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What Are The Evaluation of Drugs? 11.3. Microscopical Evaluation

1. Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs from natural sources. Evaluation of drugs ensures identification and determines quality and purity by assessing organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological parameters. 2. Extraction is the process of isolating soluble material from an insoluble residue using a solvent, based on the physical nature of the crude drug. Mass transfer involves the transfer of soluble material from the solid drug particles to the solvent. Factors like agitation, temperature, and size reduction impact extraction efficiency. 3. Crude drugs contain both active constituents that can be isolated through extraction methods, as well as inert constituents.

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77 views3 pages

What Are The Evaluation of Drugs? 11.3. Microscopical Evaluation

1. Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs from natural sources. Evaluation of drugs ensures identification and determines quality and purity by assessing organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological parameters. 2. Extraction is the process of isolating soluble material from an insoluble residue using a solvent, based on the physical nature of the crude drug. Mass transfer involves the transfer of soluble material from the solid drug particles to the solvent. Factors like agitation, temperature, and size reduction impact extraction efficiency. 3. Crude drugs contain both active constituents that can be isolated through extraction methods, as well as inert constituents.

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heyyo gg
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1.

Define Pharmacognosy colour, odour, taste, size, shape, and special


features, such
as: touch, texture, etc.
2. What are the evaluation of drugs?
11.3. MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION
Evaluation of a drug ensures the identity of
a drug and determines the quality and Microscopic evaluation is indispensable in
purity of drugs. The main reasons behind the initial identification[n
the need for evaluation of crude drugs are
of herbs, as well as in identifying small fra]
biochemical variation in the drug, effect of
[gments
treatment and storage of drugs, and the
adulterations and substitutions. of crude or powdered herbs, and in the
detection of adulterants
Improvements in analytical methods have
definitely (e.g. insects, animal faeces, mold, fungi,
etc.) as well as
led to improvements in harvesting
schedules, cultivation identifying the plant by characteristic tissue
features
techniques, storage, activity, stability of
active compounds,
and product purity. All of these gains have 11.4. CHEMICAL EVALUATION
resulted in tremendous
The chemical evaluation includes qualitative
improvements in the quality of herbal chemical tests,
preparations
quantitative chemical tests, chemical
now available. assays, and instrumental
Methods currently employed in evaluating analysis. The isolation, purification, and
herbs are identification
organoleptic, microscopic, physical, of active constituents are chemical methods
chemical, and biological of evaluation.
parameters.
11.2. ] EVALUATION 11.5. PHYSICAL EVALUATION

Organoleptic evaluation means the study of In crude plant evaluation, physical methods
drugs using are often used

organs of senses. to determine the solubility, specific gravity,


optical rotation,
It refers to the methods of analysis like
viscosity, refractive index, melting point,
water content,
degree of fibre elasticity, and other physical process may be liquid—liquid or solid—
characteristics liquid extraction.
of the herb material.
11.6. BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION The process of extraction is controlled by
mass transfer.
The plant or extract can then be evaluated
by various Mass transfer is a unit operation, which
involves the transfer
biological methods to determine
pharmacological activity, of mass of soluble material from a solid to a
fluid. If a
potency, and toxicity.
crude drug panicle is immersed in a solvent
to be used for
3. Differentiate active constituents and inert
extraction, the particle is first surrounded
constituents
by a boundary
layer of the solute; the solvent starts
penetrating inside the
particle and subsequently forms solution of
the constituents
4. Define crude dr[ugs
within the cells. Escape of these dissolved
he crude drug contains the active
constituents
constituents, which
through the cell wall and through the
can be isolated from these drugs by various
boundary layer takes
methods of
place. The process is continued till
extraction and separation.
equilibrium is set up
between the solution in the cells and the
5. Define extraction free solution.

Extraction is defined as the process of Few important factors, which affect the
isolation of soluble material from an mass transfer are
insoluble
agitation and temperature that increase the
residue, which may be liquid or solid, by concentration
treatment with a solvent on the basis of the
gradient to bring about an efficient
physical nature of crude drug to be
extraction. Size reduction
extracted, i.e. liquid or solid, the extraction
of the crude drug increases the area over
which diffusion
can occur. Overall extraction is also
dependent on
the selection of the method

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