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Redeveloped Division Initiated Self-Learning Module

Department of Education i– Division of Palawan

Biology 1 – Grade 12
Redeveloped Division Initiated - Self-Learning Module
Quarter 2 – Module 4: Cellular Respiration
Second Edition, 2021

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Redevelopment Activity
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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your
studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are
carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you
discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell
you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or
your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you
need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our
facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your
home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a
separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully
before performing each task

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 Biology 1
Second Quarter Cellular Respiration
Week 3

MELCs:
1. Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration. STEM_BIO11/12 lla-j
2. Explain the major features and sequence of the chemical events in cellular respiration.
STEM_BIO11/12 lla-j-7

Objectives:
1. To give the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respirations.
2. To explain the major features of chemical events in cellular respiration.
3. To trace the sequence of chemical events occurs in cellular respiration.
4. To appreciate cellular respiration occurs in an organism.

What I Know
Find out how much you have already known about the lesson by taking the short test below.
Take note of the questions that you find difficult to answer and look for the correct answer as you go
through this module.
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on
a separate sheet of paper.
1. The process of using food molecules to harness energy is called ________________.
A. metabolism C. natural selection
B. cellular respiration D. photosynthesis

2. A heterotroph obtains its energy from _____________________.

A. solar energy C. eating other organisms
B. microorganism D. All are correct

3. The stage that produces the greatest number of ATP is _______________________.

A. Glycolysis C. Krebs cycle
B. fermentation D. electron transport chain

4. Which causes the cramps you experience during heavy exercise?

A. Glycolysis C. Alcoholic fermentation
B. Chemiosmosis D. Lactic fermentation

5. All of the following are products of cellular respiration EXCEPT:

A. Glucose C. Adenosine triphosphate
B. Water D. Carbon dioxide
6. What are the products of anaerobic respiration?
A. Carbon monoxide
B. Carbon dioxide and water

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 C. Lactic acid and ethanol
D. Glucose and oxygen

7. What type of respiration requires oxygen?

A. Aerobic B. Anaerobic

8. Which is the correct equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?

A. glucose→ lactic acid
B. glucose + lactic acid → water
C. glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide
D. glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide and water

9. What part of the cell does aerobic respirations take place?

A. Nucleus C. Mitochondria
B. Cell membrane D. Ribosomes

10. During hard exercise, what causes an oxygen debt?

A. A build up lactic acid
B. A buildup of carbon dioxide
C. A build up oxygen
D. A build up ATP

11. Pyruvic acid is the product of _________________________.

A. Calvin cycle C. Krebs cycle
B. Glycolysis D. Photosynthesis

12. Which of these is a difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans?
A. Aerobic respiration releases less energy than anaerobic respiration.
B. Aerobic occurs in the presence of oxygen while anaerobic does not.
C. Aerobic respiration produces ethanol but anaerobic does not.
D. Glucose is completely broken down in aerobic but not in anaerobic respiration.

13. Which of the following statement is false?

A. Glycolysis occurs with or without oxygen.
B. Glycolysis occurs in mitochondria.
C. Glycolysis produces 2 ATPs and 2 pyruvates.
D. Glycolysis is the breaking down of sugar.
E. It produces the cells needed for growth, development, and tissue repair.

14. Which stage of cellular respiration is anaerobic?

A. Glycolysis C. Electron transport chain
B. Krebs cycle D. All the answers are correct.

15. A product of glycolysis that is consumed in alcoholic fermentation.

A. CO2 C. NADH2
B. ATP D. FADH2

What is It
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 Hi, STEM learners! Did you know that there are two types of respiration? Let us start our
discussion:

1. Cellular Aerobic Respiration- has 3 stages as follow:

Stage 1: Glycolysis is a series of

reactions in which glucose is degraded to
pyruvate, a net profit of 2ATPs, hydrogen atoms
are transferred to carrier can proceed aerobically.
Glucose, ATP, NAD+ + Pi are the starting
materials with the end products of pyruvate, ATP
and NADH.

Stage 2: Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs

cycle is where pyruvate is degraded and
combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl COA,
hydrogen atoms are transferred to carriers CO 2 is
released. Series of reaction in which the acetyl Image Credit: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BUTDYnt-
portion of acetyl COA is degraded to CO2, awQ/T0K_tT9_NVI/AAAAAAAAAAk/kkLMARSEdNs/s1600/mitoch
ondria.jpg
Hydrogen atoms are transferred to carriers, ATP
is synthesized. Pyruvate, NAD ++, FAD+, H2O,
ADP+, Pi are the starting materials with the end products of CO2, NADH, FADH2 and 2ATP.

Stage 3: Electron transport chain, a chain of several electron molecules is passed along chain,
released energy is used to form a proton gradient, ATP is synthesized as protons diffuse down the
gradient. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. O 2, NADH, FADH, ADP, Pi are the starting materials
with end products of NAD+, FAD+, ATP and H2O.

2. Cellular Anaerobic respiration follows glycolysis but when there is no enough oxygen to continue,
fermentation process occurs. In Lactic acid fermentation pyruvic, NADH are the starting materials to
produced lactic acid and NAD+. Alcoholic fermentation also uses pyruvic acid, NADH to produce
alcohol, CO2 and NAD+.

3. Cellular respiration follows different metabolic pathways.

Aerobic Pathway - is the pathway of obtaining energy also known as cellular respiration that
requires the use of oxygen. It consists of three stages and occur in the specific locations and in particular
order.
1. Glycolysis - The first stage of aerobic pathway, glycolysis from glycol meaning “sugar and lysis
meaning “to split. It occurs in the cytoplasm. It does not require oxygen. It begins by breaking
down of glucose from food, after passing through a series of enzyme controlled reactions. The
six carbon glucose molecule is broken down to two three carbon molecules. The process
continues until the formation of two three-carbon compound called pyruvate molecules, which
results in the release of 2ATP. The three-carbon pyruvate leaves the cytoplasm and enters the
mitochondrion.

Given this equation: Glucose + 2ATP + 2NAD+ → 4ATP + 2NADH+ 2 pyruvate

Glycolysis
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 Image Credit:

2. Krebs cycle – also known as citric acid cycle. It starts with the end product of glycolysis. The
pyruvates are acted upon by the enzymes and converted it into two carbon acetyl molecules. The
remaining carbon and oxygen atoms reorganized and released CO 2. During these reactions, the
remaining hydrogen are removed from the pyruvate and their electrons are carried by the
electron carriers NAD+ to form NADH while Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) picks up
electrons to form
FADH. Only a small
amount of energy
(2ATP) is formed
during this cycle.
Pyruvic acid + 4NAD+ + FAD+ + 2H2O + ADP+ + Pi
Given this equation: → 3CO2 + 4NADH2 +FADH2 + 2ATP

Krebs Cycle

3. Electron transport
Image Credit: chain – the third part of the process
https://bio.libretetxs.org/bookshelves/introductory-and also involves
general biology-Krebs cycle series of enzyme-
controlled reactions that transfer energy present in hydrogen electrons to ATP. The energy
carried by NADH and FADH2 is use to generate ATP. In the mitochondrion are iron-containing
enzymes called cytochrome. The energy-rich electrons are transported from one cytochrome to
the next and the energy is used to pump hydrogen ions from one side of the membrane to the
other. This results in a higher concentration of hydrogen ions on one side, thus a proton gradient
builds up. As the hydrogen ions pass the channels, the ATP synthase speeds up the formation of
ATP molecules, a total of 32 molecules are formed from the electrons. The hydrogen ions bond
to oxygen to form water.

Given the equation:

6O2 + 8NADH + 4FADH2 + 32ADP → 8 NAD+ + 4FAD + 32ATP + 12H2O

Electron Transport Chain

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 Image Credit: https://chelseahariipersad.wordpress.com/tag/the-electron -transport-chain/

The resulting products of cellular respiration are:

 Carbon dioxide produced from the breakdown of pyruvate form Krebs cycle
 Water from the electron transport chain
 A net gain of 38 ATP molecules for every glucose molecule (2 from glycolysis, 2 from Krebs
cycle and 34 from electron transport chain).

Anaerobic Pathway – is a glucose break down without oxygen, the chemical reactions that
transfer energy from glucose to the cell. The process involves glycolysis and fermentation which allows
glycolysis in the absence of oxygen.

1. Glycolysis – the first step similar to aerobic pathway where the end product is three- carbon
pyruvate and 2ATP molecules. Glycolysis produces high energy electron to convert NAD+
to NADH. In order for glycolysis to continue, NADH must be converted back to NAD that is
where the process of fermentation occurs.
2. Fermentation – enables cells to carry out energy production in the absence of oxygen. In
bacteria many different organic molecules serve as the final electron acceptor.

There are two pathways:

a. Lactic Acid Fermentation – pyruvate which is the product of glycolysis is change into
lactic acid. Lactic acid is produced in muscles during rapid exercise when the body
cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues to produce ATP. The build-up of lactic acid
causes burning painful sensation in your muscles. During vigorous exercise like running,
swimming, your muscles run out of oxygen that results to the accumulation of lactic acid
causing muscle sore.

b. Alcoholic fermentation – another type of fermentation occurs in yeasts and a few

microorganisms. Pyruvic acid is broken down to produce carbon dioxide and alcohol.
Alcoholic fermentation is important to bakers and brewers. The carbon dioxide produced
by yeasts causes the dough to form and form air spaces in our slice of bread. The carbon
dioxide released during fermentation is the result of bubbles and sparkling to beverages.
To brewers, alcohol is the byproduct of fermentation.

Look at the differences between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration below:

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 Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Set of chemical reactions involved in the Chemical breakdown of organic substraters into
production of energy by completely oxidizing ethanol or lactic acid by microorganism in the
food presence of oxygen
Occurs in both cytoplasm and mitchondria Occurs in the cytoplasm
Occurs in higher animals and plants Occurs in yeast,parasites and bacteria
Uses molecular oxygen as the final electron Does not use oxygen but can use nitrate ions,
acceptor in the electron transport chain sulfate ions or carbon dioxide

Produces six water molecules per glucose

Does not produce water
molecule
NAD+ regenaration occurs in the electron NAD+ regenaration occurs during the partial
transport chain oxidation of pyruvate

ATP is produced during NAD+ regenaration ATP is not produced during NAD+ regenaration

Glucose is completely broken down into carbon Glucose is incompletely oxidized either into
dioxide and oxygen ethanol and lactic acid
36 ATP is produced 2 ATP is produced

Now, you are ready to answer the following activities.

What I Can Do

Activity 1. Label Me

Directions: Trace the location and sequence of the chemical events in cellular respiration. You can
review the discussion part to verify your answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

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 Image Credit: http://freebiologyschool.blogspot.com/2012/11/bio-106-unit-3-cell-biology-test-part-4.html

Activity 2 Wonder Why

Directions: Fill in the table below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Types of Cellular
Metabolic Pathways Reactants Products
Respiration
Glycolysis

Krebs cycle

ETC

What’s More

The next activity will help you find out what else you need to know about the differences
between aerobic and aerobic respiration.
Activity 3 Do you know me?

Directions: Identify the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

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 Differences Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

Result of chemical reaction

Location in the cell
Type of organism occurs
Final electron acceptor

Molecules of water produced

NAD+ regeneration
Production of ATP
Oxidation of glucose
Number of ATP produced

Activity 4. Think More

Directions: Briefly answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. How does cellular respiration related to breathing?

__________________________________________________________________________

2. What will happen if cellular respiration does not occur properly inside the body?
__________________________________________________________________________

3. Why do all organisms need ATP?

__________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Let’s check what you have gained from the lesson by doing the next activity.

Activity 5. Sum Up

Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What are the 3 phases of cellular respiration process?

1. ________________________
2. ________________________

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 3. ________________________

2. Where glycolysis occurs in a cell?

_____________________________________________________________

3. Where Krebs (Citric Acid) cycle occur in a cell?

_____________________________________________________________

4. Where electron transport occur in a cell?

_____________________________________________________________

5. In which phase of cellular respiration is carbon dioxide made?

_____________________________________________________________

6. In which phase of cellular respiration is water made?

_____________________________________________________________

7. In which phase of cellular respiration is oxygen a substrate?

_____________________________________________________________

8. What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme for one step of the process
were missing or defective?
_____________________________________________________________

Assessment

Directions: Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
A. Citric acid cycle
B. Glycolysis
C. Fermentation
D. Oxidative phosphorylation

2. Which of the following are the two types of fermentation that can occur during anaerobic
fermentation?
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 A. Glycolysis and fermentation
B. Lactic and oxygen
C. Aerobic and anaerobic
D. Alcohol and lactic acid fermentation

3. What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A. Aerobic respiration needs oxygen to occur while anaerobic does not.
B. Anaerobic respiration needs oxygen to occur, while aerobic does not.
C. Aerobic respiration creates oxygen while anaerobic does not.
D. Aerobic respiration needs carbon dioxide to occur while anaerobic does not.

4. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in your muscles after workout because your cells are struggling to
get ______________.
A. Glucose C. Oxygen
B. Sunlight D. water

5. What is one of the reactants of cellular respiration?

A. Energy
B. Glucose
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Water

6. What part of the cell does aerobic respirations take place?

A. Nucleus C. Mitochondria
B. Cytoplasm D. Cell membrane

7. Glycolysis is responsible for breaking glucose down into what?

A. CO2 B. H2O C. Acetyl COA D. 2 pyruvic acids

8. Many different chemical reactions occur during cellular respiration. It is a process that requires
certain resources to get started and in turn it produces resources when it is finished, why do
organisms perform cellular respiration? What is the main purpose?
A. To make H2O from CO2. C. To create much needed O2.
B. To harvest energy from food. D. To create glucose.

9. In each phase of cellular respiration there is a certain amount of chemical energy harvested in the
form of ATP. How many molecules of ATP can we harvest from 1 molecule of glucose?
A. 32 B. 23 C. 2 D. 4

10. During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid molecules are broken down to harvest 2 ATPs. What is created
and released as a byproduct of this reaction?
A. CO2 B. H2O C. Neither of these D. Both of these

11. When an organism is in low oxygen situation, such as running sprints, cellular respiration ceases
and the organism must use a different metabolic pathway for creating energy without oxygen, what
do you call this process?
A. Acidification B. Hydrolysis C. FermentationD. Citric acid cycle

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12. Many electrons are excited during the first two phases of cellular respiration. these electrons ride on
a special electron carrier and are dropped off at the electron transport chain. These electrons travel
down the ETC and eventually get oxidized, once this happens, O 2 gets converted into
_____________.
A. C6H12O6 B. H2O C. CO2 D. O2

13. When oxygen is present, a pyruvate enters the second stage of aerobic respiration, which is the
formation of acetyl coenzyme A. Which of the following is true about the process?
A. Carbon dioxide is a product C. Acetyl coenzyme A is a 3 carbon
B. Oxygen is a reactant D. Acetyl coenzyme A is a 2 carbon

14. Oxygen plays a vital role in the electron transport chain because it is the ______ electron acceptor.
A. first B. second C. third D. last

15. In order to produce a molecule of adenosine triphosphate, oxygen must be present.

A. True B. False C. Maybe D. Slight

Answer Key

Assessment What I Know What I Can Do

1. C 1. B
2. D 2. C Activity 2
3. A 3. D 1. Glycolysis - aerobic/ anaerobic
4. C 4. D 2. Krebs cycle - aerobic
5. A 5. A 3. ETC – aerobic
6. C 6. C
7. D 1. Glycolysis - glucose, ATP, NAD+, Pi → pyruvate, ATP, NADH
7. A

Activity 1-Label Me

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 Activity 4: Rubrics
What’s More Grammar/
Activity Content Timeliness Points
Activity 3. Do You Know Me Creativity

Accurate and Submitted

Aerobic Anaerobic Exemplar
well- on or before 10
grammar
Oxidize food ethanol or lactic acid organized the deadline
Cytoplasm/ cytoplasm
mitochondria yeasts, parasites, bacteria Organize Submitted
With 1-5
Animals/plants nitrate, sulfate ions, CO2 Think with one-two
grammatical 7
Oxygen None More minimal days after
errors
6H20 occur partial oxidation of error the deadline
Occurs in transport pyruvate
With five or
chain Not produced Not organize Submitted a
more 5 and
produced during NAD ethanol/lactic acid and with week after
grammatical below
regeneration 2ATP errors the deadline
errors
carbon dioxide/oxygen
36 ATP

References
Books:

Anna Cherylle Morales, John Donnie A. Ramos. Exploring Life Through Science, General Biology 1,
Phoenix Publishing House

Maria Angelica D. Rea, Mary Zugar M. Dequillo, Jenny Lyn C. Chua General Biology 1 Published and
distributed by Rex Book Store

Kenneth R. Miller, Ph. D, Joseph Levine, Ph. D By Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood cliffs, New Jersey
07632, Biology

Giselle Millete M. Belardo, Yael Avissar, Jung Choi, Jean Desaix, Vladimir Jurukovski, Robert Wise,
Connie Rye, General Biology 1

Online Resources:

Accessed Date August 15, 20221. Retrieved from https://www.expii.com/t/glycolysis-cellular-

respiration-summary-steps-10136

Accessed Date August 15, 2021. Retrieved from https://chelseahariipersad.wordpress.com/tag/the-

electron -transport-chain/

Accessed Date August 15, 2021. Retrieved from https://chem.libretexts.org/course/university-of

Kentucky/uk-lactic-acid-fermentation

Accessed Date August 15, 2021. Retrieved from https://bio.libretetxs.org/bookshelves/introductory-and

general biology-krebs cycle

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