NUMERICAL CONTROL OF MACHINE TOOLS
(DEPARTMENTAL ELECTIVE )
MEE4430/ME453
Prof. Mohammed Ali
Department of Mechanical Engineering
A.M.U., Aligarh
1
Course Objectives
•To impart knowledge for operation of NC/CNC machines.
•To impart knowledge of programming using G-M codes.
•To develop programming skills using APT language
2
Course Outcomes
After taking this course students should be able to:
•Understand the operating principles, components and
control of NC/CNC machine tools.
•Understand the working principle of CNC, AC and DNC
machines.
•Develop manual part program for various machining
operations.
•Develop APT part program for various machining
operations.
3
Unit - 1
Numerical Control (NC)
•Basic concepts
•Difference between NC and
CNC machines
•NC/CNC components NC MACHINE
•Data feeding methods
•Classification of NC/CNC systems
•Point to point, straight line and
continuous path system
•Incremental and absolute
systems
•Open loop and closed loop CNC MACHINE
control systems
•Axis standards 4
Unit - 2 03.02.2021 L1
CNC Machine Tools
•Accuracy, precision and resolution
•Structure
•Drives DCServoMotor
•Actuators
•Feedback devices
•DNC
•Adaptive control (AC) systems
5
Unit - 3
Manual part programming
• Programming terms and
procedures
•Programming formats
•Description of G-M codes
•Programming of Lathe operations
•Programming of Milling operations
6
Unit - 4
General purpose CNC
programming languages
•APT language
•Geometry statement
•Motion statement
•Auxiliary statement
•Post processor statement
•Programming of simple milling
operations
7
Books:
•Kundra, Rao & Tiwari, Numerical Control & Computer
Aided Manufacturing, Tata Mc Graw Hill Pub., New Delhi.
•Yoram Koren & Joseph Ben Uri, Numerical Control of
Machine Tools, Khanna Publishers, Delhi.
•M. P. Groover & E. W. Zimmers, Jr., CAD/CAM: Computer-
Aided Design and Manufacturing, Prentice-Hall of India,
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
•B. S. Pabla & M. Adithan, CNC Machines, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi.
8
Unit - 1
Numerical Control (NC)
•Basic concepts
•Difference between NC and
CNC machines
•NC/CNC components NC MACHINE
•Data feeding methods
•Classification of NC/CNC systems
•Point to point, straight line and
continuous path system
•Incremental and absolute
systems
•Open loop and closed loop CNC MACHINE
control systems
•Axis standards 9
Machine tool - Historical developments
10
MACHINE TOOLS
Machine tools are machines that give special forms to
the materials in desired shapes and tolerances.
These can be metal forming, machining, welding, casting
machines or plastic processing machines, non-traditional
manufacturing machines.
11
History of Machine Tools
• Began during stone age (<50,000 years ago)
• Hand tools of wood, animal bones, or stone
• Bronze age (4500 to 4000 B.C.)
• Copper and bronze implements
• Power-operated (animal power)
• Iron age (1000 B.C.)
• Iron replaced bronze
• Domesticated animals provided power
• Commodities handmade by skilled craftspeople
12
13
14
15
Bronze
16
17
History of Machine Tools
• Machine age (~300 years ago)
• Explored new sources of energy (water)
• Industrial age began when James Watt produced first
steam engine (1776)
• Steam engine provided power to other areas
• Machines improved
• Steam/steel in ships, railroads, steam tractors
• New power – electricity produced by generators
• Diesel and gasoline engines
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
History of Machine Tools
• Progress continued slowly during first part of 20th
century
• Spurts during the two world wars
• Since 1950s, progress rapid
• Now in space age
• Atom harnessed: nuclear power
• Journey to moon and outer space
• Calculators, computers, robots common place
• Can mass produce parts to millionths of an inch
28
History of Machine Tools
NC History
• 1725-Knitting machine in England used
punched cards to form various patterns in
cloth.
• 1863- The first player piano was patented,
it used punched paper rolls, through which
air passed to automatically control the
order in which the keys were played.
29
30
https://www.slideshare.net/ChethanChethu26/history-od-machine-tools
31
04.02.2021 L2
• 1990 - DNC: external computer control programmer to
machine tool controller
• 1997 - PC- Windows/NT based “Open Modular Architecture
Control (OMAC)” systems introduced to operate NC
machines.
• Improvements in electronics & solid-state devices reduced
size of control units and increased capabilities of the
machines
32
33
Industrial Evolution
4. Industrial
revolution
Based on cyber-physical-
systems
3. Industrial revolution
Through the use of electronics
and IT further progression in
autonomous production
2. Industrial revolution
Level of complexity
Introducing mass production
lines powered by electric
energy
ass production
lines powered by electric
1. Industrial revolution
energy
Introducing mechanical
production machines powered
by water and steam
Industry 1.0 Industry 2.0 Industry 3.0 Industry 4.0
End of the Beginning of the Beginning of the Today
18th century. 20th century 70th
Source: DFKI/Bauer IAO
35
36
