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Unit 1. Distillation - Sent

This document discusses various distillation techniques: 1. Single stage distillation separates a two-component system into vapor and liquid streams, but requires an iterative method like trial and error to determine outlet compositions. 2. Equilibrium/flash distillation brings a feed stream to equilibrium in a flash drum before separating into vapor and liquid. 3. Differential/simple batch distillation slowly boils a charged liquid, producing vapor that becomes leaner in the more volatile component over time. 4. Steam distillation uses steam to separate compounds insoluble in water that have high boiling points. It also briefly discusses vacuum distillation, distillation with reflux, and the McCabe-Th

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80 views17 pages

Unit 1. Distillation - Sent

This document discusses various distillation techniques: 1. Single stage distillation separates a two-component system into vapor and liquid streams, but requires an iterative method like trial and error to determine outlet compositions. 2. Equilibrium/flash distillation brings a feed stream to equilibrium in a flash drum before separating into vapor and liquid. 3. Differential/simple batch distillation slowly boils a charged liquid, producing vapor that becomes leaner in the more volatile component over time. 4. Steam distillation uses steam to separate compounds insoluble in water that have high boiling points. It also briefly discusses vacuum distillation, distillation with reflux, and the McCabe-Th

Uploaded by

Thabo Thabo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BEng Tech: UNIT OPERATIONS

2B
UNOCHB2

Unit 1: DISTILLATION

25 July 2018
VISUALS
SINGLE STAGE DISTILLATION
SINGLE STAGE DISTILLATION
L: Liquid stream
V: Vapour stream
1 & 2: Stream number
A & B: Component
x & y: Vapour or liquid fraction

 Two component system (A & B) with A being the more volatile


component (mvc)
 V2 and L0 brought into contact and produce Total and component
Balances:

Total 𝑳𝟎 + 𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑳𝟏
Component 𝑳𝟎 𝒙𝑨𝟎 + 𝑽𝟐 𝒚𝑨𝟐 = 𝑽𝟏 𝒚𝑨𝟏 + 𝑳𝟏 𝒙𝑨𝟏
SINGLE STAGE DISTILLATION

For Constant Molar Flow

𝑽𝟐 = 𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽 𝑳𝟎 = 𝑳𝟏 = 𝑳

 Sensible heat effect (heat that causes change in temperature)


 Heat of vaporization (Latent heat) of A & B are the similar
SINGLE STAGE DISTILLATION

Problem 𝑳𝟎 𝒙𝑨𝟎 + 𝑽𝟐 𝒚𝑨𝟐 = 𝑽𝟏 𝒚𝑨𝟏 + 𝑳𝟏 𝒙𝑨𝟏

Inlet flow (L0 & V2) and composition (XA0 & YA2) are known, finding Outlet
composition (XA1 & YA1) would require use of Trail and Error method

Operating Line???
SINGLE STAGE DISTILLATION

Solution 𝑳𝟎 𝒙𝑨𝟎 + 𝑽𝟐 𝒚𝑨𝟐 = 𝑽𝟏 𝒙𝑨𝟏 + 𝑳𝟏 𝒚𝑨𝟏

• Assume value of XA1 and calculate


YA1 at least 3 times
• Plot on XY diagram
• The 3 points should form a straight
line
• Where The Line Cuts The
Equilibrium line would be your XA1
and YA1.
EQUILIBRIUM/FLASH DISTILLATION

One feed that’s partially vaporized and


separated in a flash drum. Vapour and
Liquid are allowed to come to
equilibrium before separation of phases

Balances

Total 𝑭=𝑳+𝑽 𝑳=𝑭−𝑽


Component 𝑭𝒙𝑭 = 𝒚𝑽 + 𝒙𝑳

𝑭 𝑭−𝑽
Operating Line 𝒚 = 𝒙𝑭 − 𝒙( )
𝑽 𝑽
EQUILIBRIUM/FLASH DISTILLATION

Operating line passes through X=XF and Y=XF with


slope –(F-V)/V or –L/V
DIFFERENTIAL/SIMPLE BATCH DISTILLATION

 Liquid charged to a heated kettle,


then boiled slowly. Vapours are
withdrawn as rapidly as they are
formed.
 First portion of condensate richer in
the more volatile component but it
becomes leaner with time

Suppose we initially charge L1 moles and thus form vapour V (V=dL). The
liquid composition changes from x to x-dx and the amount of liquid from L to
L-dL
Balances Original amount = amount of liquid left + amount of
vapour formed

𝒙𝑳𝟏 = 𝒙 − 𝒅𝒙 𝑳 − 𝒅𝑳 + 𝒚𝒅𝑳
DIFFERENTIAL/SIMPLE BATCH DISTILLATION
𝒙𝑳𝟏 = 𝒙 − 𝒅𝒙 𝑳 − 𝒅𝑳 + 𝒚𝒅𝑳

Expand

𝒙𝑳𝟏 = 𝒙𝑳 − 𝒙𝒅𝑳 − 𝑳𝒅𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝑳 + 𝒚𝒅𝑳

Neglect dxdL and Re-arrang

𝒅𝑳 𝒅𝒙
=
𝑳 𝒚−𝒙

Equation may be intergrated

𝑳𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟏
𝒅𝑳 𝒅𝒙 𝑳𝟏 𝒅𝒙
= ln( ) =
𝑳𝟐 𝑳 𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝒙 𝑳𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝒙
DIFFERENTIAL/SIMPLE BATCH DISTILLATION
𝒙𝟏
𝑳𝟏 𝒅𝒙
ln( ) = Rayleigh Equation
𝑳𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝒙

Y, average composition of total distillate can be determined graphically from


equilibrium data

𝒙𝟏
𝑳𝟏 𝒅𝒙
Area = ln( ) =
𝑳𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝒙
STEAM DISTILLATION

 High boiling point liquids (HBPL) cannot be


separated by distillation at atmospheric pressure
because components of the liquid may
discompose at high temperatures
 HBPL are insoluble in water, they’re separation
may be done with simple steam distillation
 The two components in vapour phase each exert
their own vapour pressure

𝑷𝑨 + 𝑷𝑩 = 𝑷  PA and PB are the vapour pressures of pure


𝑷𝑨 water and pure B respectively
𝑷𝑩
𝒀𝑨 = 𝒀𝑩 =  Vapour Compositions
𝑷 𝑷  Constant vapour composition YA if both
𝒏𝑨 𝑷𝑨 phases remain in liquid phase
=
𝒏𝑩 𝑷𝑩
STEAM DISTILLATION
Determining Temperature of Steam Distillation using Hausbrand diagram

Drawback: Requires large amounts of heat to simultaneously evaporate


water and the high boiling point compound
Solution: Vacuum distillation can be used because the total pressure of the
system is low, so system vapour pressure reaches total pressure at low
temperature
STEAM DISTILLATION
DISTILLATION WITH REFLUX

 Return of condensate to the system


 Increases the purity of the product
 Reduces the number of theoretical
plates

May be considered as a series of


Flash-Vaporization Stage
McCabe-Thiele METHOD

Enriching Upper Section

Stripping Lower Section

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