FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

INTRODUCTION
One of the most important concepts that occupy a central importance in mathematics is that of a
function. In everyday conversation, we may hear people say, “One of the functions of the Department of
Foreign Affairs is to protect the welfare of the OFWs.”
In mathematics the function is used in a different way. It is used to denote a specific type of
correspondence or relationship between the elements of two sets.
In this module, we state mathematically the definition of a function, and we represent how
functions are used to express relationship between two variables.

Lesson 1 Definition of Function

Objectives
Define Domain, Range, Relation, and Function
Determine whether a relation is a function
Identify the Domain and Range of a Function
Pretest
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter on the blank provided before the number.
____ 1.) What is the set of any ordered pairs?
a.) Function c.) Domain
b.) Relation d.) Range
____ 2.) The relation {(4,10), (2,8), (4, –7)} is a function.
a.) YES b.) NO
____ 3.) The domain of the relation for number 1 is ________.
a.) {4, 2, 4} b.) {10, 8, –7}
____ 4.) The range of the relation for number 1 is ________.
a.) {4, 2, 4} b.) {10, 8, –7}
____ 5.) The relation {(1,4), (–7,3), (–1, 2), (8, 4)} is NOT a function.
a.) YES b.) NO
____ 6.) The domain of the relation for number 4 is ________.
a.) {4, 3, 2, 4} b.) {1, –7, –1, 8}
____ 7.) The range of the relation for number 4 is ________.
a.) {4, 3, 2, 4} b.) {1, –7, –1, 8}
____ 8.) The relation {(6, –1), (–7,5), (8, –1), (–2, 0)} is a function.
a.) YES b.) NO
____ 9.) The domain of the relation for number 7 is ________.
a.) {6, –7, 8, –2} b.) {–1, 5, –1, 0}
____ 10.) The range of the relation for number 7 is ________.
a.) {6, –7, 8, –2} b.) {–1, 5, –1, 0}

Review
Let us study the following table below.
PRESIDENT DATE OF BIRTH
Ferdinand E. Marcos September 11, 1917
Corazon C. Aquino January 25, 1933
Fidel V. Ramos March 18, 1928
Joseph E. Estrada April 19, 1937
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo April 5, 1947
Benigno Aquino III February 8, 1960
Rodrigo Duterte March 28, 1945
 The information in the table could be written as: Ferdinand E. Marcos was born on September
11, 1917, Corazon C. Aquino was born on January 25, 1933, Fidel V. Ramos was born on March 18,
1928, Joseph E. Estrada was born on April 19, 1937, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was born on April 5,
1947, Benigno Aquino III was born on February 8, 1960, and Rodrigo Duterte was born on March 28,
1945.
A simpler and clearer way of expressing this relationship is to write a set of ordered pairs:
P = {( Ferdinand E. Marcos, September 11, 1917), (Corazon C. Aquino, January 25, 1933), (Fidel V.
Ramos, March 18, 1928), (Joseph E. Estrada, April 19, 1937), (Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, April 5,
1947), (Benigno Aquino III, February 8, 1960), (Rodrigo Duterte, March 28, 1945)}

The first element in each ordered pair tells the name of the president of the Philippines and the second
element tells his or her birth date. In this way, a set of ordered pairs defines a relation between two
variable quantities. In mathematics, a relation can always be expressed as a set of ordered pairs where
the set of all first coordinates is called domain of the relation and the set of all second coordinates is
called range.

DEFINITIONS
RELATION – any set of ordered pairs.
DOMAIN – the set of all first coordinates of the ordered pairs in a relation.
RANGE – the set of all second coordinates of the ordered pairs in a relation.

Lesson Proper
1. {1, 3, 5, 7} is not a relation because it is not a set of ordered pairs.
2. {{2, 3}, {4, 5}} is not a relation but just a set of pairs.
3. {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} is a relation.
The domain of the relation is {1, 2, 3}.
The range is {4, 5, 6}.
4. Since x + y = 1 can be thought of as a set of ordered pairs like {(0, 1), (1, 0), (2, –1), (3, –2), (4, –3),
(–1, 2), (–2, 3), … } then x + y = 1 is a relation.
The domain of the relation is {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, –1, –2, …}.
The range of the relation is {1, 0, –1, –2, –3, 2, 3, …}.
5. The graph below which shows points on the cartesian plane can be thought of as a set of ordered
pairs: {(–2, –3), (–1, –1), (2, 5), (1, 3), (0, 1)}.

Hence, the graph is a graph of relation.

The domain is {–2, –1, 2, 1, 0}.
The range is {–3, –1, 5, 3, 1}.
6. {(0, 0), (1, 1), (1, –1), (4, 2), (4, –2)} is a relation.
The domain of the relation is {0, 1, 4}.
The range is {0, 1, –1, 2, –2}.
 Notice that in example 3, 4, and 5 each relation is one in which for each first coordinate, there is
exactly one second coordinate. These are special relations which are called functions.
In example 6, the relation states that the first coordinate 1 corresponds to two different second
coordinates, namely 1 and –1. Likewise, the first coordinate 4 corresponds to two different second
coordinates, namely 2 and –2. This relation is not a function.

DEFINITIONS
A function is a relation in which
1. for each first coordinate, there is exactly one second coordinate or
2. for every first element x, there corresponds a unique second element y.

NOTE: Every function is a relation, but some relations are not function.

Exercise #1
Determine which of the following relations are functions. State the domain and range of each relation.
1. {(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2)} Domain: ___________ Range: ___________
2. {(–3, 2), (–4, 2), (–5, 2)} Domain: ___________ Range: ___________
3. {(–6, 0), (–5, 0), (–4, 0)} Domain: ___________ Range: ___________
4. {(10, 11), (11, 12), (11, 10)} Domain: ___________ Range: ___________
5. {(4, 12), (4, 13), (4, 14)} Domain: ___________ Range: ___________

Lesson 2 Representation of Functions

Objective
Represent a function by using:
a. a table or set of ordered pairs of numbers,
b. by mapping,
c. by picture or graph,
d. by equation and
e. by rule or correspondence expressed in words.
Pretest
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter on the blank provided before the number.
____ 1.) Which of the graphs below represents the table?
First Number –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Second Number –6 –3 0 3 6 9
a.) b.)

____ 2.) Which table of numbers represents the graph below?

a.) Rate 0 2 4 6 8 10
Interest 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
b.) Rate 0 2 4 6 8 10
Interest 0 100 300 500 700 900
____ 3.) Given the equation x + y = 7, what is the correct ordered pairs that will satisfy the relation?
a.) (0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 5) c.) (1, 7), (7, 1)
b.) (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2) d.) (0, 7), (1, 6), (2, 5)

____ 4.) What represent the functional relationships below using an equation?
Mia earns P500 an hour. Let E be the earnings and h be the number of hours she works.
a.) E = 500(h) b.) h = 500(E)

Review
A function can be represented by using a table or a set of ordered pairs of numbers, by mapping, by
picture or graph, by equation, and by rule or correspondence expressed in words.

Lesson Proper
1. Lloyd Mikhaile works in VeGas Food House. As a crew, he earns P100 for every hour of service.
a. By using a table or a set of ordered pairs of numbers to represent Lloyd’s earnings
when he works for a certain number of hours, we have
No. of hours (H) 10 11 12 13 14 15
Earnings (E) P1000 P1100 P1200 P1300 P1400 P1500
b. The information in the table can be expressed as a set of ordered pairs of numbers:
{(10, 1000), (11, 1100), (12, 1200), (13, 1300), (14, 1400), (15, 1500)}
c. The information in the table can also be represented by mapping as shown below.

one-to-one correspondence
Arrows are used to show the pairs of a function. In the figure above, the arrow from 10 to P1000
shows that the ordered pair (10, 1000) is an element of the given function. When pictures and arrows are
used in representing a function, the function may be called a mapping.
In the mapping above, each element in H pairs with only one element in E. This kind of pairing is called
one-to-one correspondence. Other kinds of pairing are given below.

In many-to-one correspondence, many (more than one) numbers in X pair with the same
number in Y. For example, 1 and –1 in X are both paired with 1 in Y.
In one-to-many correspondence, one number in X is paired with different numbers in Y. For
example, 1 in X is paired with 2, 3, and 4 in Y.
NOTE: A one-to-one correspondence and a many-to-one correspondence are called functions while
one-to-many correspondence is not.
 Going back to the problem, we can also represent the said function graphically. Graphs are
usually used when there are more pairs of values involved. Graphs show more accurate pictures of the
relationship between the variables than arrow diagrams or mapping. More importantly, we can read
from the graph values that are not found in the table.
Let us graph the ordered pairs: {(10, 1000), (11, 1100), (12, 1200), (13, 1300), (14, 1400), (15, 1500)}

In the graph, the x-coordinate stands for the number

of hours and the y-coordinate, the earnings in pesos.

Can we still add some points in the graph?

Give at least three other points.

d. The table and the graph clearly show the relationship between the earnings and the total
number of hours. That is, the total earnings of Lloyd is P100 times the number of hours
he worked. This is the rule or correspondence expressed in words.
e. In symbols, the rule can be expressed by equation E = 100(h) where h is the number of
hours and E is the total earnings in pesos.

Exercise # 2
Represent the function described by the following rule:
The perimeter of a square is four times the length of its side.

a. Represent the function using table of numbers.

b. Represent the function using ordered pairs.
c. Represent the function by mapping.
d. Represent the function by graph.
e. Represent the function by rule or correspondence expressed in words.

Lesson 3 Testing for a Function

Objectives
Test a Function by matching element in X to element in Y
Use the Vertical Line Test (Y-Test) to identify functions

Pretest
A. Direction: Tell which of the following relations are graphs of functions. Shade your answer

1.) 2.)

YES NO YES NO
3.) 4.)

YES NO YES NO

B. Direction: Determine if the equations represents y as a function of x.

5. y – x2 – 3 = 0 6. x + y2 = 8

YES NO YES NO

Review
Representing functions by sets of ordered pairs is a common practice. But in algebra, it is more
common to represent functions by equations or formulas involving two variables.
If we are given a set of ordered pairs, we can easily determine whether the relation is a function
by simply looking if the first element is used only once in the given set. This is to test a function when
given two sets of numbers, or when given an equation, or when given graphs or illustration. The
following characteristics of a function will help us decide when we test for a function when given two
sets of number or figures.

1. Each element in X must be matched with an element in Y.

2. Some elements in Y may not be matched with any element in X.
3. Two or more elements of X may be matched with the same element in Y.

Lesson Proper
1. Let X = {1, 2, 3} and Y = {a, b, c, d, e}. Determine which of the following sets of ordered pairs
or figures represent a function from set X to set Y.
a. {(1, a), (2, c), (3, e)}
b. {(1, c), (3, b)}
c. d.

Solution:
a. The collection of ordered pairs represents a function from X and Y since each element in X is
matched with exactly one element in Y.
b. The collection of ordered pairs does not represent a function from X and Y because not all
elements in X is matched with the elements in Y.
c. The figure represents a function from X to Y because all the elements in X are matched with the
same element in Y. Note that it doesn’t matter that each eleement in X matched with the same
element in Y.
d. The figure does not represent a function since the element in X is matched with two elements a
and b in Y. Likewise, 3 is matched with two elements in Y.
2. Determine which of the following equations represents y as a function of x.
a. y – x2 + 1 = 0
b. y2 + 1 = x
Solution:
In both cases, we solve for y in terms of x to determine whether y is a function of x.
a. Solving for y, we have
y – x2 + 1 = 0
y = x2 – 1
This implies that for each values of x there corresponds exactly on value for y. Therefore, y is a function of x.
b. Solving for y, we obtain
y2 + 1 = x
y2 = x + 1
y = ±√𝑥 − 1
The ± means that for a given value of x there corresponds two values for y. Therefore, y is not function of x.

THE VERTICAL LINE TEST “Y-TEST”

To determine whether an equation or in inequality in two variables is a function or not, hold the
value of the variable x to some values; then find out if you can obtain two values for y. if you can, then
the equation or inequality is not a function but merely a relation.

3. Which of the graphs below represent y as a function of x?

Solution:
We use the “Vertical Line Test” to determine which graphs represent y as a function of x. A graph
represents a function if no vertical line intersects the graph at more than one point.
a. It is not a graph of y as a function of x since we can find a vertical line that intersects the graph
twice.
b. It is a graph of y as a function of x since every vertical line intersects the graph at exactly one
point.
c. It is a graph of y as a function of x since every vertical line intersects the graph at exactly one
point.
d. It is a graph of y as a function of x since the vertical line does not intersect the graph in more
than one point. This means thathe function is defined for this value of x.
Exercise # 3
A. Direction: Determine which of the following sets of ordered pairs or figures represent a function from M to N.
M = {a, b, c, d} and N = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}
1. {(a, 2), (b, 1), (c,–1), (d, 0)}
2. {(a, –1), (c,0), (b, 1)}
3. {(a, 0), (b, 0), (c,0), (d, 0)}
4. 5.

B. Direction: Graph the relation represented by each of the following and tell whether the relation is a function.
6. {(–3, 3), (–2, 2), (–1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}
7. {(0, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (3, –5), (4, –4), (0,–6)}
8. {(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 8), (4, 16)}
9. {(4, 8), (3, 4), (1, 1), (–1, 1), (–2, 2)}
10. {(5, 3), (5, –3), (0, 2), (0, –2), (3, 1), (3, –1), (4, 0)}

C. Direction: Tell which of the following relations are graphs of functions.

D. Direction: Determine if the equations represents y as a function of x.

16. x2 + y2 = 1 17. x2 + y = 6 18. 3x + 2y = 12

19. y2 = x2 – 3 20. x = y2