CHAPTER VI

6.1 Design of Composite Section

In T-Beam, the slab is carried by a reinforced concrete beam may be a singly or
doubly reinforced. In this section a slab is carried by an I structural beam or I steel
beam.
The floor slab in a composite construction acts not only as slab for resisting the
liveloads but also as an integral part of the beam. It actually serves on a large cover plate
for upper flange of the steel beam thus increasing the strength of the beam.
The portion of the slab or flange which can be considered to coincide in the beam
action which controlled by the specifications:

6.2 Specifications use for composite beam

1. b should not be greater than one – fourth of the span of the beam
2. b should not be greater than the clear spacing of the beam
3. b should not be greater than eight times the slab thickness.

6.21 For slab that is one-sided of the beam

1. b’ should not be greater than one – half of the span of the beam
2. b’ should not be greater than one – half the spacing of the beams
3. b’ should not be greater than six times slab thickness

6.22 For slab existing one side only

1. b’ should not be greater than ½ of the span of the beam
2. b’ should not be greater than ½ center to center spacing of the beams
3. b’ should not be greater than 6 times the slab thickness

FIGURE 6.1 Composite Sections

LSG 1
6.3 : Example Problem for Composite Section (Format for the steps)
6.31 Example Problem 1:
Determine the adequacy of the composite beam with a slab 100mm on a
simple span of 8.0 meters space at 2.50 meters center to center. This beam carries a live
load of 5.20 kN/m2 with the weight of partition of 0.90 kN/m2. The 100 mm slab weighs
2.4 kPA. Use f’c = 20.7 MPa, n = 9, fy = 248 MPa and fs = 165 MPa. Properties of I –
Beam are:

Given:
t = 100 mm f’c = 20.7 MPa h = 40 cm
L = 8.0 m fy = 248 MPa bf = 14 cm
S = 2.5 m fs = 165 MPa I = 15,505 cm4
LL = 5.20 kN/m2 n=9 Ss = 775 mm3
LL of partition = 0.90 kN/m2 Properties of I – Beam W = 46 kg/m
DL of slab = 2.40 kN/m2 A = 59 cm2

Solution:
Dead load before concrete hardens:
Slab = DL of slab × spacing = 2.40 kN/m 2 (2.5 m) = 6 kN/m
Beam = Weight of I – Beam = 46 kg/m (9.81 N/kg) = 0.451 kN/m
Total Dead Load = 6.451 kN/m
Dead Load Moment:
. / ( . )
MDL = =
MDL = 51.61 kN-m

Load after concrete hardens (live loads):

Live load of partitions = spacing of beams × live load

= 2.50m × 0.90 kN/m2 = 2.25 kN/m
Live load weight = spacing of beam × live load
= 2.50m × 5.20 kN/m2 = 13 kN/m
Total Live Load = 2.25 kN/m + 13 kN/m = 15.25 kN/m
Live load Moment:
. / ( . )
MLL = =
MLL = 122 kN-m
Total Moment:
M = MDL + MLL = 51.61 kN-m + 122 kN-m
M = 173.61 kN-m

Effective flange width:

( )
1. b = L/4 = = 2000𝑚𝑚
2. b = spacing center to center of beam = 2,500 mm

LSG 2
3. b = bf + 16t = 140 + 16(100) = 1,740 mm
Select the smallest, ∴ b = 1,740 mm

Using transformed section, b/n = 1740/9 = 193.33 mm

y1 = t/2 = 100/2 = 50mm

y2 = h/2 + t = 400/2 + 100 = 300mm
( )
A1 = = = 19,333.33 mm2
A2 = 59 cm2 × ( ) = 5,900 mm2
AT = A1 + A2 = 19,333.33 + 5,900 mm2 = 25,233.33 mm2
AT ȳ = A1y1 + A2y2
, . ( ) , ( )
ȳ= , .
ȳ = 108.50 mm

Compute the Inertia (I):

I = Inertia of Steel + Inertia of concrete

I = 15,505 cm4 ( ) = 155,050,000 mm4
Is = I + A2(y2 - ȳ)2
Is = 155,050,000 + 5,900(300 – 108.50)2 = 371,416,275 mm4
Ic = ( ) + A1(ȳ - y1)2
Ic = ( ) + 19,333.33(108.5 – 50)2
Ic = 82,274,599.70 mm4
I = Is + Ic = 371,416,275 mm4 + 82,274,599.70 mm4
I = 453,690,874.70 mm4

For Stresses,
Before concrete hardens:
( )
fs1 = ; where I = 155,050,000 mm4 and C = h/2

LSG 3
 . × ( )
fs1 = = 66.6 MPa < 165 MPa SAFE
, ,
Section Modulus (S) of composite section:
S = ; where I = Is + Ic and C = 500 - ȳ
, , .
S= = 1,158,852.809 mm3
.

Allowable section modulus (STR):

.
STR = (1.35 + )Ss
Where;
MDL = 51.61 kN-m Ss = 775 mm3 (10mm/cm)3
MLL = 122 kN-m Ss = 775,000 mm3

. ( )
STR = [1.35 + ](775,000mm3)
.
STR = 1,687,453.26 mm3 > 1,158,852.809 mm3 SAFE
After concrete hardens:
ȳ ȳ
nfc = ; fc =
( )
× ( . )
fc =
( , , . )
fc = 3.24 MPa < 0.45(20.7)
fc = 3.24 MPa < 9.315 MPa SAFE

. × ( . )
fc = =
, , .
fs = 149.81 MPa < 165 MPa SAFE

6-32 : Example Problem 2:

The cross section shows a simply supported bridge with a 15 meters span.
Per typical girder, the traffic live load is approximated as 20 kN/m of uniform load.
Determine the stresses of the steel and concrete at mid span, remembering that only live
load is carried by the composite section. Deck is of lightweight concrete with Wc = 15.7
kN/cu.m and n = 8.5. Given properties of wide flange section are as follows.

W762 × 161
A = 205 cm2 h = 76 cm W = 16 kg/m Ix = 185,860 cm4
bf = 26.6 cm

LSG 4
Solution:
Compute for width of flange:
1. b = L/4 = 15,000/4 = 3,750 mm
2. b = spacing of center to center of beam = 2,800 mm
3. b = bf + 16t = 266 + 16(150) = 2,666 mm
Use b = 2,666 mm

, ( )
A1 = = = 47,047.06 mm2
.
A2 = 205 cm2 × (10mm/cm)2 = 20,500 mm2
y1 = = = 75 mm
y2 = t + = 150 + = 530 mm
AT = A1 + A2 = 47,047.06 mm2 + 20,500 mm2
AT = 67,547.06 mm2

AT ȳ = A1y1 + A2y2 = 47,047.06 (75) + 20,500(530) = 14,393,529.50 mm 3

, , .
ȳ= , .
= 213.10 m
760 - ȳ = 760 – 213.10 = 546.90 mm

Compute for Inertia:

IT = IS + IC
IS = Ix + A2 (y2 - ȳ)
Ix = 185,860 cm4 × (10mm/cm)4 = 18,586 × 105 mm4
IS = 18,586 × 105 + 20,500 mm2 (530 mm – 213.10 mm)2
IS = 3,917,325,005 mm4

IC = ( ) + A1 (ȳ - y1)
,
IC = ( ) + 47,047.06(213.10 – 75)2
.
IC = 985,476,415.30 mm4
IT = 3,917,325,005 mm4 + 985,476,415.30 mm4
IT = 4,902,801,420 mm4

For Dead Load:

DL = (2.666 m)(0.15)(15.70 kN/m3)

LSG 5
DL = 6.28 kN/m

For Moment due to Dead Load:

. ( )
MDL = = = 176.60 kN-m

For Dead Load Stress:

( ) . × ( )
fDL = =
, ×
fDL = 36.11 MPa

For Live Load Stress:

( )
MLL = = ;
MLL = 562.50 kN-m

( ) . × ( . )
fLL = =
, , ,
fLL = 74.84 MPa

Total steel stress:

fs = fDL + fLL = 36.11 MPa + 74.84 MPa
fs = 110.95 MPa

Stress in concrete: (From strain diagram)

C = (760 + 150) - ȳ = 910 mm – 213.10 mm

C =696.90 mm
By Ratio and Proportion:
.
=
. .
. ( . ) .
𝑛𝑓𝑐 = ; fc = = 2.7 MPa
. .

6-33: Example Problem 3:

W920 × 223 section is used as beam for slab. Properties are; A = 28,520
mm , h = 910 mm, Ix = 3,260 × 106 mm4, Iy = 112 × 106 mm4, Sx = 8,260 × 103
2

mm3, Sy = 739 × 103 mm3. The concrete slab that is connected to the beam has a
width of 1,800 mm and 150mm thick. The dead load moment prior to concrete
attaining its strength is 680 kN-m. Subsequently to concrete its strength, an applied
load induces an additional moment of 540 kN-m and vertical shear of 220 kN.
Assuming that the beam was not shored when the slab was poured and neglecting
creep and shrinkage, compute:
a. The maximum stress in the lower flange of the steel beam
b. The longitudinal force at the junction of the slab and the steel beam due to a
vertical shear of 220 kN in kN/mm.

LSG 6
Use fy = 250 MPa, f’c = 21 MPa and n = 10

Given:
W920 × 223 b = 1,800 mm n = 10
A = 28,520 mm2 t = 150mm ST = ?
h = 910 mm MDL = 680 kN-m v = ? in kN/mm
Ix = 3,260 × 106 mm4 MLL = 540 kN-m
Iy = 112 × 106 mm4 V = 220 kN
Sx = 8,260 × 103 mm3 fy = 250 MPa
Sy = 739 × 103 mm3 f’c = 21 MPa
Solution:

Before concrete attain strength:

Dead load stress in lower flange
× .
fs = = = 82.32 MPa
, ×

Live load stress in the lower flange in the composite section, refer to figure:

A1 = 28,520 mm2 ; A2 = b/n(t) = 1800/10(150) = 27,000 mm2

AT = A1 + A2 = 28,520 mm2 + 27,000 mm2 = 55,520 mm2
y1 = 910/2 = 455 mm ; y2 = h + = 910 + = 985 mm
AT ȳ = A1 y1 + A2 y2 = 28,520(455) + 27,000(985) = 39,571,600 mm
, ,
ȳ= = 712.74 mm
,
y2 - ȳ = 985 mm – 712.74 mm = 272.26 mm
ȳ - y1 = 712.74 – 455 mm = 257.74 mm

For Inertia of composite section:

I = IS + IC
For Inertia of steel:
IS = Ix + A1 (ȳ - y1)2 = 3,260 × 106 mm4 + 28,520 mm2 (257.74)2
IS = 5,154,580,965 mm4

LSG 7
 For Inertia of concrete:
IC = ( ) + A2 (y2 - ȳ)2 = ( ) + 27,000(272.26)2
IC = 50,625,000 mm4 + 2,001,388,705 mm4
IC = 2,052,013,705 mm4
IT = 5,154,580,965 mm4 + 2,052,013,705 mm4
IT = 7,206,594,670 mm4

For live load stress in lower flange:

ȳ × ( . )
fs = = = 53.41 MPa Ans.//
, , ,

(a.) For total stresses in the lower flange (ST) :

ST = fs + fc = 82.32 MPa + 53.41 MPa
ST = 135.73 MPa Ans.//

(b.) Shear calculation in kN/mm

v = ; where Q = A2 (y2 - ȳ) = 27,000(272.26) = 7,351,020 mm3
( , , )
v= = 0.224 kN/mm Ans.//
, , ,

6-4 : Top Flange Bonded to Slab:

A part of I – Beam steel is encased to a slab at a certain distance from the
compression extreme fiber. Analysis of which is shown in the example problem.

6-41 : Example Problem:

A W619 × 241 stringers are spaced 1.8 meters on centers and have a 160
mm concrete slab bonded to the top flange of the steel stringer by means of 2-bar
adapters. The top of the wide flange is embedded 120 mm from compression extreme
fiber. If the stringers is 12 meters simple span and carry a full dead load, what static
concentrated load at the center of each stringer may be composite section carry if the
stress is not to exceed 125 MPa in steel and 9 MPa in concrete, f’c = 20 MPa and n =
10. Properties of steel; h = 635 mm, w = 241 kg/m, A = 30,800 mm 2 and I = 2,150 ×
106 mm4.

Figure:

LSG 8
Given:
b = 1,800 mm W619 × 241 Properties
S = 1,800 mm h = 635 mm
t = 160 mm w = 241.7 kg/m (9.81 N/kg) = 2,371.1 N/m
fs = 125 MPa A = 30,800 mm2
fc = 9 MPa I = 2,150 × 106 mm4
f’c = 20 MPa n = 10
P=?

Solution:
To have a homogeneous steel section, transform the 1.8m width of concrete into an
equivalent steel billet.
1800 1800
= = 180 𝑚𝑚
𝑛 10

A1 = 160(180) = 28,800 mm2

A2 = 30,800 mm2
AT = 28,800 + 30,800 mm2
AT = 59,600 mm2
y1 = h + (120 – 80) = 635 + 40 = 675 mm
y2 = h/2 = 635/2 = 317.50 mm
AT ȳ = A1y1 + A2y2 = 28,800(675) + 30,800(317.5)
, , , ,
ȳ= = 490.25 mm
,
ȳ - y2 = 490.25 – 317.50 mm = 172.75 mm
y1 - ȳ = 675 – 490.25 mm = 184.75 mm
weight of concrete = (0.16)(1.8)(9.81)(2,400) = 6.78 kN/m

A1 = b/n(t) = 180(160) = 28,800 mm2

A2 = 30,800 mm2
y1 = h + (120 – 80) = 635 + 40 = 675 mm

LSG 9
y2 = h/2 = 635/2 = 317.50 mm
AT = A1 + A2 = 28,800 mm2 + 30,800 mm2 = 59,600 mm2
, ( ) , ( . )
ȳ= = = 490.25 mm
,
ȳ - y2 = 490.25 – 317.5 mm = 172.75 mm
y1 - ȳ = 675 – 490.25 mm = 184.75 mm

From Shear Diagram:

d1 = (h + 120) - ȳ = 755 – 490.25 mm = 264.75 mm
For Moment of Inertia:
IT = Is + Ic
Inertia of Steel:
Is = I + A2(ȳ - y2)2 = 2,150,000,000 + 30,800 (172.75)2
Is = 3,069,150,925 mm4

Inertia of Concrete:
( )
IC = + A1(y1 - ȳ)2 = + 28,800 (184.75)2
IC = 1,044,457,800 mm4

IT = IS + IC = 3,069,150,925 mm4 + 1,044,457,800 mm4

IT = 4,113,608,725 mm4

Compute for Dead Load Moments:

Weight of Concrete = hbWc = (0.16m)(1.8m)(2,400kg/m 3)(9.81 N/kg)
Weight of Concrete = 6.78 kN/m
Weight of W610 × 241 = 241.7 kg/m (9.81 N/kg) = 2.4 kN/m
WT = WC + WS = 6.78 kN/m + 2.4 kN/m
WT = 9.18 kN/m

. ( )
M = = = 165.24 kN-m
It is assumed that the steel section carries the dead load moment:
( . × )( . )
fs = = = 24.40 MPa
, ×
Compute foe excess shear:
Fsexcess = 125 – 24.40 MPa = 100.6 MPa

This excess shear carries the concentrated load P:

. ( . )
= ; fc = = = 5.43 MPa < 9 MPa SAFE
ȳ ȳ ( . )

LSG 10
For Live Load Moment:
( )
MLL = = = 3P
For Concentrated Load due to stress:
ȳ ( . )
fs = =
, , ,
. ( , , , )
P= = 281.37 kN ANS.//
( )( . )

6-5 : Design of Encased Sections:

In this topic, wide steel flange is inside or encased in a concrete T – Beam in
figure (a). The total resistance to the longitudinal shear is equal to the bond along the
top of the steel shape line shown in figure plus the shearing resistance of concrete along
the dotted lines ab and cd. Allowable bond, μ = 0.03f’c and allowable shear, v = 0.12f’c.
Figure (b) shows a composite section subjected to negative moment that is compression
occurs at the bottom of the section.
Figure:

6-5.1 : Example Problem:

A W410 × 67 with properties; A = 8,600 mm 2, I = 246 × 106 mm4, h = 410 mm, bf
= 179 mm, is encased in a concrete shown. Determine the adequacy of this section for
longitudinal shear. Allowable bond stress is 0.622 MPa and allowable shear is 1.244
MPa. Flange width = 1500 mm, n = 9 and V = 98 kN.

LSG 11
Given:
b = 1,600 mm Properties of W410 × 67
t = 100 mm A = 8,600 mm2
bw = 300 mm bf = 179 mm
μ = 0.622 MPa h = 410 mm
𝑣 = 1.244 MPa I = 246 × 106 mm4
V = 98 kN

Solution:
Transform the slab into its equivalent steel section neglecting the concrete area of the
flange.

A1 = Area of steel = 8,600 mm2

A2 = Transformed Area of Concrete = (b/n)t
( )
A2 = = 17,777.78 mm2
AT = A1 + A2 = 8,600 + 17,777.78 mm2 = 26,377.78 mm2
y1 = h/2 + 50 = 410/2 + 50 = 225 mm
y2 = hT – t/2 = 500 - 50 = 450 mm
, ( ) , . ( )
ȳ= =
, .
ȳ = 386.42 mm
ȳ - y1 = 386.42 – 255 = 131.42 mm
y2 - ȳ = 450 – 386.42 = 63.58 mm
d1 = (y2 - ȳ) – 50 = 63.58 – 50 = 13.58 mm

For Moment of Inertia:

IT = IS + IC

For Steel:
IS = I + A1 (ȳ - y1)2 = 246,000,000 + 8,600(131.42) 2
IS = 394,532,461 mm4

For Concrete:
( )
IC = + A2(y2 - ȳ)2 = + 17,777.78(63.58)2
( )
IC = 14,814,814.81 + 71,865,189.43 mm4
IC = 86,680,004.24 mm4
LSG 12
For Total Inertia:
IT = 394,532,461 mm4 + 86,680,004.24 mm4
IT = 481,212,465.24 mm4

For Moment of Inertia above the section abcd about the neutral axis, Q:
Q = bt(y2 - ȳ) – bft2(d1 + t2/2) – 2X1t2(d1 + t2/3)

ZX1 = bw – bf = 300 – 179 = 121 mm

X1 = 121/2 = 60.5 mm
ab = cd = (𝑋 ) + (𝑡 ) = (60.5) + (60)
ab = cd = 85.21 mm
Q = 1600 mm (100 mm)(63.58 mm) – (179 mm)(60 mm)[13.58 mm – 60/2] – 121
mm(60 mm)[13.58 mm + 60/3]
Q = 10,172,800 mm3 – 468,049.2 mm3 – 243,790.8 mm3
QC = 9,460,960 mm3 (in terms of concrete)
, ,
QS = = 1,051,217.78 mm3 (in terms of steel)
For actual shearing in steel:
𝑉𝑄 98,000 𝑁(1,051,217.78)
𝑣= = = 214.10 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
𝐼 481,212,465.24
Allowable bond = μbf = 0.622 N/mm2 (179 mm) = 111.34 N/mm
Allowable shear = 𝑣 2ab = 1.244 N/mm2(170.42 mm) = 212 N/mm
Total shear resistance = allowable bond + allowable shear
Total shear resistance = 111.34 + 212 N/mm
= 323.34 N/mm > 214.10 N/mm SAFE

LSG 13
6-6 : Chapter Problem:

1. Calculate the allowable uniform load that a composite beam can carry over a
simple span of 7.50m. The flange width of the slab is 130cm and thickness of 15
cm with f’c = 20 MPa, n = 9 and fs = 137 MPa. Properties of steel are; w = 105
kg/m, A = 132.645 cm2, h = 45 cm and Ix = 48,029 mm4. Check also for stress in
concrete and the remaining steel stress.

2. A W619 × 241 has the following properties; w = 241.7 kg/m, h = 635 mm, A =
30,800 mm2, I = 2,150,000,000 mm4, carry a uniform load of 56 kN/m. Flange
width is 1400 mm with the thickness of 120 mm, f’c = 21 MPa and n = 10.
Determine the maximum shear at the lower flange of steel beam and longitudinal
force between slabs and steel beam if vertical shear is 210 kN.

3. A 8.0 meter wide bridge is supported by W762 × 161 I – Beam with properties of
A = 20,500 mm2, h = 760 mm. Beam are spaced 2.0 meters on center and carries
a traffic live load of 21 kN/m. Determine the stresses in steel and concrete.

4. An I – Beam is use as reinforcement in a T – Beam with flange width of 1,400

mm and a thickness of 130 mm. Allowable bond stress is 0.70 MPa and allowable
shear of 1.32 MPa with a vertical shear of 95 kN. Determine the moment of area
above section abcd about the neutral axis if I – Beam steel has the following
properties: A = 5,900 mm2, h = 400 mm, bf = 140 mm, I = 155.05 × 106 mm4, Ss
= 775,000 mm3 and w = 470.9 N/m.

LSG 14