“PRA ‘Time Allowed : Three hours Max. Marks: 30 Evaluation Scheme Marks, ‘One Major Experiment Part A (Experiment No- 1,3) ‘One Minor Experiment Part A (Experiment No- 4,5,6) Slide Preparation Part A (Experiment No- 2) Spotting Part B Practical Record + Viva Voce Credit to the students’ work over the Project Record + Viva Voce academic session may be given Total glu} ala}ol alo A: List of Experiments 1. Study and describe a locally available common flowering plant, from any one family: Solanaceae of Liliaceae (Poaceae, Asteraceae or Brassicaceae can be substituted in case of particular geographical location) including dissection and display of floral whorls, anther and ovary to show number of chambers (floral formulae and floral diagrams). 2. Study of distribution of stomata in the upper and lower surfaces of leaves. Separation of plant pigments through paper chromatography. r Sai ‘Study of the rate of respiration in flower buds/leaf tissue and germinating seeds. nee Test for presence of sugar in urine. Test for presence of albumin in urine. B, Study/Observer of the following (spotting) 1. Parts of a compound microscope. 2. Specimens/slides/models and identification with reasons - Bacteria, Oscillatoria, ~ ~=Spirogyra;** Rhizopus, mushisom; dyeasy=HBSewors Smoss; ems, ~pire==one = monocotyledonous plant, one dicotyledonous plant and one lichen. 3. Virtual specimens/slides/models and identifying features of - Amoeba, Hydra, liverfluke, Ascaris, leech, earthworm, prawn, silkworm, honeybee, snail, starfish, shark, rohu, frog, lizard, pigeon and rabbit 4. Tissues and-diversity in shape and size of animal cells (squamous epithelium, smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers and mammalian blood smear) through temporary/permanent slides. 5. Mitosis in onion root tip cells and animal cells (grasshopper) from permanent slides, Practical Examination for Visually Impaired Students Class XI Note: The ‘Evaluation schemes’ and ‘General Guidelines’ for visually impaired students as given for Class XII may be followed. A. Items for Identification/Familiarity with the apparatus / equipments/animal and plant ~ = material / chemicals ete. for assessment in practicals.(All experiments) + Plants of Solanaceae - Brinjal, Petunia, any other or Liliaceae- Any of the Lilies. Mushroom, Succulents such as Aloe vera/Kalanchoe, Raisins, Potatoes Honey comb, Mollusc shell, Model of cockroach, Pigeon and Star fish.Chapter-15: Biodiversity and its Conservation Biodiversity - Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, Sacred Groves, biosphere reserves, national parks, wildlife, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites. Time allowed: 3 Hours Max. MarksEXPERIMENT FOR SPOTTING—1 Study of the Parts of a Compound Microscope ene ee INTRODUCTION Microscope is an instrument which is widely and extensively used in the biology labora- tory. It is used to study the details of objects which are too small to be seen with naked tyes ‘The development of the microscope can be considered to be the most important factor helped tremendously in the advancement of biological sciences. snot ‘A microscope inereases the size of retinal image (Ze, the image formed on the retina of eye) of an object. The ratio of this increased image to that formed on retina of an ies normal eye is termed as magnification of the microscope. The ability of a system (micro. scope) to distinguish two close points as two separate points is called resolving power of thal system. Human eye can discreminate objects which are larger than 100 mm. It means the resolving power of human eye is 100 1 or 0.1 um. The resolving power of a compound micro- scope is 0.3 micron. Thus the compound microscope not only increases the size of an object seen through it, but also resolves its finer details. EXPERIMENT 1 Object. To study the parts of a compound microscope, its proper use and maintenance. REQUIREMENTS Acompound microscope, a permanent slide, practical note book. Compound Microscope Compound microscope is the most commonly used microscope in biology laboratory. It magnifies the objects by the combination of two lens systems—(i) Objective lens lies close to the object and (ii) Hye piece or Ocular lens remains close to the eye. ‘The magnifying power of a lens is written on it as 5X, 10X, 15X, 45X ete. The magnifica- tion of the microscope is the combination of magnifications of the two lens systems. Thus, Magnification of compound microscope = Magnifying power of objective lens x Magnifying power of ocular lens. Parts of Microscope A compound microscope consists of following parts : 1. Foot. The microscope is built around a basal foot. 2. Limb. It is slightly curved part of the microscope, which hold the body tube. 79irr Amen rer at oer et ob ih Li loe f ‘Severe gisSe Diaphragm (Condnosr por andennce ttt oe Moe atten Cre fe ‘Sips inh wh aso ea json rene ae prs at | oe adhigh power eo hs AROS TPS METRE ie bh Die enti tame | We source aril tr fry it {Aut the ight by rng te minor toward he sone fight and ae By men 2 ede aa ea i ame ‘adjustment — "ante foe bes per Un ny ie E Soetoro tne 5. Cheha than hat eet lense 2 ouch he ia ay om VIVA VOCE G1. wnat is a miroepe 2 Whatireing pee? 5 hi mean by meget of mlociope? 4 Mae hog arf mn nd ato Compan irae 5 How mang times oe ocampund mcrae magi? ‘jective len mulled bythe sgndying power of eee piace 6. Onhat as dete reine perf @ mcm depend? ‘ow The nig pve rome enum tains 0) and plan rfc of the ror Be en the mire ‘Ana. Th laos surface fhe miro sold be ed, when the ih i brid wh concave Peace chide wed when theapeace 8 C7EBBAR ggg en ay ty eatin, Ee pt al St sennzores wt on 624 Mop iy Bonet 5 Pi. 28, Aor camper A Bsa. TS, Pn: A prin eT1 The fruit body is wmnbee 2 Gills are present on 6. SACCHAROMYCES (veut) cmmoaly fond growing in ugar moti such a fruit surTRee, ectr, cng 1 unicellular but may orm @ ical in shape with a distinct ‘granules and glycogen droplets are present as reserve food in the eytoplesm. reproduction takes place by budding and sexual reproduction occurs by the Fig. 28 Ricci, A. Thallus with roset . Ventral Diagnostic Features 1. Plant body is thallus with repeated dichotomous branching. 2. Sox organs and sporoghyte embedded in the thallus 8, MARCHANTIA (Liverwort) Classification Kingdom — Plantae Division — BryophytaClass Genus Comments 1 ‘branched with notched af inal groove on dorsal surface and a correspontine [EXPERIMENT FOR SPOTTING—2 “2. Cup shaped bodies cal c prevent on she median sreove on dor fain gemmae for veR! past surface of 6. An eridia and archegonia are present on special erect gametoph idiophores and arckegoniophores respectively born on se} 7 is produced on the archegoniophore after fe {nto foot, seta and capaule, ic Features Plant body is a dorsiventrally flattered and dichotomously branched thal 2, Presence of gemma cups, Sex organs are produced on antheridiophores and archegoniophores. 9. FUNARIA HYGROMETRICA (Moss) — Plantae — Bryophyta = Musei Genus Species Comments 1, Tt commonly grows shady and damp soils, walls of houses, creoices of rocks. 2, The plant gametophyte. Itis green, erect and is differentiated into rhizoids, axis 3, Rhizoids are m and branched with oblique septa. 4, Main axis is erect and bears spirally arranged leaves. Each leaf is sessile with a distinct rmideib, B 's apex and is called male shoot. A lateral branch ;chegonia at its tip. 6. dependent sporophyt 4 1d into foot, seta and capsule. The capsule encloses spore sae that 8. The spores srminate into filamentous protonema. Features is represented by a filamentous protonema and adult leafy gametophyte. 8, Sporophyte is a partial parasite upon the gametophyte.| j 1. Dryopteia commonly eal Species —roxburghit and moist placessoon AH Boog, wens Soper) JRASSICA CAMPESTRIS Class Sub-class Genus Species tm. internodes, 2 oe ith diet noes and 18 ‘EXPERIMENT FOR SPOTTING —2 sessile, simple with lobed margin and reticu 12. Bach flower is bisexs! ate venation. Seeds are enclosed in fruits, 1 2 3, Bimerous flowers, 4 15, Embryo with two cotyledons, MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANT ILIUS (Piazi) — Plantae — Spermatophyta — Angiospermae — teneufolius -baccous weed found growing along with crops. 2. Te bears adventitious root syst gnostic Features |. Adventiti Leaves with paral |. Flowers trimerous. J. Seeds enclosed in fruits. Embryo with one cotyledon, 18 rootu202ATORY MANUAL Ya, counnenenst se Ans. Qe Ans. Qa Ans. Qt Ans. Qs ‘Ans. Lichens are composite organisms representing a symbiotic association between a fungus @- & and an alga. Ans. Q7. Ans. Qs. ‘Ans. ruta ene Foose chan That! Fig. 217, Diteent Fruose chen ef Lichens, Qin Ans. VIVA VOCE VA OCE Q.1. What are thallophytes ? What are ferns? exPERIMENT FOR SPOTINGW2 ror fungus. ‘phyeobiont 18 mycobiont belongs to aacomy attached to the substra: taidia and Plants which have undifferentiated plant body are called thallophytes, What are algae ? ‘Algae are aquat , autotrophic thallophytes, Why are algae cal lophytes ? ‘The plant body in algue is thollus i., not differentiated into root, stem and leaves, hhence algae are called thallophytes. the study of al Phycalogy What are bacteria ? called ? Bacteria are unicellular, prokaryotic organisms, which mostly reproduce by binary fission. What are fungi ? Fongi are non-green, heterotrophic thallophytes. Yeast is w Yeast has chitinous is placed under fungi, why ? lyeogen as food reserve and produce ascospores for re- like other members of sac fan, fs called ‘amp us plants’? ‘occur in damp and maist ion, 80 they are called amphi ces, and require presence of water for lant. Ferns are pteridophytes, having underground stem called rhizome which bears pinnately compound leaves, showing circinate ptyxis, tare sporophylls ? ‘The leaves bearing sporongia are called sporophylls. . Why are gymnosperms called naked seed plants? Because the seeds in gymnosperms are not enclosed within the fruitsQi waren mente? tat 28 he sey se kt ne ee sewed Tepito ee ; wrote trom ot ae Maries phmentera be en a et edo mer lat OM 6 oy, Son bs Se wih rere oh. inaton iu ich pron et eed ore ene? ne Parte, EXPERIMENT FOR SPOT ‘Study of Characters of Animal Specimens and Identification with Reasons bw ‘Rn Er na, toate oes (© ‘fae eneumesd orn nna ‘Animal Casiation 1 Poniere Sade rag ail Smee 4 Platghelminthes, The ft worms eg, ter flak, Taper 4, Nemuthelmithes ound-worm, fre sng or parater eg, Axor ©, Ardvopode. The ails ith ted lege. eects, er.ORY MANUAL H BOL) 2 enter Fon srornnca 108 ——~ a —— STFASCIOLA Duke) | nado Phylurn Class Fyne Order Tria oe naan Species star ponds pl fe react nwt iflernt way ie sti, ISP. tnd ventral sucke tbe wi bee and single opening at ora! ‘around mouth called hypostome, bears 6 to 10 finger ts. They are highly contractile an are used for eatc iploblastic an ‘The outer is epider ri gastrodermis. Betwoen them is present non cll jelly like material or enidocyes, to act as organe of defence and 2 mobanea ttt ies and f 6 ) life eyele. The secondary host is snail stinging cal‘The body * 2. Body ie eovered with stele 3. Presence of two sucker . wor 4 ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES (Bo Classification am gion — Order — Ascarvides Genus ee = tumbrcoides Species Bxcretor poe Gonopor eral inw RPEAMENT FOR SPOTTING—3 Comments Itinacommon * inthe Ithas a cylindrical b The front end of body behind anterior en . The adult worms are sexu a Theie posterior pa copulatory setae which protruderrer Diagnostic Features L 2. 3, Body is covered . 4. Mouth is guarded by three lip, HIRUDINARIA GRANULOSA (Leech) ication — Animalia — Annelida —Hirudines — Gnathobdeltida Genus Species Comments 1, Ibis found in ponds, lakes, x bodies 2. Ikis a fa 4. ‘The body is divided rings) 6. The posterior end bears a larger posterior sucker, and a mid-dorsal anus justin front of the sucker. The suckers help in locomotion, and in adhering to the body of host during blood meal 7. Leech is hermaphrodite animal but shows cross fertilizationsitrowt0gved body, With serrated rostrum,cTORY MANUAL Wy gy sn AION MIWA Ho aE 8. APIS INDICA (Honey 6) Genus Species Comments ony shoving great division 2 Taree syne drones are the Fig. 39, Apis drat (Hone be) ‘3 The body of honey bee is divided into heed, thorax and abdomen, ‘The head bears a pair of antennae anda pair of compound eyes. ‘Thorax has three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings. "The mouth prt ae raping and npg peeled for clloctng the nec | pollen, The wher be ave ig tte parr endo te bake : Diagnostic Fostures 1 4 5. 6 Presence of jointed appendages. 2 Three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings, hind wings smaller. 10. PILA GLOBOSA (Apple snail) [EXPEANENT FOR SPOTTING 6. Sexes are separate witl Diagnosti Species = rabens,ye a a cournc1o ny 7 a a ee oe 3, Dog fish commonly kaon athe shar Dee ce ton tt 2 heptane Araltin Tein Pte Mouth Fig. 3:12, Soolodon (Dog a Tube loot sed, which ventrally bears the eemi-cireular mouth nee od tecth, Two laxge eyes are present on the head. i each eye. ‘one caudal and two pairs of lateral (pectoral ana pel- for swimming. pred B.01alviow fh ‘is fins are pres Fig, 211, aseriosrubens (Sea tar 5, Sexes are separate, The males have claspers in pelvic region. These are copulatory or satagonal mouth in the central di ea 3, The oral surface directed downwords and bears pentagonal lie ails uro viviparous ic: Give 4. Aboral surfaco bears large numberof short and movable spines. Anus is present in the Ota : Be Naat echo centre of the disc. 13, LABEO ROHITA ohu) Classification 5. A narrow ambulacrl groove extends from each angle the oral surface of each arm. Each embularal groove the mouth along the midline of 35 on either side two tows of tubular retractile projections called tube feet or podia. The latter are connected with Kingdom — Animalia ‘water vascular system and help in locomation, food capture and respiration, Phylum Becca 6. Sexes are separate without sexual dimorphism, | Sub-phylum — Vertebrata Diagnostic Features | Class — Osteichthyes 1. Body pentagonal and star shaped. \ Genus = Labeo 2. Oral and aboral surfaces are quite distinct, Species —rokita 8. Bach arm with four rows of tube fet. Comments 12. SCOLIODON (Dog fishishark) 1.) Te a eth water dots commony elle rohafhhe Indin ey wily wd at ce | 2 Te measures about 30 to 90 em tered and stream- dom = — Animalia | Wy. It is covered with lum — Chordata phylum — Vertebrata 8, al. A pair each of nostrils and large lateral eyes without = Chondtiehthyes — Seoliodon sp, 4. There are five pairs of gill slits covered by an operculum,EXPERIMENT FOR SPOT ding s 15, CALOTES Sp, Classification 6 La oe organs are present n are without ASPET. mgdom Ani 7. Sexes are separate. The males #° Phylum 14, RANA TIGRINA (Fre) Heeine a= — Reptilia Classification = Genus —Calotes ep. Comments ndon bushes and tree in garden known a5“girait. Comments | 41, Tei commonly seen during rainy season in ponds, pools, lakes, river and hum Fig: $14, Rana tgrina (The common Indian bul rg).Ny 16 HEMIDACTYLUS (Wall zt" Classification Kingdom —Anineli Phylum — Chord Subphylum — Vertebrata Class — Repiila Order — Lacerta. Genus = Hemidactyius # Comments Tr Teive common wa bard inourPO. ngishe into tick nd fat, in colo 2. Its body is 8-14 cm long, brow j head, short neck, erge trunk and a tapering 3 mel open with movable eyelids, nostrils and ear openings. in is dry covered by minute sales, eto et Te ih annular whore af ecals, wich 7 rover Fon SPorH—3 oe Fr Lice fou ——— Ee ee 41. COLUMBA LIVIA (Pigeon) Sub-phylum — Vertebr Class Aves Genus = Columba Species livia Comments 1, Itmakes its nests in scantily inhabited houses, ons ete, and fe pom, grain rite cat inhabited houses, godowns, railway stations etc, and feeds 2. Its body is 20 to 25 cm long and covered with slate blue feathers, A narrow fluorescent bound occurs around the neck, Tthas a sub spherical head, mobile neck, thick trunk and short tail. ind slightly curved in front. The base of beak is covered by a lobe of fleshy skin called cese. 5. The eyes are red in colour. Forelimbs are modified into feathered wings having no digits. Hindlimbs are, covered with scales and each bears four clawed digits. They are adapted for perching.UM meres BOLO 2 = 1 ani sprcuLus 18, ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICUE! Ciineation Z cordate Subphylum — Verba Class — Mammals Onder — tagorart Genus — Onyctolasws Species —euniculus i. omments an fds on vegetation (herbivore : eso a0 ee shy til The body ig en 1 e lives in Sekt making rons 2. Tee body is divided into head, neck and 0 with hair of white brown or block cl0Ur 3. The mouth is bounded by sft and fleshy RT (haielip) with sensory Aairor wise ‘and trunk ane upper and lower lips The UPPE Tip i lag Ceanescpts FOAM Fo Shank Fig. 818, Ontolaqu cuniculus Rabbit) 4. Two large movable pinnae or external ears are present behind the eyes. The eyes are pink in colour. ‘The fore limbs are shorter and are used fer burrowing. The hind limbs are long and help B in leaping. 8. Sexes are separate with sexual dimorphism. The females have mammary gland nipples on the abdomen. The males have a pair of testes in sorotal sac and a small and Aleshy penis. -——— VIVA VOCE a QI. What are the functions of tentacles in Hydra ? ‘Ans. They help in locomotion and capturing the prey, yaa ermaphrodite animal. tis a creamy fluid secreted by the crop of female pigeon during the breeding season. What do 5 ng summers ? ave constant body temperature. Its body iment. Therefore, frog get burried in the sol for hibernation during winter and for astivation during summer.smpgseenimes: rn ost Nos Cs ndgpan is 33.7% and 15.8% rep, ny woma amd gehing problem. Voluntary Muscles) M. (Whole (Whole mount) of Striated or Voluntary muscle fibres. aaa Comments 1. The muscle fibres are covered by a membrane called aarcolema, 4. Nervous Tissue mitting messages. I ronsmitting meseages. It is mad ng ant le up with earcopla ct plasm, in which numero rile are arranged [Nervous tissue is specialised for nerve fibres or neuro [Nervous tissue controls and co-ordinates warn ‘EXPERIMENT 5 sus ectivitis in the body. Object. T» obs Aaguee (squamous ep REQUIREMENTS ‘Microscope, permanent slides of cartilage, bone and muscle tissues, epithelial tissue sand gonads OBSERVATIONS AND COMMENTS 1. Squamous Epithelium WM. (whole mount) of Squamous epithelium. 4. Each myofibil is different coloured Ibond and dark coloured A-band, which produce cross striations in musele fibres Fig. 8.1. Squamous epthtiom, W.M,soRsTonY MANUAL IY BIOLogy evens UF ty Ss we peent inte Beneral sc pote cles) rotuntary #3 les uscles avolunts untary muscle Vonetriated or 1000 Serer called sao 14 muscles occurs in the walls of alimentary canal, blood vessels, urinary ducts and are not under the contro of wil 4. Cardiae Muscles Identification. Wf, of Cardiac muscles. Comments ‘The muscle fbres are cylindrical branched and anastomosing, 2. Each fibre is covered with sarcolemma and may be uninucleate or binucleate, ‘The muscle fibres have longitudinal striations along with faint cross striations in the sarcoplasm. biaabeed Fig. 4, Caniae muscles, |. nerve (Neuron) Identification. WA, of Nerve cet (Neuron) ts og me Coy const of| ‘ere are pre * ody. The axon ends in a group of branches called ten ‘A number of processes & 'd neurites arise from the cel body ‘The neurites are two types—shorter dendrites or dendrons and (aeuraxon). The fine branches of dendzon may be one to several but tain axons also give tise to side branches called ea ‘The axon part of a neuron may be covered by a medul which possess nodes of Ranvier. ‘The medullary sheath and nodes of Ranvier are surrounded by a transparent cellular covering known as neurilemma of schwann cell ry sheath or myelin sheath,soe iaeye cote wah hidter shaged eavteus The petewpe sworn tat EXPERIMENT FOR SPO). «sosis in Onion Root fl of Mitos "und Animay an we ee and meiosi, Somatic ca 42d dhe number of eal, Figerasng ‘ gw ath oy form eaeles Gaines er ae Under low power ofthe microscope, ectangula Under high power of the microscope fellowice jon mitosis sprees four daughter ls tell (2). Therefore, a0 sexually reproducing species to maint division consists of bwo events (a) Karyokinesis-ivison af the mules is-division ofthe etoplasm. ie ofthe cell prior to division is called interphase, 5, A mitotic coll division ean be divide 1 into following phases : ‘Appearance of chromosomes, Prophaso [xtephase Spindle forsiation and arrangement o A. Karyokinesis chromosomes at equator Anaphase — Movement of daughter chromosomes : 1. Interphase Lretophase = ( Wis a non-dividing phase of the cell eyele between two successive cell divisions, Chromatin fibres appear in the form of a network within the nucleus. Nuclear envelope and nucleclus are distinct, ‘rophase (@ Chromatin material shortens and condenses into thread like structures called chr ‘mosomes. i) Each chromosome consists of two chromatids, jointed at a point called centromer ) Nuclear membrane and nucleolus start disintegration and disappear at the end prophase. 3. Metaphase A bipolar, spindle develops in the cell. Chromosomes become thick and two chro tids of each chromosome become clear. Chromosomes become arranged at the equator of the spindle. Each chromosome get attached to the spindle fibres at its centromere. located in the root tips provide the most suitable material er . while the anthers are most suitable material to study meins ‘The chromosomes of monocotyledonous plants are large sized and better visi fore, onion root tips are used to study mit used to study meiosis,sia chemosems a Son the postin of JoRATORY NANUAL IN Bioko, ae 7 {wear oman ‘nema lots * L-cat mamtrane Nuclear membrane Disappearing (Chromosomes Celt wal {— cet wa ate anaphase Fig. 6.2, Various stag | chromosomes (Chromatis) }— Sendo foes Daughter ofi_—-tereemozomes 1 spina Nuclear ‘membrane ‘Telophasesiago 8 of mits in onion rot tp ols, Sper ron SFOTING~6 FRECAUTIONS PRECAUTIONS 7. Use fine adjustment knob EXPERIMENT 6.2. ages of mi Object. To study vari rent slide. FEQUIREMENTS Permanent slide of mitosis in animal cells, record file, per laboratory ride oF practical book. PROCEDURE, 1, Place the perm ‘under the microscope. 2, Observe first under the low power ofthe misrascope to locate the dividing cells 8, Then observe under the high power of microscope to examine different stages of mitosis ‘OBSERVATIONS Under high power of the microscope following stages are observed 1, Interphase @ The eels contain a prominent nucleus with intact nuclear membrane and nucleolus. (i) Chromatin material appears in the form of network 2. Prophase ( The chromatin material shortens and condenses into thread like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at a point ealled ontromere, centriole pair replicate to form two pairs of centr ‘opposite poles, which migrate towards id Nuclear membrane and nucleclus start disappearing. 8. Metaphase © A bipolar spindle develops in the cll, with astors made up of controle pairs forming he poles. D Chromosomes are arranged at the equator ofthe spindle4. Anaphase (i The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and appear in V, J, L andi ape towards poles. lophase Daughter chromosomes unceil to form chromatin fibres at the two poles. Nuclear membrane and nucleoli are reformed to form daughter nucle. ‘A constriction start developing between the two nuclei, ‘The constriction divides the parent cell into two daughter cells. PRECAUTIONS 1. Use fine adjustment knob, while focussing in high power of the microscope. t 2. Objective lens should not touch the side.