ASSIGNMENT 1
DATE-31-10-2021
Data encryption standard (DES)
DES is a block cipher and encrypts data in blocks of size of 64 bit each, means
64 bits of plain text goes as the input to DES, which produces 64 bits of cipher
text. The same algorithm and key are used for encryption and decryption, with
minor differences. The key length is 56 bits. Actually, the initial key consists
of 64 bits. However, before the DES process even starts, every 8th bit of the
key is discarded to produce a 56-bit key. That is bit position 8, 16, 24, 32, 40,
48, 56, and 64 are discarded.
DES CODE IN C++
#include <iostream>
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
string hex2bin(string s)
// hexadecimal to binary conversion
unordered_map<char, string> mp;
mp['0'] = "0000";
mp['1'] = "0001";
mp['2'] = "0010";
mp['3'] = "0011";
mp['4'] = "0100";
mp['5'] = "0101";
mp['6'] = "0110";
mp['7'] = "0111";
mp['8'] = "1000";
mp['9'] = "1001";
mp['A'] = "1010";
mp['B'] = "1011";
mp['C'] = "1100";
mp['D'] = "1101";
mp['E'] = "1110";
mp['F'] = "1111";
string bin = "";
for (int i = 0; i < s.size(); i++) {
bin += mp[s[i]];
return bin;
string bin2hex(string s)
// binary to hexadecimal conversion
unordered_map<string, string> mp;
mp["0000"] = "0";
mp["0001"] = "1";
mp["0010"] = "2";
mp["0011"] = "3";
mp["0100"] = "4";
mp["0101"] = "5";
mp["0110"] = "6";
mp["0111"] = "7";
mp["1000"] = "8";
mp["1001"] = "9";
mp["1010"] = "A";
mp["1011"] = "B";
mp["1100"] = "C";
mp["1101"] = "D";
mp["1110"] = "E";
mp["1111"] = "F";
string hex = "";
for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i += 4) {
string ch = "";
ch += s[i];
ch += s[i + 1];
ch += s[i + 2];
ch += s[i + 3];
hex += mp[ch];
return hex;
string permute(string k, int* arr, int n)
string per = "";
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
per += k[arr[i] - 1];
return per;
string shift_left(string k, int shifts)
string s = "";
for (int i = 0; i < shifts; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j < 28; j++) {
s += k[j];
s += k[0];
k = s;
s = "";
return k;
string xor_(string a, string b)
string ans = "";
for (int i = 0; i < a.size(); i++) {
if (a[i] == b[i]) {
ans += "0";
else {
ans += "1";
return ans;
string encrypt(string pt, vector<string> rkb, vector<string> rk)
// Hexadecimal to binary
pt = hex2bin(pt);
// Initial Permutation Table
int initial_perm[64] = { 58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2,
60, 52, 44, 36, 28, 20, 12, 4,
62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22, 14, 6,
64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 24, 16, 8,
57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9, 1,
59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3,
61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 5,
63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15, 7 };
// Initial Permutation
pt = permute(pt, initial_perm, 64);
cout << "After initial permutation: " << bin2hex(pt) << endl;
// Splitting
string left = pt.substr(0, 32);
string right = pt.substr(32, 32);
cout << "After splitting: L0=" << bin2hex(left)
<< " R0=" << bin2hex(right) << endl;
// Expansion D-box Table
int exp_d[48] = { 32, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 1 };
// S-box Table
int s[8][4][16] = { { 14, 4, 13, 1, 2, 15, 11, 8, 3, 10, 6, 12, 5, 9, 0, 7,
0, 15, 7, 4, 14, 2, 13, 1, 10, 6, 12, 11, 9, 5, 3, 8,
4, 1, 14, 8, 13, 6, 2, 11, 15, 12, 9, 7, 3, 10, 5, 0,
15, 12, 8, 2, 4, 9, 1, 7, 5, 11, 3, 14, 10, 0, 6, 13 },
{ 15, 1, 8, 14, 6, 11, 3, 4, 9, 7, 2, 13, 12, 0, 5, 10,
3, 13, 4, 7, 15, 2, 8, 14, 12, 0, 1, 10, 6, 9, 11, 5,
0, 14, 7, 11, 10, 4, 13, 1, 5, 8, 12, 6, 9, 3, 2, 15,
13, 8, 10, 1, 3, 15, 4, 2, 11, 6, 7, 12, 0, 5, 14, 9 },
{ 10, 0, 9, 14, 6, 3, 15, 5, 1, 13, 12, 7, 11, 4, 2, 8,
13, 7, 0, 9, 3, 4, 6, 10, 2, 8, 5, 14, 12, 11, 15, 1,
13, 6, 4, 9, 8, 15, 3, 0, 11, 1, 2, 12, 5, 10, 14, 7,
1, 10, 13, 0, 6, 9, 8, 7, 4, 15, 14, 3, 11, 5, 2, 12 },
{ 7, 13, 14, 3, 0, 6, 9, 10, 1, 2, 8, 5, 11, 12, 4, 15,
13, 8, 11, 5, 6, 15, 0, 3, 4, 7, 2, 12, 1, 10, 14, 9,
10, 6, 9, 0, 12, 11, 7, 13, 15, 1, 3, 14, 5, 2, 8, 4,
3, 15, 0, 6, 10, 1, 13, 8, 9, 4, 5, 11, 12, 7, 2, 14 },
{ 2, 12, 4, 1, 7, 10, 11, 6, 8, 5, 3, 15, 13, 0, 14, 9,
14, 11, 2, 12, 4, 7, 13, 1, 5, 0, 15, 10, 3, 9, 8, 6,
4, 2, 1, 11, 10, 13, 7, 8, 15, 9, 12, 5, 6, 3, 0, 14,
11, 8, 12, 7, 1, 14, 2, 13, 6, 15, 0, 9, 10, 4, 5, 3 },
{ 12, 1, 10, 15, 9, 2, 6, 8, 0, 13, 3, 4, 14, 7, 5, 11,
10, 15, 4, 2, 7, 12, 9, 5, 6, 1, 13, 14, 0, 11, 3, 8,
9, 14, 15, 5, 2, 8, 12, 3, 7, 0, 4, 10, 1, 13, 11, 6,
4, 3, 2, 12, 9, 5, 15, 10, 11, 14, 1, 7, 6, 0, 8, 13 },
{ 4, 11, 2, 14, 15, 0, 8, 13, 3, 12, 9, 7, 5, 10, 6, 1,
13, 0, 11, 7, 4, 9, 1, 10, 14, 3, 5, 12, 2, 15, 8, 6,
1, 4, 11, 13, 12, 3, 7, 14, 10, 15, 6, 8, 0, 5, 9, 2,
6, 11, 13, 8, 1, 4, 10, 7, 9, 5, 0, 15, 14, 2, 3, 12 },
{ 13, 2, 8, 4, 6, 15, 11, 1, 10, 9, 3, 14, 5, 0, 12, 7,
1, 15, 13, 8, 10, 3, 7, 4, 12, 5, 6, 11, 0, 14, 9, 2,
7, 11, 4, 1, 9, 12, 14, 2, 0, 6, 10, 13, 15, 3, 5, 8,
2, 1, 14, 7, 4, 10, 8, 13, 15, 12, 9, 0, 3, 5, 6, 11 } };
// Straight Permutation Table
int per[32] = { 16, 7, 20, 21,
29, 12, 28, 17,
1, 15, 23, 26,
5, 18, 31, 10,
2, 8, 24, 14,
32, 27, 3, 9,
19, 13, 30, 6,
22, 11, 4, 25 };
cout << endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
// Expansion D-box
string right_expanded = permute(right, exp_d, 48);
// XOR RoundKey[i] and right_expanded
string x = xor_(rkb[i], right_expanded);
// S-boxes
string op = "";
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
int row = 2 * int(x[i * 6] - '0') + int(x[i * 6 + 5] - '0');
int col = 8 * int(x[i * 6 + 1] - '0') + 4 * int(x[i * 6 + 2] - '0') + 2 * int(x[i * 6 + 3] - '0') + int(x[i * 6 +
4] - '0');
int val = s[i][row][col];
op += char(val / 8 + '0');
val = val % 8;
op += char(val / 4 + '0');
val = val % 4;
op += char(val / 2 + '0');
val = val % 2;
op += char(val + '0');
// Straight D-box
op = permute(op, per, 32);
// XOR left and op
x = xor_(op, left);
left = x;
// Swapper
if (i != 15) {
swap(left, right);
cout << "Round " << i + 1 << " " << bin2hex(left) << " "
<< bin2hex(right) << " " << rk[i] << endl;
// Combination
string combine = left + right;
// Final Permutation Table
int final_perm[64] = { 40, 8, 48, 16, 56, 24, 64, 32,
39, 7, 47, 15, 55, 23, 63, 31,
38, 6, 46, 14, 54, 22, 62, 30,
37, 5, 45, 13, 53, 21, 61, 29,
36, 4, 44, 12, 52, 20, 60, 28,
35, 3, 43, 11, 51, 19, 59, 27,
34, 2, 42, 10, 50, 18, 58, 26,
33, 1, 41, 9, 49, 17, 57, 25 };
// Final Permutation
string cipher = bin2hex(permute(combine, final_perm, 64));
return cipher;
int main()
// pt is plain text
string pt, key;
cout<<"Enter plain text(in hexadecimal): ";
cin>>pt;
cout<<"Enter key(in hexadecimal): ";
cin>>key;
// Key Generation
// Hex to binary
key = hex2bin(key);
// Parity bit drop table
int keyp[56] = { 57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9,
1, 58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18,
10, 2, 59, 51, 43, 35, 27,
19, 11, 3, 60, 52, 44, 36,
63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15,
7, 62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22,
14, 6, 61, 53, 45, 37, 29,
21, 13, 5, 28, 20, 12, 4 };
// getting 56 bit key from 64 bit using the parity bits
key = permute(key, keyp, 56); // key without parity
// Number of bit shifts
int shift_table[16] = { 1, 1, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2,
1, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 1 };
// Key- Compression Table
int key_comp[48] = { 14, 17, 11, 24, 1, 5,
3, 28, 15, 6, 21, 10,
23, 19, 12, 4, 26, 8,
16, 7, 27, 20, 13, 2,
41, 52, 31, 37, 47, 55,
30, 40, 51, 45, 33, 48,
44, 49, 39, 56, 34, 53,
46, 42, 50, 36, 29, 32 };
// Splitting
string left = key.substr(0, 28);
string right = key.substr(28, 28);
vector<string> rkb; // rkb for RoundKeys in binary
vector<string> rk; // rk for RoundKeys in hexadecimal
for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
// Shifting
left = shift_left(left, shift_table[i]);
right = shift_left(right, shift_table[i]);
// Combining
string combine = left + right;
// Key Compression
string RoundKey = permute(combine, key_comp, 48);
rkb.push_back(RoundKey);
rk.push_back(bin2hex(RoundKey));
}
cout << "\nEncryption:\n\n";
string cipher = encrypt(pt, rkb, rk);
cout << "\nCipher Text: " << cipher << endl;
cout << "\nDecryption\n\n";
reverse(rkb.begin(), rkb.end());
reverse(rk.begin(), rk.end());
string text = encrypt(cipher, rkb, rk);
cout << "\nPlain Text: " << text << endl;
DES OUTPUT-
With input as 2004400000000000 , Key=1111111111111111
