Electronically

Controlled
Engine System
 Basic structure of computer
controlled engine systems

Sensors Actuators
 Functions of computer
controlled engine system
 Electronic fuel injection (EFI)
 Electronic ignition control
 Idle speed control
 Diagnostic function
 Fail-safe function
 Back-up function, etc
 Types of Electronic
fuel injection (EFI)
 Based on the way of sensing amount of
intake air
 D-EFI
 L-EFI
 K-EFI
 Based on location and no of injector
 Throttle body (single point injection)
 Port (multi point injection)
 Based on mixture formation
 External (manifold/indirect injection)
 Internal (direct injection)
ECU electrical circuitry
 ECU power supply
 ..electrical circuitry
continued..
 Constant volt (VC) circuitry
 ..electrical circuitry
continued..
 Ground circuitry
 Sensors
 Converts a physical/chemical condition
into an electrical signal
 Is a transducer
 Transduce:
 to change from one form to another
 Sensor requirements
 High reliability
 Low manufacturing cost
 Severe operating conditions
 Low volume
 High accuracy
Sensor Classifications

 Sensors can be classified into two

general categories:
 Active sensors
 Passive sensors
 Active Sensor
 Produces its own voltage signal internally
 The signal is fed to the computer for
analysis
 Examples; thermocouple, zirconia type O2
sensor, magnetic inductance,
piezoelectric
 Passive Sensor
 Variable resistance sensor
 Reference voltage is fed to the sensor
from the computer
 Sensor resistance varies with changes in
a condition
 temperature, pressure, motion, etc
 As sensor resistance changes, the
voltage signal sent back to the computer
changes
 Examples; potentiometer, thermistor,
piezoresistor, switch
Sensor types
 Sensor application
 Flow rate
 Pressure
 Position (travel/angle)
 Temperature
 Speed
 Gas/concentration
 Acceleration and vibration
 Torque/force, etc…
 Air flow meter
 Used with L-type EFI for sensing the
amount of intake air.
 Are three types
 Volume air flow meter
Vane/flap type
Optical Karman vortex type
 Mass air flow meter
hot wire type
 Air flow...
 The intake air volume signal is used to
calculate the basic injection duration
and basic ignition advance
 Vane type air flow meter

Construction
 Vane type...
Operating principle
 Vane type...

intake air volume= Vs intake air volume= VB

VC-VS
 Hot wire type air flow meter
 Temperature compensation is not
needed
 Light weight and Compact in size
 No moving parts are used
 Small air flow resistance
 No mechanical parts
 Self cleaning
 Hot wire type...
Operating principle
 Hot wire type..
Electrical circuitry
 Manifold pressure sensor
 Detects the pressure variation of the
intake manifold and converts it to
voltage signal.
Types of pressure sensor
 Strain gauge and piezoresistive
 Variable resistor/potentiometer
 Variable inductance
 Variable differential transformer
 Variable capacitance
MAP sensor
 MAP sensor..
Electrical circuitry
Rail pressure sensor
 Throttle position sensor
 Measures the opening angle of the throttle
valves to detect how much power is
requested by the driver.
 Signal is used by ECU for;
 fuel cut off control (during deceleration or
braking)
 Idle stability
 Power and acceleration enrichment
 Spark advance
 Types of TPS
 Linear or potentiometer type
 Types of TPS
 Point or switch type
 Electronic Throttle Control
(ETC)
 Called derive-by-wire
 Advantages over the conventional cable:
 Reducing the number of moving parts.
 No need of cruise control actuators and
controllers.
 No need of an idle air control valve, etc
 ETC
 Has the following components
 Accelerator pedal position sensor
 Throttle actuator (servomotor)
 Throttle position sensor
 Electronic control unit
 ETC….
 The throttle valve is slightly open by the
spring
 This open or default position is also
called neutral or fail safe position
 Usually it is about 16-20% or 1200-
1500rpm.
Throttle plate position
 Accelerator pedal
position sensor (APP)
 Are two types:
 Cable attached to the accelerator pedal
to operate the APP sensor located under
the hood.
 Accelerator pedal directly actuates the
APP sensor
 Uses two or three sensor
APP sensor
 Throttle body assembly
 The throttle body assembly comprises
the following components
 Throttle plate
 Electric actuator DC motor
 Dual throttle position (TP) sensors
 Gears used to multiply the torque of the
DC motor
 Springs used to hold the throttle plate in
the default location
Throttle body
Electronic throttle body
motor
Throttle body motor
 Throttle position sensor

 Two throttle position sensors are used

 Two sensors are used as a fail-safe
measure and for diagnosis
 The two sensors produce opposite
signals as the throttle plate opens
TP sensor
 Water temperature sensor

 Detects the temperature of coolant

 Made of thermistor
 Signal is used for;
 Injection correction during;
 starting,
 after start,
 warm up,
 acceleration and deceleration
Water temperature..
 Intake air temperature
sensor
 Senses the temperature of the
incoming air and converts in to voltage
signal.
 Engine speed and Crank
angle sensor
 Used to detect the crankshaft angle and
engine speed.
 ECU uses this signal for injection duration,
injection timing and ignition timing.
 The sensor can be located on;
 Crankshaft
 Camshaft
 Distributor
 Types of speed and crank angle
sensors

 Inductive pick up coil

 Hall effect

 Photo couple

 Reed switch and magnetic resistance

 NE and G signal inductive
pick up coils (Toyota)
Located on distributor
 NE and G .....
Circuit diagram and signal wave form
 Determining
ignition/injection timing
Principle of Hall generator
Hall effect
 Hall voltage
Fmag = qvß, and Fele = qE
Fmag = Fele, qvß = qE, E = vß
Vhall = E*W, = Vßw, w = width of
semiconductor
I = Q/t, total Q = nqA(vt), vt = distance
I = nqA(vt)/t = nqAv
V = I/nqA, A = thickness (t) *width (w)
V = I/nqtw, V hall = vßw
Vhall = Ißw/nqtw = Iß/nqt
 Where,
VH = Hall Voltage across top and bottom end of
Strip
I = Current passing through the strip
ß = Magnetic field perpendicular to the current
q = Magnitude of the charge of the charge carriers
in the strip. Normally q = e = 1.602x10 -19 C
t = Thickness of the strip
n = Number of charge carriers per unit volume

For metals: n=1029 electrons per m3 and v=10-6 m/s

For semi-conductors: n=1018 charge carriers per m3 and v=10 m/s
 No of charge carrier (n)
n = pNA
Where, M
Molar mass = M
Density = p
Number of free electron per
mole= avega/mole = NA
Number of free electrons per
volume = n
Hall gene..
Hall gene..
Hall generator..
12V

What is the reading of the

voltmeter when;
A. Air gap is free..........
B. Air gap is occupied
Hall generator...
12V

What is the reading of the

voltmeter when;
A. Air gap is free..........
B. Air gap is occupied
Photo couple
Photo couple (Nissan)
 Photo couple..
Electrical circuit diagram and signal wave form
 Lambda (O2) sensor
 The O2 sensor senses the concentration
of oxygen in the exhaust gas

 The signal is used by ECU for correction

injection
 Combustion
 Is a chemical reaction during which a
fuel is oxidized and a large quantity of
energy is released
 In a complete combustion all the
carbon in the fuel burns to CO2, all the
hydrogen burns to H2O
 Combustion
 The minimum amount of air that supplies
sufficient 02, for the complete combustion
of the fuel is called theoretical air or
stoichiometric air
 Incomplete combustion results in
products that contain HC, CO, etc
 Combustion…
 In practice, it is found that if complete
combustion is to occur, air must be
supplied in an amount greater than
theoretical air
 % theoretical air = 100% + % excess
air
mair m fuel
AF  FA 
m fuel mair
 Excess air

 AFact  AFth 
% excess air     100% 
 AFth 
 Determining
Stoichiometric A/F ratio
 Example 1:- CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
 17.2 kg of air is needed for 1 kg of
methane
 Theoretical air to fuel ratio is 17.2:1
 Example 2:- C3H8 + O2 CO2 +H2O
 15.6 kg of air is required for 1 kg of
propane
 A/F ratio 15.6:1
 Stoichiometric A/F ratio
 Determine the air-fuel ratio for the
complete combustion of the following
fuels; a) with theoretical air b) with 50%
excess air.
15:1
 Octane (C8H18)
 Butane (C4H10) 15.4:1
 Benzene (C6H6) 13.2:1
 Cyclohexane (C6H12) 14.7:1
 Lambda (ƛ)
 Air ratio (ƛ) is Greek letter witch is used
to denote equivalence ratio.

 ƛ = 0.95 – 0.85 maximum power

 ƛ = 1.1 – 1.2 minimum fuel consumption
 ƛ = 0.9 – 1.1 best possible low fuel
consumption with high power output
Lambda closed loop control
 Open loop operation
 Engine starting
 Cold engine operation
 Moderate to heavy load operation
 Acceleration and deceleration
 During open loop operation, the ECU
ignores information from the lambda
sensor and uses other sensors for
injection duration calculassions
 Types of O2 sensor
1. Narrow-band:- is two step sensor
which is either rich or lean
o 0.45 v is switching value
o Above 0.45 v = rich
o Below 0.45 v = lean
o Zirconia / titania
 Types of O2…
2. Wide –band:-has the ability to detect a
ratio from as rich as 10:1 to as lean as
23:1
 It is also called;
o Broad-band sensor
o Air-fuel ratio sensor
o Lean-air fuel sensor, etc..
Operating principle
 Zirconia element

This sensor behaves very similar to a single cell

battery. The electrodes act as the positive (+) and
negative (-) plates, and the zirconium dioxide element
acts as the electrolyte.
 Zirconia ..
Operating Characteristics
Zirconia ..
 Zirconia
Electrical circuitry
Titania element
 Titania...
Electrical circuitry
 Knock sensor
 Used to sense abnormal engine
vibration caused by engine knock
 Signal used by ECU to retard ignition
timing
 Operates with piezoelectric effect
Knock sensor..
 Knock sensor..
Electrical circuit diagram and signal wave form
Knock sensor..
 Other sensors
 Starter signal
 Neutral start switch signal
 Air conditioner signal
 Electrical load signal
 Oil pressure switch
 Stop lamp switch
 Accelerator pedal position sensor
 Fuel control switch e.t.c......