ASME UW-3 and UW-12
Weld Category
Weld Type
Joint Efficiency
We Must Understand the Meanings
of These Terms
Pressure Envelope
However Parts Must be Welded Together
A B D
Location of any Weld is its Category
Weld Categories
Category = Location
Categories in a Cylinderical Shell
Categories in a Head
Any Weld Within a Head is Category A
Categories in a Head
Any Weld Within a Head is Category A
Difference Between Hemisphere Head and
Ellipse / Torispherical Head
Hemisphere Ellipse / Torisphere
Hemisphere - Special Requirements
Ii is not Permitted to
Have a Straight
Flange on a
Hemispherical Head
Nozzle Installed in a Chamber
This is a Category D Weld
Category C Weld
Flange Tubesheet Flat Head
Weld Weld Weld
Weld Type = Joint Geometry
Is the Method of Welding and
Marking the Joint
Type 1
Welded From Both
Sides
Welded From One Side
With Removable
Backing
Type 2
Backing That Remains in Place
Type 3
Welded From One Side Only
Type 4
Double Fillet Welded
Type 5
Single Fillet With Plug Welds
Type 6
Single Fillet Weld
Type = Geometry
Category = Location
Definition of Stress: S
Me
ta l Ba Area A
r
Force F
Force F
Stress = S =
Area A
Simple Stress Calculation
W
H
W = 15 mm
F 6 000 N
H = 10 mm S= = =2 40 N/mm 2
F = 6 000 N A 15 x 10 mm
CALCULATING FORCE
FORCE
STRESS =
AREA
CHANGING THE FORMULA AROUND TO FIND FORCE
FORCE = STRESS x AREA
STRESS IS THE SAME AS PRESSURE
FORCE = STRESS x AREA
AND
FORCE = PRESSURE x AREA
DEFINITION OF JOINT EFFICIENCY E
A CHAIN IS AS STRONG AS ITS WEAKEST LINK !
BREAKS
Note the Similarity
The Weld Can Also be the Weakest Link
How Much Faith to we Have in a Weak Link, or
the Weld. This is a Matter of Confidence
DEFINITION OF JOINT EFFICIENCY E
QUESTION: HOW CONFIDENT ARE WE IN
THE QUALITY OF THE WELD ?
IF THE WELD IS WEAKER THAN PARENT
METAL WE NOW INTRODUCE JOINT
EFFICIENCY E
STRENGTH OF THE WELD
E=
STRENGTH OF PARENT METAL
JOINT EFFICIENCY E
STRENGTH OF THE WELD
E=
STRENGTH OF PARENT METAL
IF WELD IS AS GOOD AS PARENT METAL
E = 1.00
IF WELD IS WEAKER THAN PARENT METAL
E = < 1.00
JOINT EFFICIENCY E
QUESTION: HOW DO WE DETERMINE THE
QUALITY OF THE WELD
BY USING RADIOGRAPHY
FOR A TYPE 1 WELD
FULL RADIOGRAPHY OF JOINT E = 1.00
SPOT RADIOGRAPHY OF JOINT E = 0.85
NO RADIOGRAPHY OF JOINT E = 0.70
TAKEN FROM TABLE UW-12
JOINT EFFICIENCY ‘E’ IS DETERMINED BY
TWO THINGS:
1 WELD TYPE
2 DEGREE OF RADIOGRAPHY
THE FULL DETAILS ARE FOUND IN
TABLE UW-12 OF ASME
LET US LOOK AT TABLE UW-12………….
TABLE UW-12
Joint Degree of Radiography
Type
Category (a) Full (b) Spot (c) None
1 A,B,C, & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
2 A,B,C, & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
3 A,B, & C N/A N/A 0.60
Etc.....................
THE ABOVE TABLE IS ABBREVIATED
THE TABLE IN THE CODE CONTAINS A LOT OF
IMPORTANT INFORMATION - MUST BE CONSULTED
LET US LOOK AT AN EXAMPLE
Joint Degree of Radiography
Type
Category (a) Full (b) Spot (c) None
1 A,B,C, & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
2 A,B,C, & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
3 A,B, & C N/A N/A 0.60
Etc.....................
LET US HAVE A TYPE 2 JOINT
SUBJECT TO SPOT RADIOGRAPHY
WHAT IS THE JOINT EFFICIENCY E ?
E = 0,80
LET US LOOK AT FULL RADIOGRAPHY
TYPE 1
SUPPOSE THIS JOINT IS SUBJECT TO FULL RADIOGRAPHY
Joint Degree of Radiography
Type
Category (a) Full (b) Spot (c) None
1 A,B,C, & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
2 A,B,C, & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
IS JOINT EFFICIENCY E = 1,00 ?
WE DO NOT KNOW AT THIS STAGE - WHY ?
LET US LOOK AT FULL RADIOGRAPHY
TYPE 1
TO GET CREDIT FOR FULL RADIOGRAPY OF A
CATEGORY A WELD:
UW-11(A)(5)(B) SAYS:
“...CATEGORY B OR C BUTT WELDS …. SHALL AS A
MINIMUM , MEET THE REQUIREMENTS FOR SPOT
RADIOGRAPHY………..”
CATEGORY B WELDS MUST BE AT LEAST SPOT
CONSIDER THIS RADIOGRAPHY SETUP
NO XRAY SPOT
TYPE 1
DO WE GET CREDIT FOR FULL RADIOGRAPHY OF THIS
JOINT ?
UW-11(A)(5)(B) SAYS: MEANS BOTH WELDS
“...CATEGORY B OR C BUTT WELDS …. SHALL AS A
MINIMUM , MEET THE REQUIREMENTS FOR SPOT
RADIOGRAPHY………..”
LET US LOOK AT FULL RADIOGRAPHY
NO XRAY SPOT
TYPE 1
DO WE GET CREDIT FOR FULL RADIOGRAPHY OF THIS
JOINT ?
THEREFORE, WE ONLY GET CREDIT FOR SPOT
RADIOGRAPHY
THEREFORE……….
LET US LOOK AT FULL RADIOGRAPHY
NO XRAY SPOT
TYPE 1
DO WE GET CREDIT FOR FULL RADIOGRAPHY OF THIS
JOINT ?
NO, WE ONLY GET CREDIT FOR SPOT RADIOGRAPHY
Joint Degree of Radiography
Type
Category (a) Full (b) Spot (c) None
1 A,B,C, & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
2 A,B,C, & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
NOWCONSIDER THIS ARRANGEMENT
SPOT NONE SPOT SPOT SPOT
FULL FULL
FULL FULL
E = 1,0
E = 1,0
E = 0,85
E = 0,85
REMEMBER UW-11(a)(5)(b)
TO GET CREDIT FOR E = 1,00 FOR CATEGORY A WELDS
MAKE SURE ALL CATEGORY B WELDS EITHER SIDE
OF THE CATEGORY A WELD ARE SPOT
RADIOGRPHED
CONSIDER THE WELD IN THIS HEAD
NONE FULL
UW-11(a)(5)(b) IS NOT SATISFIED FOR THE HEAD
WHICH HAS A CATEGORY A WELD
THUS FOR THE HEAD WELD: E = 0,85
CONSIDER A SEAMLESS COMPONENT
NO CATEGORY A WELD
THE SHELL AND HEADS ARE SEAMLESS - WHAT IS
THE JOINT EFFICIENCY FOR THE SHELL ?
CONSIDER A SEAMLESS COMPONENT
NO CATEGORY A WELD
UW-12(d) SAYS:
“SEAMLESS VESSEL SECTIONS OR HEADS SHALL BE
CONSIDERED EQUIVALENT TO WELDED PARTS IN
WHICH ALL CATEGORY A WELDS ARE TYPE
1…..WHEN THE SPOT RADIOGRAPHY OF UW-
11(a)(5)(b) REQUIREMENTS ARE MET……”
CONSIDER A SEAMLESS COMPONENT
SPOT NONE
NO CATEGORY A WELD
E = 0,85
E= 1,0 E = 0,85
CONSIDER A SEAMLESS COMPONENT
NO CATEGORY A WELDS
YOU WILL MEET MANY SEAMLESS COMPONENTS
SMALL SEAMLESS PRESSED OR SPUN HEADS
CYLINDRICAL SHELLS FROM SEAMLESS PIPE
WHEN RADIOGRAPHY IS MANDATORY
IF A VESSEL IS TO CONTAIN A LETHAL SUBSTANCE:
UW-2 SAYS:
“… ALL BUTT WELDED JOINTS SHALL BE FULLY
RADIOGRAPHE, EXCEPT UNDER PROVISION OS UW-
2(a)(2) AND UW-2(a)(3) BELOW AND UW-4(a)(4)….”
THIS IS A BIT COMPLICATED, BUT BASICALLY
LMEANS THAT ALL THE MAIN CATEGORY A AND B
WELDS MUST BE FULLY RADIOGRAPHED.
BUT CATEGORY B AND C WELDS IN NOZZLE AND
COMMUNCATING CHAMBERS THAT ARE NOT LARGER
THAN 10 INCH NOMINAL PIPE SIZE AND DO NOT
EXCEED 1-1/8” THICK ARE EXEMPT
CONCLUSIONS
FORCE F
STRESS = ( S = )
AREA A
FORCE = STRESS x AREA
FORCE = PRESSURE x AREA
JOINT EFFICIENCY ‘E’ DETERMINED BY
1 WELD TYPE
2 DEGREE OF RADIOGRAPHY
CONCLUSIONS
STRENGTH OF THE WELD
E=
STRENGTH OF PARENT METAL
DEGREE OF CONFIDENCE IN WELD
QUALITY
