CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
People must understand structure of language and can use it as well as possible; language is
needed by people so far they need to interaction with each other. Therefore, we must understand
it. People not only understand but also how the way uses a good language to commutate each
other. As we see today, communication is very need by all people because first tool of interaction
is language. Wedrana Mihalicek et al (2011: 7) said “when you use language, you use it to
communicate an idea from your mind to the mind of some else”.
Human life in the world need to interaction with the other people to cover our need. In addition,
we cannot life as individual in this world and we must make interaction and communication each
other. In their interaction and communication, we must use tool to understand what we want.
Language as a toll of communication so if we understand and be able to use it as well as we can
interact and communicate with each other but if we do not understand and cannot use it as well
as, we cannot interact and communicate with them.
As we know in our interaction, language as tool of communication to express our need like
thoughts and feeling and this fact like A.S Hornby (1995: 662) say “language is system of
sounds and word used by human to express their thoughts and feeling“. Therefore, we must learn
language to understand people’s thoughts and feeling and to understand and use language we
must understand the pattern because language has some of pattern to construct it sentence, phrase
and word, like how to mike like become dislike. English is one of popular language in this era
and English has some of pattern to construct it word, phrase and sentences.
One of pattern in English language about how a word has same meanings because of addition
some of Alfa bates in beginning or end of word. This pattern called morphology in English.
Morphology in English language has different processes and some of them make new meaning
and part of speech.
B. Research Question
Based on the background above the writer wont to take the research questions as follow:
What is the definition of morphology and morphemes?
What is the kinds of morphemes?
What is the meaning of root and affixes?
What are the derivational and inflectional morphemes?
C. Objective of the Research
The objectives of this research based on research problem above are:
To know the definition of morphology and morphemes
To know the kinds of morphemes
To know the meaning of root and affixes
To know the derivational and inflectional
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition of Morphology and Morphemes
A word Morphology is from Greece “morphe “that has meaning “forms”. It means the
morphology is a science of language that focuses on language and how that language special
word formed.Morphology is the study of the basic building blocks of meaning in
language. Morphology is the study of how words are put together or “shaped” by using
morphemes, which include prefixes, roots, and suffixes.
Knowing the different morphemes in a word allows one to not only figure out its definition, but
also determine whether it’s a noun, verb, or adjective. The words morphology and morpheme
both come from the Greek root word morph meaning “shape;” morphology is therefore the study
of the “shape” words take, whereas morphemes are those building blocks which “shape” the
word.
These building blocks, called morphemes, are the smallest units of form that bear meaning or
have a grammatical function.A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit having more or less
constantmeaning and more of less constant form. For example, linguists say that the word buyers
is made up of three morphemes{buy} +{er} +{s}. The evidence for this is that each can occur in
other combinationsof morphemes without changing its meaning. We can find {buy} in buying,
buys, and {er} in seller, fisher, as well as buyer. And {s} can be found in boys, girls, anddogs.
The more combinations a morpheme is found in, the more productive it is said tobe.
B. Kinds of Morphemes
1. Free Morphemes
Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. They may be lexical morphemes
({serve}, {press}), or grammatical morphemes ({at}, {and}).
A morpheme is free if it is able to appear as a word by itself. It is bound if it can only appear as
part of a larger, multi-morphemic word. Every morpheme is either free or bound. Free
morphemes are also referred as roots.
2. Bound Morphemes
Bound morphemes can occur only in combination—they are parts of a word. They may be
lexical morphemes (such as {clued} as in include, exclude, preclude) or they may be
grammatical (such as {PLU} = plural as in boys, girls, and cats).
Bound morphemes are also referred to as affixes, among which there are prefixes, infixes,
and suffixes.
Lexical and Grammatical Morphemes
Lexical morphemes are those that having meaning by themselves (moreaccurately, they
have sense). Grammatical morphemes specify a relationshipbetween other morphemes. But the
distinction is not all that well defined.Nouns, verbs, adjectives ({boy}, {buy}, {big}) are typical
lexical morphemes.Prepositions, articles, conjunctions ({of}, {the}, {but}) are grammatical
morphemes.
Division of Morphemes into Various Types
C. Roots and Affixes
1) Root Words (also called stems)
A root is the irreducible core of a Word, with absolutely nothing else attached to it. It is the part
that is always present, possibly with some modification, in the various manifestations of
a lexical. Many words contain a root standing on its own. Roots which are capable of standing
independently are called free morphemes.
Root Stem
· When a root morpheme is combined with
Non-affix lexical content morphemes that
affix morphemes, it forms a stem.
cannot be analyzed into smaller parts (ex.) cran
(as in cranberry), act, beauty, system, etc. · Other affixes can be added to a stem to
form a more complex stem.
· Free Root Morpheme: run bottle, phone,
etc.
· Bound Root Morpheme: receive, remit,
uncouth, nonchalant, etc.
Complex words consist of a root and one or more affixes. A root is a content morpheme that
cannot be analyzed into smaller parts. Seen another way, the root is what's left when all prefixes
and suffixes have been removed. Some examples are paint in painter, read in reread, and ling in
linguistic. A root may or may not be a standalone word (ling isn't). Root words can be combined
with prefixes and suffixes to create new words. In this basic course, the words "root" and "stem"
are used interchangeably because, while not identical, they are linguistically similar in meaning.
2) Affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes)
Affixes are bound morphemes (meaning they cannot stand alone like words can) that we add to
free morphemes to create new words. This is the four kinds of affixes with examples from
languages of the world.
Prefixes Suffixes Infixes Circumfixes
Bound morphemes which Bound morphemes which Bound Bound
occur only before other occur following other morphemes which morphemes that
morphemes. morphemes. are inserted into are attached to a
Examples: Examples: other morphemes. root or stem
un- (uncover, undo) -er (singer, performer) morpheme both
dis-(displeased, -ist (typist, pianist) initially and
disconnect), -ly (manly, friendly) finally.
pre- (predetermine,
prejudge)
a. Prefixes
Morphemes are the minimal units of meaning in all languages, and many languages have
prefixes and suffixes. But languages may differ in how they deploy their morphemes. A
morpheme that is a prefix in one language may be a suffix in another language.
Prefix is a letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of word that party indicates its
meaning. For example, the word prefix itself begins with a prefix-pre, with generally means
before. Understanding of the common prefixes can help deduce the meaning of new words that
we encounter. However, some of prefixes (such as in-) have more than one meaning.
Agusmortoyo et al (2012: 3-4)
Prefix Meaning Example
a, an Without Amoral
Ante Before Antecedent
Anti Against Anticlimax
Auto Self Autopilot
Circum around Circumvent
Co with Copilot
Com with Companion,
contact
Con
Contra Against Contradict
De Off, away from Devalue
Dis Not Disappear
b. Sufixes
Suffix is a letter or a group of letters attached to the end of a word to form a new word or to alter
the grammatical function of the original word. For example, the verb read can be made into the
noun reader by adding the suffix –er; read can be made into the adjective by adding the suffix –
able. Agusmortoyo et al (2012: 3-4)
Suffix Meaning Example
-acy State or quality Privacy
-al Act or process of Refusal
-ance, ence State or quality of Maintenance,
eminence
-dom Place or state of being Freedom, kingdom
-er, -or One who Trainer, protector
-ism Doctrine, belief Communism
-ist One who Chemist
Ity,-ty Quality of Veracity
-ment Condition of Argument
-ness State of being Heaviness
-ship Position held Fellowship
-sion, -tion State of being Concession,
transition
c. Infixes
Some languages also have infixes, morphemes that are inserted into other morphemes. An infix
is an affix inserted into the root itself. Infixes are very common in Semitic language like Arabic
and Hebrew. But infixing is somewhere rare in English. Slat and Taylor (1978) suggest that the
only infix that occurs in English morphology is /-n-/ which is inserted before the last consonant
of the root in a few words of Latin origin, on what appears to be an arbitrary basis.
In fact, in fixation of sorts still happens in contemporary English.
Example:
- Kalamazu (places name) → Kalama-goddam-zoo
Instantiate (verb) → in-fuckin-stantiate
- Kangaroo → kanga-bloody-roo
Impossible → in-fuckin-possible
Guarantee → guaran-friggin-tee
(Recall that the arrow → means “becomes” or is “re-written as”.)
As you can see, in present-day English in fixation, not of an affix morpheme but of an entire
word (which may have more than one morpheme, blood-y, fuck-ing) is actively used to form
words. Curiously, this infixation is virtually restricted to inserting expletives into words in
expressive language that one would probably not use in polite company.
BontocIgorot, spoken in the Philippines, uses infixes, as illustrated by the following:
Noun/Adjective Verb
Fikas "strong" Fumikas "to be strong"
Kilad "red" Kumilad "to be red"
Ngitad "dark" Ngumitad "to be dark"
We have infixes in English, too, but they tend to be infixed full-word obscenities into another
word, usually into adjectives or adverbs. The most common infix in America is the word firkin'
and all the euphemisms for it, such as friggin', freakin', flippin', and bloody (and its euphemism,
bloomin', British), as in un + fuckin' + believable and fan + funckin' + tastic, I'm not o + fuckin'
+ kay(in the song, "I'm not Okay" by the group My Chemical Romance.)
d. Circumfuses
Some languages have circumfuses, morphemes that are attached to a base
morpheme both initially and finally. In Chickasaw, a Muskogean language spoken in Oklahoma,
the negative is formed with both a prefix ik- and the suffix -o. The final vowel of the affirmative
is dropped before the negative suffix is added. Examples of this circumfixing are:
Affirmative Negative
Chokma "his is good" ik + chokm + o "he isn't good"
Lakna "it is yellow" ik + lakn + o "it isn't yellow"
D. The Derivational and Inflection
There are two types of morpheme: free morpheme, and bound morpheme. Free morpheme is
then further divided into two: lexical and functional morpheme. Bound morpheme is also further
divided into two categories: derivational and inflectional morpheme.
Derivational morpheme changes the root's class of words or its meaning, or both. The word
'unhappy' derives from the root happy added with a prefix un. Both 'happy' and 'unhappy' are
adjectives. The meaning, however, is totally different. "I am unhappy" is totally different from "i
am happy". in this case, the prefix un is called derivational morpheme.
Inflectional morpheme, on the other hand, does not change either the root's class of words or the
meaning. the word 'books', for example, derives from the root book added with a suffix –s. both
'book' and 'books' are noun. the meaning is still the same. the suffix –s only indicates the plural
form. in this case, the suffix –s is inflectional.
We can make a further distinction within the set of morphemes that are both bound and
grammatical. Bound grammatical morphemes (those that don’t havea sense by themselves and,
additionally, always occur in combinations) arecommonly known as affixes. They can be further
divided into inflectionalaffixes and derivational affixes.Here is some of the evidence for the
distinction between inflectional andderivational affixes (the book has more):
Inflectional Affixes Derivational Affixes
All are suffixes May be either suffixes or prefixes
Have a wide range of application. E.g. May have a wide or narrow range
most English nouns can be made
plural, with {PLU}
All native to English (since Old English Many were adopted from Latin, Greek,
was spoken around 500-1000 AD) or other languages. (Though others,
especially the suffixes, are native,
including {ful}, {like}, {ly}, and {AG})
1. Inflectional Affixes
Inflectional morphemes, on the other hand, do notchange meanings or parts of speech, but
instead simply make minor grammatical changes necessary for agreement with other words.
Example: cats =cat + s
cooler =cool + er.
English has only eight inflectional affixes:
2. {PLU} = plural Noun –s boys
3. {POSS} = possessive Noun -’s boy’s
4. {COMP} = comparative Adjective -er older
5. {SUP} = superlative Adjective -est oldest
6. {PRES} = present Verb -s walks
7. {PAST} past Verb -ed walked
8. {PAST PART} = past participle Verb -en driven
9. {PRES PART} = present participle Verb -ing driving
Notice that, as noted above, even irregular forms can be representedmorphologically is using
these morphemes. E.g. the irregular plural sheep iswritten as {sheep} + {PLU}, even though the
typically form of {PLU} is not usedhere.
Similarly, better = {good} + {COMP}; drove = {drive} + {PAST}.
2. Derivational Affixes
Derivational morphemes create new words. Theyderive new words from other words.
Derivational change part of speech or the meaning of a word.
Example :
unhappy un + happy;
happiness happy + ness
preview pre + view.
There is an indefinite number of derivational morphemes.For example, the following are
some derivational suffixes:
{ize} attaches to a noun and turns it into a verb: rubberize
{ize} also attaches to an adjective and turns it into a verb: normalize
{ful} attaches to a noun and turns it into an adjective: playful, helpful
{ly} attaches to an adjective and turns it into an adverb: grandly, proudly
A different {ly} attaches to a noun and changes it into an adjective: manly, friendly
English also has derivational prefixes, such as:{un}, {dis}, {a}, {anti}, all of which indicate
some kind of negation: unhappy, dislike, atypical, anti-aircraft.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
Morphology is one aspect in linguistic specially studies about a word and linguistic studies about
language, to make a good language we must study about morphology because morphology is one
of basics thing in linguistic. Morphology is very important for every people, because if we
understand morphology, we will easy to make new word.
Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words.Free morphemes are also referred
as roots.Bound morphemes can occur only in combination—they are parts of a
word.Bound morphemes are also referred to as affixes, among which there are prefixes, Infixes,
and suffixes.
Inflectional morphemes, on the other hand, do not change meanings or parts of speech, but
instead simply make minor grammatical changes necessary for agreement with other
words. Derivational morphemes create new words. They derive new words from other words
