frontal Determines the open frontal area (= fluid 0.50–0.75 (-)
Area (OFA) volume fraction) of monolith.

Hydraulic Determines the hydraulic unit or (diameter or 0.001–0.005 (m)

Diameter area) of the monolith channels.
(Hydraulic Area)

Geometric Determines the geometric surface area. This 1500–4000

Surface Area surface is used for heat and mass transfer (m2/m3)
(GSA) between the gas and the solid phase.

4.12.2.3. Friction
The friction of the catalytic converter model can either be specified by Target Pressure
Drop or by a friction Coefficient. If the catalyst is simulated in the aftertreatment analysis
mode only the specification of a friction coefficient can be used. For the case of a standard
BOOST cycle simulation both input variants can be used.
If Target Pressure Drop is selected, the following data is required:

Typical Values
and Ranges

Inlet Mass Flow Determines the inlet mass flow, as reference 0 (kg/s)
value for the evaluation of a friction
depends on the
coefficient.
catalyst size

Inlet Determines the inlet temperature, as 300 (K)

Temperature reference value for the evaluation of a friction
coefficient.

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Inlet Pressure Determines the inlet pressure, as reference 1 (bar)

value for the evaluation of a friction
coefficient.

Target Pressure Determines the pressure drop the element, as 0.003 (bar)
Drop basis for the evaluation of a friction
coefficient.

If Coefficient is selected, the following input data is required:

Typical Values
and Ranges

Laminar Determines a laminar friction coefficient 64 (-)

Coefficient a according to Equation (23) in the
Aftertreatment Manual.

Laminar Determines a laminar friction coefficient -1 (-)

Coefficient b according to Equation (23) in the
Aftertreatment Manual.

Turbulent Determines a turbulent friction coefficient. 0.01–0.04 (-)

(Friction The friction coefficient can be specified as
Coefficient) constant or table value (see typical values
below). The latter value is defined as a
function of the monolith length.

Friction Determines a dimensionless factor that 0.04–1 (-)

Multiplier considers the influence of the channel shape in
the case of laminar flow. The multiplier either
Channel Shape
can be chosen for different channel geometries
(see section 3.4 of the Aftertreatment Manual)
or setup completely free.

There are two options to specify the performance (pressure drop) of the catalyst:
Option 1: Target Pressure Drop
Please see section 4.12.1.1 for details.
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Option 2: Coefficient
The pressure drop of the catalyst is calculated as described in section 2.4 of the Theory
Manual using the specified values for
• laminar friction coefficients (Coefficient a only, Coefficient b cannot be changed in
gas-exchange simulations),
• turbulent friction coefficient (Turbulent) and
• friction multiplier (Channel Shape)
in combination with the hydraulic diameter of the pipe.

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4.12.2.4. Flow Coefficients

Please see section 4.12.1.3.
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4.12.3. Air Cooler

BOOST automatically creates a more refined calculation model of the air cooler (plenum-
pipe-plenum). This is used to model the gas dynamic performance of the air cooler as well
as the pressure drop over the air cooler depending on the actual flow conditions. In
addition, a model for the cooling performance of the air cooler is created based on the
layout data.

4.12.3.1. General
Please refer to section 4.12.1.1.
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4.12.3.2. Pressure Drop Performance

Please refer to section 4.12.1.2.
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4.12.3.3. Cooling Performance

There are three options to specify the cooling performance:

Option 1: Target Efficiency

The cooling performance is specified by the coolant temperature and the target efficiency.
The cooler efficiency is defined as the achieved temperature difference related to the
maximum possible temperature difference:

Tin − Tout
ηc = (4.12.1)
Tin − Tcool

ηc cooler efficiency

Tin inlet temperature

Tout outlet temperature

Tcool coolant temperature

On the basis of this information, the heat transfer in the pipe modeling the cooling core are
adjusted by the program.
Option 2: Target Outlet Temperature
The cooling efficiency is calculated using by the specified coolant temperature and the
target outlet temperature.

Option 3: Heat Transfer Factor

This option allows direct specification of the heat transfer multiplier in the cooler pipe.

4.12.3.4. Flow Coefficients

Please see section 4.12.1.3.
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4.12.4. Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)

Click on Aftertreatment or Linear Acoustics for relevant information.
As for the air cleaner (refer to 4.12.1) BOOST automatically creates a more refined
48H

calculation model of the DPF. This is used to model the gas dynamic performance of the
DPF as well as the pressure drop over the DPF depending on the actual flow conditions.

Note: The DPF model in the BOOST cycle simulation is a purely gas
) dynamic model and does not include chemical reactions. Chemical
reactions can be simulated using the aftertreatment analysis mode (refer to
the BOOST Aftertreatment Manual).

4.12.4.1. Geometrical Properties

The input of the total DPF volume consisting of the gas and the solid volume fraction, the
inlet and outlet collector volumes in conjunction with the length of the monolith is
required.
The specification of the cell structure has a decisive effect on the pressure drop that is
calculated for the DPF:
• Square Cell DPF: The hydraulic diameter of the DPF pipe is defined via a CPSI
value and a wall thickness. The asymmetrical channel diameters option is not
available for gas-exchange simulations.
• General DPF: The hydraulic diameter of the DPF pipe is defined directly or via the
hydraulic area of the DPF front face (without sold part). The input of open frontal
area (OFA) and geometric surface area (GSA) is relevant only if chemical reactions
are active in this DPF.
There are two options to specify the performance (pressure drop) of the DPF:
Option 1: Target Pressure Drop

Please see section 4.12.1.1 for details.

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Option 2: Coefficient
The pressure drop of the catalyst is calculated as described in section 2.4 of the Theory
Manual using the specified values for the turbulent friction coefficient and the friction
multiplier (Channel Shape) in combination with the hydraulic diameter of the pipe.

For the simulation of particulate filters ( ) the same input procedure is required as
described for the catalytic converter. This means that run information, definitions of the
gas and also solid species and boundary conditions have to be supplied by the user. The
specification of the particulate filter itself also follows the input concept of the catalytic
converter presented in Section 4.12.2. Thus, in the following section, only filter specific
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input data is explained.

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4.12.5. Type Specification

If Square + Asymmetric Cell DPF is selected, the following input data has to be defined:

Typical Values
and Ranges

Cell density Determines the number of channels per in2. 100–900(1/in²)

(CPSI)

Wall Thickness Determines the thickness of the monolith’s 0.006–0.015 (in)

walls.

Enable Enable the specification of filters with different

Asymmetrical diameters for the inlet and outlet channel.
Channel
Diameters

Ratio of Channel Determines the diameter ratio of inlet to outlet 1-1.4(-)

Diameters channel

If Simplified Square Cell DPF is selected, the following input data has to be defined:

Typical Values
and Ranges

Open Frontal Determines the open frontal area (= fluid 0.50–0.75 (-)
Area (OFA) volume fraction) of monolith (ε).

Hydraulic Unit Determines the hydraulic unit or (diameter or 0.001–0.005 (m)

area) of the monolith channels.

4.12.5.1. Flow Coefficients

Please see section 4.12.1.3.
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4.13. Charging Elements

4.13.1. Turbocharger
Two types of turbocharger models are available: Simplified Model and Full Model.

4.13.1.1. Simplified Model

This model is only suitable for steady state simulations. BOOST considers the mean
compressor and turbine efficiencies over the cycle in order to calculate the turbocharger
energy balance. The advantage of this model is that it only requires limited data to
describe the turbocharger performance characteristics. Furthermore, this model provides
three modes for the turbocharger simulation:

Boost pressure The boost pressure is calculated from the specified turbine size and
calculation turbocharger efficiency.

Turbine layout The required turbine size is calculated from the target pressure ratio
calculation across the compressor and the turbocharger efficiency by adopting the
turbine size multiplier.

Waste-gate The waste-gate mass flow is calculated from the target pressure ratio
calculation across the compressor, the turbocharger efficiency and the specified
turbine size. If the target pressure ratio cannot be achieved even with
the waste-gate closed, the boost pressure which can be achieved will
be calculated from the specified turbine size.

Input data and calculation result relative to the turbocharger mode are shown in the
following table:

Boost Pressure Turbine Layout Waste Gate

Turbine size input result input

multiplier

Compressor result input input

pressure ratio

Turbine to total input input result

mass flow rate

The Calculation mode is accessible by the case explorer via a parameter assignment. The
Mechanical Efficiency account s for mechanical losses of the rotor.
Beside the Pressure Ratio the Compressor Efficiency needs to be input, which can be
either a constant or dependent on Corrected Volume/Mass Flow. For this dependency the
input of Reference Conditions is additionally required. The compressor efficiency can be
taken from the compressor performance map using the expected pressure ratio and
compressor mass flow data.
The following Flow Types are available to specify the swallowing capacity of the Turbine:

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• Discharge Coefficient
• Corrected Mass Flow
• Corrected Volume Flow
I case of selected Discharge Coefficient Type the effective flow area of the turbine is
calculated from the equivalent discharge coefficient (constant or function of turbine
expansion ratio) and a turbine reference area The Turbine Reference Area can either be
directly input or is calculated from the cross-section of the pipe representing the turbine
outlet and the Pipe Area Scaling Factor.
I case of selected Corrected Mass Flow or Corrected Volume Flow Type the input
Reference Conditions is required. If no expansion ratio dependency for Corr.
Mass/Volume Flow is selected the constant input value is assumed to be at the Reference
Pressure Ratio.
The conversion of the swallowing capacity taken from the turbine map at a certain
pressure ratio to an effective flow area is done with Equation 4.13.1:
48H

⎛ • ⎞
Aeff = ⎜⎜
m To ⎟ R −1
⋅ ψ (4.13.1)
⎜ po ⎟⎟ 2
⎝ ⎠

Aeff effective flow area

•
m To swallowing capacity
po

R gas constant
ψ pressure function

The pressure function ψ is evaluated at the pressure ratio at which the effective flow area
is to be determined. Typical values for the gas constant R and the ratio of specific heats of
combustion gases are 287 J/kgK and 1.36 respectively. When evaluating the pressure
functionψ it must be observed whether the pressure ratio is supercritical. In this case,
ψ max must be used instead ofψ .

To determine the swallowing capacity from an effective turbine flow area obtained by a
•
m To
turbine layout calculation, Equation 4.13.1 must be solved for
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po .
The Turbine Size Multiplier is applied to determine the final swallowing capacity.
The Turbine Efficiency can either be specified directly (constant or as a function of the
turbine expansion ratio) or by means of the Turbocharger Overall Efficiency which is the
product of compressor efficiency, turbine efficiency and mechanical efficiency. The turbine
efficiency can be taken either from a full turbine operating map (if available), or from any
equivalent information provided by the turbocharger supplier
For twin entry turbines and multiple entry turbines, the reduction of the turbine efficiency
due to the unequal flow distribution at unequal pressure ratios across the flows is taken
into account by a reduction of the turbine efficiency. Figure 4-59 shows the factor by which
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the turbine efficiency is multiplied depending on the pressure ratio between the flows.

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Figure 4-59: Deterioration Factor of a Twin Entry- or Multiple Entry Turbine

Note: The turbine efficiency output in the global results or in the

) transients is the mass flow weighted average of the calculated efficiency
over one cycle.

For the BOOST Pressure Calculation the Pressure Ratio at the compressor only
represents an initial value for the start of the calculation. Similarly, the Turbine Size
Multiplier only represents an initial value for the Turbine Layout Calculation and the
Turbine to Total Massflow an initial value for the Waste Gate Calculation.
In the case of a twin entry turbine or a multiple entry turbine, an inlet flow coefficient
must be specified in order to describe the interference between the attached pipes. The
inlet interference flow coefficient is related to the cross-section of the pipe representing the
turbine inlet. For radial type turbines, an inlet interference flow coefficient of 0.2 is
recommended and for axial type turbines a value of 0.05 is recommended.
The attachment type of each pipe (compressor inlet/outlet, turbine inlet/outlet) is known
from the sketch of the model and can be checked in the Pipe Attachments sub-group. If it
needs to be changed, reattach the pipes to the correct side of the turbocharger.

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4.13.1.2. Full Model

Mechanical The ratio between the torque available at the compressor end of the
Efficiency driveshaft related to the driving torque of the turbine. It may be defined
as a function of the turbocharger wheel speed by means of
a Table
491H .

Moment of Inertia The MOI related to the compressor drive shaft may be specified in
different units using the pull down menu.

Initial Speed As an option the setting of the initial rotor speed is available. If not
selected the intersection of initial compressor pressure ratio with the
surge line is used for initialization.

This model requires the input of the entire compressor and the entire turbine map.

4.13.1.2.1. Compressor
For the specification of the compressor map points with the following data has to be input
by the User:
Corrected compressor speed
Corrected mass flow or volume flow
Pressure ratio across the compressor (total to total)
Isentropic compressor efficiency (total to total)

Corrected Speed The compressor speed related either to the square root of the inlet
temperature (if No Reference is set) or related to the square root of
the ratio of the reference temperature to the inlet temperature (if
Reference is set). In any of the two cases the suitable unit has to be
set with the pull down menu.

Corrected Mass The mass flow through the compressor times the square root of the
Flow entry temperature divided by the inlet pressure. If a reference
condition is specified it is the ratio between the entry conditions and
the reference conditions to which the mass flow is related.

Corrected Similar to mass flow, the volume flow at the entry divided by the
Volume Flow square root of the entry temperature.

Massflow Scaling The x-axis of the compressor map may be scaled.

Factor

Efficiency Offset The compressor efficiencies specified may be modified additively.

Reference In any case the pressure and temperature have to be defined together
Conditions with the units by the User.

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1. Map Specification
There is no need to stick to a specific order although it is recommended that the points
defined by the user cover the complete range of operating conditions during the
planned simulation runs. If it turns out that the operating point of the compressor lies
outside the defined range the values calculated by the interpolation algorithm should
be checked carefully by the user.
Different Map Extrapolation levels can be selected and for the identification of Iso
Speed Lines an Iso Speed Tolerance greater than 0 can be specified.
The “Iso_Speed_Bi_Linear” extrapolation method is intended for external prepared
Map Data with should cover the entire operating range (no extrapolation performed).
Because of the underlying bi-linear interpolation a high density of Iso-Speed Lines is
recommended.
A preview of the extrapolated maps is available by selecting View Maps. For control
purposes of compressor map input the efficiency can be displayed versus massflow (or
volume flow) and pressure ratio in IMPRESS Chart. In an additional layer input
values are compared to the interpolated ones.
Show Fringe displays the efficiency as waterfall plot, while the option Show Isolines
adds iso-efficiency lines to the diagram. They can be tuned with Efficiency minimum,
Efficiency maximum and Efficiency increment.
The resolution of the map can be defined via the Accuracy selector, while the
Massflow Factor and Press Ratio Factor multipliers enlarge the displayed map
range.
For already performed simulations related cases can be selected for visualization.
Operating Line plots of the Compressor Performance (cycle resolved Traces and cycle
averaged Series results) are then also available in separate layers of IMPRESS Chart
which can be saved and used for reports afterwards.
The User Defined Map Parameters can be used to supply the boost calculation kernel
with additional input information. Therefore a Parameter Key and a corresponding
Value has to be specified. For more information about this feature please contact
[email protected].
7H

2. Surge Line
This limits the stable operating range of the compressor to the left side. The operation
of the compressor in the regime of the compressor map for longer durations should be
avoided.
In the compressor map, iso speed lines (pressure ratio versus mass or volume flow) and
lines of constant isentropic efficiency are plotted. The map is limited to the left side by the
surge line. Beyond this line the mass flow through the compressor becomes unstable and
the compressor will be destroyed if operated too often in this area.
On the right side the map is limited by choked flow either through the compressor wheel or
the diffuser. This is indicated by the steep gradient of the iso speed lines, see the following
figure.

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Figure 4-60: Compressor Map

Before the map can be input, the unit of the wheel speed and the x-axis of the map must be
set. They may be related to a reference condition defined in the box. The suitable units
may be selected from the list. For the specification of the compressor map points defined
by the mass or volume flow, the pressure ratio, the wheel speed and the isentropic
efficiency must be input by the user.
In addition the x-axis of the compressor map can be scaled with the mass flow scaling
factor and the efficiencies modified additively by the efficiency offset.

4.13.1.2.2. Turbine
The following turbine types are available for defining the turbine performance map:

Single entry
Single entry - Variable Turbine Geometry (VTG): For each vane position a map
must be defined.
Twin entry - simplified model: Only one map is specified. The map is measured
with the same pressure ratio across both flows of the turbine. The
interaction between the flows can be modeled by the definition of a suitable
inlet interference coefficient.
Twin entry - full model: For each ratio of the total pressures at the turbine
entry, a map containing the swallowing capacity of the two flows must be
specified.
Twin entry – VTG - simplified model: For a twin entry VTG only the simplified
model is available.

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Multiple entry - simplified model: Only one map is specified. The map is
measured with the same pressure ratio across all flows of the turbine. The
interaction between the flows can be modeled by the definition of a suitable
inlet interference coefficient.
Multiple entry – VTG - simplified model
The vane position must be set for VTG’s.
For each position of the VTG a map is defined. In order to take into account the interaction
of the two flows of the turbine an Interference Coefficient is input.
For the specification of the turbine map, points with the following data at each map point
have to be input by the User:
Corrected turbine speed
Corrected mass flow or
Volume flow or
Discharge coefficient (together with the reference area in the unit selected
by the pull down menu)
The Isentropic turbine efficiency (total to static) may be defined either versus the pressure
ratio across the turbine together with the swallowing capacity or it may be defined
separately versus the blade speed ratio. If it is defined versus blade speed ratio the outer
wheel diameter has to be input as well together with its unit. The input windows of the
maps are accessed in the 'Turbine->Performance Maps' sub-group (also if a Twin Entry
Model is selected or a VTG Model is selected). The number of maps for a VTG Model is
modified by pressing the buttons 'Insert Performance Map' and 'Remove Performance
Map'.

In a turbine map (Figure 4-61) the swallowing capacity is plotted versus the pressure ratio
492H

across the turbine with the wheel speed as parameter. The isentropic efficiency can be
plotted in the same way or it can be plotted versus the blade speed ratio. BOOST supports
the input of both map types. The suitable units for the definition of the swallowing
capacity and the reference conditions can be selected from predefined lists. Similar to the
compressor map, the data for the definition of each point in the map must be input by the
user. For each map a mass flow scaling factor allows the user to scale the swallowing
capacities specified and an efficiency offset to modify the efficiencies additively.
For steady state simulations, an internal boost pressure control may be activated. For fixed
geometry turbines an internal waste-gate is simulated, similar to the simplified model. For
turbines with variable geometry, the vane position is determined. Select Internal
Wastegate Simulation / Determination of vane position to activate the BOOST pressure
control. The user must specify the target compressor pressure ratio and the initial value
for the turbine to total massflow ratio (fixed geometry turbine only) in this case.

) Note: It is assumed that vane position 0 is the fully closed position and
vane position 1 is the fully open position.

In addition to the maps, the total inertia of the turbocharger wheel together with the
setting of the unit and the mechanical efficiency of the turbocharger must be defined.

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Figure 4-61: Turbine Map

Performance Maps
Different Map Extrapolation levels can be selected and for the identification of Iso Speed
Lines a Iso Speed Tolerance greater than 0 can be specified.
The “Iso_Speed_Lines” extrapolation method allows input of optional Performance Map
Fitting Coefficients. They are usually determined by an optimization algorithm and
displayed in the info section of the View Curves... window. If this procedure does not lead
to a sufficient result the values are made available for input by clicking on the Check Box.
The “Iso_Speed_Bi_Linear” extrapolation method is intended for external prepared Map
Data with should cover the entire operating range (no extrapolation performed).
Because of the underlying bi-linear interpolation a high density of Iso-Speed Lines is
recommended.
For the Massflow Fit the following coefficients are available:
• Massflow-BSR Factor: This Factor influences the gradient of an iso speed line for
pressure ratios above the one of efficiency optimum
(Typical Range: 1.02-1.15).
• Massflow-BSR Exponent: This Exponent influences the massflow decrease for
increasing turbine speed (Typical Range: 3.0-4.0).
For the Efficiency Fit the following coefficients are available:
• Efficiency-BSR Factor: This Factor influences the efficiency decrease for Pressure
Ratios below the one of efficiency optimum (Typical
Range: 1.2-2.0).
• Efficiency-BSR Exponent: This Exponent influences the efficiency decrease for
Pressure Ratios above the one of efficiency optimum
(Typical Range: 1.5-3.0).
• Efficiency-BSR Optimum Multiplier: This Multiplier shifts the Pressure Ratio of
efficiency optimum (Typical Range: 0.8-1.2).
• Efficiency Correction Range: This value specifies the range for which a Correction
Spline Function is introduced so that the efficiency
Input values are perfectly matched (Typical Range: 5-
10). This should be done after adapting the other
coefficients first.

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For control purposes of turbine map input the iso-speed lines for massflow (volume flow or
discharge coefficient) and efficiency can be displayed in IMPRESS Chart by using the View
button. In an additional layer input values are compared to the interpolated ones.
The resolution of the curves can be defined via the Accuracy selector, while the Speed
Factor and Press Ratio Factor multipliers enlarge the displayed curve range.
For already performed simulations related cases can be selected for visualization.
Operating Line plots of the Turbine Performance (cycle resolved Traces and cycle averaged
Series results) are then also available in separate layers of IMPRESS Chart which can be
saved and afterwards used for reports.
The BOOST pre-processor features an import filter for digital compressor and turbine
maps as ASCII-files according to SAE standard J1826, Turbocharger Gas Stand Test Code,
SAE – March 1995
The format of the files is:
Compressor:

Line 1: Description (supplier, model name, compressor

nomenclature, reference test number) A15, A10,
A20, A10

Line 2: Inlet diameter (mm), outlet diameter (mm), inlet type,

outlet type, impeller inertia (N*m*s²) F10, F10, A15,
A15, F10)

Line 3, 4, 5: Additional comments (can be left blank) A80

Line 6 – N: Corrected speed (rpm), corrected mass flow (kg/s),

pressure ratio (T-S), efficiency (decimal) F10, F10,
F10, F10

) Note: Corrected mass flow rates and speeds are listed in ascending
order.

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The following table shows an example

supplier model compressor name ref. #

30.000 40.000 inlet type outlet type 0.0011
comment 1
comment 2
comment 3
20000 0.006 1.075 0.4
20000 0.025 1.05 0.42
40000 0.009 1.12 0.3
40000 0.05 1.02 0.5
80000 0.0368 1.3 0.65
80000 0.0515 1.26 0.7
80000 0.0632 1.233 0.7
80000 0.0794 1.15 0.65
100000 0.0368 1.5 0.65
100000 0.05 1.475 0.7
100000 0.1 1.26 0.65
120000 0.0441 1.74 0.65
120000 0.1 1.577 0.77
120000 0.125 1.38 0.65
140000 0.0574 2.04 0.65
140000 0.0735 2.01 0.7

Turbine:

Line 1: Description (supplier, model name, turbine

nomenclature, reference test number) A15, A10,
A20, A10

Line 2: Test compressor, housing type, discharge

connection description A20, A20, A20

Line 3: Inlet gas temperature (°C) or turbine inlet-to-

compressor discharge temperature ratio (K/K), oil
type, oil temperature (°C), rotor/shaft inertia
(N*m*s²) F10, A10, F10, F10

Line 4: Cooling liquid description (if any), inlet temperature

(°C), inlet pressure (kPa) A20, F10, F10

Line 5, 6, 7: Additional comments (can be blank) A80

Line 8 – N: Speed parameter ( rpm/SQRT(K) ), mass flow

parameter ( kg*SQRT(K)/(s*kPa) ), expansion ratio
(T-S), turbine x mechanical efficiency (decimal) F10,
F10, F10, F10

) Note: Expansion ratios and speeds are listed in ascending order.

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The following table shows an example

supplier model turbine name ref. #

test compressor housing type discharge connect.
800.00 oiltype 100.000 0.0011
cooling liquid 120.000 1500.00
comment 1
comment 2
comment 3
44000 4.33 1.5 0.52
44000 4.47 1.54 0.53
44000 4.53 1.58 0.53
55000 4.8 1.71 0.52
55000 5 1.8 0.54
55000 5.07 1.88 0.53
66000 5.2 2.02 0.52
66000 5.4 2.15 0.54
66000 5.53 2.28 0.55

The User Defined Map Parameters can be used to supply the boost calculation kernel with
additional input information. Therefore a Parameter Key and a corresponding Value has to
be specified. For more information about this feature please contact
[email protected].
8H

The following table gives an overview about the usage of the different models and their
modes together with the external waste gate element for steady state and transient
simulations:

simplified model
Full

model boost pressure turbine layout waste gate

With internal Without

boost internal boost
calculation mode
pressure pressure

control control

Steady state

Without waste Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

gate element

With waste gate No Yes Yes No No

element

Transient

Without waste No Yes No No No

gate element

With waste gate No Yes No No No

element

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4.13.2. Turbine

4.13.2.1. Simplified Model

The Simplified Model allows the user to specify an operating point, defined by the turbine
massflow, volume flow, or Equivalent Discharge Coefficient, and the isentropic efficiency,
irrespective of the actual conditions at the turbine. As an alternative an iso-speed line may
be defined by the user. This model should be used for steady state simulations only.
For the simulation of a mechanically linked turbine, AVL BOOST requires the
specification of the performance characteristics of the turbine along a line of constant
turbine speed, the specification of the Mechanical Efficiency, which pipes are attached to
the inlet and to the outlet of the turbine, and to which component the turbine is
mechanically linked.
The Corrected Mass Flow, Corrected Volume Flow or Equivalent Turbine Discharge
Coefficient and the Isentropic Efficiency may be specified versus Turbine Pressure Ratio
for a line of constant turbine speed. For a simplified approach, also constant values for
these values may be specified.
For the Flow Type Equivalent Turbine Discharge Coefficient a related Reference Area is
required, while for Corrected Mass Flow and Corrected Volume Flow Reference Conditions
have to be specified.
The Mechanical Efficiency covers mechanical friction losses of the turbine wheel.
In the case of a twin-entry turbine, an Inlet Interference Flow Coefficient has to be
specified in order to describe the interference between the attached pipes. The inlet
interference flow coefficient is related to the cross section of the actual pipe modeling the
turbine inlet. For radial type turbines an inlet interference flow coefficient of 0.2 and for
axial type turbines a value of 0.05 is recommended.
A simplified Waste Gate Calculation can be performed by specifying a Turbine Massflow to
Total ratio less than 1.

4.13.2.2. Full Model

The Full Model allows the user to specify a full map of the turbine. The instantaneous
operating point will be calculated from the turbine speed (determined from the
mechanically linked component) and the conditions at the turbine in- and outlet.
The following turbine types are available for defining the turbine performance map:

Single entry
Single entry - Variable Turbine Geometry (VTG): For each vane position a map must
be defined.
Twin entry - simplified model: Only one map is specified. The map is measured with
the same pressure ratio across both flows of the turbine. The interaction between
the flows can be modeled by the definition of a suitable inlet interference
coefficient.
Twin entry - full model: For each ratio of the total pressures at the turbine entry, a
map containing the swallowing capacity of the two flows must be specified.

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Twin entry – VTG - simplified model: For a twin entry VTG only the simplified model
is available.
Multiple entry - simplified model: Only one map is specified. The map is measured
with the same pressure ratio across all flows of the turbine. The interaction
between the flows can be modeled by the definition of a suitable inlet interference
coefficient.
Multiple entry – VTG - simplified model
The vane position must be set for VTG’s.

In a turbine map the swallowing capacity is plotted versus the pressure ratio across the
turbine with the wheel speed as parameter. The isentropic efficiency can be plotted in the
same way or it can be plotted versus the blade speed ratio. BOOST supports the input of
both map types. The suitable units for the definition of the swallowing capacity and the
reference conditions can be selected from predefined lists. Similar to the compressor map,
the data for the definition of each point in the map must be input by the user. For each
map a mass flow scaling factor allows the user to scale the swallowing capacities specified
and an efficiency offset to modify the efficiencies additively.

Map Visualization
For details please refer to the corresponding section of the Turbocharger Turbine (section
4.13.1.2.2).
493H

4.13.3. Turbo Compressor

For the simulation of a mechanically driven turbo-compressor, BOOST requires the
specification of the mechanical efficiency, the specification of the performance
characteristics of the turbocompressor along a line of constant compressor speed
(Simplified Model) or the full map similar to the map of the compressor of a turbocharger
(Full Model) refer to Figure 4-60.
49H

4.13.3.1. Simplified Model

Using the Simplified Model the pressure ratio and the isentropic efficiency may be
specified over the corrected mass flow or over the corrected volume flow for a line of
constant turbo-compressor speed (Table ). For a simplified approach, constant values of
495H

pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency may also be specified.

The corrected volume flow is defined as the actual volume flow multiplied by the square
root of the ratio between reference and actual air inlet temperature.
The corrected mass flow is defined as the actual mass flow multiplied by the square root of
the ratio between inlet and reference inlet air temperature, and the ratio between
reference and actual air inlet pressure.
To match the actual calculated flow characteristics to the corrected volume or mass flow
data, BOOST requires the specification of the reference temperature and reference
pressure related to the correct flow data. They must be taken from the performance maps
provided by the supplier.
In order to facilitate the input of operating maps provided by various hardware suppliers,
BOOST allows the selection of the most suitable dimensions.

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The attachment type of each pipe (inlet/outlet) is known from the sketch of the model and
can be checked in the Pipe Attachments sub-group.

4.13.4. Positive Displacement Compressors

For a mechanically driven positive displacement compressor, BOOST requires the
specification of the performance characteristics along a line of constant compressor speed
(Simplified Model) or the full performance map (Full Model).

4.13.4.1. Simplified Model

The full set of performance characteristics consists of the mass flow or volume flow
characteristics, the temperature increase or isentropic efficiency and the power
consumption or total efficiency as a function of pressure ratio.

Figure 4-62: PD-Compressor Map

The flow characteristics of the compressor may be specified either as the corrected mass
flow over pressure ratio (defined as the actual mass flow multiplied by the ratio between
inlet air temperature and reference air temperature, and the ratio between reference inlet
pressure and air inlet pressure), or by the volume flow over pressure ratio.
If the corrected mass flow is selected, the reference inlet pressure and the reference inlet
temperature must be specified also.
For the specification of the internal efficiency of the compressor, either the temperature
increase over pressure ratio for reference inlet conditions or the isentropic efficiency may
be specified.
The information on the mechanical losses of the blower is obtained from the specification
of the power consumption over pressure ratio at reference conditions or from the
specification of the total efficiency.
Using the Simplified Model all performance characteristics may be specified in a Table
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as a function of pressure ratio at the compressor (iso-speed line) or in a simplified way as a

constant value.

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4.13.4.2. Full Model

Applying the Full Model all performance characteristics have to be specified in the
compressor operating map.
In order to facilitate the input of operating maps provided by various hardware suppliers,
BOOST allows the selection of the most suitable dimensions.
The attachment type of each pipe (inlet/outlet) is known from the sketch of the model.
They can be checked by clicking pipe attachments.

4.13.5. Pressure Wave Supercharger (PWSC)

The BOOST PWSC Element covers the flow simulation inside the rotor channels and the
interface between the casing and rotor channels. The intake and exhaust casing channels
have to be modeled by means of BOOST pipes and restrictions. Allowing an arbitrary
number of casing attachments this separation enables the setup of a wide range of possible
geometry configurations (gas pockets and related valves).
If there is more than one charging cycle per rotor revolution the input of Number of
symmetric Cycles per Revolution allows to reduce the amount of simulated rotor
channels. In parallel the attachments have to be specified for the angle range of the first
cycle only and the cross sections have to be enlarged according to this attachment
unification.
Required input for the rotor is its rotational Speed and the effective flow Length of the
rotor channels. In case of selected Variable Wall Temperature the solid material of the
rotor is balanced according to the convection and conduction heat fluxes. Additional
information concerning the solid material properties is required under the Variable Wall
Temperature sub tree item.

The spatial discretization of the rotor channels can be specified by means of the Cell
Length. For a sufficient resolution of gas-dynamic effects a minimum of 20 cells along the
channel should be guaranteed.
The laminar wall friction loss is calculated by means of the Laminar Friction Coefficient
(Default Value according to Hagen-Poiseuille Law:64).
The Friction Multiplier and the Heat Transfer Factor can be input as constant or function
of the axial rotor position (X=0. corresponds to the intake side).
The Wall Temperature has to be specified as a function of the axial rotor position X (X=0.
corresponds to the intake side) and it is only an initial condition in case of selected
Variable Wall Temperature.
As a possible actuation target the angular Casing Offset between the intake and exhaust
flange can be input. Specified angle values for the attachments of the exhaust side are
shifted according to the offset in positive angle direction.
For considering the leakage flow from one channel to its neighbors directly and via the
casing the Leakage Gap can be specified separately for the intake and exhaust side.
The Input of the Rotor Friction Torque (optional as function of rotor speed) allows to
determine the required Rotor Brake/Drive Torque.

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Rotor Specifications
Required Input for each Layer is the Number of Channels and the overall Flow Volume.
The Pitch Offset allows to specify a tangential shift of the different layers (+/- … positive
/negative shift in angle direction).
The Leakage Gap Length L determines the effective area for the leakage flow direct into
the neighbor channel while the effective leakage area per angular unit for the flow into the
casing is proportional to the Leakage Gap Ratio. The Leakage Gap Ratio is the arc length
of the gap per angular unit and for selected angular unit rad the value is equal to the
radius
The tangential channel distribution of a single layer is specified by the Opening Angle A
and the Angular Pitch P of the channel under consideration. This segment of the channel
is multiplied according to the specified Multiplier M .The entire range of 360º is filled up by
repeating the specified sequence: sum over all channel specification lines Σ(Pi*Mi).

Figure 4-63: Angle specification of Rotor Channels

The Hydraulic Diameter allows to consider non circular channel cross sections for
calculating the friction.

Attachment Specification
For every attachment its tangential position has to input by means of the Opening
Position Angle A and Closing Position Angle B.
To account for 3D effects of the flow casing channel ⇔ rotor channels the effective cross
section can be adapted using the Inflow and Outflow Coefficients.
• Inflow ... flow into the rotor
• Outflow ... flow out of the rotor

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Figure 4-64: Angle specification of Attachments

The Circumf. Angle which is the one between the attachment channel flow direction and
the rotor circumferential direction allows to consider the circumferential momentum flow
entering the rotor (Rotor Brake/Drive Torque determination) and the accounting of
incidence losses for the flow entering the rotor.

4.13.6. Waste Gate

A waste gate is a valve actuated by the pressure difference on the valve body plus the
pressure difference on a diaphragm mechanically linked to the valve body.
The instantaneous valve lift is calculated using an equivalent spring-damper-mass system.
The flow coefficients must be specified as a function of valve lift.

4.13.6.1. General
The areas on the high and low pressure side of the diaphragm are required in order to
calculate the forces acting on the valve resulting from the respective pressures. The
maximum lift of the valve may be limited.
Flow coefficients for flow must be specified. A leakage through the control diaphragm can
be modeled by the input of a suitable flow coefficient for flow from the high to the low
pressure side and vice versa. This flow is treated in the same way as the flow through a
flow restriction.

4.13.6.2. Valves
The valve cross sections are the areas of the valve tulip exposed to the pressure on the
respective side. For the high pressure side of the valve this area has to be input for
Wastegate closed and Wastegate opened. For the low pressure side of the valve one area
is input. The area of the valve body exposed to the high pressure with the valve closed and
opened and the area of the valve body exposed to the low pressure are required. The
moving masses, damping coefficient, valve spring pre-load and valve spring rate must be
defined.

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For the simulation of the movement of the wastegate valve the sum of all Moving Masses
is required as well as the Viscous Damping Coefficient, the Spring Preload and the
Spring Rate and finally the Maximum Lift of the valve.

4.13.6.3. Flow Coefficients

Flow coefficients as a function of valve lift must be specified in both possible flow
directions.
The flow coefficients are defined as the ratio between the actual mass flow and the loss-
free isentropic mass flow for the same stagnation pressure and pressure ratio.
If an electronically controlled waste gate is modeled, a flow restriction influenced by the
engine control unit should be used.

4.13.7. Electrical Device

If the Mechanical Power supplied/consumed by the Electrical Device should be considered
in the Engine AMEP the corresponding Check Box has to be selected. If the Electrical
Device is not directly connected to the Engine Element the Electrical Power is considered
for the Engine AMEP.
The Simplified Model allows the user to introduce a mechanical power source for the
connected mechanical component (at current only Turbocharger allowed), while the Full
Model also balances the rotational state (speed) of the electrical device.
For the power source of the mechanically linked component of the electrical device, the
supplied electrical power (constant value or time dependent Table ) and the electrical
497H

efficiency have to be specified. Required input for the Full Model is the moment of inertia
and the mechanical torque can be specified instead of the electrical power.
As option the setting of initial speed is available. If this is not selected the linked
mechanical component is used to determine the initial speed.
In case of an external control (by Engine Control Unit, Monitor, MATLAB DLL or
498H 49H 50H

MATLAB API), the electrical power can be limited by specifying a maximum electrical
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power.

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4.14. External Elements

4.14.1. FIRE Link

BOOST offers the possibility of a 1D/3D Hybrid Calculation in conjunction with AVL's
FIRE code for a time and cost effective simulation of three dimensional flow patterns
within the thermodynamic engine simulation.

A one dimensional BOOST model must be designed using the BOOST preprocessor and a
three dimensional FIRE model using the FIRE preprocessor.
The Fire Link element is located in the BOOST model to represent the interface between
the 1D Boost domain and the 3D FIRE domain. The Fire Link element is similar to a flow
restriction with two attached pipes, but with one explicit 1D-side and one explicit 3D-side.
The BOOST sub-model at the 3D-side (shadow network) should be a 1D-approximation of
the 3D FIRE domain. Pipes are attached to this Fire Link element in a similar way as is
done for a restriction.
A three dimensional calculation mesh must be created with the FIRE preprocessor for the
engine geometry between the 3D-sides of the Fire Link elements. The interface between
the 1D and 3D domains should be located in a pipe section, where almost one dimensional
flow occurs. By selecting a 1D-boundary on the interfaces in the boundary part of the FIRE
preprocessor each interface is assigned the corresponding pipe.
For data exchange between the BOOST and FIRE codes it is necessary to model a part of
the pipe (Overlapping Pipe Section) with BOOST and FIRE. The overlapping part is
created internally by BOOST.
For the link to FIRE the User needs to specify the Length of the Overlapping Pipe Section
and the FIRE Passive Scalar assigned to mass flow entering the FIRE calculation domain
at each interface.
Please refer to the BOOST – FIRE 1D-3D Coupling Manual for further information.

4.14.2. User Defined Element

The User-Defined-Element (UDE) allows the user to include user-defined elements in the
calculation model. The UDE is supported in both the pre and post-processor. Special
subroutines allow user written code to simulate the element. The user written routines
must be compiled and linked to create a new BOOST executable to run the model.
Data handling for all the pipe attachments is done by the UDE. The output generated by
the user’s algorithm may be analyzed with the BOOST post-processor provided that the
BOOST interface routines are used.
In addition to the UDE Identifier (which allows to distinguish between different UDE
implementations), the UD Defined Element Parameters input dialog allows the
specification of data which can be accessed in the user written code (identification via the
Parameter Key). In addition to single values (of type integer, double precision and
character string) it is also possible to input an arbitrary number of two-column double-
precision UD Defined Element Tables for the usage in the user written code (e.g.: variable
volume table, ...).
For each pipe attachment the flow coefficients must be defined.

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Similar to the system boundary or the plenum, different flow coefficients may be defined
for inflow and outflow of the UDE. The flow coefficients may also depend on time in
degree crank angles or seconds or on the pressure difference between the UDE and the
attached pipe cross section. Refer to Flow Coefficients for details on standard values and
502H

directions.
For the template subroutines, compiling and linking BOOST please refer to the BOOST
Interfaces Manual.

4.14.3. CFD Link

With the same functionality as the FIRE Link the CFD Link element offers the possibility
to link BOOST to 3rd party CFD codes.

4.14.4. CRUISE Link

The CRUISE Link element can be used to specify optional channels for the exchange of
information between elements in a BOOST model and CRUISE.
This can be done by connecting a Wire between the CRUISE Link element and the
appropriate element. The wire is used to pass both sensor (BOOST to CRUISE) and
actuator (CRUISE to BOOST) data.
The default channels, which can not be modified are greyed out.

4.15. Control Elements

There are two main types of engine control element available in BOOST:
Internal Control Element: ECU, Engine Interface and PID

External Link Elements: MATLAB API and MATLAB DLL

The link to an External Control Element Library is a complementary element to the
Engine Control Unit (ECU) element. It may be used to incorporate complex models of
engine control and management systems developed with MATLAB/SIMULINK (MATLAB-
API Element, MATLAB-DLL Element) or any commercial software featuring C-code
generation (MATLAB-DLL Element). All the important functions of an electronic engine
control device can be simulated. Figure 4-65 shows a flowchart giving an overview of the
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interaction between BOOST and the External Link.

Figure 4-65: Interaction between BOOST and External-Link Element

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4.15.1. Engine Control Unit

The Engine Control Unit (ECU) models all important functions of an electronic engine
control device. Elements providing input to the ECU via Sensor Channels or which are
controlled by the ECU via Actuator Channels need to be connected to the ECU by a
connector.
607H8

4.15.1.1. General
Specify one of the following:
Load signal: The load signal is a fictive input to the ECU. It can be understood
as the drivers' command in a drive-by-wire arrangement.
Desired Engine Speed: The engine control calculates the load signal using the
control gains proportional, integral and differential together with the
deviation of the actual engine speed from the desired engine speed:

d ⋅ (ndes − n )
ls = p ⋅ (ndes − n ) + i ∫ (ndes − n ) ⋅ dt + d ⋅
t
(4.15.1)
0
dt

ls load signal
p proportional control gain

i integral control gain

d differential control gain
n engine speed
ndes desired engine speed

Both options may be specified in the Table

504H dependent on time.

Note: The user must ensure that the available load signal is used
) correctly to control the engine load, i.e. to influence the flow restriction(s)
modeling the throttle(s) for mixture aspirating engines or to influence the
fueling for engines with internal mixture preparation.

For the activation of dynamic functions thresholds for the maximum positive and the
maximum negative load gradient are required.
The following Control Interaction Timesteps are available:
Cyclic
Every Timestep
Specified Timestep.

4.15.1.2. Map Specification

The selection of parameters to be controlled by the ECU is specified (elements connected
by Wire and their possible actuator channels).

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Figure 4-66: Selection of ECU Actuator Channels

If the cylinders have identical specifications, only cylinder one is listed and the data is
transferred to all other cylinders.

The user must input maps for each actuator channel. First it must be determined whether
a baseline map value or the last actual value should be used as starting value for the
correction procedure. In the first case, the baseline map must be defined.

The value in a map can depend on up to two sensor channels which are selected in the pull
down menu for the element (global or wire connected) and the respective sensor channel. If
only a table is defined either x- or y-value keeps it’s default setting none. If no dependency
is specified this is equivalent to the specification of a constant value.
Please refer to section 8.2 for a list of available Actuator and Sensor Channels.
50H

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Figure 4-67: ECU Map Specification

Before inputting map values, the size should be customized using Insert Row/Remove
Row and Insert Col./Remove Col. Maps can be written to a separate file using Store or
they can be read in from an external file using Load.
Minimum and maximum maps are defined in the same way.
If the baseline value is to be corrected depending on other parameters (e.g. ambient
temperature or pressure) correction maps can be added by pressing the left mouse button
on the tree item. In addition to the specification of the map the type of correction
(multiplication or addition) must be defined.

Note: Corrections are done in the same sequence as they are specified,
) i.e. a correction value added to the baseline value followed by a
multiplicative correction will produce a different output than the same
corrections done in the reverse order.

If the positive gradient of the load signal exceeds the threshold specified in the first box,
the corrections for acceleration become active. Their number, the maps themselves and
the type of correction are specified in the same way as for the steady state corrections.
A time lag for the activation and deactivation of the correction and the respective time
constant (the time between 0 % and 99 % correction or 100 % and 1 % correction) complete
the input of the acceleration corrections. Figure 4-68 shows the definition of the time
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intervals:

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Figure 4-68: Time Constants for Transient ECU Functions

The procedure for the definition of the deceleration corrections is the same as for the
acceleration corrections.

4.15.2. MATLAB DLL Element

The MATLAB DLL junction can be used to exchange information between elements in a
BOOST model and MATLAB/Simulink from Mathworks. This can be done by connecting
the MATLAB DLL junction and the appropriate element. The wire is used to pass both
sensor (BOOST to MATLAB) and actuator (MATLAB to BOOST) data.

4.15.2.1. General

Figure 4-69: MATLAB DLL Element Input

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There are two ways of using this element:

1. MATLAB DLL
BOOST can be run from the graphical user interface and dynamically loads a shared
object created by MATLAB/Simulink. The full name and absolute path of this shared
object must be given in the DLL Name input box (if the shared object isn’t located in
the *.bst input-file directory the name has to contain the absolute path).
• Feature supported for MATLAB V.5.3, V.6.0 and later versions.
• Simulation should be run using the GUI (Simulation|Run)

• The shared object must be created on the same operating system/platform on which
BOOST is being run.
• The MATLAB s-function link should not be selected.
2. MATLAB s-function
The BOOST model is run from MATLAB/Simulink via a system function.
• Feature supported for MATLAB V.6.0 and later versions only.
• The BOOST model should be created but not run by the BOOST GUI. The BOOST
input file (*.bst) created should be specified as the BOOST input file name in the s-
function mask.
• Select the MATLAB s-function link. No DLL Name is required and will be grayed
out when the check box is selected.

4.15.2.2. Sensor Channels

Figure 4-70: Sensor Channel Selection

For the definition of the index of a Sensor value in the vector the channel numbers must
be specified. This vector is passed to the External Link Element as input. If a type value is
set to external (the External Link Element only), the user must supply its value either as a
constant or in a Table
507H as a function of time in seconds. Possible applications of an
external input are gain coefficients of a control or an input.

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4.15.2.3. Actuator Channels

After inserting a row and clicking on the element input field, a list of all elements
connected to the DLL element is shown, which can have at least one parameter controlled
by the DLL element. An example of this input is shown in the following figure:

Figure 4-71: Actuator Channel Selection

If the cylinders have identical specifications, only cylinder one is listed and the data is
transferred to all other cylinders.
Similar to the sensor channels, the channel number defines the index of the Actuator value
in the Actuator vector.
Please refer to section 8.2 for a list of currently available Actuator and Sensor Channels.
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4.15.3. MATLAB API Element

This element should be used when the model is to be run using the link to MATLAB using
the API.

Figure 4-72: MATLAB API Element Input

In addition to the input of the Simulink-model (or m-Function) name, which performs the
control algorithm, the name of the Sensor-channel and Actuator-channel vector must be
specified (if the model is not located in the *.bst input-file directory the model name has to
contain the absolute path). These vectors are introduced as members of the MATLAB
Workspace and the Simulink-model (or m-Function).
Then the Interaction Step (Cyclic / Every Timestep / Specified Timestep) must be specified.

The Channel Specifications are done analogous to the MATLAB DLL element.

4.15.4. Engine Interface

The Engine Interface Element is used to supply data to elements in a BOOST model which
are connected by wires. In the current BOOST version the link to external applications via
the Engine Interface is not available. Actuators are served with data from Data Sets only.
Required input for a Data Set definition is its name, the unit of the evaluated value(s) and
the type of the Data Base which can be either a Constant Value or one of the following:
• Table
• List Of Tables
• Regular Map
• Cyclic updated Table
• Map of Tables

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Actuator Channels of the Type 'Crankangle dependent Table' (e.g.:

RateOfHeatReleaseTable, RateOfInjectionTable,...) require the Data Set Type Cyclic
Updated Table or Map of Tables while for the other Actuator Channels ('Single Value') the
following Data Set Types are allowed: Constant Value, Table, List Of Tables and Regular
Map.
The Table allows to specify a (1-dimensional) dependency from one of the available Sensor
Channels.
A List of Tables allows the specification of a 2-dimensional dependency of an actuated
Value. After selecting the Main- and Side Dependency Sensor Channels the Values for the
Main Dependency Channel have to be specified by using Insert.
For every Main Dependency Channel Value an Input Dialog for the Side Dependency
Channel appears, where a Table for the related Actuator Channel versus Side Dependency
channel has to be specified.
The content of the specified file is read from AVL BOOST every cycle. It is intended for
Control Purposes of an External Slave (Matlab API/Dll)- or Master(Matlab S-Function)-
Process which supplies Data of the Type Table
(RateOfHeatReleaseTable,ValveLiftCurveTable). The Table is evaluated with the fixed
Dependency on Relative Crank angle.
A Regular Map allows the specification of a 2-dimensional dependency of the actuated
Value on X- and Y Sensor Channels. Before specifying a map the size of the map should be
customized. This is done by using the buttons Insert Row/ Remove Row and Insert Col./
Remove Col.
A Map of Tables allows the specification of a 3-dimensional dependency (e.g. rate of heat
Release dependent on crank angle, speed and load signal). After selecting the main and
side dependency sensor channels, the values for the main dependency channel have to be
specified using Insert.

For every main dependency channel value an input dialog for the side dependency channel
appears. For every side dependency channel value an input dialog for a Table
509H appears,
where the crank angle dependency of the Actuator Channel value has to be specified.

Figure 4-73: Engine Interface - Data Set Main Dependency Window

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Figure 4-74: Engine Interface - Data Set Side Dependency Window

For every Main Dependency Sensor Value an arbitrary number of Side Dependency Sensor
Values with it’s related Table can be specified.

Figure 4-75: Engine Interface - Data Set Table Input Window

In the actuator input dialog table the assignment of Actuators (Number, Element and
Channel) to their related Data Sets is done.

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Figure 4-76: Engine Interface - Actuator Input Window

4.15.5. PID Controller

PID stands for Proportional-Integral-Derivative. This is a type of feedback controller
whose output, an actuator control variable (AV), is generally based on the error (e)
between a guiding value (GV) and some sensor value (SV). Each element of the PID
controller refers to a particular action taken on the error:

If a positive change in the PID actuator output causes a positive change to the sensor value
the controller gains should be positive. If a positive change to the actuator causes a
negative change to the sensor then the controller gains should be negative.
• Proportional: error multiplied by a gain, Kp. This is an adjustable amplifier. In many
systems Kp is responsible for process stability: too low and the SV can drift away; too
high and the SV can oscillate.

• Integral: the integral of error multiplied by a gain, Ki. In many systems Ki is

responsible for driving error to zero, but to set Ki too high is to invite oscillation or
instability or integrator windup or actuator saturation.

• Derivative: the rate of change of error multiplied by a gain, Kd. In many systems Kd is
responsible for system response: too high and the SV will oscillate; too low and the SV
will respond sluggishly. The designer should also note that derivative action amplifies
any noise in the error signal.
Tuning of a PID involves the adjustment of Kp, Ki, and Kd to achieve some user-defined
"optimal" character of system response.

Although many architectures exist for control systems, the PID controller is mature and
well-understood by practitioners. For these reasons, it is often the first choice for new
controller design. It satisfies Occam’s Razor in being the simplest solution for most cases.
The PID controller is implemented as follows

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Pi = K p .ei
t
I i = K i .∫ ek .dt
0 (4.15.2)
Di = d .(ei − ei −1 )
K
Δt
AVi = Pi + I i + Di

where ei = GVi – SVi, and dt is the sampling interval.

AVMax. > AVi > AVMin.
When the output signal is at the limit the integral term does not continue to grow to
prevent integral wind up of the controller.

Note: Multiple PID controllers can be used in a single model. However,

) interfering controllers may render the control unstable even if each
controller is stable by itself.

Figure 4-77: PID - General Input Window

The Gain values (Proportional, Integral, Differential) used by the controller are entered in
the appropriate boxes on the general input page of the PID controller. Note that the gains
are available as actuator channels for other control elements such as the engine interface.
An Offset between the sensor and the guiding value can be used. This should have the
same units as the sensor and guiding channels
difference = guide value – sensor_value + offset
The offset is also available as an actuator channel for other control elements. This could be
used for example to define a pressure difference versus time as the PID target.

Note: A temperature offset should always be input in K. This is because

) the value is translated into SI units. Therefore a 0.0 degC offset will be
translated as 273.15K !

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The Interaction Step can be set to Cyclic, Every Timestep or Specified Timestep. If a
specified timestep is used this has to be entered in the Timestep input field.

Figure 4-78: PID - Channels Input Window

The Sensor Channel is the measured value of the PID controller whose value should
change based on the changes to the actuator channel until the guiding value plus offset is
reached. The PID controller does not directly change the sensor channel. The sensor
channel value is only indirectly changed by the output of the PID (e.g. BMEP increases and
fuelling increases). Optional Integral Minimum Value and Integral Maximum Value can be
set.
The Guiding Value is the target for the sensor channel value taking into account any offset
entered on the general input page. In additional to other channels an external value or
external table can be used for the target.
The Actuator Channel is optional as it can be used as the input to another PID controller
or another control element able to set the PID output as a sensor channel. The Actuator
Channel is the channel actually changed by the output of the PID controller and should be
specified when the output of the PID is to be used directly. For example, to control a
restriction flow coefficient, an Initial Value for the actuator as well as a Minimum Value
and Maximum Value should be entered in the units matching the actuator channel.

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4.15.6. Formula Interpreter

4.15.6.1. Background
A formula is basically a function that returns a desired value (OUTPUT) as a function of
other variables (INPUT):
• INPUT: constant values and/or all Sensor Channels available in BOOST

• OUTPUT: all Actuator Channels available in BOOST

• BOOST evaluates the formula during runtime at each time step.
• The function may contain loops, conditional statements and local variables.
• The formula language syntax is very close to the well known C-programming
language.

Note: With formulae it is your responsibility to avoid divisions by zero,

) taking square roots of negative numbers, non-terminating loops or other
numerical catastrophes. Such operations might crash the solver or trap it in
your formula.

4.15.6.2. Formula Editor Syntax

The syntax of the formula source code is based on C (ANSI C). Some fundamentals and
particularities of the C syntax are listed below.

4.15.6.2.1. Supported Data Types

char one byte;
int integer value, usually 4 bytes
float floating point value, usually 4 bytes
double floating point value, usually 8 bytes

4.15.6.2.2. General Features

Variable and function names are case sensitive.
Every statement has to be terminated by a SEMICOLON ';'.
There may be more than one statement per line.
One statement may extend over several lines (char terms between "" must be on one line,
however).
All variables MUST be DECLARED EXPLICITLY before the first executable statements.
ARRAY ELEMENTS are accessed by the operator “[]”. Note that arrays start with index 0.
Example:
double a[3];
a[0] = 1; // assign 1 to first element in array
a[2] = 2; // assign 2 to last element in array
a[3] = 3; // ERROR!!! beyond array bounds!
LOOPS over arrays thus are typically written like this

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int i;
double a[3];
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++){
a[i] = 10*i+0.3;
}
The BUILT-IN MATH-FUNCTIONS include (returning double and taking one double
argument; argument in radiants for trigonometric functions):
sqrt, sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, log, log10, exp
and taking two double arguments:
pow(x, exponent), atan2(y, x), fmod(x, div)
Note that the integer-modulo function is provided by the “%” operator, e.g.:
int remainder;
remainder = 100 % 11;
Integer random numbers in the range [0,RAND_MAX] are returned by rand().
RAND_MAX is in general the largest 4 Byte integer, i.e. 2147483647. A new seed can be set
by srand(int seed). A floating point (double) random value in the range [0,1) is returned
by drand().

Output to the log file is done using the printf function, input by scanf, output/input to
char-array by sprintf and sscanf, output/input to file by fprintf, fscanf (and also fputs,
fgets).

For more information on the C-Language see the rich literature on the Internet (search
e.g. for "C Tutorial" or "ANSI C"). Note however the differences between ANSI C and
AST_SCI C listed below.

4.15.6.2.3. Extensions to the C-Syntax

C++ style comments "//" are allowed.
Function arguments are PASSED BY REFERENCE! E.g., the interpreter code
double f(int i, float[] f) { f[i] = i; i = 3; }
would be written in C:
double f(int *i, float[] f) { f[*i] = *i; *i = 3; }
A SIMPLIFIED PRINT STATEMENT is supported, eg:
double d =3.14;
int i = 123;
print "d is ", d, ", and 2 times i is ", 2*i;
DYNAMIC ALLOCATION to arrays, e.g.:
int n = 20;
int dynArr[10*n][3];
Dynamic reallocation of arrays:
int resize(array[], int newSize); // returns number of bytes allocated //
newSize is number of elements allocated (number of char's, int's, double's etc.), not number
of bytes! resize(array, 0) frees memory. ATTENTION: after resizing to zero it can not be
resized again! use resize(array, 1) instead!
DYNAMIC INITILIZATIONS supported, e.g.:

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double pi = acos(-1.0);
double pi2 = 2.0*pi;
VECTOR OPERATIONS supported for char, int, float and double [], e.g. (vectors of
different length are handled by wrapping around indices, length of result vector will be
length of longer vector, except for assignments of course):
double a[3] = {1, 2, 3.7e-5}; // list initialization
double b[3] = a + 1.0;// b[i] = a[i] + 1.0; (i=0,1,2)
double c[3] = a * b; // c[i] = a[i] * b[i]; (i=0,1,2)
double d[3] = 2.7; // d[i] = 2.7; (i=0,1,2)
double e[3] = {2.7}; // e[0] = 2.7;
double m;
e = {-1, 2, 3.2}; // list assignment is allowed
print "vector e:", e; // print supports vector output! (printf does not!)
Additional operator for CROSS AND DOT PRODUCT and vector magnitude, e.g.
continuing above code:
c = a^b; // vector cross product, definition:
// c[i] = a[(i+1)%sa]*b[(i+2)%sb] - a[(i+2)%sa]*b[(i+1)%sb]
// is sa and sb are length of vectors a and b;
m = a.b; // vector dot product, returns double
m = |a|; // vector magnitude (same as sqrt(a.a))
Note that the ^ operator is the cross product for vectors of length three.
For vectors of length 2 the usual cross product will be the second component:
double a[2] = {1, -2};
double b[2] = {-1, 5};
double c[2] = a^b;
double crossp2 = c[1];// 2D cross product; (c[0] will be -c[1]);
For vectors of other length the ^ operator will probably not be useful.

A FLOATING POINT (double) RANDOM VALUE in the range [0,1) is returned by

drand().

4.15.6.2.4. Limitations
No pointers except FILE*.
No call by value.
No structs.
No typedefs.
No block scope variables. Only global scope and function scope.
No goto or labels.
No switch/case statements.
Only one declaration per statement., i.e.
int i, j = 2; // will generate syntax error!!!
is not allowed, but
int i; int j = 2;
is.
No short, long, unsigned.
Argument names must be provided in function declarations.
Empty argument list must be used instead of "void".

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Max 10 arguments in calls to external functions.

Only call by reference in external functions.
Recursion not supported yet.
Can't print the character " (neither with \" nor "").
strchr, strrchr, strstr not available, substituted by istrchr, istrrchr and istrstr;
istrchr, istrrchr and istrstr return int instead of pointer, which is index of corresponding
position in char-array.
Casting (explicit or implicit) of vectors not supported, e.g.
double a[3] = {1, 2, 3}; // OK: scalars cast to double components
int b[3] = {1, 2.0, 3}; // OK: scalars cast to int components
a += b; // not supported because b would have to be cast to double[]
// first!
b += 1; // supported: same effect as "for(i=0;i<3;i++) b[i] += 1;"
b += 1.0; // supported (1.0 would be cast to scalar int), otherwise as
// above
b = b + 1.0; // not supported because term (b+1.0) would have to be cast to
// float[]!
b = b + 1; // supported, no cast needed

4.15.6.2.5. Hints and Tricks

Loop overhead: avoid short loops. Better use e.g.
a[i][0] = x[0];
a[i][1] = x[1];
a[i][2] = x[2];
instead of
for(j = 0; j < 3; j++) a[i][j] = x[j];
or even better use vector assignment:
a[i] = x;
Arrays are allocated dynamically at run time if the dimension is not a constant integer but
any integer expression. Otherwise memory is allocated at parse time.

Use dynamic allocation for large arrays:

double a[1*1000]; // dynamic allocation
double a[1000]; // allocation at parse time!
or
double a[1]; // allocation of 1
resize(a, 1000); // reallocation at run time;

resize(a, 1); // reallocation to 1 at end of function; if reallocation

// to 0, it can not be reallocated again!

4.15.6.2.6. Known Bugs

A few syntax errors may not be reported correctly at parse time.

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4.15.6.2.7. List of Keywords / tokens

Control Function Math Data types, constants operators
s functio
ns
while fprintf sqrt extern
for sprintf exp
break printf log10 void
contin fscanf log char
ue sscanf asin int
return scanf acos float
if print atan double
else fopen sinh
fclose cosh FILE
fgetc tanh
fputc sin NULL
fgets cos EOF
fputs tan
ferror ceil {letter}[A-Za-z_0-9]*
feof fabs variable/function name
exit floor
system atan2 + plus
pow - minus
resize fmod * multiply
strcpy / divide
strncpy = assignment
strcat ++ unary increment (postfix or
strncat prefix)
strcmp -- unary decrement (postfix or
strncmp prefix)
strlen < comparator less than
istrchr > comparator greater than
istrrch >= comparator greater equal
r <= comparator less equal
istrstr == comparator equal
!= comparator
+= binary add
-= binary substract
*= binary multiplication
/= binary division
&& logical AND
|| logical OR
! logical NOT

[] array element access

|var| vector length operator
. vector dot product
^ vector cross product

4.15.6.3. Formula Interpreter Input Windows

In this section the Formula Interpreter input windows are explained using a simple
example, where the FMEP is calculated as a function of engine speed and peak firing
pressure.

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Figure 4-79: Formula Interpreter – General, Global Variables

In the General Window the user can specify the name and the value (can be a parameter)
of an arbitrary number of Global Variables (double), which can be used in the formula (see
below).
The selection of Lock functionality modifications by disabling input fields of this
element allows a comfortable handling for exporting the element as module and the re-
usage of the functionality in other models.

Figure 4-80: Formula Interpreter – Sensor Channels

The number of Sensor Channels is arbitrary. In this example the peak firing pressure of
cylinder no. 1 is sensed and assigned to the variable “PFP”. This variable can be used in
the formula (see below).

Figure 4-81: Formula Interpreter – Actuator Channels

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The number of Actuator Channels is arbitrary. In this example the engine FMEP
(element “Global”) is actuated. It needs to be defined in the formula (see below). (If no
value is assigned to an actuated variable its value will be 0.0.)

Figure 4-82: Formula Interpreter – Declarations and Formula

In this simple example two variables (“d_linear” and “d_quadratic”) are declared. Please
refer to section 4.15.6.2.1 for more information on the extended data types.
510H

The actual formula is defined in the Operations input field. In this simple example the
variables “d_linear” and “d_quadratic” hold the linear and quadratic terms of the FMEP
model (line 1 and 2). In line 3 the FMEP is calculated using a constant value and a linear
dependency of the peak firing pressure. In line 4 the final value for the FMEP is obtained
by multiplying a factor that was defined in Engine Interface 1. “// cold start //” is a
comment.

4.15.6.4. Formula Interpreter Error Handling

When running a BOOST model that contains a Formula Editor element the BOOST solver
checks the syntax of the model. If an error is found the calculation is stopped and an error
message is written to the log file. For example, if the name of the variable “d_quadratic” is
misspelled in the above example, the error message is:

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FATALERROR 298024 FORMULA_INTERPRETER 1 READ_INDIVIDUAL_FORMULA_INTR 0.00

DEGCRA
Syntax Error detected for Formula Interpreter No. 1
Please check the following syntax:

12: CCF__1 = 600;

13: QCF__1 = 0.2;
14: return 0;}
15: //--------
16: int read_global_variables__1(
17: double global_values[]
18: ){
19: global_values[ 0] = stroke__1;
20: global_values[ 1] = ACF__1;
21: global_values[ 2] = BCF__1;
22: global_values[ 3] = CCF__1;
23: global_values[ 4] = QCF__1;
24: return 0;}
25: //--------
26: int evaluate_formula__1(
27: double sensor[],
28: double actuator[]
29: ){
30: double PFP;
31: double speed;
32: double MULT;
33: double FMEP;
34: double d_linear;
35: double d_quadratic;
36: PFP = sensor[ 0];
37: speed = sensor[ 1];
38: MULT = sensor[ 2];
39: d_linear = CCF__1*(speed*stroke__1/2);
40: d_quadratic= QCF__1*pow((speed*stroke__1/2),2);
X 41: FMEP=ACF__1+BCF__1*PFP+d_linear+d_quadratic1;
42: FMEP=FMEP*MULT; // cold start //;
43: actuator[ 0] = FMEP;
44: return 0;}
line 41: ' FMEP=ACF__1+BCF__1*PFP+d_linear+d_quadratic1;'
line 41, before ';': symbol 'd_quadratic1' not declared
1 errors
The calculation has been stopped.

4.15.7. Monitor
The Monitor element is used to produce transient results in the results folder and in the
Online Monitor for an arbitrary number of Actuator and Sensor Channels.
Typical applications are:
• Check the value of a particular channel in a model that contains a large number of
linked control elements.

• Visualize additional results that are calculated in a Formula Interpreter element.

• …

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Figure 4-83: Formula Interpreter – Declarations and Formula

The number of Sensor Channels is arbitrary. In this example the output no. 1 of the
Formula Interpreter 1 is written to the transient results and to the Online Monitoring
using the name “FMEP_Chen”.

4.16. Acoustic Elements

4.16.1. Microphone
Click on Linear Acoustics for relevant information.

A microphone element can be added to any BOOST model in order to extract acoustic data
such as overall dB(A) levels or order plots. The microphone is not attached to any pipe but
linked in the input for the microphone to one or more system boundaries.

Figure 4-84: Microphone Input Window

Ground reflection can be included. In this case the height of the system boundary (orifice)
above ground must be input.

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The position of each system boundary relative to the microphone is defined as shown in the
following figure.
Vertical, z
ORIFICE
Axis, x
0

MICROPHONE
Height (optional)
Lateral, y

Ground (optional)

Figure 4-85: Microphone Position

Results from each microphone in a model can be found in the Acoustics folder and the
Transients folder.

4.16.1.1. WAV file output

A steady state sound file (WAV) can be generated from the predicted sound pressure level
at the microphone. This is based on the results from the last completed cycle of the
simulation.
Simply select the Sampling Rate, Low Pass Filter frequency and the Duration of the
sound file to be created. The WAV file will then be created in the results folder for the case
with the name of the microphone (e.g. MIC1.wav).
The WAV file creation for microphones uses an automatic reference value. However, if the
signal is too low (or too high) this value may not be appropriate. It can also be useful to
compare WAV files with the same reference dB level. Therefore, the option to define a
Reference dB level for the wav file creation is available.

Figure 4-86: Microphone WAV File Input Data

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4.16.2. Perforate
Click on Linear Acoustics for relevant information.
The perforate element is simply handled as a flow restriction with a flow coefficient that
reflects the open area of the perforate as a function of the total surface area. The geometry
of the perforate element is required as follows:

Figure 4-87: Perforate General Input Window

Surface Area

The total surface area of the perforate to be modeled. This should include the area of the
holes and the wall. If using a segmentation approach for a perforated pipe then only the
surface are of the segment being modeled should be entered (not the entire perforated
section).
Hole Diameter
The diameter of the individual perforation holes.

Hole Spacing
The distance between the centers of the perforate holes.
Wall Thickness

The wall thickness of the perforated pipe or baffle.

Porosity or Number of Holes
The porosity of the perforated section can be defined directly or calculated from the surface
area and the total number of holes.

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Figure 4-88: Perforate Geometry

4.16.3. Open Gap Chamber

Click on Linear Acoustics for relevant information.
The open gap chamber element is a super element. That is, it is not an element by itself
but consists of a number of more fundamental acoustic elements. The input geometry
required for the open gap chamber is shown.

Figure 4-89: Open Gap Chamber General Input Window

This geometry is translated into a number of elements connected in series. The series
starts with a pipe for the inlet followed by an inlet expansion into a pipe representing the
main part of the inlet chamber. The mid section follows with a contraction element into
the mid pipe and then an expansion into the outlet chamber. The outlet chamber is
modeled as a pipe followed by a contraction into the out pipe.

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Figure 4-90: Open Gap Chamber Modeling

The open gap chamber element does not include automatic end corrections.

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4.16.4. Overlapping Pipes

Click on Linear Acoustics for relevant information.
The overlapping pipes element is a super element. That is, it is not an element by itself but
consists of a number of more fundamental acoustic elements. The input geometry required
for the overlapping pipes element is shown

Figure 4-91: Overlapping Pipes General Input Window

This geometry is translated into a pipe-quarterwave-pipe-quarterwave-pipe set of elements

connected in series.

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Figure 4-92: Overlapping Pipes Model

The overlapping pipes element does not include automatic end corrections.

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4.16.5. Folded Boundary Resonator

Click on Linear Acoustics for relevant information.
The folded boundary resonator element is a super element. That is, it is not an element by
itself but consists of a number of more fundamental acoustic elements. The input geometry
required for the folded boundary resonator element is shown

Figure 4-93: Folded Boundary Resonator General Input Window

The folded boundary resonator is translated as a series of pipes reflecting the geometry of
the super element as well as a Helmholtz resonator for the end chamber.

Figure 4-94: Folded Boundary Resonator Modeling

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The Helmholtz element inside the folded boundary resonator super element includes an
automatic end correction.

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5. BOOST POST-PROCESSING
The IMPRESS Chart post-processing tool is used to display Traces, Transients, Acoustic
and Series results and the PP3 post-processing tool is used for Animation results. For the
general handling of the IMPRESS Chart and PP3 post-processing tools please refer to the
GUI Users Guide.
5H9

To accelerate the analysis process and to support the understanding of the complex flow
phenomena in an internal combustion engine, the following result types are available:

• SUMMARY – Analysis of global engine performance data

61H75

• TRANSIENTS – Analysis of global calculation results over the cycles calculated

617H852

• TRACES – Analysis of calculation results over crank angle

618H953

• ACOUSTIC – Analysis of orifice noise

619H2054

• CASE SERIES – Analysis of the results of a case-series calculation

620H15

• ANIMATION – Analysis of animated results

621H5

• MESSAGES – Analysis of messages from the main calculation program

62H3517

Before starting a detailed analysis of the calculation run (Traces, Acoustic, Series,
Animation, Summary), it is recommended to check MESSAGES for convergence failure and
TRANSIENTS for achieved steady-state conditions.

5.1. Analysis of Summary Results

Select Simulation | Show Summary to display the summary results of the calculation
together with detailed information of the calculation model and the important boundary
conditions for the calculation. An example of summary results displayed in the Ascii File
Browser window is shown in the following figure:

Figure 5-1: Summary Analysis Window

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To access additional features for manipulating files select File from the menu bar of the
Ascii File Browser.
In the section the “CYLINDERS: Average Values” all relevant summary results are
available for each cylinder separately. In addition to that, as marked in Figure 5-1, engine
518H

relevant results (typically averaged values or sums) are printed in the first column. All
results in this section are described in detail below in the sections 5.1.1.1 through 5.1.1.14.
519H 520H

Note: Most of the results in the “CYLINDERS: Average Values” and in the
) “TURBOCHARGERS: Average Values” sections are available also as transient
(cycle averaged) data in the post-processor. All definitions in the transient results
are identical with the global/summary results.

5.1.1. Definition of Global Engine Data (SI-Units)

Average (mean) values over the cycle duration CD:

⋅ ∫ y (α ) ⋅ dα
1
y=
CD CD

y (α ) variable depending on α
α crank angle

y average value of y
CD cycle duration

Mass flow weighted temperature:

∫ T (α )⋅ m& (α )⋅ dα
TMS = CD

∫ m& (α )⋅ dα
CD

TMS mass flow weighted temperature

T (α ) temperature depending on α
m& (α ) mass flow rate depending on α
Number of cycles per second:
ncycle = n for two-stroke engines

n
ncycle = for four-stroke engines
2
n crankshaft-revolutions per second

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5.1.1.1. Geometry Data

Firing TDC deg

Bore mm

Stroke mm

Conrodl. mm length of connecting rod

Pistonpinoffset mm

Swept Vol. l

Compressionratio - VC + V D
ε =
VC
VC + VD maximum cylinder volume
VC minimum cylinder volume
VD displacement
Note: The same definition is used for two and four
stroke engines.

Dyn. Comp. ratio - Cylinder Volume at StartOfHighPressure

Cylinder Volume at TopDeadCenter

5.1.1.2. Combustion Data

Combustion Char. - Identifier for the applied combustion model:
(Motored, Vibe, DbleVibe, Table, cnst.vol, cnst.pre.,
Wo/Ani, Hires/Tab, 2Z-Table, 2Z-Vibe, Quadim,
AVL-MCC, Usr.hipr, GS_HCCI, TrgtPre1Z,
TrgtPre2Z)
Comb.start deg start of combustion

Comb.dur.1 deg duration of combustion (first peak in case of a

double vibe combustion)

Vibe Parameter a -

Vibe Param. m 1 - vibe parameter m (first peak in case of a double vibe

combustion)

Comb.dur.2 deg duration of combustion (second peak in case of a

double vibe combustion)

Vibe Param. m 2 - vibe parameter m (second peak in case of a double

vibe combustion)

Ign. Delay deg ignition delay

Comb. Noise dB(A)

Peak Fir.Pres. bar maximum pressure

at Crankangle deg

Peak Pres.Rise bar/deg maximum pressure increase

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at Crankangle deg

Peak Fir. Temp. K maximum temperature

at Crankangle deg

Peak T_burned K maximum temperature in the burned zone (two

zone calculation only)

at Crankangle deg

Evaporation Energy kJ heat sink due to fuel evaporation

Required O.N. -
Required Octane Number (see section 2.2.2.1.1 of
627H8

the Theory Manual.; for two-zone combustion

models with external mixture preparation only)

Res. Gascompr. bar Maximum Pressure during Exhaust Scavenging

Stroke

5.1.1.3. Emissions (Classic Species Transport)

NOX g/kWh accumulated emissions of NOx

NOX g/h

NOX ppm

CO g/kWh accumulated emissions of CO

CO g/h

CO ppm

HC g/kWh accumulated emissions of HC (external mixture

preparation only)

HC g/h (external mixture preparation only)

HC ppm (external mixture preparation only)

Soot g/kWh accumulated Emissions of soot (internal mixture

preparation only)

5.1.1.4. Performance
IMEP bar 1
IMEP = ⋅ ∫ pc ⋅ dV
VD CD
pc cylinder pressure
V cylinder displacement
Rel. to Ave. - cylinder IMEP relative to the engine IMEP

IMEP Exh. bar IMEP exhaust stroke (only four-stroke):

360
1
VD α =∫180
IMEPex = ⋅ pc ⋅ dV

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IMEP Int. bar IMEP intake stroke (only four-stroke):

540
1
VD α =∫360
IMEPin = ⋅ pc ⋅ dV

IMEP Gasex. bar IMEP gas exchange (= pumping mean effective

pressure PMEP; only four-stroke):
540
1
VD α =∫180
PMEP = ⋅ pc ⋅ dV

IMEP-HP bar IMEP high pressure:

EVO
1
VD α =∫IVC
IMEPhp = ⋅ pc ⋅ dV

FMEP bar friction mean effective pressure:

Pfr
FMEP =
VD ⋅ ncycle
Pfr
friction power

FMEP does not contain the work caused by

scavenging pumps, crankcase scavenging or
mechanically driven supercharging devices,
BMEP bar brake mean effective pressure (individual cylinder):
BMEPC = IMEP − FMEP − SMEP
brake mean effective pressure (overall engine):
BMEPE = IMEP − FMEP − AMEP
AMEP; SMEP bar scavenging mean effective pressure (for the
individual cylinder):
PS
SMEP =
VD ⋅ ncycle
PS required power of related scavenging pump
or crankcase scavenging

auxiliary drives mean effective pressure (for the

overall engine):
PSP + PCS + PMC
AMEP =
VDE ⋅ ncycle
PCS required power of scavenging pumps
PCS required power of crankcase scavenging
PCS required power of mechanically driven
supercharging devices
VDE engine displacement
ISFC g/kWh indicated fuel consumption (total fuel mass):
mt , FV ⋅ ncycle
ISFCtt =
Pi
Rel. to Ave. - cylinder ISFC relative to the engine ISFC

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ISFC (tr.f.) g/kWh indicated fuel consumption (trapped fuel mass):

mc , FV ⋅ ncycle
ISFCtr =
Pi
ISFC (high p.) g/kWh IMEP
ISFChp = ISFC
IMEPhp

BSFC g/kWh brake specific fuel consumption:

BMEP
BSFC = ISFC
IMEP
Indicated Eff. - indicated efficiency:

∫p c ⋅ dV
ηT = CD

mc ,FV ⋅ H u
Hu lower heating value
Iso vol. comb. Eff - isovolumetric combustion efficiency : η glα

⎛ dQ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ 1 − 1 κ −1
α ⎠. εα
=⎝
d
η glα ⋅ dα
Q 1 − 1 κ −1
ε
VD
εα =
Vα
dQ
rate of heat release
dα
Q total released energy

κ ratio of specific heats

ε compression ratio

VD
εα = compression ratio at α
Vα
VD displaced volume

Vα cylinder volume at α

Polytropic Coeff. - polytropic exponent evaluated for the compression

change of in-cylinder state between
StartOfHighPressure and StartOfCombustion

5.1.1.5. Fuel Mass Balance

Inj. Fuelmass g minj , FV
total mass of fuel directly injected
Asp.Trap. Fuelmass g mastr , FV = mc , FV − minj , FV
mastr , FV
mass of fuel aspirated trapped

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Fuelmassfl.(A+I) g/s flow of Asp.Trap. Fuelmass

Fuelmass tot.trap. g m& astr , FV = mastr , FV ⋅ n

n engine cycle frequency [1/s]

Trapped Fuelm.fl. g/s flow of Fuelmass tot.trap.

Trapp. Eff. Fuel - trapping Efficiency Fuel:

mc , FV
ηtr , F =
mt , FV
mt , FV total mass of fuel added

5.1.1.6. Energy Balance

Fuel Energy kJ QF = mc , FV ⋅ H u

mc , FV total mass of fuel trapped in the cylinder

Hu lower heating value

Released Energy kJ Qreleased = QF ⋅ FCV

FCV fuel conversion factor as specified in Figure 628H951

5-2

Eff. Rel. Energy kJ Qreleased , eff = Qreleased − QCP

QCP amount of fuel energy that is not effectively

released in the cylinder but is going into the
combustion products: QCP = f (λ )

λ Excess air ratio.

for stoichiometric and lean conditions ( λ ≥ 1 ) QCP

goes to zero, for rich conditions it increases with
decreasing λ . Chemically this reflects the fact that
under rich conditions more and more energy is
stored in species like CO, H2,…

Gross Rel. Energy kJ Qreleased , gross = Qreleased + Qart

Eff.Gross Rel.Ener. kJ Qreleased , gross, eff = Qreleased , eff + Qart

Qart artificial source of fuel energy; this term

applies for calculations running in the
BOOST Analysis Mode (Burn, GCA) only,
the term is 0.0 for all “standard” BOOST
gas exchange simulations.

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Energy Balance - Qreleased , gross

X energy =
QF
Eff. Energy Balance - Qreleased , gross , eff
X energy , eff =
QF

BOOST uses a fuel conversion factor to correct the lower heating value. The conversion
factor is a function of the excess air ratio:

Figure 5-2: Fuel conversion factor

5.1.1.7. Blowby
Blowbymass g total mass lost by blowby

Blowbymassfl. g/s blowby mass flow

Blowby Heat Flow kJ Heat lost by blowby

5.1.1.8. Reference Values at Start of High Pressure (SHP)

Pressure at SHP Bar

Temperature K

Air Massfl. g/s m& as , A = mas , A ⋅ n

mas , A mass of air aspirated

n engine cycle frequency [1/s]

Fuel Massfl. g/s fuelmass tot.trap. (see above for definition)

Trapp. Eff. Air - (see below for definition)

Trapp. Eff. Fuel - (see above for definition)

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A/F-Ratio (Cmb.) - air fuel ratio of combustion:

mc , A t
AFCmb =
mc , FV
mc , A t total mass of air in the cylinder

Excess Air Ratio - excess air ratio:

AFCmb
λ=
AFStc
λ excess air coefficient
AFStc stoichiometric A/F-ratio

5.1.1.9. Residual Gas

Res.gas content - The residual gas content is the mass fraction of
combustion products in the cylinder at the start of
the high pressure phase (IVC).

Res.gas content - residual gas content:

mc , CP
RG =
mc , SHP
mc , CP mass of combustion products in the cylinder
at SHP
recirculated exhaust gas is added to the residuals.

Com.Prod.Mass. @ EO g The mass of combustion products inside the cylinder

at the end of the high pressure phase (EVO). This is
used as the reference value to determine the
fractions of combustion products flowing through
the intake and exhaust valves.

Res.gas mass @ SHP g The mass of combustion products inside the cylinder
at the start of the high pressure phase (IVC).

Res.gas aspirated IN g This is the mass of combustion products that is

aspirated through the intake valve(s). This is
calculated by continually integrating the mass flow
of combustion products through the intake(s).

Res.gas from intake g This is the mass of combustion products that flowed
through the intake valve(s) into the cylinder. This is
calculated by continually integrating the pure inflow
of combustion products through the intake(s)
(backflow is only considered when re-aspirated).

Rel. to Total - This is the fraction of the residual gas made up of

the flow through the intake valve(s). This is
calculated as follows,
Residual_Mass_Intake
Residual_Gas_Mass

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Res.gas flow EX g This is the mass of combustion products that flowed

through the exhaust valve(s). This is calculated by
continually integrating the mass flow of combustion
products through the exhaust(s).

Res.gas from exhaust g This is the mass of combustion products that flowed
through the exhaust valve(s) into the cylinder. This
is calculated by continually integrating the pure
inflow of combustion products through the
exhaust(s).

Rel. to Total - This is the fraction of the residual gas that followed
through the exhaust. This is calculated as follows,
Residual_Mass_Exhaust
Residual_Gas_Mass

5.1.1.10. Gas Exchange

Volumetric Eff. - volumetric efficiency rel. to ambient conditions:
m& tr , A mtr , A
ηV , a = =
ρ a ⋅VD ⋅ ncycle m DR , a
m& tr , A mass flow of air trapped
Rel. to Ave. - relative to the average value

Rel. To - volumetric eff. rel. to intake manifold conditions

(specified measuring point):
m& tr , A mtr , A
ηV , m = =
ρ m ⋅VD ⋅ ncycle m DR , m
Total Mass at SHP g mc , SHP
total in-cylinder mass at SHP (all ports
closed)

Mass Delivered g mas mass of fresh charge aspirated

Mass Delivered g/s m& as Flow of Mass Delivered

Delivery Ratio - delivery ratio related to ambient conditions:

mas
λD , a =
VD ⋅ ρ a
ρa ambient air density

Rel. to Ave. - delivery ratio relative to the average value

Rel. To - delivery ratio related to intake manifold conditions

(specified measuring point):
mas
λD , m =
ρ m ⋅ VD
ρm air density in the intake manifold (specified
measuring point or plenum)

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Av. Airmass at SHP g

mc , A t
total mass of air in the cylinder at SHP

Air Delivered g
mas , A
mass of air aspirated

Air Delivered g/s flow of air delivered

Airdeliveryratio - air delivery ratio related to ambient conditions:

m& as , A mas , A
λD , A , a = =
ρ a ⋅ VD ⋅ ncycle m DR , a
m& as , A
mass flow of air aspirated
mDR , a
reference mass (ambient conditions)
ρa ambient air density
Rel. to Ave. - air delivery ratio relative to the average value

Rel. To - air delivery ratio related to intake manifold

conditions (specified measuring point):
m& as , A mas , A
λD , A, m = =
ρ m ⋅ VD ⋅ ncycle m DR , m
mDR , m
reference mass (manifold conditions)
ρm air density in the intake manifold (specified
measuring point or plenum)
Airmass Trapped g
mtr , A
mass of air trapped

Airmass Trapped g/s flow of airmass trapped

Trapp. Eff. Air -

mtr , A
ηtr =
mas , A

Rel. to Ave. - trapp. eff. air relative to the average value

Airpurity -
mc , A t
AP =
mc , SHP

Dyn. Swirl [-] - dynamic swirl according to section 2.2.5 of the 629H30

Theory Manual.

Dyn. Tumble [-] - dynamic tumble according to section 2.2.5 of the 629H30

Theory Manual.

) Note: Gas Exchange data is defined in accordance with SAE standard

J604 (Engine Terminology and Nomenclature – General, NN, June 1995).

The relation between the different data characterizing the gas exchange can be seen in the
following figure:

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mSR

mDR

mas minj,FV
msl mtr
minj,ge,FV
mtr,CP mtr,A

mc,FV
mtr,CPA mtr,FV
minj,tr,FV

mc,A

mc,CPA

mc
mc,At

mc,CPst
mrg,CPA

mrg,CP
minj,sl,FV

mc,CP
SHP

mSR reference mass for scavenge ratio

mDR reference mass for delivery ratio
mas mass of fresh charge aspirated
mas, A mass of air aspirated
mas, CP mass of combustion products aspirated
(= mas, CPst for IMP)
mtr mass of fresh charge trapped
msl mass lost during scavenging
mtr,CP mass of combustion products trapped
(= mtr, CPst for IMP)
mtr, CPA mass of air included in trapped
combustion products (= 0 for IMP)
mtr, A mass of air trapped
mtr,FV mass of fuel trapped (= 0 IMP)
minj,FV total mass of fuel directly injected
minj,ge,FV mass of fuel injected during gas
exchange
minj,tr,FV mass of injected fuel trapped during mc,At total mass of air in the cylinder
gas exchange (= 0 for IMP) mc,CP mass of combustion products in the
minj,sl,FV mass of injected fuel lost during cylinder at SHP (=mc,CPst for IMP)
gas exchange (= 0 for IMP) mc,CPA mass of air included in combustion
mrg,CP mass of residual gas products,cylinder (= 0 for IMP)
mrg, CPA mass of air included in residual gas mc,CPst mass of stoichiometric combustion
mc total in-cylinder mass products, cylinder
mc,A mass of air in the cylinder mc,FV total mass of fuel trapped in the cylinder
(= mc, At for IMP) (= minj,FV for IMP)

Figure 5-3: Relation of Gas Exchange Data

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5.1.1.11. Wall Heat Losses

Piston kJ

Cylinderhead kJ

Cylinderliner kJ

Sum of Wallheat kJ

Piston HP kJ during high pressure phase only

Cylinderhead HP kJ during high pressure phase only

Cylinderliner HP kJ during high pressure phase only

Sum of Wallheat HP kJ during high pressure phase only

Piston - relative to heat input

Cylinderhead - relative to heat input

Cylinderliner - relative to heat input

Sum of Wallheat - relative to heat input

M. Eff. HTC W/m2/K mean wall heat transfer coefficient in the cylinder

⋅ ∫ hw (α ) ⋅ dα
1
hw =
CD CD
hw (α ) wall heat transfer coefficient depending on
crank angle
hw
mean wall heat transfer coefficient
M. Eff. Temp. K effective mean gas temperature for wall heat transfer
in the cylinder.

⋅ ∫ TG (α ) ⋅ h(α ) ⋅ dα
1
Tg ,eff =
CD ⋅ hw CD
TG gas temperature

5.1.1.12. Reference Values at EO

Pressure bar

Temperature K

A/F-Ratio - mc , CP , EVO − mc , FB , EVO

AFEO =
mc , FB , EVO
mc , CP , EVO
mass of combustion products in the
cylinder at Exhaust Valve Opening
mc , FB , EVO
mass of burned fuel in the cylinder at EVO
Com.Prod.Conc. - mass fraction of combustion products

Fuel Concentr. - mass fraction of fuel

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

5.1.1.13. Average Values of Pipe Attachments

Vlv/Prt.Op.Clr.0mm deg valve opening: timing at 0 mm clearance, effective valve
opening

Vlv/Prt.Op.Eff.0mm deg valve opening: timing at 0 mm effective lift (=specified

valve clearance)

Vlv/Prt.Op.Eff.1mm deg valve opening: timing at 1 mm effective lift (=specified

valve clearance)

Vlv/Prt.Op.Udef.mm deg valve opening: timing at user defined specification

Vlv/Prt.Cl.Clr.0mm deg valve closing: timing at 0 mm clearance, effective valve

opening

Vlv/Prt.Cl.Eff.0mm deg valve closing: timing at 0 mm effective lift (=specified

valve clearance)

Vlv/Prt.Cl.Eff.1mm deg valve closing: timing at 1 mm effective lift (=specified

valve clearance)

Vlv/Prt.Cl.Udef.mm deg valve closing: timing at user defined specification

Cam Phasing deg shift of cam for this attachment

Massflow g/cycle massflow through this attachment

Wallheat kJ/cycle wall heatflow for this attachment

rel.to Heatinp. -

Swirl Entry - dynamic swirl according to section 2.2.5 of the Theory

632H

Manual.

Tumble Entry - dynamic tumble according to section 2.2.5 of the

Theory Manual.

5.1.1.14. Engine Results

Indicated torque Nm IMEP ⋅ VD
Ti =
kcycleπ
Ti indicated torque
k cycle
cycle parameter:
2 for two-stroke engines
4 for four-stroke engines
Indicated specific torque Nm/l Ti
Tis =
VD
Indicated power kW Pi = IMEP ⋅ VD ⋅ ncycle

Indicated specific power kW/l Pi

Pis =
VD

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Auxiliary Drives Torque Nm AMEP ⋅ VD

TA =
kcycleπ

Auxiliary Drives Power kW PA = AMEP ⋅ VD ⋅ ncycle

Friction Torque Nm FMEP ⋅ VD

TF =
kcycleπ

Friction Power kW PF = FMEP ⋅ VD ⋅ ncycle

Effective Torque Nm BMEP ⋅ VD

Teff =
kcycleπ

Effective Specific Torque Nm/l Teff

Teff , s =
VD
Effective Power kW Peff = BMEP ⋅ VD ⋅ ncycle

Effective Specific Power kW/l PB

Peff , s =
VD

5.1.1.15. Compressor Results

κ −1
Cycle averaged Isentropic - ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎛ p02 ⎞ κ ⎟
Compressor Efficiency (Total to
Total; Summary and Transient
∫ ⎜
c pT01 ⎜ ⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎜ ⎝ p01 ⎠
− 1⎟m& 1dt
⎟
⎝ ⎠
CDUR
Results) ηCTT =
∫ (h02 − h01 )m1dt
CDUR
&

Cycle averaged Compressor - ⎛ p02 ⎞

Pressure Ratio (Summary and ∫ ⎜⎜⎝ m& 1 p01 ⎟⎟⎠dt
p02 CDUR
Transient Results) =
p01 ∫ m& 1 dt
CDUR

Cycle averaged Compressor Total

Inlet Pressure
Pa
∫ (m& p ) dt
1 01

p01 = CDUR

CDUR
∫ m& dt
1

Cycle averaged Compressor Total

Inlet Temperature
K
∫ (m& T )dt
1 01

T01 = CDUR

∫ m& dt
CDUR
1

Cycle averaged Compressor Total

Outlet Temperature
K
∫ (m& T )dt
2 02

T02 = CDUR

∫ m&
CDUR
2 dt

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Cycle averaged, Temperature K ⎛ κ −1 ⎞

⎜ ⎟
⎝ κ ⎠
based Compressor Efficiency ⎛ p 02 ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟ −1
⎝ p 01 ⎟⎠
η CTT ,temp =
T02
−1
T01
Cycle averaged Compressor kg K unreferenced:
Corrected Massflow sPa
or T01 ∫ m& dt 1

m& C ,cor = CDUR

kg p 01 t CDUR
s
referenced:

T01 ∫ m& dt 1
pref
m& C ,cor = CDUR

p01 t CDUR Tref

Cycle averaged Compressor rpm unreferenced:

Corrected Speed K n
nC ,cor =
or T01
rpm
referenced:
n
nC ,cor = ⋅ Tref
T01

5.1.1.16. Turbine Results

Cycle averaged Isentropic Turbine - ⎛ ⎞
∑ ⎜⎜ ∫ h 03, i m& 3, i dt ⎟⎟ − ∫ h04 m& 4 dt
Efficiency (Total to Static; ηTTS = ⎝
i Entries CDUR ⎠ CDUR
κ −1
Summary and Transient Results) ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎛ ⎞κ ⎟
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
T03, i ∑ (m& 3, i )c p ⎜1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟dt
p4
∫ ⎜ ⎟
CDUR i Entries ⎜ 1
(p ) ⎟
⎜ ⎜ nEntries i ∑ 03,i ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎝ ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Entries

Cycle averaged Turbine Pressure - ⎛⎛ 1 p 03,i ⎞⎛ ⎞⎞

Ratio (Summary and Transient ∫ ⎜⎜
⎜⎜ n ∑ ⎟⎜ ∑ m& 3, i ⎟ ⎟dt
⎟⎜
iEntries p 4 ⎠⎝ iEntries
⎟⎟
Results)
p 03 CDUR ⎝ ⎝ Entries ⎠⎠
=
p4 ∫ ∑ m& 3, i dt
CDUR iEntries

Cycle averaged Turbine Total P ⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ ⎞⎞

Inlet Pressure ∫ ⎜⎜
⎜⎜ n ∑p ⎟⎜ ∑ m& 3, i ⎟ ⎟dt
⎟⎜ i 03,i ⎟⎟
CDUR ⎝ ⎝ Entries i Entries ⎠⎝ Entries ⎠⎠
p 03 =
∫ ∑ m& 3, i dt
CDUR iEntries

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Cycle averaged Turbine Total T ⎛⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ ⎞⎞

Inlet Temperature ∫ ⎜⎜
⎜⎜ n ∑T ⎟⎜ ∑ m& 3, i ⎟ ⎟dt
⎟⎜ i 03,i ⎟⎟
CDUR ⎝ ⎝ Entries iEntries ⎠⎝ Entries ⎠⎠
T03 =
∫ ∑ m& 3, i dt
CDUR i Entries

Cycle averaged Turbine Static T ⎛ ⎞

Outlet Temperature ∫ ⎜ &
m
⎜ i 4 ∑ T4
⎟dt
⎟
CDUR ⎝ ⎠
T4 = Entries

∫ m& 4 dt
CDUR

Cycle averaged, Temperature - T04

based Turbine Efficiency 1−
T03
ηTTS ,temp =
⎛ κ −1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ κ ⎠
⎛ p ⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ 4 ⎟⎟
⎝ p 03 ⎠
Cycle averaged Turbine Corrected kg K unreferenced:
Massflow sPa
or
∫ m& 4 dt
T03 CDUR
m& T ,cor =
kg p03 tCDUR
s
referenced:

T03 ∫ m& dt
4
pref
m& T ,cor = CDUR
⋅
p03 t CDUR Tref

Cycle averaged Turbine Corrected rpm unreferenced:

Speed K n
nT ,cor =
or T03
rpm
referenced:
n
nT ,cor = ⋅ Tref
T03

Cycle averaged Turbine Blade - 1 ⎛ κ −1⎞ d t π nT ,cor

Speed Ratio BSR = ⎜ ⎟⋅
2R ⎝ κ ⎠ ⎛ κ −1 ⎞
−⎜ ⎟
⎛p ⎞ ⎝ κ ⎠
1 − ⎜⎜ 03 ⎟⎟
⎝ p4 ⎠

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5.2. Analysis of Cycle Dependent Results

TRANSIENTS: The transient results show the development of the solution over all
calculated engine cycles. These results are typically integral values (average mass flow at a
measuring point, IMEP…) or distinct values (peak firing pressure,…) for each cycle.
Select Simulation | Show Results to open the IMPRESS Chart. Please refer to the
IMPRESS Chart Users Guide for details on its usage. The following data is available in the
Transients subfolder:
Element Data Unit Comment
ENGINE and CYLINDER: Refer to section 5.1.1 for detailed
52H

information.

PIPE:
WALLHEATFLOW J/cycle integral wall heat losses
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE K integral wall heat losses
WALLHEATFLOW J/cycle integral wall heat losses

PIPE with VARIABLE WALL

TEMPERATURE activated:
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE K maximum wall temperature
MINIMUM TEMPERATURE K maximum wall temperature
MEAN TEMPERATURE K maximum wall temperature
MAXIMUM GAS TEMPERATURE K maximum gas temperature
MINIMUM GAS TEMPERATURE K maximum gas temperature
MEAN GAS TEMPERATURE K maximum gas temperature
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE K ambient temperature (convection)
RADIATION SINK TEMPERATURE K ambient temperature (radiation)
GAS-WALL HEATFLOW J/cycle gas/wall integral heat flow
GAS-WALL NUSSELT - gas/wall Nusselt number
GAS-WALL HEAT-TRANS COEFF W/m2K gas/wall heat transfer coefficient
GAS-WALL HEATFLOWPERS W gas/wall integral heat flow
WALL-AMBIENT NUSSELT - wall/ambient Nusselt number
WALL-AMBIENT HEAT-TRANS W/m2K wall/ambient heat transfer
COEFF coefficient
RADIATIVE WALL-AMBIENT W wall/ambient integral heat flow due
HEATFLOWPERS to radiation
CONVECTIVE WALL-AMBIENT W wall/ambient integral heat flow due
HEATFLOWPERS to convection
GAS TEMPERATURE K at all axial positions
WALL TEMPERATURE X K wall temperature of layer X at all
axial positions

MEASURINGPOINT:
PRESSURE Pa
VELOCITY m/s
TEMPERATURE K
MASSFLOWAVERAGED TEMP K
MACHNUMBER -
MASSFLOW kg/cycle
MASSFLOWPERS kg/s
ENTHALPYFLOW J/cycle
STAGPRESSURE Pa
STAGTEMP K
REYNOLDSNUMBER -
WALLTEMPERATURE K
CONVERGENCE - sum of pressure temperature and
velocity deviation between cycles
A/F_RATIO - of the combustion products
FUELVAPOURCONCENTRATION -
COMBPRODCONCENTRATION -
FUELFLOW kg/s
COMBPRODFLOW kg/s
SPECIES MASSFRACTIONS - general species transport
SPECIES MOLEFRACTIONS - general species transport
DENSITY kg/m3
SPECIFIC HEAT (CP) J/kgK
MEAN KAPPA -
MEAN GAS CONSTANT J/kgK
FRICTION COEFFICIENT -

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PLENUM:
PRESSURE Pa
TEMPERATURE K
MASS kg
WALLHEATFLOW J/cycle
WALLTEMPERATURE K
SPECIES MASSFRACTIONS - general species transport

VARPLENUM = PLENUM plus:

VOLUME m3
VOLUMEWORK J/cycle

FUELINJECTOR:
ADDEDFUEL kg/cycle
ADDEDFUEL-PUDDLING kg/cycle puddling: effective value
PUDDLE-FUELMASS-XXX kg fuel mass in the puddle for
range XXX
PUDDLE-ACCUMULATED kg accumulated (per cycle)
RATEEVAP-XXX evaporation rate from puddle for
range XXX

THROTTLE:
THROTTLE-ANGLE deg

AIRCOOLER
WALLHEATFLOW J/cycle
for the inlet and the
outlet plenums:
PRESSURE Pa
TEMPERATURE K
MASS kg
A/F_RATIO - of the combustion products
FUELVAPOURCONCENTRATION -
COMBPRODCONCENTRATION -

AIRCLEANER: see AIRCOOLER

CATALYST see AIRCOOLER
DPF see AIRCOOLER

TURBOCHARGER:
for the compressor
ROTATIONALSPEED rpm
COMPRESSORWORK J/cycle
COMPRESSORRATIO - see section 5.1.1.15
523H

COMPRESSOREFFICIENCY - see section 5.1.1.15

524H

BOOSTPRESSURE Pa
MECHANICALEFFICIENCY -
INLETTOTPRESSURE Pa
INLETTOTTEMP K
OUTLETTOTTEMP K
ISENTROPICEXPONENT -
COMPRESSOREFFICIENCY -
COMPRESSOREFFICIENCY -
COMPRESCORRMASSFLOWREF - compressor corrected massflow in
input units
COMPRESCORRSPEEDREF - compressor corrected speed in input
units
for the turbine
TURBINEWORK J/cycle
TURBINERATIO - see section 5.1.1.16
52H

TURBINEEFFICIENCY - see section 5.1.1.16

526H

TURBINETOTOTAL -
EFFECTIVEFLOWAREA -
DISCHARGECOEFFICIENT -
VANEPOSITION -
INLETTOTPRESSURE Pa
INLETTOTTEMP K
OUTLETSTATTEMP K
ISENTROPICEXPONENT -
TURBINECORRMASSFLOWREF - turbine corrected massflow in input
units
TURBINECORRSPEEDREF - turbine corrected speed in input
units

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PD-COMPRESSOR:
COMPRESSORWORK J/cycle
COMPRESSORRATIO - mass flow averaged
ROTATIONALSPEED rpm
COMPRESSOREFFICIENCY -

ELECTRICAL DEVICE
ROTATIONALSPEED rpm full model only
MECHWORKELMOTOR J/cycle
ELWORKELMOTOR J/cycle
ELMOTOREFFICIENCY -

TEST BED REFERENCE

P_0_A bar Barometric Pressure (absolute)
P11 bar Pressure at Test Bed Reference
Location 11 (relative to P_0_A)
P21 bar Pressure at Test Bed Reference
Location 21 (relative to P_0_A)
P2_1 bar Pressure at Test Bed Reference
Location 2_1 (relative to P_0_A)
P31 bar Pressure at Test Bed Reference
Location 31 (relative to P_0_A)
P41 bar Pressure at Test Bed Reference
Location 41 (relative to P_0_A)
T11 degC Temperature at Test Bed Reference
Location 11
T21 degC Temperature at Test Bed Reference
Location 21
T_21 degC Temperature at Test Bed Reference
Location 2_1
T31 degC Temperature at Test Bed Reference
Location 31
T41 degC Temperature at Test Bed Reference
Location 41

ECU:
LOAD SIGNAL -

various ELEMENTS:
for each ATTACHEDPIPE
MASSFLOW kg/cycle
VELOCITY m/s
FLOWCOEFFICIENT -

5.3. Analysis of Crank Angle Dependent Results

TRACES: The traces results show the solution over the last calculated engine cycle (720
degCA for four stroke, 360 degCA for two stroke engines.
Select Simulation | Control | Output Control in order to extend the “Traces - Saving
Interval” to an arbitrary number of cycles.
Select Simulation | Show Results to open the IMPRESS Chart post-processor. The
following data is available for each element in the Traces subfolder:
Element Data Unit Comment
ENGINE: Refer to section 5.1.1 for
527H

detailed information.
TIME s time
ENGINESPEED rpm instantaneous revolution speed
of the crank shaft
TORQUE Nm instantaneous torque at the
crank shaft

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SYSTEMBOUNDARY =
INTERNALBOUNDARY
TEMPERATURE K
PRESSURE Pa
for the ATTACHEDPIPE
MASSFLOW kg/s
VELOCITY m/s
FLOWCOEFFICIENTS -

MEASURINGPOINT:
PRESSURE Pa
VELOCITY m/s
FORWARDPRESSURE Pa forward moving wave
BACKWARDPRESSURE Pa backward moving wave
FORWARDVELOCITY m/s forward moving wave
BACKWARDVELOCITY m/s backward moving wave
TEMPERATURE K
MACHNUMBER -
STAGNATIONPRESSURE Pa
STAGNATIONTEMPERATURE K
MASSFLOW kg/s
ENTHALPYFLOW J/s
REYNOLDSNUMBER -
A/F_RATIO -
of the combustion products
FUELCONCENTRATION -
COMBUSTIONPRODUCTCONCENTRA -
TION
FUELFLOW kg/s
COMBUSTIONPRODUCTFLOW kg/s
SPECIES MASSFRACTIONS - general species only
SPECIES MOLEFRACTIONS - general species only
DENSITY kg/m3
SPECIFIC HEAT (CP) J/kg/k
FRICTION COEFFICIENT -

PLENUM:
PRESSURE Pa
TEMPERATURE K
MASS Kg
WALLHEATFLOW J/s
A/F_RATIO - see measuring point
FUELCONCENTRATION -
COMBUSTIONPRODUCTCONCENTRA -
TION
SPECIES MASSFRACTIONS - general species only

VARPLENUM = PLENUM plus

VOLUME m3
VOLUMEWORK Nm

CYLINDER
PRESSURE Pa
TEMPERATURE K
MASS kg
VOLUME m^3
VOLUMEWORK J/deg
PRESSURERISE Pa/deg
TEMPERATURERISE K/deg
RATEOFHEATRELEASE J/deg
RATEOFHEATRELEASE-EFF J/deg
BURNEDVOLUMEFRACTION -
TEMPERATURE-BURNEDZONE K
TEMPERATURE-UNBURNEDZONE K
MASS-BURNEDZONE kg
A/F-RATIO-BURNEDZONE -

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HEATTRANSFERCOEFF-BURNEDZONE W/(m^2.K)
HEATTRANSFERCOEFF-UNBURNEDZONE W/(m^2.K)
ACCUMULATEDNOX kg
ACCUMULATEDCO kg
ACCHC-TOTAL kg
NOXFORMATION kg/s
COFORMATION kg/s
HCFORMATION-TOT kg/s
ACCHC-CREV kg
ACCHC-OIL kg
ACCHC-OXI kg
HCFORMATION-CREV kg/s
HCFORMATION-OIL kg/s
HCOXIDATION kg/s
ACCUMULATEDSOOT kg
SOOTFORMATION kg/s
TOTALWALLHEATFLOW J/deg
PISTONWALLHEATFLOW J/deg
HEADWALLHEATFLOW J/deg
LINERWALLHEATFLOW J/deg
HEATTRANSFERCOEFFICIENT W/(m^2.K)
INTAKEMASSFLOW kg/s
EXHAUSTMASSFLOW kg/s
BLOWBY kg/s
BLOWBYENTHALPYFLOW J/deg
FUELBURNEDCONCENTRATION -
COMBUSTIONPRODUCTCONCENTRATION -
FUELVAPOURCONCENTRATION -
A/F-RATIO -
MASSASPIRATED kg
RATEOFINJECTION kg/deg
EVAPORATIONRATE kg/deg
EVAPORATIONENERGY J/deg
SPECIESMASSFRACTION - general species transport
only
SPECIESMASSFRACTION_UNBRND - general species transport /
two zone only
SPECIESMASSFRACTION_BRND - general species transport /
two zone only
SPECIESMOLEFRACTION - general species transport
only
TURBULENT-KINETIC-VELOCITY m/s fractal combustion model
MEAN-KINETIC-VELOCITY m/s fractal combustion model
LAMINAR-FLAME-SURFACE m^2 fractal combustion model
LAMINAR-FLAME-SPEED m/s fractal combustion model
FRACTAL-DIMENSION - fractal combustion model
ENTHALPY J/kg
ENTROPY J/kg/K
SPECHEATCV J/kg/K

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SPECHEATCP J/kg/K
RGASMIX J/kg/K

FUELINJECTOR:
ADDEDFUEL kg/s puddling: target value
ADDEDFUEL-PUDDLING kg/s puddling: effective value
PUDDLE-FUELMASS-XXX kg fuel mass in the puddle for
range XXX
PUDDLE-RATEEVAP-XXX kg/s evaporation rate from puddle for
range XXX
PUDDLE-X - effective distribution factor X

WASTEGATE:
VALVELIFT m

AIRCOOLER, AIRCLEANER and see Transient results

CATALYST

TURBOCHARGER:
ROTATIONALSPEED rpm
COMPRESSORPOWER J/s
κ −1
COMPRESSOREFFICIENCY: -
⎛ ⎞
INSTANTANEOUS ISENTROPIC ⎜ ⎛ p02 ⎞ κ ⎟
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY c pT01 ⎜ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 1⎟
(TOTAL TO TOTAL) h −h ⎜ ⎝ 01 ⎠
p ⎟
ηCTT = 02, S 01 = ⎝ ⎠
h02 − h01 h02 − h01
COMPRESPRESSURERATIO -
COMPRESCORRMASSFLOWRREF - Compressor corrected massflow in
input units
COMPRESCORRSPEEDREF - Compressor corrected speed in
input units
TURBINEPOWER J/s
TURBINEEFFICIENCY: - h03 − h04 h03 − h04
INSTANTANEOUS ISENTROPIC ηTTS = =
TURBINE EFFICIENCY h03 − h4, S ⎛ κ −1
⎞
⎜ ⎛ p4 ⎞ κ ⎟
c pT03 ⎜1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎝ p03 ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
TURBINEPRESSURERATIO -
TURBINECORRECTEDMASSFLOW - compressor corrected massflow in
input units
TURBINECORRECTEDSPEED - compressor corrected speed in
input units
for each ATTACHEDPIPE
MASSFLOW kg/s
VELOCITY m/s
FLOWCOEFFICIENTS -
PD-COMPRESSOR:
COMPRESSORPOWER J/s
MECHPOWER J/s
ROTATIONALSPEED rpm
COMPRESSOREFFICIENCY -

ELECTRICAL DEVICE:
ROTATIONALSPEED rpm full model only
MECHPOWERELMOTOR J/s
ELPOWERELMOTOR J/s
ELMOTOREFFICIENCY -

JUNCTION:
PRESSURE Pa
TEMPERATURE K
FLOWPATTERN -

various ELEMENTS:
for each ATTACHEDPIPE

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

MASSFLOW kg/s
MASSFLOW kg/cycle
VELOCITY m/s
FLOWCOEFFICIENT -

5.4. Analysis of Pressure Wave Motion

An important parameter for the analysis of gas dynamic pressure wave motion is the crank
angle interval, which is required by a pressure wave to propagate over a certain distance.
The speed of the pressure wave propagation is determined by the speed of sound and the
flow velocity (a ± u). Mostly the Mach number of the flow in the pipe is relatively low,
which allows the influence of the flow velocity to be neglected. In this case, the crank
angle interval required for the propagation of a pressure wave over one meter distance can
be calculated from the following formula:

6⋅n
vW = (5.4.1)
a

vw pressure wave propagation speed [degrees CRA/m]

n engine speed [rpm]

a speed of sound [m/s]

The speed of sound can be calculated from the gas temperature in the pipe. A typical value
for the intake system is 345 m/s. In the exhaust system, the speed of sound varies typically
between 550 m/s (diesel engines) and 650 m/s (gasoline engines).
When using the Equation 5.4.1, it should be noted that the influence of the flow velocity is
528H

neglected.
Another important effect in the analysis of gas dynamic calculation results is the
characteristics of the pressure wave reflection:

• At an open pipe end (α ∼1.0), a pressure wave is reflected as a depression wave,

and a depression wave as a pressure wave.
• At a closed pipe end (α ∼0), a pressure wave is reflected as a pressure wave, and
a depression wave as a depression wave.
• The reflection of pressure waves at a plenum is more complex, as normally the
pressure in the plenum varies over time. For that reason, the characteristics of
the pressure wave reflection depend on the volume of the plenum:
• If the plenum is very large, the pressure in the plenum remains almost
constant and the reflection characteristics are similar to those of a pipe open to
the ambient as discussed above.
• If the plenum volume approaches zero, the variation of the pressure in the
plenum is similar to the pressure variation inside the pipe.
• The behavior of diffusers and cones is also of special interest. A pressure wave
propagating into a diffuser is weakened due to the expansion resulting from
the increasing cross-section. As a consequence, depression waves are reflected
by the diffuser:
• If a depression wave propagates into a diffuser, the depression wave is also
weakened and pressure waves are reflected.

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• If a pressure wave propagates into a cone, the pressure wave becomes stronger
and pressure waves are reflected.
• If a depression wave propagates into a cone, the depression wave becomes
stronger and depression waves are reflected.

5.5. Analysis of Composite Elements

Some elements are displayed on the screen as composite elements but consist of more
fundamental components in the actual input file. Examples of such elements are:
• Perforated pipe in pipe
• Perforated pipe in plenum.
Some junctions are also not displayed on the screen and the perforated pipes use the same
numbering scheme as the standard pipes although this is not shown. This effects:

• Perforated pipe numbers

• Pipe end junctions for perforated pipes in plenum (restriction or system
boundary).

• Pipe end junctions for pipes of perforated pipe in pipe elements (restriction or
system boundary).
To assist in post-processing data from such hidden elements, the fundamental contents of
composite elements can be displayed by selecting Simulation|Show Elements to open the
elements window. This information can then be used to post-process the data from the
required location of composite elements.

) Note: This is only possible after completing a successful simulation.

Figure 5-4: Show Elements Window

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

5.6. Analysis of Frequency Dependent Results and

Orifice Noise
ACOUSTIC: The acoustic folder contains the simulation results against frequency. These
results are only generated when at least one of the following conditions is met:

• Model contains at least one acoustic source (System Boundary).

• Model contains at least one microphone.
• Simulation Control > Output Control > Traces : Acoustic Cycles is activated
• User parameter “ACOUSTIC_RESULTS” is set to TRUE.

The frequency resolution of the results is determined by the cycle frequency.

RPM
Δf =
n.60
Where,
Δf = frequency resolution [Hz]
n = 2 for a 4-stroke cycle or 1 for a 2-stroke cycle

RPM = engine speed [rev/min]

For example,
A 4-stroke engine running at 1400rpm will provide acoustic results with a frequency
resolution of 11.66Hz (=1400/60x2). That is, results at 11.66Hz, 23.33Hz, 35Hz, etc.
The frequency resolution can be improved by increasing the number of stored acoustic
cycles using the “Acoustic Cycles” input (Simulation Control > Output Control). The new
frequency resolution will be the base resolution divided by the number of stored acoustic
cycles.

Figure 5-5: Acoustic Storage Cycles

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For example,
A 4-stroke engine running at 1400rpm and with 10 stored acoustic cycles
(“Acoustic Cycles”=10) will provide acoustic results with a frequency resolution of
1.166Hz (=1400/60x2/10). That is, results at 1.166Hz, 2.333Hz, 3.5Hz, etc.

Element Data Unit Comment

ENGINE: Engine order versus frequency.
EngineOrder - Can be used as the x-axis to
generate plots versus engine
order
SYSTEMBOUNDARY: For use with the orifice noise
SpecificMassflow kg/s/m2 post processing operation
described below
MEASURING POINT:
PhaseAngle Deg
RealPressure Pa
ImagPressure Pa
Linear : SoundPressure dB In duct sound pressure level
MICROPHONE:
PhaseAngle Deg
Pressure Pa
A-weighted : SoundPressure dB(A) A-weighted sound pressure level
Linear : SoundPressure dB Linear sound pressure level

5.6.1. Sound Pressure Operation

The microphone element described in section 4.16.1 is recommended for determining
642H359

orifice noise although the post processing operation described here is still supported.

However, note that the post processing operation only supports single source data to a
microphone whereas the microphone element can handle multiple sources.
The orifice noise is determined from the calculated mass flow characteristics at the system
boundaries. This is described in the BOOST Theory Guide.
Select Simulation|Show Results to open the IMPRESS Chart main window. Click on the
Operations tab and the acoustic operations are available in the Data Analysis folder.
Click on the Results tab and select the Acoustic folder in Results.ppd to plot the
Amplitude curve at the required system boundary.
Additional input of the microphone position relative to the location of the orifice in
Cartesian coordinates is required.

Vertical, z
ORIFICE
Axis, x
0

MICROPHONE
Height (optional)
Lateral, y

Ground (optional)

Figure 5-6: Microphone position

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

From this information the sound pressure levels in dB are calculated and displayed over
frequency in a graphics window. In addition, the orifice noise in dB(A) is calculated and
displayed in the acoustics window.

5.6.2. WAV Files

To play any WAV files from the microphone element select Simulation | Show Audio.
Then navigate to the Case Set, Case and Microphone of interest. Right click on the WAV
file and select Play. The default media player will then be used to play the WAV file. The
media player can be changed using the environment variable AWS_AUDIO_PLAYER. (e.g.
"C:\Program Files\Windows Media Player\wmplayer.exe”)

Figure 5-7: Show & Play Audio Results

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5.7. Analysis of Case Series Results

For the Analysis of case series applications the full range of Transients result types (listed
in 5.2) are available
530H

Select Simulation | Create Series Results.

A one step solution for creating series results for all case sets is available. For each case set
the main variation parameter can be freely chosen.

Figure 5-8: Create Series Results Window

• First column: defines if the results should be created

• Second column: shows all available case sets
• Third column: allows the definition of the main parameter for the results creation,
this will be x-axis in IMPRESS Chart.

• Last column: shows the state of the creation process

Select Run Creation to start the processes of result creation.
Then select Simulation | Show Results to open the IMPRESS Chart main window which
shows one folder for each case set (name.case_set.case_no) and an additional folder
containing the series related results (name.case_set).

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5.8. Analysis of Animated Results

ANIMATION: The display of animated results helps the user to comprehend the interaction
of flow phenomena within the pipe system of an engine.

Spatial Plots
Depending on the specified output interval of Traces results, spatial plots for each pipe and
time step can be accessed by selecting Simulation|Show Results
(working_directory/bwf_file_name.Case_Set_X.CaseY/simulation.dir/Results.ppd).

Animated Results
An animated view on the whole system can be performed by selecting Simulation|Show
Animation to open the PP3 main window.

Figure 5-9: PP3 Main Window

The available animation data is:

• Pressure
• Gas velocity
• Gas Temperature
• A/F ratio of the combustion products
• Fuel vapor
• Combustion products

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5.9. Message Analysis

MESSAGES: Displaying messages after the calculation process allows the user to check
for information, warnings and errors generated by the solver.
Select Simulation|Show Messages to open the Message Browser as shown in the following
window:

Figure 5-10: Message Analysis Window

From the Sorted by pull down menu, select Message Type, Message ID, Element Name or
Position for the desired display. Select the respective values in the Start from and End at
pull down menus to display messages occurring within a certain crank angle interval.
The global information is shown and more detailed information can be shown by clicking
<RUNINFO> with the mouse. Click the expand button + to show the detailed information
in the folder.
In a steady-state engine simulation it is strongly recommended to check the messages from
the main calculation program displayed during the last calculated cycle. If major
irregularities have occurred, it is essential to check whether the calculation results are
plausible.

5.9.1. Message Description

Messages generated by the BOOST solver consist of a message header followed by text
giving more detailed information. The format and components of the message header are
described as follows:

<TYPE> <CODE> <ELEMENT> <NUMBER> <ROUTINE> <CRANK ANGLE> DEGCRA

1. Type
The first part of the message header is the basic type of the message. The possible
types and a brief description are given in the following table.

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Message Type Description

FATALERROR A fatal error that causes the simulation to stop.
An error occurred reading a value. This usually causes
READERROR
the simulation to stop.
The value has been read correctly but the value or string
INVALIDINPUT is invalid in this context. This also causes the simulation
to stop.
An iteration loop has reached the maximum number of
CONVERGENCEFAIL iterations without converging. The loop will be exited and
the simulation will continue. This message is not fatal.
Contains useful information about the simulation. This
RUNINFO includes the names and paths of loaded files and
changes in default values.
A warning about values or conditions in the current
WARNING
simulation. The simulation will continue to run.
A value is out of the permitted range. The accepted
OUTOFRANGE range is typically given in the body of the text. This is
usually not fatal.
An error occurred in reading or writing to files used by
FILEERROR
BOOST. This is a fatal error.
A memory allocation error has occurred. Typically caused
MEMORYERROR by insufficient memory available on the current host. This
is a fatal error.
2. Code
A number associated with the message which is useful for tracking the exact location
in the code that generated the message.

3. Element
If the message is generated by a specific BOOST element such as a cylinder or junction,
this will be displayed at this location. Otherwise, a character string describing the
current process, such as ‘INPUT’ or ‘CONTROL’, will be displayed.

4. Number
The element number that generated the message. If the message is not associated with
a particular element number then a zero will be displayed.
5. Routine
The BOOST routine which generated the message.

6. Crank Angle
The simulation crank angle when the message was generated. This will be in degrees.

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5.9.2. Message Examples

RUNINFO 0 CONTROL 0 STWINP 0.00 DEGCRA
Opened file : C:/Program Files/avl/BOOST/v4.0/files/BENZIN.GPF

The message states the name and path of a file that has been loaded by BOOST during the
simulation. In this case it is the gas property file (.gpf) for benzin. The message was
issued at 0.00 degrees crank angle by the routine STWINP (i.e. at the beginning of the
simulation).

WARNING 183658 TURBOCHARGER 1 TLVOLL 2880.22 DEGCRA

The operating point of the compressor
crossed the surge line of the performance map.
Massflow: 0.036kg/s, Pressure ratio: 1.60

Warning number 183658 concerning the compressor operating point was issued by
turbocharger number 1 at 2880.22 degrees crank angle in the routine TLVOLL.

CONVERGENCEFAIL 143302 JUNCTION 3 PSTP0 6336.58 DEGCRA

The iteration of the junction massflow failed to
converge at flowpattern 6.
calculated values: type 1 type 2 difference in % of total massflow
attached pipe 1: 0.000609 0.000609 0.000000
attached pipe 2: 0.007190 0.007366 2.206129
attached pipe 3: 0.007970 0.007800 2.133474

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

5.9.3. Fatal Errors

5.9.3.1. MATLAB API

FATALERROR 121901 DLL 1 INIDLL 106.00 DEGCRA

MATLAB-ENGINE run error
- Check that matlab executable directory is in PATH.
- Check that a valid license is available.
The calculation has been stopped.

This message is generated when running with the MATLAB API option. There are several
reasons this message is generated. MATLAB is not found in the directories listed in the
PATH environment variable, a valid license is not available or there is a clash of MATLAB
versions. For the last case this can happen when the version of the MATLAB mdl file does
not match the version of MATLAB that BOOST is attempting to load. This can happen
when there is more than one MATLAB version is installed on the computer. The following
dialog box will be generated in such a case.

Figure 5-11: MATLAB API Error - version mismatch

The solution is to make sure the version of the MATLAB model (mdl file) matches the
MATLAB version listed first in the PATH.

5.10. Analysis of Aftertreatment Analysis Results

All data from the aftertreatment analysis simulations is given as transient values at
different spatial positions of the element. The spatial position (can be defined by the user)
is part of the folder and curve name respectively. The following data is available in
Catalyst Analysis and Particle Filter Analysis subfolder:

Element Data Unit Comment

CATALYST:
SOLID TEMPERATURE K Temperature of the solid substrate.
This temperature is used for all
conversion reactions.
GAS TEMPERATURE K Temperature of the gas phase.
PRESSURE Pa The pressure data are relative
values related to the pressure at
the catalyst.
VELOCITY m/s The velocity is a interstitial
velocity inside the catalyst
channels. For the evaluation of the
superficial velocity the open
frontal area of the catalyst has to
be applied.
MASS FRACTION <<XX>> kg/kg <<XX>> represents any species
defined in Globals/Aftertreatment
Analysis, e.g. CO, CO2, C3H6,
NO2,...

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PARTICULATE FILTER : Temperature of the solid substrate.

SOLID TEMPERATURE K This temperature is used for all
regeneration reactions.
GAS TEMPERATURE K Temperature of the gas phase.
PRESSURE Pa The pressure is given as relative
value. A pressure difference is
calculated between the pressure at
the end of the filter outlet
channel and the pressure at the
corresponding axial position in the
filter inlet channel.
VELOCITY m/s The velocity is an interstitial
velocity inside an ‘theoretically’
combined channel, where the inlet
and outlet channel are put
together.
MASS FRACTION <<XX>> kg/kg <<XX>> represents any species
defined in Globals/Aftertreatment
Analysis, e.g. CO, CO2, C3H6,
NO2,... This gas composition can be
understood as part of the outlet
channel.
SOOT MASS kg/m3Filter The soot mass is given as volume
specific value, where the overall
volume of the filter is used as
reference.
SOOT HEIGHT m The soot height is evaluated
assuming that soot is equally
distributed over the entire inlet
channel cross section.
WALL VELOCITY - The wall velocity is given by
normalized values.
INLET CHANNEL VELOCITY m/s The inlet channel velocity is the
interstitial velocity inside the
filter inlet channel.
OUTLET CHANNEL VELOCITY m/s The outlet channel velocity is the
interstitial velocity inside the
filter outlet channel.
INLET CHANNEL PRESSURE Pa Absolute pressure in the inlet
channel.
OUTLET CHANNEL PRESSURE Pa Absolute pressure in the outlet
channel.

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6. THE BOOST FILES

6.1. The .bwf Files
The BOOSTFILENAME.bwf files contains all graphics and input data of the BOOST model.

6.2. The .bst Files

The BOOSTFILENAME.bst file is the input file of the calculation kernel. It is generated by
selecting Simulation | Run | Model Creation and is written into the subfolder
BOOSTFILENAME.Case_X (X...Index of the Case Set).

As it is an ASCII formatted file, it can be transferred to and executed on every platform or

computer where a BOOST calculation kernel is available.
The BOOSTFILENAME.bst file consists of the following sections:

• SECTION HEADER: Contains the total number of elements for each type in
a calculation model.
• SECTION INPUT: Contains all input data.
• SECTION MESSAGES: Summary of the messages from the main
calculation program.
• SECTION TRANSIENTS: Average results of each element over each cycle
calculated (GIDAS format).
• SECTION TRACES: Covers the crank angle dependent calculation results
from the last calculated cycle (GIDAS format). In an animation calculation
this section is not available.
• SECTION ANIMATION: Summary of the results of an animation
calculation (GIDAS format). In a single calculation this section is not available.
• SECTION SUMMARY: Contains the global calculation results. In a series
calculation, this section is available for each of the calculated operating points
or engine variants.

6.3. The .atm Files

The BOOSTFILENAME.atm is similar to the BOOSTFILENAME.bst but it is used to run the
BOOST calculation kernel in aftertreatment analysis mode.
The BOOSTFILENAME.atm file consists of the following sections:

• SECTION HEADER: Contains the total number of elements for each type in
a calculation model.
• SECTION INPUT: Contains all input data.
• SECTION MESSAGES: Summary of the messages from the main
calculation program.
• SECTION CAT_ANALYSIS: Transient results of catalyst analysis
simulations (GIDAS format).

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

• SECTION DPF_ANALYSIS: Transient results of diesel particulate filter

analysis simulations (GIDAS format).
• SECTION SUMMARY: Contains the global calculation results and
additional simulation data.

6.4. The .rs0 and .rs1 Files

The BOOSTFILENAME.rs0 and BOOSTFILENAME.rs1 files are restart files. As they are
ASCII formatted files, a data set can be transferred together with the restart files to a
different platform and the calculation continued with a restart.

6.5. The .uit File

This file is written by the main calculation program. It is used for writing debug
information during the development of the code and can be deleted after a simulation run
without any consequence.

6.6. The .gpf File

These files contain the tables of gas properties in dependence on pressure, temperature
and excess air ratio (located in $BOOST_HOME\..\..\files).

6.7. The rvalf.cat File

This file contains the catalogue of flow coefficients for three-way junctions. It should be
located in the directory $BOOST_HOME\..\..\files.

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7. RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1. Turbocharger Matching
Another application of BOOST is to determine a suitable compressor and turbine size for a
turbocharged engine. The simplified turbocharger model with its three calculation modes
(turbine layout, boost pressure and waste gate calculation) supports the user in this task.

The following steps outline the procedure for the layout of a conventional waste gate
turbocharger:
1. The first step is to estimate the air flow requirement for engine full load at the engine
speed when the waste gate starts to open. A common layout is around maximum
torque speed. The air flow can be calculated from the target Brake Mean Effective
Pressure (BMEP), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and the required Air/Fuel
Ratio. The latter is estimated from emission targets considerations.

⋅ BMEP ⋅VD ⋅ n ⋅ BSFC

m air = AFR ⋅ (7.1.1)
nc ⋅ 2.16 ⋅109
⋅
m air air flow [kg/s]

AFR air fuel ratio [-]

BMEP brake mean effective pressure [bar]

VD displacement [l]

n engine speed [rpm]

nc 1 for two stroke engines

2 for four stroke engines

BSFC brake specific fuel consumption [g/kWh]

2. With another estimate of the intake manifold temperature and the volumetric
efficiency of the engine, the target BOOST pressure is calculated from

⋅
m air ⋅ R ⋅ Tm ⋅ nc ⋅ 6
Pm = (7.1.2)
ηV ⋅VD ⋅ n ⋅10
Pm intake manifold pressure [bar]

R gas constant of air, 287 J/kg K

Tm intake manifold temperature [K]

ηV volumetric efficiency related to intake manifold conditions [-]

3. Substituting Equation 7.1.1 into Equation 7.1.2 yields

531H 532H

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AFR ⋅ BMEP ⋅ BSFC ⋅ R ⋅Tm

Pm = (7.1.3)
ηV ⋅ 3.6 ⋅109
4. With the pressure loss of the inter cooler and air cleaner, the compressor pressure ratio
is known

Pm + ΔPcooler
Π co =
Pamb − ΔPcleaner
Π co compressor pressure ratio [-]

ΔPcooler inter cooler pressure loss [bar]

Pamb ambient pressure [bar]

ΔPcleaner air cleaner pressure loss [bar]

5. Using a turbine layout calculation, an equivalent turbine discharge coefficient and an

operating point of the engine in the compressor map is obtained. Making two
additional calculations with the first turbine discharge coefficient at the lowest engine
full load speed in the BOOST pressure calculation mode and at the highest full load
speed in the waste gate calculation mode, yields another two operating points of the
engine in the compressor map. The compressor pressure ratio for the waste gate
calculation can be determined again from Equation 7.1.3. Figure 7-1 shows the three
53H 534H

operating points in the compressor map.

Figure 7-1: Engine Operating Line in the Compressor Map

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6. With this information a suitable compressor can be selected. If the compressor is too
small, the rated speed operating point is beyond the speed limit of the compressor or in
the choked flow region, Figure 7-2.
53H

Figure 7-2: Engine Operating Line in the Compressor Map (compressor too small)

If the compressor is too large, low and/or mid speed operating points are located left of
the surge line in Figure 7-3.
536H

Figure 7-3: Engine Operating Line in the Compressor Map (compressor too large)

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If the correct compressor is selected, the entire engine operating line is located within
the map, Figure 7-4.
537H

Figure 7-4: Engine Operating Line in the Compressor Map (correct compressor)

7. To determine the necessary turbine, the equivalent turbine discharge coefficient must
be converted to a swallowing capacity and plotted in the turbine map, Figure 7-5.
538H

Figure 7-5: Engine Operating Point in the Turbine Map

8. After selecting possible turbines and compressors, the calculations must be repeated in
the BOOST pressure and waste gate calculation modes to consider the actual
efficiencies and swallowing capacities from the maps.
For turbochargers with variable turbine geometry, the turbine layout calculation mode
may be used at all engine speeds. The location of the engine operating point in the
compressor and turbine map must be checked and the actual efficiencies compared to
the assumed efficiencies of the calculation. If a larger difference between the
efficiencies is detected, the calculation must be repeated with updated efficiencies.

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7.2. Important Trends

This section summarizes some typical influences of important parameters on engine
performance. They may be used to get an overview of required parameter modifications in
an engine model to obtain calculated performance characteristics closer to the target
engine performance.
The example figures shown in this chapter reflect the general trend. They were obtained
from a simplified model of a 4-cylinder SI engine. The actual influence of the parameter
varied may be different on other engines due to the presence of other effects.
The influence of heat transfer is two-fold. It influences the heating of the fresh charge
during the gas exchange and thus the volumetric efficiency. This effect is more
pronounced from low to mid-engine speeds as more time is available for the heat transfer
to take place.

Secondly, the heat transfer influences the efficiency of the high pressure cycle by
influencing the wall heat losses. Figure 7-6 shows the effect of the variation of the in-
539H

cylinder heat transfer on the engine performance.

Figure 7-6: Influence of In-Cylinder Heat Transfer on Engine Performance

The influences of the flow coefficients and wall friction losses are more pronounced at high
engine speeds, where the flow velocities in the system are relatively high. They have little
influence on engine performance in the low and mid-speed range.

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Figure 7-7: Influence of Port Flow Coefficients on Engine Performance

Intake valve closing mainly influences the volumetric efficiency of the engine. Advanced
intake valve closing improves the engine air flow at low engine speeds and retarded intake
valve closing favors high engine speeds.

Figure 7-8: Influence of IVC on Engine Performance

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Figure 7-9: Influence of EVO on the Engine Performance

There may be a significant influence of the valve train dynamics and/or of the differences
between the valve clearances between a cold and hot engine on the engine air flow
characteristics. This depends on valve train design.
Inertia effects in the intake system may be used for a gas dynamic supercharging of the
engine. This effect is important at higher engine speeds because the inertia of the gas in
the intake runner becomes significant only at high velocities.

Another possibility of gas dynamic supercharging is the use of resonance effects in the
intake system. The resonance frequency of such system can be determined roughly from
the Helmholtz formula:

a A
f = ⋅ (7.2.1)
2 ⋅π l ⋅V
f resonance frequency [Hz]
a speed of sound [m/s]
A pipe cross-section [m²]
l tuning pipe length [m]
V plenum volume [m³]
By selecting the dimensions, a resonance system may be tuned to low or high speeds. A
tuning for low speeds can be achieved with a long tuning pipe, a large plenum volume and
a small pipe cross-section. However, the plenum is usually located between the tuning pipe
and the cylinders, which provide the excitation of the resonance system. For this reason, a
large plenum volume lowers the resonance frequency but also increases the damping of the
excitation, which is detrimental to gas dynamic tuning.
The effects of these two tuning strategies can be seen in the following figures. If the length
of the air feed pipe to the intake receiver is varied, as defined in the following sketch, it
mainly influences the low frequency resonance peak in the volumetric efficiency curve.

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Figure 7-10: Air Feed to Intake Receiver

Figure 7-11: Influence of Air Feed Pipe Length on Engine Performance

Using the dimensions of the air feed pipe for tuning purposes depends on the number of
cylinders. The excitation of the low frequency system decreases when the number of
cylinders is increased.

Figure 7-12: Influence of Number of Cylinders on Engine Performance

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Although the intake runner length as shown in the next sketch, determines the high
frequency resonance, it has also a certain influence on the low frequency peak.

Figure 7-13: Intake Running Length

Figure 7-14: Influence of Intake Runner Length on Engine Performance

The performance characteristics of two-stroke engines are more unstable than four-stroke
engines. This is caused by the strong interference between the intake and exhaust systems
during the scavenging period. As a consequence, a large number of cycles must be calculated
until steady conditions are achieved. Minor inaccuracies in the engine model or minor
modifications to an engine configuration may result in large differences in the engine
performance.
The tuning of a two-stroke engine with symmetrical port timing can almost be achieved via the
exhaust system alone, as the conditions in the cylinder at the beginning of the high pressure
cycle are determined by exhaust port closing. For this reason, the influence of combustion on
the gas exchange process is also relatively strong (via the exhaust gas temperature and the
speed of sound in the exhaust system). This is not the case for four-stroke engines.

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7.3. Altitude Operation

For altitude operation of an engine the ambient temperature and pressure can be defined
according to the ISO 2533:1975 (see also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere). The following table can
10H

be obtained by linearly interpolating the specified data between 0 and 11 km.

Geopotential Height Pressure Temperature

m bar °C
0 1.013 15
1000 0.942 8.5
2000 0.870 2
3000 0.799 -4.5
4000 0.727 -11
5000 0.656 -17.5
6000 0.584 -24
7000 0.512 -30.5
8000 0.441 -37
9000 0.369 -43.5
10000 0.298 -50
11000 0.226 -56.5

7.4. Modeling Extensions

Pipe extensions into chambers are quite common in intake and exhaust systems. These
extensions act acoustically as quarter wave resonators and can be modeled using BOOST
in more than one way. The recommended way is to use restrictions elements. The
alternative is to manually construct quarterwave resonators using pipes and system
boundaries. However, this means that the pipe lengths and diameters have to be manually
corrected. This is especially true for end corrections. The main advantage of using
restriction elements is that the actual geometry can be used. For the main chamber the
overall length and diameter should be input regardless of internal pipe extensions. For the
attached pipes only the length of the pipe outside the chamber should be input. The
extension length of the pipe inside the chamber will be automatically handled by the
simulation.

For example, to model a 178.4mm diameter and 1.0m length chamber with extended inlet
of 0.5m and an extended outlet length of 0.25m as shown below

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Figure 7-15: Chamber with Inlet and outlet pipe extensions

For a restriction based model all the lengths and diameters should be entered directly from
the geometry.

Figure 7-16: Model using restriction elements for extensions

The end correction of 14.568mm (in this case) is automatically handled to correct the
lengths of the attached pipes and the length of the quarter wave resonator created by the
pipe extension. Note that the lengths of PIPE 2 and PIPE 4 are only the length of the pipe
outside the main chamber. The inlet and outlet pipes have been split in half with a
junction so that linear acoustic data can be extracted from this point (e.g. to calculate a
transfer function). This data can be extracted from the Measuring Point as the same
location for a non linear simulation as this model is valid and identical for linear and non
linear simulation.
The same system modeled using quarter wave is more complicated as the correct lengths
have to be manually calculated. The input lengths and diameters for a quarterwave based
model are shown in the figure below.

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Figure 7-17: Model using quarter wave elements for extensions

For example, the main chamber is modeled using PIPE 3. The main chamber is 1.0m in
length. However, due to the inlet extension of 0.5m this has to be reduced by 0.5m plus the
end correction of 14.568mm.

Due to the outlet extension the length has to be further reduced by 0.25m plus the end
correction. This gives a final value for the length of about 0.22m. Also note that the
diameters of the quarter wave resonators have to be adjusted. The cross sectional area of
the quarter wave resonators is the chamber cross sectional area minus the cross sectional
area of the pipe extension.
Both models are valid and give the same results. However, as can be seen, the restrictions
based model is easier to construct.

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8. APPENDIX
8.1. Running The Executable
8.1.1. Command Line
It is recommended to run the BOOST executable from the graphical user interface
(Simulation | Run). However, it is also possible to run the BOOST executable (calculation
kernel) on its own from a shell or command prompt. This executable (boost or boost.exe)
can be found in the platform dependent bin directory of the BOOST installation. It is also
possible to use command line arguments and input file specification for this executable.
Running the executable without any command line arguments will result in a command
prompt requesting the input file name.
For a proper setup of the runtime environment for the execution of BOOST please refer to
the script files set_environment_BOOST_SIMULINK_win.bat (for windows) and
set_environment_BOOST_SIMULINK_unix.csh (for linux). These can be found in the files
directory of the BOOST installation directory, e.g.: ./AVL/BOOST/v2010/files.

Please modify the script files according to the instruction comments in it. After execution of
this modified script in a shell the BOOST executable can be started.

8.1.1.1. Options
Command line arguments are specified using a preceding dash (-). For some options only a
single command line option or input files will be processed. That is, in some cases if
multiple command line options are used followed by a BOOST input file (e.g. boost –help
–v 4t1cal.bst) only the first command line option is processed before termination. See
details on each option for more information.
1. Version (-vers)
This displays the current version number of the BOOST executable to screen.

> ./boost -vers

v2010

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2. Help (-hlp)
This is used display some information on the executable, how to use it and a support
contact.

M:\>D:\boost.exe -hlp

AVL
BOOST

Version: v2010
Platform: ia32-unknown-winnt
Build: Dec 21 2010 09:59:54

Usage: boost [-vers|-hlp|-dirs|-plat|-what|-lic]

or
boost [-verbose] [-debug<number>] [-gca] [-atm|-awsburn] [-
stop] <fil
ename(s)>

Options: -vers Print version number

-hlp Print this help information
-dirs Print directory information
-plat Print platform type
-what Print executable information
-lic Print license information
-astflex Print extended license information

-verbose Run in verbose mode

-debug<number> Run in debug level <number> mode
Debug level from 0 (min) to 5 (max)
-stop Stop on error (multiple bst only)

Run modes: (default is cycle simulation)

-gca GCA analysis

-atm Aftertreatment analysis
-awsburn AWS combustion analysis

Examples: boost 4t1calc.bst

boost -atm aftertreatment.atm
boost -awsburn burn.brn

Support: [email protected]

This message will also be displayed for any unrecognized options.

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3. Directories (-dirs)
This option displays the directories used by BOOST when executed on input files in the
same manner.

> ./boost -dirs

AVL
BOOST

Version: v2010
Platform: ia32-unknown-linux
Build: Dec 21 2010 09:59:54

Executable directory: /XXX/BOOST/v2010/bin/bin.ia32-unknown-linux

Working directory: /XXX/boost/MODEL_A.Case_Set_1.Case_6
BOOST_HOME: /XXX/BOOST/v2010/bin/bin.ia32-unknown-linux

If BOOST_HOME has not been set then a message stating this will be displayed rather than a
blank following the BOOST_HOME.
4. Platform (-plat)
This displays the build platform for the executable.

> ./boost -plat

ia32-unknown-linux

5. What (-what)
This displays more detailed information on the executable. The information displayed is
similar to the UNIX ‘what’ command.

> ./boost -what

AVL BOOST v2010 ia32-unknown-linux (Dec 21 2010 09:59:54)

6. License (-lic)

This displays information on the available licenses.

M:\>D:\AVL\BOOST\v2010 \bin\bin.ia32-unknown-winnt\boost.exe -lic

AVL BOOST v2010 checking licenses....

$Id: @(#) astflex v11.6 (Apr 27 2009 17:14:12) ia32-unknown-winnt $

Searching for feature "boost_main" version: "2010" .... found

This license is available

Searching for feature "boost_main_acoustic" version: "2010" .... found

This license is available

Searching for feature "boost_main_hpa" version: "2010" .... not found

Searching for feature "boost_gca" version: "2010" .... not found

Searching for feature "boost_main_egat" version: "2010" .... found

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

This license is available

Searching for feature "boost_main_charging" version: "2010" .... found

This license is available

Searching for feature "boost_main_interface" version: "2010" .... found

This license is available

AVL BOOST v2010 finished checking licenses

7. Verbose (-verbose)
This option also runs the input file(s) through the solver. All messages that are written to
the input file are also sent to the screen.

8. Debug (-debug<number>)
This option also runs the input file(s) through the solver. A number must also be given
from 0 (minimum) to 5 (maximum). This selects debug options for certain features so that
more checks are done. This typically causes a longer run time and an earlier exit due to
errors.
9. Stop (-stop)
This option stops a multiple simulation run (e.g. ./boost *.bst) whenever a fatal error occurs.

8.1.1.2. File Search Paths

BOOST uses a number of auxiliary input files such as the gas property files. These files are
opened by BOOST from the following directories, listed in order of priority:

1. Same directory as the BOOST input file.

2. BOOST_HOME files directory ($BOOST_HOME/../files)
3. BOOST_HOME files directory ($BOOST_HOME/../../files)
4. Same directory as the BOOST executable.
5. Current working directory. This is usually the same as 1 or 4 but can be
different.
6. Parent directory of the BOOST input file.
As soon as the particular file is successfully opened from any of these directories BOOST
will stop searching and continue. If it fails to open the file from any of these directories the
run will fail unless the file has been specified as optional. Optional files are sometimes used
for developmental features. No message is generated for failing to open an optional file. The
error message includes the list of the directories specified above. The command line
argument for directories (-dirs) can be used if BOOST has problems opening these files.
If a file exists in more than one of the allowed locations, the first successfully opened file
will be used and the other(s) ignored. A RUNINFO message type specifying the name and
path of the file loaded will be written. This is true for optional files also.

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8.2. Available Channel Data

8.2.1. Sensor Channels

8.2.1.1. Element "Global"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Speed 4.0 ang_vel [rpm]
Ambient Pressure 4.0 pressure [Pa]
Ambient Temperature 4.0 temperature [K]
Crank Angle 4.0 angle [deg]
Absolute Crank Angle 4.0 angle [deg]
Time 4.0 time [s]
Cycle Frequency 5.1 frequency [Hz]

8.2.1.2. Element "Engine"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Speed 4.0 ang_vel [rpm]
Mean Speed 4.0 ang_vel [rpm]
Speed Gradient 4.0 speed_gradient [rpm_s]
Mean Speed Gradient 4.0 speed_gradient [rpm_s]
Ambient Pressure 4.0 pressure [Pa]
Ambient Temperature 4.0 temperature [K]
BMEP 4.0 pressure [Pa]
IMEP 5.1 pressure [Pa]
BSFC 5.1 spec_mass_flow [g_kWh]
Power 5.1 power [W]
Engine Torque 4.0 moment [Nm]
Mean Engine Torque 4.0 moment [Nm]
Load Torque 4.0 moment [Nm]
Sliding Averaged Engine Torque 5.1.1 moment [Nm]
Engine Fuel Consumption 5.1.1 massflow [kg_s]
Engine NOX Production 5.1.1 massflow [kg_s]
Engine CO Production 2009 massflow [kg_s]
Engine HC Production 2009 massflow [kg_s]
Engine Soot Production 2009 massflow [kg_s]
Overall Piston Wall Heatflow 5.1.1 heat_flow [J_s]
Overall Head Wall Heatflow 5.1.1 heat_flow [J_s]

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Overall Liner Wall Heatflow 5.1.1 heat_flow [J_s]

Overall Intake Port Wall Heatflow 5.1.1 heat_flow [J_s]
Overall Exhaust Port Wall Heatflow 5.1.1 heat_flow [J_s]
Oil Temp. Friction 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Friction Power Crankshaft 5.1.1 power [W]
Friction Power Piston 5.1.1 power [W]
Friction Power Valvetrain 5.1.1 power [W]
Friction Power Auxiliaries 5.1.1 power [W]

8.2.1.3. Element "Mechanical Consumer"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Mean Device Speed 2010 ang_vel [rpm]
Mean Mechanical Torque 2010 moment [Nm]
Mean Speed Gradient 2010 speed_gradient [rpm_s]

8.2.1.4. Element "Vehicle"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Vehicle Speed 4.0 velocity [m_s]
Clutch Torque 5.0 moment [Nm]

8.2.1.5. Element "Cylinder"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
FTDC CrankAngle v2008 angle [deg]
A/F-Ratio 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Octane Number 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Pressure 4.0.1 pressure [Pa]
Temperature 4.0.1 temperature [K]
Piston Wall Heatflow 4.0.4 heat_flow [J_s]
Head Wall Heatflow 4.0.4 heat_flow [J_s]
Liner Wall Heatflow 4.0.4 heat_flow [J_s]
Liner S. Wall Heatflow 4.0.4 heat_flow [J_s]
Intake Port Wall Heatflow 4.0.4 heat_flow [J_s]
Exhaust Port Wall Heatflow 4.0.4 heat_flow [J_s]
Piston to Oil Heatflow 5.0 heat_flow [J_s]
Head to Coolant Heatflow 5.0 heat_flow [J_s]
Liner to Coolant Heatflow 5.0 heat_flow [J_s]

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In-Port to Coolant Heatflow 5.0 heat_flow [J_s]

Ex-Port to Coolant Heatflow 5.0 heat_flow [J_s]
Piston Wall Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Head Wall Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Liner TDC Wall Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Liner BDC Wall Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Liner S. Wall Temper. 5.0 temperature [K]
Intake Port Wall Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Exhaust Port Wall Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Coolant Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Oil Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Piston Position 5.0 length [m]
Start of Combustion 4.0.5 angle [deg]
Rate of Heat Release 4.0.5 heat_flow [J_s]
Rate of Evaporation 4.0.5 massflow [kg_s]
Rate of Injection 4.0.5 massflow [kg_s]
Port Valve Lift 4.0.5 length [m]
Injection Rail Pressure 4.0.5 pressure [Pa]
AVLMCC Combustion Parameter 5.0.2 dimensionless [no]
AVLMCC Turbulence Parameter 5.0.2 dimensionless [no]
AVLMCC Dissipation Parameter 5.0.2 dimensionless [no]
Injection-On Signal 4.0.5 angle [deg]
Injection-Off Signal 4.0.5 angle [deg]
Combustion Duration 4.0.5 angle [deg]
Vibe Parameter m 4.0.5 dimensionless [no]
Fuelling 4.1 mass [kg]
Peak Firing Pressure 5.0.2 pressure [Pa]
Peak Firing Press CrAngle 2009 angle [deg]
IMEP 5.1 pressure [Pa]
BSFC 5.1 spec_mass_flow [g_kWh]
Total Fuel Mass 5.1 mass [kg]
Residual Gas Concentration 5.1 dimensionless [no]
NOX Production 5.1 massflow [kg_s]
CO Production 5.1 massflow [kg_s]
HC Production 5.1 massflow [kg_s]
Soot Production 2009 massflow [kg_s]
Acc Blowby 5.1 massflow [kg_s]
CrAngleMsFrcBrnd_50 2009.1 dimensionless [no]
CylinderMass 2010 mass [kg]

8.2.1.6. Element "Cooler"

Label since Version Unit

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Sensor Channels
Coolant Temperature 4.0 temperature [K]
Heat Flow 4.0 heat_flow [J_s]
Core Friction Coefficient 4.0.5 dimensionless [no]
Core Heat Transfer Factor 4.0.5 dimensionless [no]
Laminar Friction Coefficient 5.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.7. Element "Air Cleaner"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Core Friction Coefficient 4.0.5 dimensionless [no]
Laminar Friction Coefficient 5.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.8. Element "Catalyst"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Core Friction Coefficient 4.1 dimensionless [no]
Core Heat Transfer Factor 4.1 dimensionless [no]
Laminar Friction Coefficient 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Max Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Min Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Max Temperature Gradient 5.0 dtda [K_deg]
Outlet Massflow 5.0 massflow [kg_s]
Outlet Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Overall Pressure Drop 5.0 pressure [Pa]
Outlet Gas Species Mole Fraction 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Gas Species Mole Fraction Pnt1 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Gas Species Mole Fraction Pnt2 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Gas Species Mole Fraction Pnt3 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Gas Species Mole Fraction Pnt4 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Gas Species Mole Fraction Pnt5 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Outlet Gas Species Mass Fraction 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Overall Gas Species Conversion 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Cumulative Outlet Species Massflow 5.0 mass [kg]
Mean GHSV 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Inlet Pressure 5.0 pressure [Pa]
Mean Surface Fraction Ce2O3(S) 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction CeO2(S) 5.0 dimensionless [no]

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Mean Surface Fraction Rh(S) 5.0 dimensionless [no]

Mean Surface Fraction RhO(S) 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction BaCO3(S) 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction Ba(NO3)2(S) 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction Me(S) 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction Me-NH3(S) 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction User1 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction User2 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction User3 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction User4 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction User5 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction User6 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction User7 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction User8 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction User9 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Surface Fraction User10 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Reaction Rate 1 5.1 vol_spec_mol_rate [kmol_m3s]
Mean Reaction Rate 2 5.1 vol_spec_mol_rate [kmol_m3s]
Mean Reaction Rate 3 5.1 vol_spec_mol_rate [kmol_m3s]
Mean Reaction Rate 4 5.1 vol_spec_mol_rate [kmol_m3s]
Mean Reaction Rate 5 5.1 vol_spec_mol_rate [kmol_m3s]
Mean Reaction Rate 6 5.1 vol_spec_mol_rate [kmol_m3s]
Mean Reaction Rate 7 5.1 vol_spec_mol_rate [kmol_m3s]
Mean Reaction Rate 8 5.1 vol_spec_mol_rate [kmol_m3s]
Mean Reaction Rate 9 5.1 vol_spec_mol_rate [kmol_m3s]
Mean Reaction Rate 10 5.1 vol_spec_mol_rate [kmol_m3s]
Surface Fraction Me-NH3(S) Pnt1 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Surface Fraction Me-NH3(S) Pnt2 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Surface Fraction Me-NH3(S) Pnt3 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Surface Fraction Me-NH3(S) Pnt4 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Surface Fraction Me-NH3(S) Pnt5 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Gas Temperature Pnt1 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Gas Temperature Pnt2 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Gas Temperature Pnt3 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Gas Temperature Pnt4 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Gas Temperature Pnt5 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Solid Temperature Pnt1 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Solid Temperature Pnt2 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Solid Temperature Pnt3 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Solid Temperature Pnt4 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Solid Temperature Pnt5 5.1.1 temperature [K]

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8.2.1.9. Element "DPF"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Core Friction Coefficient 4.1 dimensionless [no]
Core Heat Transfer Factor 4.1 dimensionless [no]
Laminar Friction Coefficient 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Mean Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Max Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Min Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Max Temperature Gradient 5.0 dtda [K_deg]
Outlet Massflow 5.0 massflow [kg_s]
Outlet Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Overall Pressure Drop 5.0 pressure [Pa]
Outlet Gas Species Mole Fraction 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Outlet Gas Species Mass Fraction 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Overall Gas Species Conversion 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Cumulative Outlet Species Massflow 5.0 mass [kg]
Mean GHSV 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Inlet Pressure 5.0 pressure [Pa]
Soot Mass 5.0 density [kg_m3]

8.2.1.10. Element "ATPipe"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Mean Temperature 5.1 temperature [K]
Max Temperature 5.1 temperature [K]
Min Temperature 5.1 temperature [K]

8.2.1.11. Element "Pipe"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Friction Coefficient 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Heat Transfer Factor 5,0 dimensionless [no]
Wall Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Wall Heat Flow 5.0 heat_flow [J_s]
Laminar Friction Coefficient 5.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.12. Element "Turbocharger"

Label since Version Unit

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Sensor Channels
Rotational Speed 4.0 ang_vel [rpm]
Mean Rotational Speed 4.0 ang_vel [rpm]
Compressor Pressure Ratio 4.1 dimensionless [no]
Energy Balance 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Turbine WHFlow 5.1 heat_flow [J_s]

8.2.1.13. Element "Turbine"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Turbine Speed 4.1 ang_vel [rpm]
Mean Turbine Speed 4.1 ang_vel [rpm]
VTG Position 4.1 dimensionless [no]
Turbine to total Massflow 4.1 dimensionless [no]
Turbine Work 5.0 volumework [J_cycle]
Turbine WHFlow 5.1 heat_flow [J_s]

8.2.1.14. Element "PWSC"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Rotor Speed 5.0.2 ang_vel [rpm]
Casing Offset 5.0.2 angle [deg]
Channel Friction Coeff 5.0.2 dimensionless [no]
Channel Lam Fric Coeff 5.0.2 dimensionless [no]
Channel Heat Trans Factor 5.0.2 dimensionless [no]
Rotor Drive Torque 2009 moment [Nm]

8.2.1.15. Element "Electrical Device"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Mean Device Speed 4.1 ang_vel [rpm]
Mean Electric Power 4.1 power [W]
Mean Mechanical Torque 4.1 moment [Nm]
Mean Speed Gradient 5.0 speed_gradient [rpm_s]

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8.2.1.16. Element "Measuring Point"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Pressure 4.0 pressure [Pa]
Mean Pressure 4.0 pressure [Pa]
Mean Stagnation Pressure 5.1 pressure [Pa]
Temperature 4.0 temperature [K]
Mean Temperature 4.0 temperature [K]
Mean Stagnation Temperature 5.1 temperature [K]
Mean H Based Temperature 5.1 temperature [K]
Mass Flow 4.0 massflow [kg_s]
Mean Mass Flow 4.0 massflow [kg_s]
Density 5.1 density [kg_m3]
Isent. Exponent 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Mean Isent. Exp. 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Gas Constant 5.1 spec_heat [J_kgK]
Mean Gas Const. 5.1 spec_heat [J_kgK]
Residual Gas Concentration 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Fuel Concentration 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Fuel Burned Conc. 2009 dimensionless [no]
A/F-Ratio 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Gas Species Mass Fraction 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Gas Species Mole Fraction 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Mean Residual Gas Conc. 2009 dimensionless [no]
Mean Fuel Conc. 2009 dimensionless [no]
Mean Fuel Burned Conc. 2009 dimensionless [no]
Mean A/F-Ratio 2009 dimensionless [no]
Mean Gas Spec. Mass Frac. 2009 dimensionless [no]
Mean Gas Spec. Mole Frac. 2009 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.17. Element "Plenum"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Pressure 4.0 pressure [Pa]
Mean Pressure 4.0 pressure [Pa]
Temperature 4.0 temperature [K]
Mean Temperature 4.0 temperature [K]
Residual Gas Concentration 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Fuel Concentration 4.0 dimensionless [no]
A/F-Ratio 4.0 dimensionless [no]

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Fuel Burned Conc. 2009 dimensionless [no]

Gas Species Mass Fraction 2009 dimensionless [no]
Gas Species Mole Fraction 2009 dimensionless [no]
Mean Residual Gas Conc. 2009 dimensionless [no]
Mean Fuel Conc. 2009 dimensionless [no]
Mean Fuel Burned Conc. 2009 dimensionless [no]
Mean A/F-Ratio 2009 dimensionless [no]
Mean Gas Spec. Mass Frac. 2009 dimensionless [no]
Mean Gas Spec. Mole Frac. 2009 dimensionless [no]
Volume 2009 volume [m3]

8.2.1.18. Element "Turbocompressor"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Compressor Speed 5.0 ang_vel [rpm]
Mean Compressor Speed 5.0 ang_vel [rpm]
Compressor Pressure Ratio 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Compressor Work 5.0 volumework [J_cycle]

8.2.1.19. Element "Injector"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Injection Angle 5.1 angle [deg]
Delivery Rate 5.1 massflow [kg_s]
Injection Duration 5.1 time [s]
Evaporation Multiplier 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Fuel Film Thickness 5.1 length [m]
Fraction of Fuel in Wallfilm 5.1 dimensionless [no]
A/F-Ratio 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Fuel Mass/Cycle 5.1 massflow_cycle [kg_cycle]
Fuel Mass/Time 5.1 massflow [kg_s]
Flow Coefficient 4.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.20. Element "System Boundary"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Pressure 4.0 pressure [Pa]
Temperature 4.0 temperature [K]
Flow Coefficient 4.0 dimensionless [no]

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Residual Gas Concentration 4.0 dimensionless [no]

A/F-Ratio 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Fuel Concentration 4.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.21. Element "Internal Boundary"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Pressure 4.0 pressure [Pa]
Temperature 4.0 temperature [K]
Residual Gas Concentration 4.0 dimensionless [no]
A/F-Ratio 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Fuel Concentration 4.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.22. Element "Mechanical Link"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Clutch Release Position 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Gear Ratio 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Clutch Torque 5.0 moment [Nm]
Gear Efficiency 5.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.23. Element "PID Controller"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Output 5.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.24. Element "Microphone"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Overall Linear Sound Pressure Level 5.0 soundpressure [dB]
Overall 'A' Sound Pressure Level 5.0 soundpressure [dB]

8.2.1.25. Element "Throttle"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Throttle Angle 5.0.2 angle [deg]

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8.2.1.26. Element "ECU"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Output 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Load_Signal 4.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.27. Element "DLL"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Output 5.1 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.28. Element "API"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Output 5.1 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.29. Element "Engine Interface"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Output 5.1 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.30. Element "Formula Interpr."

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Output 5.1 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.31. Element "Cruise Link"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels
Output 5.1.1 dimensionless [no]

8.2.1.32. Element "ATM Injector"

Label since Version Unit

Sensor Channels

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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Inj. Massflow 2009 massflow [kg_s]

8.2.2. Actuator Channels

8.2.2.1. Element "Engine"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Speed 5.0 ang_vel [rpm]
FMEP 5.0 pressure [Pa]
Distr. Piston Wall Temperature 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Distr. Head Wall Temperature 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Distr. Liner TDC Wall Temperature 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Distr. Liner BDC Wall Temperature 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Distr. Intake Port Wall Temperature 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Distr. Exhaust Port Wall Temperature 5.1.1 temperature [K]
Oil Temp. Friction 5.1.1 temperature [K]

8.2.2.2. Element "Mechanical Consumer"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Mechanical Torque 2010 moment [Nm]

8.2.2.3. Element "Vehicle"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Vehicle Load 5.0 force [N]
Clutch Release Position 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Gear Ratio 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Gear Step 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Gear Efficiency 5.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.2.4. Element "Cylinder"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Ignition Timing 4.0.4 angle [deg]
Intake Cam Phasing 4.0 angle [deg]

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Exhaust Cam Phasing 4.0 angle [deg]

Fuelling 4.0.4 mass [kg]
A2F Ratio Fuelling 2009.1 dimensionless [no]
Start of Injection 4.0.4 angle [deg]
Piston Wall Temperature 4.0.4 temperature [K]
Head Wall Temperature 4.0.4 temperature [K]
Liner Wall Temperature 4.0.4 temperature [K]
Intake Port Wall Temperature 4.0.4 temperature [K]
Exhaust Port Wall Temperature 4.0.4 temperature [K]
Liner TDC Wall Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Liner BDC Wall Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Coolant Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Oil Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Start of Combustion 4.0.5 angle [deg]
Start of Comb Offset 5.1 angle [deg]
Piston Position Derivative 5.0 rel_velocity [m_deg]
Rate of Heat Release Table 4.0.5 norm_roi [1_deg]
Rate of Evaporation Table 4.0.5 norm_roi [1_deg]
Rate of Injection Table 4.0.5 norm_roi [1_deg]
Port Valve Lift Table 4.0.5 length [m]
Port Valve Lift 5.0 length [m]
Injection Rail Pressure 4.0.5 pressure [Pa]
AVLMCC Combustion Parameter 5.0.2 pressure [Pa]
AVLMCC Turbulence Parameter 5.0.2 pressure [Pa]
AVLMCC Dissipation Parameter 5.0.2 pressure [Pa]
Fractal Ign. Timing 5.1.0 angle [deg]
Fractal Ign. Form. Mult. 5.1.0 dimensionless [no]
Fractal Ign. Rad. Ratio. 5.1.0 dimensionless [no]
Fractal Turb. Prod. Const. 5.1.0 dimensionless [no]
Fractal Turb. LS Parameter 5.1.0 dimensionless [no]
Injection-On Signal 4.0.5 angle [deg]
Injection-Off Signal 4.0.5 angle [deg]
Combustion Duration 4.0.5 angle [deg]
Vibe Parameter m 4.0.5 dimensionless [no]
Blowby Gap 5.1 length [m]
WHT Piston Calib. Factor 5.1 dimensionless [no]
WHT Head Calib. Factor 5.1 dimensionless [no]
WHT Liner Calib. Factor 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Piston Position Offset 2009 length [m]
CylinderWHT Coeff. 2010 heat_transf_coeff [W/(m^2.K)]

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8.2.2.5. Element "Cooler"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Coolant Temperature 4.0 temperature [K]
Core Friction Coefficient 4.0.5 dimensionless [no]
Core Heat Transfer Factor 4.0.5 dimensionless [no]
Laminar Friction Coefficient 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Cooler Efficiency 5.1 dimensionless [no]

8.2.2.6. Element "Air Cleaner"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Core Friction Coefficient 4.0.5 dimensionless [no]
Laminar Friction Coefficient 5.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.2.7. Element "Catalyst"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Core Friction Coefficient 4.1 dimensionless [no]
Core Heat Transfer Factor 4.1 dimensionless [no]
Laminar Friction Coefficient 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Wall Heat Source All 2009.1 power [W]
Wall Heat Source Zone1 2009.1 power [W]
Wall Heat Source Zone2 2009.1 power [W]
Wall Heat Source Zone3 2009.1 power [W]
Wall Heat Source Zone4 2009.1 power [W]
Wall Heat Source Zone5 2009.1 power [W]
Ambient Wall Temperature 2010 temperature [K]

8.2.2.8. Element "DPF"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Core Friction Coefficient 4.1 dimensionless [no]
Core Heat Transfer Factor 4.1 dimensionless [no]
Laminar Friction Coefficient 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Wall Heat Source All 2009.1 power [W]
Wall Heat Source Zone1 2009.1 power [W]
Wall Heat Source Zone2 2009.1 power [W]

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Wall Heat Source Zone3 2009.1 power [W]

Wall Heat Source Zone4 2009.1 power [W]
Wall Heat Source Zone5 2009.1 power [W]

8.2.2.9. Element "Pipe"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Friction Coefficient 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Heat Transfer Factor 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Wall Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]
Laminar Friction Coefficient 5.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.2.10. Element "Turbocharger"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
VTG Position 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Turbine to total Massflow 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Compressor Pressure Ratio 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Turbine Size Multiplier 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Turbine Wall Temp 5.1 temperature [K]
Turbine WHT factor 5.1 dimensionless [no]
TurbMassFlowScalFactor 2010 dimensionless [no]

8.2.2.11. Element "Turbine"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
VTG Position 4.1 dimensionless [no]
Turbine to total Massflow 4.1 dimensionless [no]
Turbine Size Multiplier 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Turbine Wall Temp 5.1 temperature [K]
Turbine WHT factor 5.1 dimensionless [no]
TurbMassFlowScalFactor 2010 dimensionless [no]

8.2.2.12. Element "PWSC"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Rotor Speed 5.0.2 ang_vel [rpm]
Casing Offset 5.0.2 angle [deg]

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Channel Friction Coeff 5.0.2 dimensionless [no]

Channel Lam Fric Coeff 5.0.2 dimensionless [no]
Channel Heat Trans Factor 5.0.2 dimensionless [no]

8.2.2.13. Element "Electrical Device"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Electric Power 4.1 power [W]
Mechanical Torque 4.1 moment [Nm]

8.2.2.14. Element "Plenum"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Fuel Injection A2F Ratio 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Flow Coefficient 2009 dimensionless [no]
Volume 2009 volume [m3]
Volume Derivative 2009 volflow [m3_s]

8.2.2.15. Element "Turbocompressor"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Compressor Pressure Ratio 5.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.2.16. Element "Injector"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Injection Angle 5.1 angle [deg]
Delivery Rate 5.1 massflow [kg_s]
Injection Duration 5.1 time [s]
Evaporation Multiplier 5.1 dimensionless [no]
Fuel Film Thickness 5.1 length [m]
Fraction of Fuel in Wallfilm 5.1 dimensionless [no]
A/F Ratio 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Fuel Mass/Cycle 5.1 massflow_cycle [kg_cycle]
Fuel Mass/Time 5.1 massflow [kg_s]
Flow Coefficient 4.0 dimensionless [no]

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8.2.2.17. Element "Restriction"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Flow Coefficient 4.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.2.18. Element "System Boundary"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Pressure 4.0 pressure [Pa]
Temperature 4.0 temperature [K]
Flow Coefficient 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Residual Gas Concentration 4.0 dimensionless [no]
A/F-Ratio 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Fuel Concentration 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Mass Flow 5.0 massflow [kg_s]

8.2.2.19. Element "Internal Boundary"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Pressure 4.0 pressure [Pa]
Temperature 4.0 temperature [K]
Residual Gas Concentration 4.0 dimensionless [no]
A/F-Ratio 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Fuel Concentration 4.0 dimensionless [no]
Mass Flow 5.0 massflow [kg_s]

8.2.2.20. Element "Mechanical Link"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Clutch Release Position 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Gear Ratio 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Gear Efficiency 5.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.2.21. Element "ATB"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Pressure 5.0 pressure [Pa]
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BOOST v2010 Users Guide

Temperature 5.0 temperature [K]

Massflow 5.0 massflow [kg_s]
Gas Species Fraction 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Solid Species Fraction 5.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.2.22. Element "PID Controller"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Proportional Gain 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Integral Gain 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Differential Gain 5.0 dimensionless [no]
Offset 5.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.2.23. Element "Throttle"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Throttle Angle 5.0.2 angle [deg]

8.2.2.24. Element "ECU"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Load_Signal 4.0 dimensionless [no]

8.2.2.25. Element "Check Valve"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Valve Lift 2009 length [m]

8.2.2.26. Element "ATM Injector"

Label since Version Unit

Actuator Channels
Inj. Massflow 2009 massflow [kg_s]

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