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88 views43 pagesDefinite Integral
...
Uploaded by
Vehid.KurticCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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4
‘1 EVALUATING DEFINITE INTEGRALS
A. DEFINITION OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
7 Let f(x) be a continuous function defined on an interval |a, b|. Then the area between the
Be graph of (2) and the x-axis is called the definite fntegral of f(x) betwen a and b-
7
_ Tor example, m the figure opposite, the shaded area A
um shows the defimte mteqral of f(x) on the mterval [a,b]
\ ‘We can wnite tis expression as A= f f(x) dx
beats’ = 2x :
eal= ax
jue) 2 te) |
‘per mit
= erential
Srxdx = xae Ss
ey.
es dx
Inmerfont tegen
Note ;
If the graph is below the x-axis then its mtegral vl 4 /
bbe negative, However, area is a positive quantity so
we reverse the sign: A=-f f(x) dx i
‘We say that the defimite amtegral can be negative but
the area is always positive.
Note ,
Ifpart of the graph is below the x-axis and part of the
graph is above the x-axis then the integral will be the
algebraic sum of the areas
In the figure, all of the areas A, B, C are positive
abenin | ET Note
For Linear functions we can use geometric methods (by finding the area of a triangle) t0
calculate the area under a curve.
SETI Tina the area of the region between the graph of y = 3x, and the x-axis on the interval |0, 4]
@ to ene neue, tne areas of the shaded parts A, B and
Care gven as A = 7 cm’, B= 9 em’ andC = 8 cm’,
Find the (otal area of the shaded region in the figure
and evaluate the integral on the interval [a, b|
i ¥
Sf = Peace = Gz dae
Dest Integr B. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
——
et 7G) bea Ametion such that: a Bl > R. IEF" (e) = fee) and [fCe) ax = FER) +6, then
Jordeceres c Jroo av = (Fo) +01 = Fo) -F@
Fz cox Here we use the notation | to show the boundanes of the integral.
Pra zgins
» Note
Sereda: Fulpial ‘The Fumdamental Theorem of Calculus shows us that we do not need a constant of integration
~ ¢ when we evaluate a definite integral. For example, suppose we write F(a) + ¢ mstead of
= 4b ge
ona ‘P(a), and F(b) + ¢ instead of F(b). Then by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
[09 dv =(F) +0) -(F(a)+ 0) = FQ) F(a) + e~¢ = F@)- F(a)
Price ey
fro ax=FO)- Fa)
oo
5 jomear
=M2 teed
oo 6 je er = [let - ge) r
’ A ?
Sk ee bee) ee
Check Yourself 1
sat te dete meg
afew ifisew «foie &
Answers
2196 bo
ra
I
ay
poet: axe
nent
C. PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Letf: la, bl > R and g: Ja, b| > R be two integrable funcuons. Then the following properties
hot
Ojmese
Proof {rt dx=F(a)-Fa)=0
Dl we =- foe
+ *
Proof { f(x) dx=P()-F(a) =-(P(a) - Fb) [7 dx
Qroranveee fe fa dxae fre a
Proof ef yoy ax=e-(F()-Fa@)=c-FO) -¢ Fa@=e-Fenf= fesonar
. > »
©! [fey +90) ax = f fee) av tf ace ae
Proof fsce) dee face) dx =1FH)-F(@)| $16) Gea) = [FC) £600)1-1 Fm £60)
= IP 26I(b)-| F 261(@)
= fron gpl ax
Defoste Integrate OwrawatceRmheshsc then fsoyae= [jonas fs
Proof — | ¢e) dx= Fo) F(a)= F(O)-Fla)+ F(b) -FO) = IF) —Fea)| +1 FCO) FOO)
=rey ars freee
. »
(use = 00) forevery x Ela. bh then f sory are foc) av
Proof — Ifo) = g@) then f(x) - g(x) = 0.
Let us wnite h(x) = f(x) ~ g(x), $0 h(x) & 0 for every x on fa, bl
We hnow that fx) dx Bs the area between the graph of h(x) and the x-axas
eh) = 0 ten [ney av 20
< ¥ 2
Jxteso oe Pht Ah) ABs
y
> fl- boro
ETO 8 fov'sitarax
-.¢, © |a, bl are the points of
Free tee ] i se hi
4 3
J steruxde= 9
z
Q jax sox a=?
farses frat Jroee 2 fede ofe-Jta = 2g ay hel
21s yaxlsn 5
25IP- CVA JO>-4) sh 26+ f.F tas hmge yy 6%
Defias Togas Ee 10 jc
fix * Jt afte <8) ox| + Ml]
. fo 454 bide.
Ie Be get 4 Suiel dul -
= Go Tests abe bs 2S 48-5449 =Case -2
‘ Sarees
; 4 ,
-ef :
= er) ee Pan) mI elo ge
cer 2 Heyl. eh +s (2-2)
= $(e-1)
TQ J esinsscossy av=
[ined [imate .
3 4
(4-0) o)sbo§ bare tane 2
mesret duet dt
4
Ox J. 4 sine iS
oo Judy = wv Jvdu us CITE
KEE 14 foigeee-> fe? hee]
Check Yourself 2
Evaluate the definite integrals,
a. [x -cosax ax b. fia? #4x* 3x -2) ae P ie Pax 45e—1 yy
0 fot 4x-2 ax © Feremesmay ae tf AF a
«FE a o, fO02D ay
Answers
a7 ae 23
a0 rape oo tet ge a
a 426+
ea ~6in2 2 hnt—2
Defoste Integrate GRALS OF SOME SPECIAL FUNCTIONS (OPTIONAL)
A. INTEGRATING ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTIONS
Recall that an absolute value function |f(x)| 1s a function such that
wee FQ), f)20
|
a oO F(x), FX) <0.
When integrating absolute value functions, first we find the positive and negative parts of
given function. For the intervals where f(x) changes 1s sign we use the fifth property of
definite mtegrals: .
fora )
(Chapter Ravi Tt 24
8 f(e+2) dv=10 and a~b = 2, Whatis a?
D2 B-6 O-4 DS HE
6. fosinx-+cosx) dx?
ao B81 O22 D4 Ha
2. [MOTE ax=?
mM 1 Gt yt ys
we oy yt yl mt
0 a ) a ) e
bf ae
jue
Avera ey its
2
De Di-e D) 23
Ayo pina
D)In3-In2
A) ing —In3 B)in3-n3
D) 2+ 1n2%
2 |e
syams-¢1n9 py my
b)1+in2
‘ke
13, ‘ome cost ax
17 9 38 1
oZ yp® o® wi wa
a3 > Be 61 Pi
+ at 1s given. What is F(x) ?
ie
») 2 a
ie rae
Do amt + x
15. f cosnsin’x dv =?
1 1 1
ao pi ot pt wl
) » =z >? rs
16. What 1s the mean value of the function
‘S(s) = 2x* +1 on the terval [0, 517 “i
Se es FCT I
FINDING THE AREA UNDER A CURVES
Definite integrals have many applications. We can use definite integrals to find the area of a
region bounded by a curve, the volume created by rotating a curve, the length ofa curve, the
‘mean value of a function, the center of mass of an object, and to calculate the displacement
and work done m motion and projectile problems.
Most of these applications are useful in mathematics or physies. In this chapter we will look
at the applications of the definite imtegral in mathematics
Let: la, b] +R be a continuous function such that for
every x, fx) 2 0. Them the area of the region between
y= J) and the x-axis on the interval |a, bis
fre as
Conclusions
‘The theorem above gives us four mportant
results.
1. IFf(x) <0 then the area of the region between,
y =f) and the x-amts om the mteryal [a, bl
wall be
a=f-s09 ax=-}y09 ax
(x) 38 any continuous function on the interval |a, b| then the area
‘More generally, fy
between y = f(x) and the x-axis 18
a=fiseol ax
2. In the figure, the total area of the region will be
Area=A4B+C= f foxy de— [f(xy det [for de Remember:
a. The defimite mtegral of fix) on [a,b is
fea a
b. The area between f(x) and the x-axis on [a, Dl 3s
Area =A +B.
3. The area between y = fla), the y-atis and the
nes y = mand y = nas A=[ soya.
Let f(x) and g(x) be two curves. Then the area A between f(x) and g(x) on the interval
Ja, bls A= fff - 0009] de
The area peneeent F(x) and gx) 1s
A+B+C= uw 20) at fe ~ fo) mars fac a(x) dx,
Applications of DfteInterale 1] fin the area A of the region bounded by the graph of y = x + 1, the x-axis, and the hnes
w= Qandx=4
finsnae = fades y qee
>
3 *
bas
wh + x),
Pe
oie
2
7
~~
+
x
3 > 3
Ae ~ [edn = Jota] de -
1 7 ‘
yaa
53 (s-8)- (3a)
ar)
EF - en rao
EEZNEE 3 wiatis ne area of tne tnite region between the graph of y = 1 - x" and the x-axis?
As [haan -Je— jon
w
Itegrals
if SENET 4 wnaris the area ofthe finite region between the graph of y = 23x +x" and the x-axis?
L
eat O “att
Sx t2°=0 = x= 1x,=2
x
Solution 2-
(ESQ 5 rina te area of tne resion bounded by the graph of y— 1 = x and the y-ams,
Check Yourself 1
Find the fimte area between the graph of y = x" - 4 and the x-axis.
2. Find the area of the regon bounded by y = 2x"— 4x + 5, the x-axis, and the Lines x =
and x = 3.
3. Whats the area of the region bounded by y = 3x + 9, the x-axis, and the lines x = 1 and
x=4?
4. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = dx + 1, the y-axis, and the lines
y=2andy =3
5, Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of y* =x + 9 and the y-axis,
6. What is the area of the region bounded by = 2° and the hnes x = 1.x =—1 and y = 0?
Answers
32 gt 93. mae ge.
3 3 2 0 Tina
Anat of ia SEES 6 Find the area of the Anite region botwoen the graphs of y, = x7 + Land y
Solution Before we begin, we need to find the mterval for the
integration. If we sketch a rough graph we can see
that the interval is set by the mntersection of the two|
Lines. Therefore, we need to solve the (wo functions
simultaneously to find the upper and lower Linuts|
for the mtegral. Then we can find the defmte
integral between the Lmuts.
SEUDIESN 7 wma tne area of te repon bounded by
Solution Agam, we find the mterval by solving the two
‘unetions simultaneously
Way +E I=KHA
x, =Band x, By
(ENTE B Ana the area of the region bounded by fox)
Se) = 9) = 9
Solution
En 10
Solution
Pexanre BB]
Solution
Find the fimte area between the graphs of 6, F200, S082 and SO
‘The graph intersects the x-axis at the point x = 0,
so part of the area ies above the x-axis and part of|
at as below the x-axis. Therefore we divide the area
ito v0 parts.
0,y = andy
2
Applietions of Deft Integrals SEES) TQ. Wracis the area of the region between y = cos and the x-axis on the interval |0, 2a?
‘fe
Solu
Solution
‘We can see from the figure that the areas of all
four parts A, B,C, and D are equal. So we can
calculate the answer as follows:
‘What is the area of the region bounded by the graphs of the functions y, = 2° and y, =x?
First we need to find the intersection points:
4,
Ns xat-x = 0:8 @-D@ +1) =
1,0,1
So the imtersection posnts are x =
A= fee —ayaes foray a
54
Check Yourself 2
1, Find the area of the region bounded by y = x* + land y = 3x —
Bx" + Land y = 4?
3. Find the area of the region bounded by y = 2x° + 3x and y = -x"—3x + 24
2. What is the area of the region bounded by y
4, Whats the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y =
Answers
at o24 sa 4%
6 2p
Zand y = -2x* +x?
Itegrals 1 Find the area of the regon bounded bs the graph.
ofy = 4—x' and the x-axis
12, Find the area of the region bounded by the hne
y = 9+ wand thew and y axes.
3, Find the area of the region bounded by y = 2x ~1
and the x-axis on the interval [0, 3].
4, Find the atea of the region bounded by the graph
ofy = 1-3x and the x-axis on the interval [2, S|.
5, Find the area of the region bounded by the graph
ofy = x° 4 Sand the x-axis on the interval [0,3
6. Find the area of the region bounded by
the graph of
anterval [-1. 71
= 3x —4 and the x-amis on the
7, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
ofy=x—1.y = 0.x =landx =3.
8, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
ofy = "= 1,y = 0,x = Landy
9, Wind the area ofthe region bounded by the graphs
ofy=3-x°,y = 0,x = Oandx = 2.
10. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
ofy = et Le =0.y= land y= 3.
11. Find the area of the region bounded by the graph
of y = 3x—1, the y-axas, and the lanes y = 0 and,
y=2
12. Find the area of the region bounded by the graph
of y = 4X, the y-axis, and the lines y = 1 and
y= 3,
‘13, Find the area bounded by the graph of x
and the y-axis.
14, Find the area of the region bounded by the graph
of x = y*—3y + 2and the y-aus,
5, Find the area of the regoon bounded by the graphs
of y = 2x°— 3x + 1 and y = 3 on the imterval
B. 31
16. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
ofy = 2x-9,y =-2.x = landx =3.
17, Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
18, Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
See) = and gx) = Se.
19, Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
y=4-x andy = 2 +2,
Applietions of Deft Integrals SEES) 20, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
ofy = 2x" 3x t+ Landy =-8x +4.
2. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
ofy =x°— andy = 3x +3,
22, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
ofy =4-x andy = 2c #1.
23, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
“and y = 3x
© oty=
2A, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
of f@) = x and g(x) =
25, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
of f(x) = 3 sand g(x) = 2.
26, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
ofy = x and x = yf
22, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
of y = cosx and y = sinx on the interval [0, xl
(88, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
0 %
ofy = sinx and y = cos2x on (0, I.
y y 10. $1
2Q, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
and y= "S* on IF. 5
30, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
ofy = Qany and y = 3cosx on 10, 5
31. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
y = sinx and the x-axis on 0, 2x]
32, Find the area of the region between the graph of
y = 5+ cosdx and the x-axis on |0, "|.
y oo
33, Find the area of the region bounded the graph of
y = 3-sinx, the x-axis, and the Lines x = 0 and
xek
3
24, What as the azea of the region bounded by the
© graphs of y = Ax?
95, In the figure the shaded ;
area is 12 em" and
[s@av=0. a
smarts esas .
‘86. The area of the region bounded by y = ax" (a > 0),
the x-axds and the ne x = 3s 18 em*, Whats the
value of a?
= tial 87, Find the area of the region bounded by the graph
ofy
the x-axis, and the graphs x = 1 and
38. Find the area of the region bounded by the graph
of y = Ix, the x-axis, and the graphs x = ¢ and
39. The figure shows the graph of the Ametion f(x)
fre ae =-9 and f p09 av=9 are gen. Fnd
the tot ara ofthe shaded eon
40, The figure shows the
raph off)
ifsc de =-3 and
the area B is 8 om’,
what is [IFC | ax?
41, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
ofy= x=Sandx=0.
+Bv-Ly=
42. Fund the atea of the region bounded by the graphs
of y = x" and y = 1 om the interval |-2, 1]
Appi:
oe of Dafnte Integrals —
43, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
© ofy =x? + Landy = 5 on the mterval [0, 2}
44, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
ofy = 1 +3x,y = 8,x = 2andx = 3.
46, Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
y= 2x" 3x + Dandy = 10-x-x",
48, Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
@ yax? xo + Qvand y = Tx 9x + 6.
47, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
© ote =r andy = x-3,
48, Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
° =
ofy = sin3x, y = 2cosx, x = O and x=
49. Find che area of the region bounded by the graphs.
°
of y = con 2x and y = Qaim on (2, 7A
‘50. What 1s the area of the region bounded by the
© tangent te of f(x) = Inx at the pont x = ¢, the
gaph of the fimenion g(x) = Inx, and the v-axi8?
SL. Find the area of the region bounded by y®
oS 3
=19=3.
e 2
52. Find the area of the
9 shaded region im the
figure. A. CALCULATING THE voLUME OF A SOLID OF REVOLUTION
‘When a regon is rotated about an axis we obtam a solid figure, This figure 1s called a solid of
‘evolution. We can use the defimte mtegral to find the volume of a solid of revolution.
Let f(x) be a contmuous fumetion defined on Ja, BJ. Then the volume V of the solid
generated by rotatmg the area between the graph of f(x) and the x-axas on a,b] about the
om ven [poof ax
Note
Pris used in the place of Yl
[ESOT 1.4 wars tne votume V of the seid igure generated by rotating the area between y = Sx and
the x-axis around the x-axis on the interval |0, 21? ii
Solution Look at the figure. Using the theorem we can write
ven [ean dean fox? av
=om"|
=24n.
LB. what is the votume V of the sotid obtamed by rotanng the region between y = x* +2 and
the x-axis around the x-axis on the interval |1, 3)?
Soluti
euler
xe ax? a
=n bay
tat |
_ 13662
15
pee — I Note
If we rotate a figure around the y-axis then the ‘
volume 1 created by x = f(y) and we integrate 1
ath respect to dy
ven [raven
16 fine the volume ¥ of the sald igure generated by rotaung the region between f(s) = 3x — 1,
the y-axis, and the hnes y = 2 and y = 9 around the yrs.
To find the volume, we find x in terms of y and
antegrate the expression with respect to dy:
Solu
Note
If we rotate the areca between two curves
4f(2) and 9(x) on the mterval Ja, b| then the
volume of the solid figure generated is:
v=
[G)-aO9) dx.
Applietions of Deft Integrals SEES V7 find the volume V of the solid figure which is generated by rotating the area of the region
bounded by the graphs of y = 2x° + 2 and y = 3 — 2x" around the x-axis.
Solution 2x*+2=3-2x" =
2
Van J [@-22°f -@x*+2)" Jax
+ox)
20 8
>- a?)
1G Ang the votume V of te solid gute generated by rung the area bounded by the graphs
of y = x?and y = J around the x-axis through 60°
Solution We can solve the equations simultaneously to find the mtersection points:
ox, =0 and x,
£0 (otal volume)
360
eles = (ey) de
Itegrals VQ wWracis tne volume V ofthe sod gure generated by rotating the aren bounded by the graphs
fg Pe = Tyas aang 1 aon eR
Solution V=n-[(e*-1 dx y
=n(S nf af
2
an{(-3)-