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The Work That Language Does

The document outlines the fundamental aspects of language, including the forms, content, functions, and forces of communication. It details the characteristics of nouns, adjectives, and verbs, including their types, roles, and grammatical features such as tense and aspect. Additionally, it explains the various cases in grammar and how they relate to sentence structure and meaning.

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Cheung To Man
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38 views2 pages

The Work That Language Does

The document outlines the fundamental aspects of language, including the forms, content, functions, and forces of communication. It details the characteristics of nouns, adjectives, and verbs, including their types, roles, and grammatical features such as tense and aspect. Additionally, it explains the various cases in grammar and how they relate to sentence structure and meaning.

Uploaded by

Cheung To Man
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LING1004 notes

The work that language does


- Form
o Imperative (express a command or make a request)
o Interrogative (a question sentence)
o Declarative (statement)
- Content (express the relationships between the people and things)
- Function (e.g. make a request, object to something, ask a question)
- Force (the meaning that the speaker intends the hearer to understand)

Noun
- Definiteness (the determiner or the article)
- Categories (can be replaced with another from the same category)
- Basic types of nouns
o Proper
o Common
 Countable/uncountable
 Abstract / concrete
- Determiner (express distinctions of quality, uniqueness and definiteness)
- Singular/plural
- Agreement
- Gender

Adjectives
- Refer a property of nouns (physical/abstract/real/imaginary)
o Size, shape, qualities perceived by senses, social/personal qualities

Verbs
- Signal events and actions
- Constitute, singly or in a phrase, a minimal predicate in a clause
- Govern number and types of other constituents
o Inflected for tense, aspect, voice or modality OR agreement with other
constituents in person, number of grammatical gender
- Types of verbs
o Main verbs – describing the state of affairs
o Auxiliary verbs – express “possibility” (can), “necessity” (must) and obligation”
(should)
- Roles
o Agent – person or thing doing the event
o Theme – entity that undergoes a change in state or is acted upon by the agent
o Goal – the direction toward which a change in position, possession or state is
moving
o Experiencer – the individual who has a perception, thought or feeling
o Instrument – a role where sth did not actually consciously do sth but is the
causer of the event (e.g. the ball broke the window/the key opened the door)
- Case
o Nominative – marks subject
o Accusative – marks object
o Dative – indicates the goal of giving
o Instrumental – how some action is being accomplished
o Genitive – expresses possession
o Prepositional – used after certain prepositions
- Tense and Aspect
o Time: meaning of the components
o Tense: form change of the verb and other components
- Aspect (refers to the time and the relationship with the action)
o Perfect aspect – completed but without referencing to when
o Progressive aspect – ongoing and continuing
o Habitual – regularly occurring event
o Prospective – just about to occur
o Stative – a state that is ongoing but not evolving

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