• Describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from
• Describe how magma is formed (magmatism).
• Describe the physical and chemical changes in the rocks
due to changes in pressure and temperature.
• Compare and contrast formation of the different types of
igneous rocks
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Describe how rocks behave under different types of
stress, such as compression, pulling apart and shearing.
• Explain how magma is formed.
• Describe how rocks undergo physical and chemical
weathering.
• Identify the different types of igneous rocks.
REVIEW
What are the three main
types of boundaries?
EXOGENIC PROCESS ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Earth’s surface is
constantly changing.
There are processes Internal processes that
involved in sculpting occur beneath Earth.
Earth’s surface, such as These result in reshaping
weathering, mass wasting, the Earth’s landform
erosion, transportation
and deposition
ENDOGENIC
PROCESSES
” Where does the strength of volcanic eruption
came from?”
ENDOGENIC PROCESS
- are internal process that occur beneath Earth
- process that responsible in reshaping Earth’s landform
There are important endogenic processes that play important
roles in the formation of different landforms. These are:
1. Tectonic processes
2. Volcanism
1. TECTONIC PROCESSES
THEORIES AND PLATE BOUNDARIES
Tectonics: is the study of the process that deforms Earth’s crust
CONTINENTAL DRIFT AND PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
Alfred Wegener suggested that the continents were all originally part of a huge
landmass called PANGAEA that was surrounded by a single ocean,
PANTHALESSA. A few hundred million years ago, Pangaea was supposed to
have begun to break up and the continents slowly drifted to their present
locations.
Wegener said that all continents are moving apart. He noticed that Africa and
South America fir together almost like pieces in a giant jigsaw puzzle.
INTRODUCTION TO PLATE
TECTONICS
https://youtu.be/fzhPmemffII
1. TECTONIC PROCESSES
- one of the major objections to continental drift theory is its
inability to provide mechanism that explains the movement of
continents across the globe.
-Studies in the ocean and earthquakes have provided new insights
in the behavior of lithosphere. This has led to the development of
the Plate Tectonic Theory.
What is a plate?
Figure 1. Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth’s outer shell is divided into large
slabs of solid rock, called “plates,” that glide over Earth’s mantle, the rocky inner
layer above Earth’s core. Earth’s solid outer layer, which includes the crust and
the uppermost mantle, is called the lithosphere
PLATE BOUNDARIES
3 distinct classification of boundaries based on
type of movement
1. Convergent boundary
2. Divergent boundary
3. Transform Fault boundary
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
Figure 2. Convergent boundary occurs when two plates move toward each other. Crust
is destroyed when two plates converge. This is also referred as the subduction zone.
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
TYPES OF CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
OCEANIC –CONTINENTAL CONVERGE : forms trenches, destructive
earthquakes and rapid uplift of mountain ranges , as well as the building of
volcanic arc
OCEANIC-OCEANIC CONVERGENCE : also forms trenches and volcanic arc
CONTINENTAL-CONTINENTAL CONVERGENCE : forms mountain range
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
Figure 3. Three types of convergent plate boundaries.
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
Figure 4. Divergent boundary occurs when two plates move away. Most
divergent boundaries occur along the crest of oceanic ridges. It can also
occur within a continent forming a rift. Continental rifting may initiate
volcanic activity and generate a rift valley.
TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY
Figure 5. Transform fault boundary occurs when plates slide
horizontally past one another. Most transform faults occur within the
ocean basin , but there are few that can be found in continental plates.
TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARY
Figure 6. The San Andres fault is one of few transform faults found on
land. Transform fault commonly affect the active spreading ridges,
producing zigzag plate margins. They are generally defined by shallow
earthquakes
TECTONIC FORCES AND PROCESSES
Rocks amy undergo deformation. Deformation is caused by tectonic
force that results in the change of original shape and size of rocks.
When rock are subjected to stress, they begin to deform. They deform
by:
1. Folding
2. Faulting
FOLDING
Figure 7. Folding occur when rocks are pushed towards each other from
opposite side. Folds are produced by horizontal compressive stresses
such as continent-continent collisions .
FAULTING
Figure 8. Faulting is the fracturing and displacement of brittle rocks
strata along fault plane. Faults are fractures along the crust in which
displacement has occurred.
2. VOLCANISM
Volcanism is one of the endogenic processes. It is
a phenomenon in which materials are erupted
from Earth’s interior onto the surface through
volcanoes.
INTRODUCTION TO VOLCANOES
https://youtu.be/Be7o6BYVOzA
2. VOLCANISM
Figure 9. A volcano is a vent or a series of vents on crust. The vent like
chimney, it is where magma, ash and gases are released. The mouth vent is
referred to as crater.
2. VOLCANISM
Figure 10. About 70% of volcanic activity occurs along a circle subduction
zones in the Pacific Ocean . It is called the “ ring of fire”
ONLINE CLASS:
ACTIVITY 1 (By Section)
https://earth.google.com/
Using the google earth, Identify and locate the active
volcanoes and dormant volcanoes in the Philippines.
ONLINE CLASS
ACTIVITY 2: Check your understanding
Answer the following questions.
1.Will continents come back together and form a
single land mass called supercontinent?
2.Suppose horizontal compressional forces are
acting on two plates, describe what will happen.
You may use illustration.
3.How are volcanic activities related to plate
tectonics?
Submission date: Friday, October 22, 2021 via gmail
RUBRIC:
ONLINE CLASS: ASSIGNMENT:
Make an advance reading on geologic processes and
hazards and answer the following questions.
1. When do geologic process becomes
geologic hazard?
2. Why is the Philippines considered as a
hazard-risk country?
Submission date: Tuesday, October 26, 2021 via gmail
REFERENCES
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geo/chapter/reading-mechanical-weathering/
Textbook: Earth and Life Science, Lilia G. Vengco et.al , 2016, 111-122
Textbook: Earth and Life Science, Joni Albarico, 2016, pp 79-112
A Diagram of Rock Cycle, TMGM,
https://www.google.com/search?q=rock+cycle+diagram&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=bc
CyqXcd2WVwEM%252C9jTHJUT52b6tVM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kRx2NWEAedzyEKP3soSpdyvhb5GuQ&sa=X&sqi=2&pjf=1&ved=2ahUKEwjYhpXv8f_yAhVChv0
HHUBOCVoQ9QF6BAgQEAE#imgrc=bcCyqXcd2WVwEM&imgdii=HBsd25-oMO6vhM
BCCampus, Magma and Magma Formation, https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/3-2-
magma-and-magma-formation/
https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=Awr9Dt1BiW1hFMUAZxJXNyoA;_ylu=
