Geometry
B. Solid/Space Geometry
1. Position of Lines in Space
In plane geometry, two lines can be parallel or intersect. But in
space, there is another choice. Two lines can be skew. Skew Lines are
nonintersecting lines that are not parallel.
2. Position of Planes in a Space
In three dimensions, planes are similar to lines in two
dimensions. They can be parallel, or intersect.
3. Polyhedra (Bidang Banyak)
A polyhedron is the union of polygonal regions such that a finite
region of space is enclosed without any holes in the interior.
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Geometry
3-D, but not polyhedral
Not
Has a polygonal
Not
hole closed
Parts of a Polyhedra
The polygonal shapes that
form the polyhedron are vertex
called its faces/sides.
face
The line segments where two
faces meet are its edges.
edge
A point where three or more
edges meet is a vertex
Types of a Polyhedra
A. Prisms
If a polyhedron has identical A n-sided prism has n side-edges
polygonal faces that are opposite and 2n base-edges
each other, then it is a prism
The segments that connect base
side and top side is called side-
edges. The others is called
based-edges.
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Geometry
The opposite, identical side prism. If not, it is called an
of a prism are called its oblique prism.
bases. The other sides are
parallelograms and are
called the lateral sides.
If the lateral sides of a prism
right prism oblique prism
are rectangles, it is a right
Naming Prism
When naming a prism we use two main descriptors. First, we say
whether it is right or oblique, then we say what type of polygon form
the prism’s bases or the number of its lateral sides.
right pentagonal prism oblique rectangular prism
right 5-sided prism oblique 4-sided prism
Formula for Volume and Surface Area of a Prism
Generally, the formula for volume of prism is
V = Area of its base × its height
The height in this formula is the real height not the slant height.
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Geometry
General formula for its surface area is
A = sum of all its sides area
Special Kinds of (Rectangular) Prism
1. Cube
Parts of a Cube
6 flat sides of equal squares
H
(ex: side ABCD) G
12 edges of equal lengths
(ex: edge AB)
E
F
8 vertices (ex: point A)
12 face-diagonals
(ex: segment line AF) D C
4 space-diagonals
(ex: segment line AG) A B
6 diagonal planes
(ex: side ABGH)
Net of a Cube
Formula for Volume and Surface Area of a Cube
The formula for volume of cube is
V = (length of edge)3
And for surface area is
A = 6×(length of edge)2
2. Cuboid (Rectangular Prism)
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Geometry
A rectangular prism has 8
rectangular solid angles, 12
edges, equal and parallel in
fours.
It is bounded by three pairs of
congruent rectangles lying in
parallel planes.
Formula for Volume and Surface Area of a Cuboid
Suppose that we can name the three different edges of cuboid as
length, width, and height. Then, the formula for volume of cuboid is
V = length × width × height
And for surface area is
A = 2×[(length × width) + (length × height) + (width × height)]
Pyramid
A pyramid is a three-
dimensional solid with one
polygonal base and with line
segments connecting the
vertices of the base to a
single point somewhere
above the base.
Naming Pyramid
The lateral sides of a pyramid are triangles. If they are isosceles
triangles, then it is a right pyramid, otherwise it is an oblique
pyramid.
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Geometry
Oblique square pyramid Right pentagonal pyramid
Formula for Volume and Surface Area of a Pyramid
Generally, the formula for volume of prism is
V = (1/3) × Area of its base × its height
The height in this formula also means the real height not the slant
height.
General formula for its surface area also like prism which is
A = sum of all its sides area
Cylinder
A cylinder is a prism in h = height of cylinder
which the bases are circles
or ellips.
The volume of a cylinder is
the area of its base times its
height V r 2h
The surface area of a
cylinder is A 2r 2 2rh
r = length of base’s radius
Types of Cylinder
A cylinder can be right or oblique, and cylinders are named in the
same way as prisms and pyramids
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Geometry
A Right Circular Cylinder An Oblique Elliptical Cylinder
The base is a circle The base is an ellips
Cone
A cone is like a pyramid but A r2 r r2 h2
with a circular base instead of
a polygonal base.
The volume of a cone is one-
third the area of its base
times its height:
1 2
V r h
3
The surface area of a cone is
base surface area + curved
surface area:
A r 2 rs
or
r = length of base’s radius
h = heigth of cone
s = slant height of cone
Page 7
Geometry
Sphere
Page 8
Sphere is the mathematical word for “ball.” It is the set of all points in
space a fixed distance from a given point called the center of the sphere.
4 3
The volume of a sphere is: V r
3
The surface area of a sphere is: A 4r
2
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