Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.

Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication

Shoubra 2013-2014
--------------------------------------------------------------
(a) The exact expression
(b) Kraus’ approximate formula

10. A uniform plane wave is traveling in the positive z-direction. Find the
polarization (linear, circular, or elliptical), sense of rotation (CW or
CCW), axial ratio (AR), and tilt angle τ (in degrees) when
(a) Ex =Ey, ∆φ=φy−φx =0
(b) Ex ≠Ey, ∆φ=φy−φx =0
(c) Ex =Ey, ∆φ=φy−φx =π/2
(d) Ex =Ey, ∆φ=φy−φx =−π/2
(e) Ex =Ey, ∆φ=φy−φx =π/4
(f) Ex =Ey, ∆φ=φy−φx =−π/4
(g) Ex =0.5Ey, ∆φ=φy−φx =π/2
(h) Ex =0.5Ey, ∆φ=φy−φx =−π/2
Inall cases, justify the answer.

Dr. Gehan Sami

Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2013-2014
--------------------------------------------------------------

Good Luck
Dr. Gehan Sami
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------
Sheet (2)... (Solution)
1. A hypothetical isotropic antenna is radiating in free-space. At a distance of
100 m from the antenna, the total electric field (Eθ) is measured to be 5 V/m.
Find the
(a) Power density (Wrad)
(b) Power radiated (Prad)

2. Estimate the directivity of an antenna with ӨHP = 2º and ΦHP=1º.

41253 41253
D approximate =   20627.
 HP HP 2 *1
3. Find the number of square degrees in the solid angle Ω on a spherical
surface that is between (θ=20o and θ=40o), and (φ=30o and φ=70o).
70 40
180
Ω =  d  sin  d .= (70-30)*( ) * (Cos ) 4020 = 398.17 deg2.
30 20


4. The radiation intensity of antenna is given by U=BoCosθ. U exists

only in the upper hemisphere, Find
a. The exact directivity.
b. The approximate directivity.
c. The decibel difference.
U =Un =Pn =Cosθ.
4 4
(a) Dexact = 22 = = 4.
 Cos 2 

 Cos  Sindd (2)( )0 2

2
00

Dr. Gehan Sami

M.M. Elsherbini
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------
4 4 4 41253
(b)D approximate = .= = | =
2 sr
|deg2.
 HP HP  HP HP ( HP ) ( HP ) 2
We calculate θmax  (Cosθmax =1) at θmax = 0o ,
1
We calculate θh  ( Cosθh= ) θh=60o
2
θHP = 2*|θmax-θh| = 2*|0o -60o | = 120o
41253 41253
so : Dapprox. = | .= =
2 deg2
 2.86 .
( HP ) (120) 2
4
(c) Decibel difference = 10 log = 1.46db.
2.86

5. An antenna has a field pattern given by E (θ) = cos2θ , For

0≤ θo ≤ 90o. Find the beam area of this pattern.
2  / 2 /2
4 1 5
1- Exact...  A   0 Cos  sin  d d = -2Π* ( Cos  ) 0 = 1.26Sr.
0
5
2- Approximate…  A   HP HP . = (  HP )2
To obtain θHP… we must firstly calculate  max , θh
2
To Obtain θmax... the angle of which Pn =E n maximum.
It occurs when cos2θ=1 ... at θmax = 0o.
1 1
To obtain θh… the angle of which Pn = . (Or En= ).
2 2
1
It occurs when cos2θh= .
2
So: θh=32.76o  33o.
Now: θHP=2*|  max - θh|= 2*|0-33|=66o.
So:  A  (  HP )2=(66)2=4356 deg2=4356*(Π/180)2=1.33Sr.

6. The normalized field pattern of an antenna is given by E(θ)=sinθsinφ.

En has a value only for 0≤ θ ≤ Π & 0≤ φ ≤ Π, and zero elsewhere , Find
a. The exact directivity.
b. The approximate directivity.
c. The decibel difference.

Dr. Gehan Sami

M.M. Elsherbini
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------
4 4
(a) Dexact =  =  
=
3 2 (1  Cos 2)
 Sin Sin dd
0 0
2
0 sin  * (1  Cos  )d 0 2
d

4 4

= =
 Sin 2   Cos 3 
(  ) 0  ( Sin d  SinCos 2d ) ( )[(Cos ) 0  ( )0 ]
2 2 0
2 3
4
 6.
 4
( )( )
2 3
4
(b).. D approximate = .
 HP HP
We calculate θmax  (Sinθmax =1..(max )) at θmax = 90o ,
We calculate Φmax (SinΦmax =1..(max )) at Φmax = 90o ,

1
We calculate θh  ( Sinθh= ) θh=45o
2
1
We calculate Φh ( SinΦh= )Φh=45o
2

So: θHP = 2*|90-45o| = 90o= (rad)
2
By the same way

We calculate ΦHP=2*|90o -45o|=90o= (rad)
2
4
4
So: D approximate = .=
=5.1.
 HP HP  
( )( )
2 2
6
(C) Decibel difference = 10 log = 0.7db.
5 .1

7. The power radiated by a lossless antenna is 10 watts. The directional

characteristics of the antenna are represented by the radiation intensity of
U=Bocos3θ (watts/unit solid angle) (0≤θ≤π/2, 0≤φ≤2π)
Find the
(a) Maximum power density (in watts/square meter) at a distance of 1,000 m
(assume far-field distance). Specify the angle where this occurs.
(b) Exact and approximate beam solid angle ΩA.
Dr. Gehan Sami
M.M. Elsherbini
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------
(c) Directivity, exact and approximate, of the antenna (dimensionless and in
dB).
(d) Gain, exact and approximate, of the antenna (dimensionless and in dB).

8. Calculate the Dapprox. from the HPBW of a unidirectional antenna if

the power pattern is given by :
E (  ,  ) = 30 Cos2θSin3/2Φ
0≤θ≤Π 0≤Φ≤ Π and zero otherwise.
Then repeat by calculating Dexact for the previous pattern. Finally
calculate the db difference between the exact and approximate
records.
4 4
Dexact=   = 
2 4 3
 E ( ,) * Sindd
n  Cos  * Sin  * Sindd
0 0 0 0
4 4
= 
= 5 
2 4 Cos  
 sin  * (1  Cos  )d  Cos  * Sind ( ) 0  ( Sind  SinCos 2d )
0 0
5 0

Dr. Gehan Sami

M.M. Elsherbini
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------
4 4
= 3
=  23.56
2 Cos   2 4
( )[(Cos ) 0  ( )0 ] ( )( )
5 3 5 3
(b) To calculate D approximate.
We calculate θmax  (Cos2θmax =1..(max )) at θmax = 0o ,
We calculate Φmax (Sin3/2Φmax =1..(max )) at Φmax = 90o ,
1
We calculate θh  ( Cos2θh= ) θh=33o
2
1
We calculate Φh ( Sin3/2Φh= )Φh=52.5o
2
o o
So: θHP = 2*|0-33 | = 66 .
By the same way
We calculate ΦHP=2*|90o -52.5o|=75o
41253
41253
So: D approximate = 
 8.33.
 HP HP 66 * 75
23.5
(c) decibel difference = 10log  4. 5
8.33

9. In target-search ground-mapping radars it is desirable to have echo power

received from a target, of constant cross section, to be independent of its range.
For one such application, the desirable radiation intensity of the antenna is
given by

Find the directivity (in dB) using the exact formula.

Dr. Gehan Sami

M.M. Elsherbini
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------

10.The normalized radiation intensity of a given antenna is given by

(a) U=sinθsinφ, (b) U=sinθsin2φ, (C) U=sin2θsin3φ
The intensity exists only in the 0≤θ≤π, 0≤φ≤π region, and it is zero elsewhere.
Find the
(a) Exact directivity (dimensionless and in dB).
(b) Azimuthal and elevation plane half-power beam widths (in degrees).

Dr. Gehan Sami

M.M. Elsherbini
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------

(C)

11.Find the directivity (dimensionless and in dB) for the antenna of Problem 4
using Kraus’ approximate formula.

(a)

(b)
(c)

12.The normalized radiation intensity of an antenna is rotationally symmetric

in φ, and it is represented by

Dr. Gehan Sami

M.M. Elsherbini
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------

(a) What is the directivity (above isotropic) of the antenna (in dB)?

13.The radiation intensity of an antenna is given by U(θ,φ)=cos4θsin2φ , for

0≤θ≤π/2and0≤φ≤2π(i.e., inthe upper half-space). It is zero in the lower half-
space.

Find the
(a) Exact directivity (dimensionless and in dB)
(b) Elevation plane half-power beam width (in degrees).

Dr. Gehan Sami

M.M. Elsherbini
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------

14.The far-zone electric-field intensity (array factor) of an end-fire two-

element array antenna, placed along the z-axis and radiating into free-space, is
given by

Find the directivity using Kraus’ approximate formula

15. The normalized far-zone field pattern of an antenna is given by

Dr. Gehan Sami

M.M. Elsherbini
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------
Find the directivity using
(a) The exact expression
(b) Kraus’ approximate formula

16.Estimate the directivity for a source with relative field pattern

a. E = Cos2θCosθ. Assume a unidirectional pattern.

b. E = Sin ( Cos ) . Assume 0≤ θ ≤ Π & 0≤ φ ≤2Π.
2
4
(a) Dexact = 

 (Cos2Cos ) 2 * Sindd
0 0

4
= 
 *  (Cos2Cos )2 * Sind
0

Dr. Gehan Sami

M.M. Elsherbini
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------
4 4
=  =
2 2 2 4 2 2
 (2Cos  1) Cos  * Sind  (4Cos   4Cos  1)Cos  * Sind
0 0

4
=  =
6 4 2
 (4Cos   4Cos   Cos  ) * Sind
0
4
7
= 19.1
4Cos  Cos 5 Cos 3 
( 4  )0
7 5 3

4
(b)Dexact=   =
 2
 (Sin ( Cos ) * Sindd
0 0
2
4


2 (Sin2 ( Cos ) * Sindd
0
2
2
= 
2 
 (Sin ( 2 Cos ) * Sindd
0

Let ( Cos ) = x (1)
2
dx  2
So   Sin  Sind = dx  (2)
d 2 
 
Replace (θ from 0 to Π) to (x from to ). By substituting in
2 2
(1).

2  
Dexact=  =  =  =
2 2 2
2 2 2 1
 (Sin (x) *  dx  (Sin (x) * dx  2 (1 Cos2x)dx
  
2 2 2

Dr. Gehan Sami

M.M. Elsherbini
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------

 =2.
1 Sin2x 2
(x  )
2 2 2

(REPORT)
1. The normalized radiation intensity of an antenna is symmetric, and it can
be approximated by

And it is independent of φ. Find the

(a) Exact directivity by integrating the function
(b) Approximate directivity using Kraus’ formula.

2. Repeat Problem 8 when

Dr. Gehan Sami

M.M. Elsherbini
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------

3. The normalized radiation intensity of an antenna is represented by

Find the exact and approximate directivity.

Dr. Gehan Sami

M.M. Elsherbini
Benha University Antennas &Wave Propagation Electrical Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering 4th year communication
Shoubra 2015-2016
--------------------------------------------------------------

Good Luck

Dr. Gehan Sami

M.M. Elsherbini