ECEMATH – Advanced Engineering Mathematics for ECE

CHAPTER 1: DETERMINANTS det 𝐴 = |𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 + 𝑎12 𝑎23 𝑎31 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 − (𝑎31 𝑎22 𝑎13 + 𝑎32 𝑎23 𝑎11
+ 𝑎33 𝑎21 𝑎12 )
✓ Definition of Determinants
✓ Second and Third Order Determinants.
Using the second order determinant notation, we have
✓ Properties of Determinants.
✓ Minor Expansion. 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
✓ Cofactor Expansion. det 𝐴 = |𝐴| = 𝑎11 |𝑎 𝑎33 | − 𝑎12 |𝑎31 𝑎33 | + 𝑎13 |𝑎31 𝑎32 |
✓ Fourth Order Determinants. 32
✓ Cramer’s Rule.
The method used in this formula is the first row element. We can find the determinant
DETERMINANTS of a 3 x 3 matrix using any row or any column. Following the signs of the row and column.
➢ is a real number associated with a square matrix.
➢ the symbol used to enclose the elements of the matrix is [ ] or ( ). For determinants we + − +
used | |. |− + −|
+ − +
𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 Diagonal Method – another alternative method for finding the determinant of the matrices is
|𝐴𝑛 | = | | by recopying the first two columns and computing the products of the diagonal.
⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮
𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 … 𝑎𝑛𝑛 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS

This symbol is used as the compact form for algebraic sum of all the possible 1. Interchanging corresponding rows and columns does not affect the value of
products, each of which has n factors. determinant.
Each element is characterized by two subscripts, the first indicating the row in 2. If all elements in a row (or column) are zero, the value of the determinant is zero.
which the elements appear, the second indicating the column in which the element 3. Interchanging any two rows (or columns) changes the sign of the determinant.
appears. 4. If two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical, the value of the determinant is
zero.
DETERMINANT OF ORDER TWO 5. If each of the elements in a rows (or columns) of a determinant is multiplied by k, the
value of the determinant is multiplied by k.
6. If each element in a rows (or columns) of a determinant is expressed as the sum of two
𝑎11 𝑎12 or more terms, the determinant can be expressed as two or more determinants.
det 𝐴 = |𝐴| = |𝑎 𝑎22 | = 𝑎11 𝑎22 − 𝑎21 𝑎12 7. If each element of a rows (or columns) of a determinant is added in times the
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corresponding elements of another row or column, the value of the determinant is not
change.
DETERMINANT OF ORDER THREE
EXPANSION OF MINORS

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 The minor Mij of the element aij in the ith row and jth column in any determinant of
order m is that new determinant of order (n-1) formed from the elements remaining after
𝑎
det 𝐴 = |𝐴| = | 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
deleting the ith row and jth column. Thus for the determinant.
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared by: PROF. MARK JOMMEL S. NASOL, ECE
Electronics Engineer
ECEMATH – Advanced Engineering Mathematics for ECE

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 DETERMINANT OF ORDER FOUR

𝑎
|𝐷| = | 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎14 𝑐11 𝑐12 𝑐13 𝑐14
Two of the minors are 𝑎 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎24 𝑐21 𝑐22 𝑐23 𝑐24
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = |𝑎21 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎34 | 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶 = |𝑐31 𝑐32 𝑐33 𝑐34 |
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𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎21 𝑎41 𝑎42 𝑎43 𝑎44 𝑐41 𝑐42 𝑐43 𝑐44
𝑀21 = |𝑎 𝑎33 | 𝑀13 = |𝑎 𝑎32 |
32 31

The determinant of A is the sum of the product of any row or column of matrix A and
EXPANSION OF COFACTORS matrix of cofactor C, for example.

The cofactor Cij of the element aij in any determinant of order m is that signed minor |𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑐11 + 𝑎12 𝑐12 + 𝑎13 𝑐13 + 𝑎14 𝑐14
determined by

𝐶𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 CRAMER’S RULE

➢ is a method to use if the system of linear equations has a unique solution and the
Thus, for the preceding determinant. same number of equations as variables.
➢ The Swiss mathematician Gabriel Cramer devised a rule for obtaining the
𝑎12 𝑎13 simultaneous solution set of a system of linear equation.
𝐶21 = (−1)2+1 |𝑎 𝑎33 |
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CRAMER’S RULE FOR TWO EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
𝑎21 𝑎22
𝐶13 = (−1)1+3 |𝑎 𝑎32 | Let the equation of two unknown be:
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𝑎11 𝑥 + 𝑎12 𝑦 = 𝑐1
EXPANSION OF DETERMINANT BY COFACTORS 𝑎21 𝑥 + 𝑎22 𝑦 = 𝑐2
Theorem: The value of a determinant is the algebraic sum of the products obtained by Has a unique solution by,
multiplying each element of a column (or row) by its cofactor or signed minor.
|𝐷𝑥 | |𝐷𝑦 |
Hence, expanding the given determinant about the second column, 𝑥= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 |𝐷| ≠ 0
𝐷 𝐷
𝐷 = 𝑎12 𝐶12 + 𝑎22 𝐶22 + 𝑎32 𝐶32 Where the determinant,
𝐷 = 𝑎12 (−1)1+2 𝑀12 + 𝑎22 (−1)2+2 𝑀22 + 𝑎32 (−1)3+2 𝑀32
𝑎 𝑎12 𝑐1 𝑎12 𝑎11 𝑐1
|𝐷| = |𝑎11 𝑎22 | , |𝐷𝑥 | = |𝑐2 𝑎22 | , |𝐷𝑦 | = |𝑎21 𝑐2 |
𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎11 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎13 21
𝐷 = 𝑎12 (−1)3 |𝑎 4
𝑎33 | + 𝑎22 (−1) |𝑎31
5
𝑎33 |+ 𝑎32 (−1) |𝑎21 𝑎23 |
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___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared by: PROF. MARK JOMMEL S. NASOL, ECE
Electronics Engineer
ECEMATH – Advanced Engineering Mathematics for ECE

CRAMER’S RULE FOR THREE EQUATIONS IN THREE VARIABLES

The solution for the system of three equations in three variables is given by:

𝑎11 𝑥 + 𝑎12 𝑦 + 𝑎13 𝑧 = 𝑐1

𝑎21 𝑥 + 𝑎22 𝑦 + 𝑎23 𝑧 = 𝑐2
𝑎31 𝑥 + 𝑎32 𝑦 + 𝑎33 𝑧 = 𝑐3

|𝐷𝑥 | |𝐷𝑦 | |𝐷𝑧 |

𝑏𝑦 𝑥 = , 𝑦= ,𝑧= , 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐷 ≠ 0
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Prepared by: PROF. MARK JOMMEL S. NASOL, ECE
Electronics Engineer