URBAN DRAINAGE PLANNING (RE184504)

URBAN DRAINAGE PLANNING

TULUNGAGUNG DISTRICT, EAST JAVA YEAR 2021 - 2023

Muhammad Naufal Barique

NRP.03211942000008

Lecturer:
Bieby Voijant Tangahu, S.T., M.T., Ph.D.
NIP.19710818 199703 2 001
Deqi Rizkivia Radita, S.T., M.Sc.
NIP. 1987202012055

Assistant Lecturer:
Bieby Voijant Tangahu, S.T., M.T., Ph.D.
NIP. 19710818 199703 2 001

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF CIVIL, PLANNING AND GEO ENGINEERING
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER
2021
i
 FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude the author prays to the presence of God Almighty, because thanks to
the abundance of His grace and guidance I was to complete the report assignment entitled “Urban
Drainage Planning for Tulungagung District in 2021 -2031” in a timely manner.
With the completion of this report, I also want to express my gratitude to those who have
kindly helped along the preparation of this report, including:
1. My family who has prayed for and provided support so that this task can be completed on
time.
2. Mrs. Bieby Voijant Tangahu, S.T., M.T., Ph.D. and Mrs. Deqi Rizkivia Radita, S.T., M.Sc.
as a lecturer in Urban Drainage Planning who has provided very useful knowledge, support,
and guidance in completing this assignment.
3. Mrs. Bieby Voijant Tangahu, S.T., M.T., Ph.D. as an assistant lecturer who has provided
guidance, direction, and advice in completing this assignment.
4. My friend, Jimbon, Nadia, Charma, and everyone who contributed to help me in completing
this report.
5. Lastly, I want to thank myself for believing that anything is possible.
In the preparation of this report, of course, there are still many shortcomings, therefore I
hope for constructive criticism and suggestions so that the report that we compile next will be
better. Hopefully this report can be useful for all of us.

Author

ii
 LIST OF CONTENT`

FOREWORD .................................................................................................................................. ii

LIST OF CONTENT` .................................................................................................................... iii

LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ x

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Purpose .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Scope of Study ...................................................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................... 4

2.1 Drainage ................................................................................................................................ 4
2.1.1 Drainage Definition ........................................................................................................ 4
2.1.2 Drainage Network Pattern .............................................................................................. 4
2.1.3 Drainage Channels Structure and Function .................................................................... 6
2.1.4 Drainage Network System Layout ................................................................................. 7
2.1.5 Drainage Channel Types and Shapes ............................................................................. 7
2.1.6 Channels Path ................................................................................................................. 8
2.1.7 Flow Principles ............................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Hydrological Analysis ........................................................................................................... 9
2.2.1 Completing Missing Rain Data ...................................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Rain Data Consistency Test .......................................................................................... 10
2.2.3 Homogeneity Test......................................................................................................... 11
2.2.4 Average Rainfall Analysis ............................................................................................ 13
2.2.5 Maximum Daily Rainfall Analysis ............................................................................... 14
2.2.6 Rain Distribution Analysis ........................................................................................... 17
2.2.7 Rain Intensity Method Selection .................................................................................. 18
2.3 Drainage Planning Criteria .................................................................................................. 19
2.3.1 Rainwater Runoff Calculation ...................................................................................... 19
2.3.2 Channel Dimension Calculation ................................................................................... 19
2.3.3 Velocity Calculation ..................................................................................................... 20
2.4 Complementary Buildings .................................................................................................. 21
2.4.1 Persil Connection .......................................................................................................... 21
2.4.2 Street Inlet..................................................................................................................... 21
2.4.3 Manhole ........................................................................................................................ 22

iii
 2.4.4 Culvert .......................................................................................................................... 23
2.4.5 Out Fall ......................................................................................................................... 23
2.4.6 Gutter ............................................................................................................................ 24
2.4.7 Syphon .......................................................................................................................... 24
2.5 System Operation and Maintenance .................................................................................... 25

CHAPTER III: OVERVIEW OF THE PLANNING AREA ........................................................ 26

3.1 Planning Area Overview ..................................................................................................... 26
3.2 Physical Conditions ............................................................................................................. 27
3.2.1 Geographical and Topographical Conditions ............................................................... 27
3.2.2 Hydrological and Climatology Conditions ................................................................... 28
3.2.3 Demographics ............................................................................................................... 28
3.2.4 Land Use ....................................................................................................................... 29
3.3 Public and Social Facilities ................................................................................................. 29

CHAPTER IV: HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................ 31

4.1 Drainage Channels Principles ............................................................................................. 31
4.2 Hydrological Aspects .......................................................................................................... 31
4.2.1 Rainfall ......................................................................................................................... 31
4.2.2 Rain Station Network ................................................................................................... 32
4.2.3 Completing Missing Rain Data .................................................................................... 32
4.2.4 Rain Data Consistency Test .......................................................................................... 36
4.2.5 Data Homogeneity Test ................................................................................................ 44
4.2.6 Thiessen Method Average Rainfall Calculation ........................................................... 58
4.2.7 Maximum Daily Rainfall Analysis ............................................................................... 62
4.2.8 Distribution of Rain Intensity ....................................................................................... 71
4.2.9 Curvature of Rain Intensity Calculation ....................................................................... 80

CHAPTER V: CALCULATION OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM ..................................................... 93

5.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 93
5.2 Service Area and Flow Coefficient Determination ............................................................. 93
5.2.1 Service Area ................................................................................................................. 93
5.2.2 Flow Coefficient ........................................................................................................... 95
5.3 Channel Discharge Determination ...................................................................................... 99
5.4 Channel Dimension Determination ................................................................................... 102
5.5 Channel Elevation Determination ..................................................................................... 107
5.6 Hydraulics Profile ............................................................................................................. 110
5.7 Culvert ............................................................................................................................... 110

iv
 5.7.1 Culvert Dimension Calculation .................................................................................. 110
5.7.2 Culvert Headloss......................................................................................................... 113

CHAPTER VI: BILL OF QUANTITY ...................................................................................... 116

6.1 Channel BOQ .................................................................................................................... 116
6.2 Culvert BOQ ..................................................................................................................... 126

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 134

ATTACHMENT ......................................................................................................................... 135

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Values of Reduced Mean and Reduced Standard Deviation ........................................ 12

Table 2.2 Reduced Variate In PUH t Years .................................................................................. 15

Table 2.3 Velocity Variations in Channels ................................................................................... 20

Table 3.1 Total Area of Subdistrict in Tulungagung District ....................................................... 27

Table 3.2 Population, Population Density, and Annual Population Growth Rate 2010 – 2020 ... 28

Table 3.3 Tulungagung Educational Facilities in 2020 ............................................................... 29

Table 3.4 Tulungagung Worship Facilities in 2020..................................................................... 30

Table 4.1 Maximum Daily Rainfall Data at Observer Station...................................................... 32

Table 4.2 Tulungagung District Maximum Daily Rainfall Data .................................................. 35

Table 4.3 Station 1 Consistency Test ............................................................................................ 37

Table 4.4 Station 2 Consistency Test ............................................................................................ 38

Table 4.5 Station 4 Consistency Test ............................................................................................ 40

Table 4.6 Station 5 Consistency Test ............................................................................................ 42

Table 4.7 Annual Average Rain Data ........................................................................................... 44

Table 4.8 Homogenity Test........................................................................................................... 46

Table 4.9 Station 1 Homogenity Test ........................................................................................... 49

Table 4.10 Station 2 Homogenity Test ......................................................................................... 52

Table 4.11 Station 4 Homogenity Test ......................................................................................... 54

Table 4.12 Station 5 Homogenity Test ......................................................................................... 56

Table 4.13 Catchment Area .......................................................................................................... 59

Table 4.13 Calculation of Average Rainfall using the Thiessen Method ..................................... 60

Table 4.14 Gumbel Method Average Rainfall .............................................................................. 62

vi
Table 4.15 Gumbel Method Average Rainfall .............................................................................. 64

Table 4.16 Average Rainfall of the Pearson Type III Log Method .............................................. 64

Table 4.17 Calculation of Maximum Daily Rainfall with the Pearson Type III Log Method ..... 66

Table 4.18 Average Rainfall Iway Kadoya Method ..................................................................... 67

Table 4.21 Iway Kadoya Calculation Method .............................................................................. 68

Table 4.22 Iway Kadoya Calculation Method .............................................................................. 70

Table 4.22 Comparison of MDR Method Gumbel, Log Pearson III, and Iway Kadoya .............. 70

Table 4.23 Tulungagung District Selected MDR Method ............................................................ 71

Table 4.24 Rain Intensity in Jakarta ............................................................................................. 72

Table 4.25 Rain Intensity Based on Van-Breen Method in Tulungagung District ....................... 72

Table 4.26 Calculation of Rain Intensity Based on Hasper-Weduwen Method (PUH 2-10) ....... 74

Table 4.27 Calculation of Rain Intensity Based on Hasper-Weduwen Method (PUH 25-50) ..... 75

Table 4.28 Rain Intensity Based on Hasper-Weduwen Method in Tulungagung District ........... 75

Table 4.29 Rainfall Distribution According to Tanimoto ............................................................. 76

Table 4.30 Hourly MDR Distribution Pattern, Ranking 1, Hours 1-4 .......................................... 76

Table 4.31 Results of Calculation of Rain Intensity Based on the Bell Method .......................... 77

Table 4.32 Rain Intensity Based on Bell Method in Tulungagung District.................................. 78

Table 4.33 Comparison of Rain Intensity Values of Three Calculation Methods ........................ 79

Table 4.34 Chosen Rain Intensity Method ................................................................................... 81

Table 4.40 Chosen Rain Intensity Method ................................................................................... 87

Table 4.41 Comparison of the Conformity of the 2-Year PUH Rainfall Intensity Formula ........ 88

Table 4.42 Comparison of the Conformity of the 5-Year PUH Rainfall Intensity Formula ........ 89

Table 4.43 Comparison of the Conformity of the 10-Year PUH Rainfall Intensity Formula ...... 89

Table 4.44 Comparison of the Conformity of the 25-Year PUH Rainfall Intensity Formula ...... 90

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Table 4.45 Comparison of the Conformity of the 50-Year PUH Rainfall Intensity Formula ...... 90

Table 4.46 Preferred Rain Intensity Method................................................................................. 91

Table 4.47 Rain Intensity Value of Each Selected Method .......................................................... 91

Table 5.1 Drainage Service Area .................................................................................................. 93

Table 5.2 The Value of Coefficient Drainage ............................................................................... 95

Table 5.3 Flow Coefficient of Each Block ................................................................................... 95

Table 5.4 Dischrage Calculation of Each Channel ..................................................................... 100

Table 5.4 Dischrage Calculation of Each Channel ..................................................................... 105

Table 5.5 Elevation Calculation of Each Channel ...................................................................... 108

Table 5.6 Culvert Placement ....................................................................................................... 110

Table 5.6 Culvert Dimension Calculation .................................................................................. 112

Table 5.7 Culvert Headloss Calculation ..................................................................................... 115

Table 6.1 Channel Structure Volume Calculation ...................................................................... 117

Table 6.2 Calculation of Channel Excavation Volume .............................................................. 120

Table 6.3 The Coeffcient of Riprap Material Requirement ........................................................ 121

Table 6.4 The Coeffcient of Labor Requirement ........................................................................ 121

Table 6.5 The Calculation of Drainage Channel Material Requirements ................................... 122

Table 6.6 The Calculation of Drainage Channel Labor Requirements ....................................... 124

Table 6.7 Culvert Structure Volume Calculation ....................................................................... 127

Table 6.8 Calculation of Culvert Excavation Volume ................................................................ 128

Table 6.9 The Coeffcient of Riprap Material Requirement ........................................................ 129

Table 6.10 The Coefficient of Culvert Cover Material and Labor Requirement........................ 129

Table 6.11 The Calculation of Culvert Material Requirements .................................................. 130

Table 6.12 The Calculation of Culvert Cover Material Requirements ....................................... 131

viii
Table 6.13 The Calculation of Culvert Labor Requirements ...................................................... 132

Table 6.14 The Calculation of Culvert Labor Requirements ...................................................... 133

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Elbow Drainage Network Pattern .................................................................................. 4

Figure 2.2 Parallel Drainage Network Pattern ................................................................................ 5

Figure 2.3 Grid Iron Drainage Network Pattern ............................................................................. 5

Figure 2.4 Natural Drainage Network Pattern ................................................................................ 5

Figure 2.5 Natural Drainage Network Pattern ................................................................................ 6

Figure 2.6 Nets Drainage Network Pattern ..................................................................................... 6

Figure 2.1 Thiessen Polygon......................................................................................................... 14

Figure 2.2 Types of Street Inlet .................................................................................................... 22

Figure 2.3 Types of Manhole ........................................................................................................ 23

Figure 2.4 Culvert ......................................................................................................................... 23

Figure 3.1 Map of Tulungagung District, East Java ..................................................................... 26

Figure 4.1 Station 1 Consistency Test Graph ............................................................................... 38

Figure 4.2 Station 2 Consistency Test Graph ............................................................................... 40

Figure 4.3 Station 4 Consistency Test Graph ............................................................................... 42

Figure 4.4 Station 5 Consistency Test Graph ............................................................................... 44

Figure 4.5 Gumbel's Probability Paper Graph .............................................................................. 48

Figure 4.6 Homogeneity Graph .................................................................................................... 49

Figure 4.7 Station 1 Gumbel's Probability Paper Graph ............................................................... 51

Figure 4.8 Station 1 Homogeneity Graph ..................................................................................... 51

Figure 4.9 Station 2 Gumbel's Probability Paper Graph ............................................................... 53

Figure 4.10 Station 2 Homogeneity Graph ................................................................................... 53

Figure 4.11 Station 4 Gumbel's Probability Paper Graph ............................................................. 55

Figure 4.12 Station 4 Homogeneity Graph ................................................................................... 55

x
Figure 4.13 Station 5 Gumbel's Probability Paper Graph ............................................................. 57

Figure 4.14 Station 5 Homogeneity Graph ................................................................................... 58

Figure 4.15 Catchment Area Rain Station .................................................................................... 59

Figure 4.16 Catchment Area Rain Station .................................................................................... 92

Figure 5.1 Planned Channel ........................................................................................................ 102

Figure 6.1 Front Channel Cutting Section .................................................................................. 116

Figure 6.2 Drainage Channel Volume Segment ......................................................................... 116

Figure 6.3 Soil Excavation Plan Scheme .................................................................................... 119

Figure 6.4 Culvert Cross Section ................................................................................................ 126

Figure 6.5 Culvert Volume Segment .......................................................................................... 126

xi
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
In the water cycle (hydrological cycle), rainwater is one part of the cycle. Rainwater is a gift
and cannot be left alone. This is the basis for planning the drainage system of an area. Drainage
itself can be defined as the process of drying rainwater on the ground surface and the ground water
level is quite high.
The development of urban areas requires improvement and addition of rainwater drainage
system facilities. This is closely related to the sanitation of the residential environment. Rainwater
drainage aims to avoid rain flows that are dangerous or can disrupt the environment such as
flooding and puddles on the road. The rainwater drainage system aims to eliminate or reduce all
negative impacts that can be caused by rainwater.
In order to drain the rainwater, it is necessary to have a channel. The size of the collection
channel and the drainage channel must be sufficient to drain the water discharge originating from
their respective flow areas. Likewise with the buildings that must be made that will support the
flow.
As a basis before planning a drainage system, knowledge of hydrological analysis is needed.
For the purposes of hydro-economic analysis in planning an area, hydrological data of the area is
needed, such as demography, land use, topography, climate, etc.

1.2 Purpose
The drainage system is intended to channel rainwater that falls in an area as quickly as possible
to water bodies so that there is no inundation, or further flooding in the area. Flood prevention is
very important to do because of its impact. People's lives will be disrupted, sanitation conditions
will decline, and environmental health and public safety will be threatened.
The planning of the drainage system in Tulungagung District is intended to channel rainwater
that falls in an area as quickly as possible to water bodies. This drainage system is designed and
planned so that there are no impacts that can be caused by rainwater that is not channeled such as
puddles, floods, erosion, and decreased environmental sanitation conditions.
In addition, this task aims to make students able to plan a service area of the drainage system
by considering hydrological factors so that the dimensions of drainage and Bill of Quantity can
also be determined.

1.3 Scope of Study

The planning area for this drainage system is Tulungagung District based on existing field data
and projected data from time to time. Broadly speaking, this drainage system planning includes:

1
a. Determination of Service Area
b. Hydrological Analysis:
• Completing missing rain data
• Consistency Test
• Homogeneity Test
• Calculating the average rainfall using the Thiessen Method
• Calculate the maximum daily rainfall by the method:
i. Gumbel
ii. Iwai-Kadoya
iii. Pearson Type III logs

• Calculating the distribution of rain by the method:

i. Bell
ii. Van Breen
iii. Hasper-Weduwen

• Calculating the curve of rainfall intensity for the selected design rain height, using
the method:
i. Talbot
ii. Ishiguro
iii. Sherman
c. Drainage network system planning includes:
• Drainage network layout
• Determination of the drainage system
d. Calculating flow load
• Determination of service block (sub area)
• Determination of flow capacity (according to land use)
e. Selecting channel shape and material
f. Calculating channel dimensions and elevation
g. Complementary building plans, including pump and pump house
h. Images that must be made on the task report are:
• Map of service area
• Service sub area distribution map (service block)

2
 • Drainage network layout
• One hydraulic profile path starting from the secondary channel
• Typical drawings of required complementary buildings, accompanied by dimension
tabulations and their placement locations
• Special drawings such as pump housing, if needed
i. Calculating Bill of Quantity (BOQ)

3
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Drainage
2.1.1 Drainage Definition
In general, drainage is defined as a science that studies the effort to drain excess water in a
certain context of use. Meanwhile, urban drainage is a system of draining and draining water from
urban areas which includes settlements, industrial areas, trade, and other public facilities so that
the water does not inundate the city (Ritzema 2014).
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of water masses from the surface or subsurface
of a place. This disposal can be done by draining, dumping, or diverting water. Irrigation and
drainage are an important part in the arrangement of water supply systems in agriculture and spatial
planning. A drainage system is needed to carry out technical actions in controlling excess
rainwater, controlling water from receiving water bodies to drainage channels called back water,
as well as controlling the elevation of the land surface cultivated on productive land so that it does
not become inundated.

2.1.2 Drainage Network Pattern

Drainage networks can be grouped into several forms, namely:
1. Elbow
For areas that have a slightly higher topography than rivers and streams as a final
disposal channel in the middle of the city. The elbow network pattern can be seen in
Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Elbow Drainage Network Pattern

2. Parallel
The main channel is located parallel to the branch channel. With quite a lot of branch
channels and short ones, if there is a city development, the channels will be able to adapt.
The parallel network pattern can be seen in Figure 2.2.

4
 Figure 2.2 Parallel Drainage Network Pattern

3. Grid Iron
For areas where the river is located on the outskirts of the city, so the branch channels
are collected first in the collecting channel. The grid iron grid pattern can be seen in
Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3 Grid Iron Drainage Network Pattern

4. Natural
In accordance with its natural state, according to the contours of the land and the
location of the river as a final disposal channel. The natural network pattern can be seen
in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4 Natural Drainage Network Pattern

5
 5. Radial
For hilly areas, so the channel pattern spreads out in all directions. The radial network
pattern can be seen in Figure 2.5.

Figure 2.5 Natural Drainage Network Pattern

6. Nets
This network pattern is very suitable for areas with flat topography. This pattern has
a drain that follows the direction of the highway. The nets network pattern can be seen
in Figure 2.6.

Figure 2.6 Nets Drainage Network Pattern

2.1.3 Drainage Channels Structure and Function

In terms of drainage networks, according to their function and working system, the types of
channels can be distinguished as follows:
1. Interceptor Drain
Interceptor drain is a channel that functions as a deterrent to flow loading from one
area to another area below it. This channel is usually built and placed in a section that is
relatively parallel to the contour. The outlet of this channel is usually found in the
collector or conveyor channel or directly in the natural drain. This serves so that the area

6
 below is not dangerous because the water that comes from above has been detained by
the channel.

2. Collector Drain
Collector drain is a channel that functions as a collector of discharge obtained from
smaller drainage channels and will eventually be discharged to the conveyor channel
(carrier).

3. Conveyor Drain
Conveyor drain is a channel that serves as a carrier of wastewater from an area to a
disposal site without having to endanger the area traversed. The location of the conveyor
channel is in the lowest part of an area (the valley of an area), so that it can effectively
function as a collector of existing channel branches.

2.1.4 Drainage Network System Layout

To establish the functioning of a drainage network system, it is necessary to pay attention
to the following, namely:
1. Flow direction pattern
By looking at the topographic map, we can determine the direction of flow which is
a natural drainage system that is formed naturally and can find out the tolerance for the
duration of inundation from the design area.

2. Situation and physical condition of the area

Information on the situation and physical condition of the city, both existing and
being planned, needs to know the following things, namely:

• Existing network system (drainage, irrigation, drinking water, telephone,

and others)
• Possible bottle necks
• The boundaries of the area of ownership
• Location and number of existing infrastructures
• Level of required drainage requirement
• Overview of regional priorities

All the above is intended so that in the preparation of the layout of the drainage network
system there is no conflict of interest.

2.1.5 Drainage Channel Types and Shapes

The types and shapes of channels chosen were adapted to the local environment, therefore
the following types of drainage channels were used:
1. Closed channel

7
 This channel is made of unreinforced concrete, is round and is applied to areas with
heavy pedestrian traffic such as trade areas, government centers and protocol roads. The
water drainage system from the street into the canal uses a street inlet. At a certain
distance an inspection formulation or manhole is made whose function is not only as an
inspection well but also as a drop manhole, for each change in channel dimensions and
channel encounters.

2. Open channel
This channel consists of two forms with different characteristics, namely:
a. Rectangular channels and the modifications:
This channel is made of stone or split stone and is applied to areas with limited
available space such as in residential areas, where the channel threshold can
function as an inlet of rainwater that falls on the tributary area.

b. Trapezoidal channels and the modifications:

This channel is made without shifting, applied to areas with density where the
available space is still wide, such as agricultural areas and fields. In certain
parts, shifts are made if the maximum speed limit is not met.

There are several shapes of channels based on Dinas Pekerjaan Umum:

1. Trapezoidal
Trapezoidal channels are generally used to drain rainwater with a fairly large
discharge and the available land is still sufficient.

2. Triangular
Triangular channels are generally used to drain rainwater with a small discharge and
drain water containing sediment.

3. Rectangular
Rectangular channels are generally used to drain rainwater with large discharges, but
the available land is limited.

2.1.6 Channels Path

There are parameters that must be considered in determining the path of drainage channel,
namely:
• The direction of flow in the channel follows the existing elevation line so that it is
expected to flow by gravity and avoid pumping.

• Utilization of rivers/creeks as receiving water bodies from the planned outfall.

• Avoiding the number of channel crossings on the road, thereby reducing the use of
community service.

8
 From these parameters, it is shown that there is a limiting factor, namely local topographic
conditions. From this condition, a system with various alternatives was developed considering
the technical and economic aspect.
The development of a system has a logical consequence on the impact of planning. But by
avoiding the possible social consequences as little as possible, it is hoped that the desired system
planning can be achieved (Sosrodarsono & Takeda 1973).

2.1.7 Flow Principles

The main principles of planning a drainage distribution system are to utilize natural drainage
routes as far as possible as receiving water bodies. In addition, the flow rules are also known as
follows:
• Rainwater runoff from the beginning of the channel (tributary) if it is still not
dangerous, it should be saved so that there is an opportunity for maximum infiltration
so that it can reduce runoff discharge to the bottom of the stream and at the same time
function as groundwater conversion in the upstream area.

• The channel as large as possible so that it provides a reduction in runoff flow through
the infiltration process, to control the size of the channel profile (flow discharge).

• The flow velocity should not be too large so that it would not scour the channel, nor
should it be too small so that there is no deposition/reliability on the channel.

• The channel profile can accommodate the maximum discharge from the flow in
accordance with the pre-determined PUH (Periode Ulang Hujan). Likewise, the
receiving water body.

2.2 Hydrological Analysis

2.2.1 Completing Missing Rain Data
Sometimes at a rain station there is missing rain data, so it needs to be supplemented with
the help of data from other rain stations. The methods that were used to completing the missing
rain data are:
1. Average arithmetic
If the difference between the annual rainfall from the rain station where the data is
incomplete compared to the annual rainfall from the nearest rain station is < 10%, then
the missing data can be taken from the calculated average value of the data from the
nearest station, and it is recommended that there are more than two comparison stations.
The average arithmetic can be formulated as follows:

1
𝑅𝑥 = (𝑅 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅𝑛 )
𝑛 1

9
 Where:
Rx = The average rainfall data from station x that will be completed
R1 = The value of average rainfall at station 1 etc.
n = Number of comparison stations

2. Normal ratio
If the difference between the annual rainfall from the rain station where the data is
incomplete compared to the annual rainfall from the nearest rain station is > 10%, then
the missing rain data equipment is carried out using the normal ratio/comparison method
which is formulated as follows:

𝑛=𝑛
𝑟𝑥 1 𝑟𝑛
= ∑
𝑅𝑥 𝑛 − 1 𝑅𝑛
𝑛=1

Where:
rx = The rainfall data from station x that will be completed
Rx = The average value of the rainfall at the station where the data is
missing
n = Number of gauge stations
rn = The value of rainfall in the same year with rx in n station
Rn = The average value of the rainfall at n station

3. Correlation
This method is used for annual rainfall analysis by using a curve that describes the
correlation between rainfall height at stations whose data is missing and index stations in
the same period (year).

2.2.2 Rain Data Consistency Test

The consistency of the rain data was tested using the Double Mass Curve Technique. With
this method, data correction can also be done. The basis of this method is to compare the
cumulative annual rainfall from the station followed by the cumulative annual rainfall from the
base station network.

10
 Base stations are selected from places adjacent to the observation station, the base station
data must be tested for consistency and the same meteorological conditions as the observation
station. Base station data must be tested for consistency and the same meteorological conditions
as the observation station. Rainfall data are arranged in backward chronological order, starting
with the last year. This method is expressed in the following formula:

𝐼𝑜
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝑜
𝐼𝐴

Where:
RA = Observed rain data
RO = Adjusted rain data
Io = Slope prior to the break in the curve
IA = Slope after the break in the curve

The inconsistency of a data set (Array Data) is caused by the following:

• Changes in land use in the watershed and its surroundings.
• Change of place/location of rain gauge station.
• Changes in ecosystems to climate, for example forest fires, landslides.
• There is an error in the data observation system in a set of rain data.

2.2.3 Homogeneity Test

The homogeneity test of the rainfall data from the 4 rain stations was carried out to ensure
that at each station there were no significant deviations in the rainfall data. This has the potential
to happen in the field because this is caused by many factors, such as the occurrence of rain that
does not match predictions or rain data that is lost or not captured by rain catchers.
A data is said to be homogeneous if the point H (n, TR) is in the homogeneity graph. For the
calculation of homogeneity, first, ranking the data from the existing rainfall data. The steps for
testing homogeneity are as follows:
1. Calculate annual rainfall data (𝑅), with formula:

∑ 𝑅𝑖
𝑅=
𝑛

2. Calculate the standard deviation (𝛿𝑅 ), with the formula:

11
 ∑(𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅)2 1⁄
𝛿𝑅 = ( ) 2
𝑛−1
1
3. Calculate the value of (𝛼), with the formula:

1 𝛿𝑅
=
𝛼 𝛿𝑛

4. Calculate (𝜇), with the formula:

1
𝜇 = 𝑅 − ( 𝑌𝑛 )
𝛼

Table 2.1 Values of Reduced Mean and Reduced Standard Deviation

n 𝑌𝑛 𝛿𝑛
10 0.4952 0.9496
11 0.4996 0.9676
12 0.5053 0.9833
13 0.5070 0.9971
14 0.5100 1.0095
15 0.5128 1.0206
16 0.5157 1.0316
17 0.5128 1.0411
18 0.5202 1.0493
19 0.5220 1.0565
20 0.5236 1.0628
21 0.5252 1.0696
22 0.5268 1.0754
23 0.5283 1.0811
24 0.5269 1.0864
25 0.5309 1.0915
30 0.5362 1.1124

Source: Masduki (1985)

5. The regression equation is obtained with the formula:

1
𝑅=𝜇+ 𝑦
𝛼

6. The values of R0 and R5 are obtained, from the substitution of Y, then plotted on
"Gumbel's Probability Paper", and a line is drawn connecting the two points.
12
 7. From this line, the values of R10 and Tr are obtained.

8. Finding the point of homogeneity, with the formula:

𝑅10
𝑇𝑅 = × 𝑇𝑟
𝑅

∴ (𝑛, 𝑇𝑅 )

9. Plotting on a homogeneity graph, if plotting (n, TR) turns out to be in the graph,
then the data is homogeneous.

If it is not homogeneous, then the data selection is changed by selecting the start and end of
another data collection such that the point is located at in the homogeneity graph. To find R10 and
Tr need to use regression. If plotting H (n, TR) on homogeneity graph paper turns out to be
outside, then the selection of data arrays is changed by selecting the start and end of another data
collection so that point H (n, TR) is on the inside of the graph. Non-homogenic can be caused by:

• Moving the observation station to a new place

• Changing the type of measuring instrument
• Changing the measurement method
• Observation error since a certain date Changes in the ecosystem due to fire, rain,
landslides, etc.

2.2.4 Average Rainfall Analysis

To plan a drainage channel, rainfall data is needed. Rainfall required is the average rainfall
throughout the area concerned. So, it is not rainfall at a certain point so that this rainfall is called
regional or regional rainfall and is expressed in millimeters (mm). Rainfall must be estimated from
several points or rain stations.
If the station points in the area are not evenly distributed, then the method of calculating the
average rainfall is carried out by considering the area of influence of each station point. This
method is done by entering the regional influence factor represented by the rain gauge station
called the weighting factor or Thiessen coefficient.
The value of the weighting factor depends on the area of influence represented by the station
bounded by polygons that intersect perpendicularly to the middle of the line connecting the two
stations (each station is located on a closed polygon).

1
𝑅= ∑ 𝐴𝑖 × 𝑅𝑖 𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑖 × 𝑅𝑖
𝐴

13
 Where:
R = Regional average rainfall
Ai = Catchment area for station I (km2)
A = Total catchment area (km2)
Ri = Rainfall data in station i (mm)
Wi = Weighing factor (Ai/A)

The steps to create polygons is as follows:

1. Connect each station with a straight line to form a triangular polygon.
2. Create axes on the triangular polygon so that the point of intersection of the axes will
form a new polygon.
3. This new polygon is the boundary of the influence area of each rain gauge station.
For examples of visible polygons can be seen in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Thiessen Polygon

2.2.5 Maximum Daily Rainfall Analysis

Maximum daily rainfall can be calculated using 3 methods, namely the Gumbel’s method,
the Log Pearson Type III method, and the Iwai Kadoya method. From the results of calculations
with these 3 methods, the one with the largest value will be taken because with a large maximum
rainfall value, the capacity of the channel to accommodate the rainwater discharge becomes more
and more efficient.
1. Gumbel’s method
This method states that the distribution of the extreme (maximum or minimum) years
selected from n samples will approach a boundary shape as the sample size increases.
The formula used is:

14
 𝜏𝑅
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅 + (𝑌 − 𝑌𝑛 )
𝜏𝑛 𝑇

Where:
R = Average rainfall
RT = Standard deviation
Yn = Obtained from Table 2.1 Reduced Mean and Standard Deviation.
Yt = Obtained from Table 2.2 Reduced Variate in PUH t years.

Table 2.2 Reduced Variate In PUH t Years

PUH (year) t Yt
2 0.3665
5 1.4999
10 2.2502
25 3.1985
50 3.9019
100 4.6001

Source: Nemec (1972)

2. Log Pearson type III method

The Log Pearson method is based on changes in existing data in logarithmic form.
The calculation steps:
1) Compile rainfall data (Ri) starting from the largest to the smallest value
2) Convert N number of rainfall data into logarithmic form:

𝑋𝑖 = log 𝑅𝑖

3) Calculate the average value

∑ 𝑅𝑖
𝑅=
𝑛

4) Calculate the average deviation of the logarithmic value

15
 ∑(𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅)2 1⁄
𝛿=( ) 2
𝑛−1

5) Calculate the value of skew coefficient (asymmetry coefficient) of the

logarithmic value above:

𝑁 × ∑(𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅)2
𝐶𝑠 =
(𝑁 − 1) − (𝑁 − 2)(𝛿𝑥 )2

Sometimes the value of Cs is adjusted to the magnitude of N, so the equation

becomes:

8.5
𝐶𝑆𝐻 = 𝐶𝑠 × (1 + )
𝑁

6) Based on the value of the skew coefficient (Cs) obtained and the specified
PUH (T), the value of Kx can be determined using a table. Calculate the value
of the logarithm of each rainfall data for a certain PUH T.

𝑋𝑡 = 𝑋̄ + 𝐾𝑥 ⋅ 𝜏𝑥

So, the estimated Maximum Daily Rainfall for the return period T (years) is:

𝑅𝑇 = 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 𝑙𝑜𝑔⋅ 𝑋𝑇 or 𝑅𝑇 = 10𝑋𝑇

3. Iwai Kadoya’s method

Also called the unilateral limited distribution method (one site finite distribution).
The principle is changing the variable (x) of the density probability curve from maximum
daily rainfall to log X or changing the asymmetric distribution curve to a normal
distribution curve. The probability of exceeding W(x) assuming a normal log distribution
hydrological data. The value of the constant b > 0, as the minimum value of the possible
variable (x). So that the density curve is not < the minimum value (-b), then each term is
taken x + b, where the log (a + b) value is estimated to have a normal distribution.
Calculation of the Iwai Kadoya’s method is a normal variable, calculated by the equation:

16
2.2.6 Rain Distribution Analysis
To calculate the distribution of rain can be used 3 methods, Van Breen’s method, Hasper-
Weduwen’s method, and Bell’s method.
1. Van Breen’s method
This method assumes that the amount or duration of daily rain is concentrated for 4
hours with an effective rain of 90% of the rain for 24 hours. Relationship with formula:

90% × 𝑅 24
𝐼=
4

2. Hasper-Weduwen’s method
The formula reduction is obtained based on the trend of daily rainfall grouped based
on the assumption that the rain has a symmetrical distribution with the rain duration (t)
less than 1 hour and the rain duration between 1 hour to 24 hours. The formulation of the
Hasper-Weduwen method is:

• If 0 < t < 1

• If 1 < t < 24

Meanwhile, to determine the intensity of rain according to Hasper-Weduwen,

the following formula is used:

3. Bell’s method
For the purposes of analysis of the frequency of rain, rainfall data must be available
for a long-time interval. If this data is not available, if it is known that the rainfall is 1

17
 hour (60 minutes) with a PUH of 10 years as the basis, then an empirical formula given
by Bell can be used to determine rainfall from 5 - 120 minutes with a PUH of 2 - 100
years. This relationship is derived from analysis of rainfall at 157 stations and statistical
tests that can be used worldwide. The formula:

𝑅𝑇𝑡 = (0,21. 𝑙𝑛 𝑇 + 0,52)(0,54𝑡 0,25 − 0,5) × 𝑅10

60

2.2.7 Rain Intensity Method Selection

The first step in planning the water channel is determining the amount of discharge that must
be considered. The amount of discharge planning is determined by the intensity of the rain that
occurs. Generally, the larger t, the smaller the rainfall intensity. If there is no time to observe the
intensity of the rain or the equipment is not available, it can be done by empirical means:
1. Talbot’s method

𝑎
𝐼=
𝑡+𝑏

(∑ 𝐼 ⋅ 𝑡)(∑ 𝐼 2 ) − (∑ 𝐼 2 ⋅ 𝑡)(∑ 𝐼)
𝑎=
(𝑁 ⋅ ∑ 𝐼 2 ) − (∑ 𝐼)2

(∑ 𝐼) ⋅ (∑ 𝐼 ⋅ 𝑡) − 𝑁(∑ 𝐼 2 ⋅ 𝑡)
𝑏=
(𝑁 ⋅ ∑ 𝐼 2 ) − (∑ 𝐼)2

2. Ishiguro’s method

𝑎
𝐼=
√𝑡 + 𝑏

(∑ 𝐼 √𝑡 ⋅ ∑ 𝐼 2 ) − (∑ 𝐼 2 √𝑡 ⋅ ∑ 𝐼)
𝑎=
𝑁 ⋅ ∑ 𝐼 2 − (∑ 𝐼)2

(∑ 𝐼 ⋅ ∑ 𝐼 √𝑡) − 𝑁 ⋅ (∑ 𝐼 2 √𝑡)
𝑏=
𝑁 ∑ 𝐼 2 − (∑ 𝐼)2

3. Sherman’s method

𝑎
𝐼=
𝑡𝑛

(∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐼) ⋅ (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑡) − (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 . ∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐼) ⋅ (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡)

𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 =
𝑁 ⋅ ∑(𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑡) − (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡)2

18
 (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐼 ⋅ ∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡) − 𝑛 ⋅ (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 . ∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐼)
𝑛=
𝑁 ∑(𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑡) − (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡)2

For the selection of the rain intensity formula from the three formulas above, it is necessary
to find the smallest difference between the original I and the theoretical I based on the above
formula.

2.3 Drainage Planning Criteria

2.3.1 Rainwater Runoff Calculation
Calculation of runoff discharge used the rational method. This method is only valid for
calculating rain runoff for watersheds up to 13 km2, while for larger areas a modified rational
method is used.
The runoff coefficient (c) is the amount of rain that falls by flowing as runoff from rain, on
a given soil surface. The factors that affect the value of this flow coefficient are the presence of
infiltration and rain storage on the soil, thus affecting the amount of rainwater that flows. The
application of the flow coefficient (c) in the use of the rational method, adapted to the land use of
the land development plan or the local area.
Rainwater that falls somewhere in the watershed takes time to flow to the observation point.
The length of time it takes to reach the observation point by rainwater falling at the farthest place
from the observation point is called the time of concentration or time of concentration (tc).
Concentration time is the sum of the time required for rainwater falling in the termination area to
enter the channel (to) and the time required for water entering the channel to flow to the
observation point (td).
The time it takes for rainwater that falls in the termination area to enter the channel (to), is
influenced by:
• The surface roughness of the soil through which it passes can impede drainage.
• The slope of the soil affects the flow rate over the surface.
• The presence of indentations in the soil inhibits and reduces the amount of water
flowing.
• The size of the flow area and the character of the street inlet also affect the length of
the flow.

2.3.2 Channel Dimension Calculation

In planning this drainage channel, an open channel with a trapezoidal shape will be applied
for the primary open channel. This is because the trapezoidal channel is stronger and more durable,
while for the closed channel a rectangular channel is used because it is economical and handles
the narrow available land due to population growth. As well as the selection of a trapezoidal

19
channel with channel planning based on the optimum hydraulic cross section, which means a cross-
sectional area will have a maximum capacity.
There is formula used for calculating the channel dimensions based on the Manning
formula:

1 2 1
𝑣= ⋅ 𝑅3 ⋅ 𝑆 2
𝑛
1 2 1
→𝑄= ⋅ 𝑅3 ⋅ 𝑆 2 ⋅ 𝐴
𝑛
2
1 ℎ 3 1
→ 𝑄 = ⋅ ( ) ⋅ 𝑆 2 ⋅ √3ℎ2
𝑛 2
3⁄
𝑄. 𝑛 8
→ℎ=( )
1,09. √𝑆

The slope used for this plan follows the slope of the existing terrain as much as possible.
However, it is also necessary to check the speed that occurs in the channel, which is between 0.6
- 3.0 m/second.

2.3.3 Velocity Calculation

Determination of the velocity of water flow in the planned channel is based on the
minimum speed that allows the channel to be self-cleaning and the maximum speed allowed so
that the channel construction remains safe. Each flow rate in the channel is adjusted depending
on the shape and type of the planned channel. The following is the flow limitation of each type
can be seen in Table 2.3:

Table 2.3 Velocity Variations in Channels

Variation of
Channel type
velocity (m/s)
Round shape, concrete buis 0,75 – 3,0
Square shape, stone masonry 1,0 – 3,0
Trapezoidal shape 0,6 – 1,5

20
2.4 Complementary Buildings
Complementary buildings are intended as complementary and supporting facilities for the
drainage distribution system whose main purpose is to help smooth the drainage function
according to what is expected and calculated. Complementary buildings that exist in the drainage
system include:
2.4.1 Persil Connection
It is a connection for drainage channels from houses to rainwater channels located on the
sides of the road. This connection can be an open or closed conduit and is made separate from the
sewer line.
In practice, the channel meeting is attempted to have the same height to reduce redundant
construction, namely by optimizing the speed to produce the desired slope. To reduce the pressure
loss that is too large and for construction safety, the conduit wall is made not angled or curved and
smoothed. For the confluence of channels of different types and shapes, a tub that functions as a
collection tank is used.

2.4.2 Street Inlet

Street Inlet is a hole on the side of the road that serves to accommodate and channel runoff
rainwater that is along the road leading to the canal. In accordance with the conditions and
placement of the channel as well as the function of the existing road, the type of use of an open
channel does not need a street inlet because the existing channel threshold is a free opening, the
image of the street inlet can be seen in Figure 2.2. The laying of the street inlet has provisions, as
follows:
• Placed in a place that does not interfere with road and pedestrian traffic.
• Placed in a low area where rainwater runoff is headed in that direction.
• Water entering through the street inlet must immediately flow into the canal.
• The number of street inlets must be sufficient to capture rainwater runoff on the
respective roads.

The formula used, namely:

280
𝐷= √𝑆
𝑊

Where:
D = Distance or distance between street inlets (m)
S = Slope (%); D≤50 m

21
 W = Road Width (m)

Figure 2.2 Types of Street Inlet

2.4.3 Manhole
In a closed channel, there are 4 Manhole functions, including the following:
• As a Control Body, for line maintenance and inspection.
• To repair the duct in the event of a dimensional change.
• As a vent for the entry and exit of air.
• As a closed channel drop (Drop Manhole).

Manhole placement is mainly at points where Street Inlets are located, bends, channel
confluences, at the beginning and at the end of the channel in the culvert. With consideration of
construction improvements, financing and ease of implementation, the Manhole is planned to be
made of reinforced concrete and installed in such a way that it is level with the road surface and is
equipped with a handle to facilitate lifting (opening and closing) with a general size of 60 x 60 cm.
While the stairs in the Manhole are embedded in the wall and made of Cast Iron with a ladder
distance of 30 -50 cm, and a width of 30-40 cm. The manhole image can be seen in Figure 2.3.

22
 Figure 2.3 Types of Manhole

2.4.4 Culvert
Culverts are buildings that are needed to channel rainwater if the channel to be built crosses
or crosses the road. The plan is still based on the discharge flowing in the culvert. In addition, the
silt deposition factor that may arise during drainage should be avoided. The trick is to set the flow
speed more than or equal to the self-cleansing speed. In this design, the minimum velocity of water
in the culverts used is 0.5 – 3 m/second.

Figure 2.4 Culvert

2.4.5 Out Fall

Out Fall is the end of a rainwater channel placed in a river or other receiving water body.
The Out Fall structure is almost the same as the waterfall building structure because usually the
end point of the channel is located at an elevation higher than the surface of the receiving water
body, so that in planning, this Out Fall is a sloping waterfall building from the construction of river
stones or split stones. In the development of areas near the coast, the drainage system is affected
by tides. Hydraulically, the influence of tides on downstream flows causes backwater. This
condition can be incorporated in the design of the Out Fall structure or the terminal part of the

23
drainage system by using simple backwater method. Several models can be used to evaluate the
effect of tides, including the Saint-Venant equation and the SWMM computer program.
Buildings Out Fall drainage systems that are placed in the tidal zone are usually used building
flap gates. The building has a door that hangs, which prevents water from re-entering the drainage
system. The flow of water in the drainage system must have a residual pressure that allows the
door to automatically open or close. Considerations in building Out Fall in the worst conditions,
when high tide and heavy rain occur simultaneously, must be considered in planning the drainage
system. The planning criteria were made under flood conditions and all urban infrastructure at that
time did not experience inundation.

2.4.6 Gutter
Gutters are not much different from bridges. If the bridge distributes traffic, the gutters
function to channel water and are placed on top of the bases. Gutters are usually made of wood,
masonry, steel, or reinforced concrete.
Timber gutters are usually only used for unimportant or temporary channels. Gutters from
masonry are made into one with the base walls. Gutters from reinforced concrete are made
sufficient to carry the load due to the weight of the water and the weight of the gutter itself.
Meanwhile, the steel gutters are made of iron plates which are placed on a framework that works
as the support, where the pillars are also made of steel. The velocity of water in gutters from
masonry or concrete is usually taken not more than 1.5 – 2.5 m/s and for steel gutters up to 3.5
m/s.

2.4.7 Syphon
A syphon is a complementary structure in a drainage system that is used if the difference
between the surfaces of the two crossing traces is small and it is not possible to make gutters or
culverts. A siphon is a pressurized building where the water flowing in it must have a large enough
pressure and a speed that is not small so that the pressure loss in the siphon does not hinder the
flow of water.
The siphon building is one of the crossing buildings built to drain the discharge carried by a
channel whose path is cut by a long-span valley or cut by a river. The siphon building is a closed
channel that is installed following the cross section of a river or valley to cross the discharge from
the upstream side to the downstream side. Siphon buildings (in the form of closed channels with
circular or rectangular cross sections) are installed below the riverbed or can also be installed above
ground level if crossing valleys (basins).
Siphon construction if the cross section is rectangular is usually made of reinforced concrete,
if the cross section is circular, it is usually made of steel. To prevent sedimentation when the
discharge in the siphon decreases, a double pipe type is usually used. When the discharge in the
siphon decreases, one lane is closed, the other lane is opened so that the flow velocity in the siphon
can still transport sediment downstream. Siphon construction should be chosen at a location with

24
a minimum length of river span, so that construction costs are economical, and energy loss is small.
In planning a siphon there are several things that must be considered (in the case of a siphon
crossing the riverbed), including:
1. The siphon must be able to withstand the uplift force when the water is empty. The
retaining direction is vertical downwards, namely gravity due to the siphon
construction's own weight and gravity due to the weight of the siphon cover layer.
2. Siphons must be made at sufficient depth below the riverbed.
3. In this condition the siphon construction must be safe against the danger of scouring
the riverbed (degradation) as well as the danger of local scour due to the disturbed
riverbed. If the siphon construction is too close to the surface of the riverbed, the soil
cover above the siphon is likely to be eroded. For this reason, siphon construction
must be made at a sufficient depth to the riverbed. At the bottom of the riverbed, the
construction of the siphon should be in a horizontal position and the length towards
the riverbank should be sufficient, because the riverbank erosion may also occur. ,
While on the slopes of the river can be made sloping. The riverbed cover layer (on
top of the siphon construction) should be a pair of gabions (gabions).
4. To reduce energy loss, the location of the siphon is sought on the shortest river span,
as well as minimizing the number of turns in the siphon construction.
5. The most dangerous condition in siphon construction is when the siphon is empty. At
this time, the uplift force is the force caused by hydrostatic pressure from below the
siphon construction, pressing the siphon construction upwards. This style tends to
elevate the siphon construction. Meanwhile, to compensate for the required style.

2.5 System Operation and Maintenance

There is no special handling of these drainage buildings, some of the operations and
maintenance steps are:
• Laying drainage buildings in accordance with the city's land use plan, so that apart
from not destroying the beauty of the city, it also does not disturb the community.
• Cleaning the drainage complementary building regularly, and so on.

25
 CHAPTER III
OVERVIEW OF THE PLANNING AREA

3.1 Planning Area Overview

Tulungagung is one of the regencies located in the province of East Java. Tulungagung District
lies in 111°43’ – 112°07’ East longitude and 7°15’ – 8°18’ South longitude. Tulungagung District
has administrative border areas as follows:

North : Kediri District

South : Indonesian ocean
West : Trenggalek District
East : Blitar District

The distance between the capital of Tulungagung District (Tulungagung Subdistrict) and the
Capital of East Java Province (Surabaya City) is approximately 154 km to the southwest.
Meanwhile, the distance between the sub-district capital and the district capital in Tulungagung
district ranges from 0 – 36 km, where Pucanglaban District is the area that has the furthest distance
from the district capital.

Figure 3.1 Map of Tulungagung District, East Java

Source: Google Earth

26
3.2 Physical Conditions
3.2.1 Geographical and Topographical Conditions
The area of Tulungagung District can be grouped into three parts. Northern part (southwest)
that has mountainous area that relatively fertile, which is the southeastern part of Mount Wilis,
covering an area of ±25%. Southern part that has relatively mountainous area barren, but rich in
forest potential and mining materials, which are part of Mount Kapur Selatan of East Java,
covering an area ±40%. Central part is a fertile lowland, which traversed by the Brantas River and
Kali Ngrowo (Agung Trench) and its branches, covering an area of ±35%.
With the total area of 1.055.65 km², Tulungagung District is divided into 19 Subdistrict, 14
Ward, 257 Villages. The total area of each subdistrict can be seen in the following table:

Table 3.1 Total Area of Subdistrict in Tulungagung District

Total Area
No Subdistrict
(Km2/sq.km)
1 Besuki 82,16
2 Bandung 41,96
3 Pakel 36,06
4 Campurdarat 39,56
5 Tanggunggunung 117,73
6 Kalidawir 97,81
7 Pucanglaban 82,94
8 Rejotangan 66,49
9 Ngunut 37,70
10 Sumbergempol 39,28
11 Boyolangu 38,44
12 Tulungagung 13,67
13 Kedungwaru 29,74
14 Ngantru 37,03
15 Karangrejo 35,54
16 Kauman 30,84
17 Gondang 44,02
18 Pagerwojo 88,22
19 Sendang 96,46
Tulungagung District 1.055,65

Source: Tulungagung in Figures 2021

Subdistrict which has widest areas are Tanggunggunung, Kalidawir, Sendang, and
Pagerwojo Subdistrict while the narrowest is Tulungagung Subdistrict with total are of 13.67
Km2/sq.km. Based on elevation (high of sea surface), land in Tulungagung District consist of
94.83% areas with the elevation from 0 m to 499 m, 4.06% areas with the elevation 500 m – 700
m, and 1.11% areas with the elevation 700 m and over.

27
3.2.2 Hydrological and Climatology Conditions
Rainy days and rainfall are affected by climatic conditions, topographic conditions, and air /
current fluctuations. The largest rainy days in Tulungagung District in 2020 is in February and in
July to September there is low rainy days. Based on the accumulated data from 9 rainfall stations,
the average rainfall by month in Tulungagung District is 178.75 mm with the biggest rainfall is in
February at 424 mm and the lowest in August at 10 mm. The climate type of Tulungagung District
generally categorized a seasonal tropical rain climate. This type of rain is characterized by seasonal
rains (November to April), and the dry season from May to October. The average temperature
reaches 27°C with the lowest temperature of 24°C and the highest temperature of 30°C. Air
humidity ranges from 74 – 77% and the average annual rainfall ranges from 2,155 – 3,292 mm.

3.2.3 Demographics
Based on the results of the 2020 Population Census, the population of Tulungagung District
in September 2020 according to the results of SP2020 was 1.089.775 people. With an area of
1055.65 km2, the population density of Tulungagung as many as 1032 people per km2. Based on
gender, the female population is almost as large as the male population, the male population is
545,254 and the female population is 544,521, with a sex ratio of 100.13. Population distribution
in each subdistrict, population density, and annual population growth rate 2010 – 2020 in
Tulungagung District can be seen in the following table:

Table 3.2 Population, Population Density, and Annual Population Growth Rate 2010 – 2020

Annual Population
Population Population Density
No Subdistrict Growth Rate (%)
(thousand) per sq.km
2010 - 2020
1 Besuki 38,10 463,70 1,14
2 Bandung 47,76 1 138,25 1,20
3 Pakel 53,17 1 474,49 1,02
4 Campurdarat 57,43 1 451,77 0,64
5 Tanggunggunung 25,79 219,08 0,97
6 Kalidawir 74,31 759,73 1,53
7 Pucanglaban 25,81 311,21 1,61
8 Rejotangan 80,44 1 209,81 1,32
9 Ngunut 82,61 2 191,35 0,95
10 Sumbergempol 71,16 1 811,71 1,07
11 Boyolangu 83,28 2 166,52 0,83
12 Tulungagung 65,95 4 824,58 0,12
13 Kedungwaru 94,43 3 175,18 0,98
14 Ngantru 57,33 1 548,26 0,90
15 Karangrejo 43,44 1 222,26 1,04
16 Kauman 51,78 1 678,86 0,52
17 Gondang 58,67 1 332,83 0,81
18 Pagerwojo 31,40 355,88 0,44

28
 Annual Population
Population Population Density
No Subdistrict Growth Rate (%)
(thousand) per sq.km
2010 - 2020
19 Sendang 46,91 486,27 0,79
Tulungagung District 1 089,78 1 032,33 0,93

Source: Tulungagung in Figures 2021

3.2.4 Land Use

Increasing the value of protected forest benefits by taking non-timber by-products
accompanied by community participation, such as the use of protected forests for tourism activities
(eco-tourism). With the existence of activities that affect the community's economy, the
community will try to preserve the existence of protected areas in the vicinity. Tulungagung
District with an area of 1.055.65 km², its use for agricultural activities is still quite extensive,
namely 441.2820 km² or 38.36%. Although there is a decrease in agricultural land area of 0.27%,
it is hoped that the yield of food crops can still meet the needs of the people of Tulungagung and
even be able to supply food in other areas in East Java Province.

3.3 Public and Social Facilities

Table 3.3 Tulungagung Educational Facilities in 2020

Junior Senior
Primary Vocational
No Subdistrict High High
School School
School School
1 Besuki 10 3 1 -
2 Bandung 18 7 3 3
3 Pakel 19 4 1 -
4 Campurdarat 9 4 2 1
5 Tanggunggunung 7 3 - -
6 Kalidawir 17 7 2 2
7 Pucanglaban 9 2 - -
8 Rejotangan 16 8 3 1
9 Ngunut 18 5 3 2
10 Sumbergempol 17 6 3 2
11 Boyolangu 17 5 1 4
12 Tulungagung 14 10 8 3
13 Kedungwaru 18 8 2 4
14 Ngantru 13 5 1 4
15 Karangrejo 13 8 4 2
16 Kauman 13 4 2 -
17 Gondang 20 3 2 -
18 Pagerwojo 11 4 - 1

29
 Junior Senior
Primary Vocational
No Subdistrict High High
School School
School School
19 Sendang 11 6 1 1
Tulungagung District 270 102 39 26

Source: Tulungagung in Figures 2021

Table 3.4 Tulungagung Worship Facilities in 2020

No Subdistrict Mosque Mushola Church Temple Vihara

1 Besuki 68 133 1 - -
2 Bandung 98 198 - - -
3 Pakel 85 7 - - -
4 Campurdarat 39 112 1 1 -
5 Tanggunggunung 36 74 - - -
6 Kalidawir 116 285 1 - -
7 Pucanglaban 44 3 1 - -
8 Rejotangan 88 321 7 - -
9 Ngunut 80 211 8 - -
10 Sumbergempol 86 234 - - -
11 Boyolangu 59 206 5 - -
12 Tulungagung 52 91 15 - -
13 Kedungwaru 92 197 8 - -
14 Ngantru 58 166 2 - 1
15 Karangrejo 63 153 - 1 -
16 Kauman 45 14 2 - -
17 Gondang 42 185 3 - -
18 Pagerwojo 55 98 1 - -
19 Sendang 95 106 1 - -
Tulungagung District 1 301 2 794 65 2 1

Source: Tulungagung in Figures

30
 CHAPTER IV
HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS

4.1 Drainage Channels Principles

Hydrological analysis is not only needed in the planning of various kinds of water structures,
such as dams, flood control buildings, and irrigation buildings, but is also needed for planning
drainage, culverts, and bridges crossing rivers or canals as well as other transportation components.
Hydrological analysis is a very complicated and complex field. This is due to uncertainties in
hydrology, limited theoretical and recorded data, and economic limitations. Rain is an
unpredictable event. That is, we cannot predict with certainty how much rain will occur in a certain
period.
In terms of drainage system planning, an analysis of the hydrological aspect is something that
must be done. This hydrological aspect includes calculations to complete the rain data by
conducting consistency and homogeneity tests, calculating the average rainfall of an area,
analyzing maximum rainfall, and calculating rainfall intensity. Overall, the amount of water on
planet earth is relatively constant from time to time. Water on earth undergoes a cycle through a
series of events that take place continuously, where we do not know when and where it begins and
when it will end. This series of events is called the hydrologic cycle. Water flowing in a channel
or river can come from surface runoff or from groundwater seeping at the bottom of the river. The
contribution of groundwater to the river flow is called base flow, while the total flow is called
runoff. Water stored in reservoirs, lakes, and rivers is called surface water.
In relation to drainage planning, the most important component is surface runoff. Therefore,
this component is handled properly to avoid disasters, especially floods (Linsley 1991).

4.2 Hydrological Aspects

In planning this drainage system, the analysis of the hydrological aspect is very important.
Hydrological aspects which include rainfall, complete rain data, consistency test, homogeneity
test, determination of regional average rainfall, maximum daily rainfall analysis, rain distribution
calculation method or rainfall intensity calculation method and rainfall intensity curve calculation.

4.2.1 Rainfall
Rainfall is the most important hydrological data to collect before urban drainage planning.
In planning, rainfall data is used to:
• Calculation of channel dimensions, both closed and open.
• Calculation of the dimensions of the canal structures.
• Calculation of spans of bridges.
• Calculation of flood control reservoirs.

31
 The calculation process is based on hydrological analysis which includes, among others:
analysis of rainfall data and calculation of flow discharge. After the flow rate is known, the
dimensions of the channel and its buildings are determined based on hydraulic formulas.

4.2.2 Rain Station Network

To support the analysis of rainfall data, a rainfall observation station is needed. The number
of rainfall observation stations must be adjusted to the distribution area of the rain and the
topography of the area. According to WHO, it is recommended to have the following density:
• The temperate flat areas, the Mediterranean and the tropics.
Ideal: 1 station for 600 km2 – 900 km2
Practical: 1 station for 900 km2 – 3000 km2
• The temperate, Mediterranean, and tropical mountain areas.
Ideal: 1 station for 100 km2 –250 km2
Practical: 1 station for 250 km2 – 1000 km2
• Dry areas and polar regions.
Stations for 1500 – 10,000 km2 and depending on eligibility.

4.2.3 Completing Missing Rain Data

Maximum daily rainfall data at observation stations 1,2, 4, and 5 are needed to calculate the
intensity of rain. There are some missing data at the station and must be completed first. The
maximum daily rainfall data at observation stations in 1983 – 2012 can be seen in the following
table:

Table 4.1 Maximum Daily Rainfall Data at Observer Station

No. Year ST. 1 ST. 2 ST. 4 ST. 5

1 1983 152 141 115 161
2 1984 139 138 135 158
3 1985 166 126 129 145
4 1986 118 126 135 167
5 1987 123 119 114 169
6 1988 148 129 125 172
7 1989 146 127 132 154
8 1990 144 129 128 173
9 1991 147 141 134 166
10 1992 161 133 121 172
11 1993 150 143 134 162
12 1994 165 139 133 176

32
 No. Year ST. 1 ST. 2 ST. 4 ST. 5
13 1995 161 119 124 164
14 1996 162 135 119 140
15 1997 158 140 130 153
16 1998 137 131 132 171
17 1999 156 112 135 169
18 2000 148 127 115 167
19 2001 140 123 135 185
20 2002 145 132 142 179
21 2003 A 117 128 175
22 2004 152 116 140 169
23 2005 143 123 120 158
24 2006 148 142 129 169
25 2007 138 132 117 165
26 2008 147 115 138 160
27 2009 156 122 123 162
28 2010 130 118 136 170
29 2011 112 141 129 161
30 2012 125 135 137 159
Total 4217 3871 3864 4951
Average 145.41 129.03 128.80 165.03

Source: The Calculation Result

If the difference between the rainfall for which data is missing versus the rainfall at the
complete station is less than 10%, then the estimated price for the incomplete data can be taken
from the calculated average value of the data from the nearest place and it is recommended that
more than two stations be compared. Missing data can be taken from the calculated average value
of the nearest station data, and it is recommended that there are more than two comparison stations.
The arithmetic method can be formulated as follows:

1
𝑅𝑥 = (𝑅 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅𝑛 )
𝑛 1

33
 Where:
Rx = The average rainfall data from station x that will be completed
R1 = The value of average rainfall at station 1 etc.
n = Number of comparison stations

If the difference exceeds 10%, then the calculation of the missing rainfall is carried out using
the normal ratio method, namely:

𝑛=𝑛
𝑟𝑥 1 𝑟𝑛
= ∑
𝑅𝑥 𝑛 − 1 𝑅𝑛
𝑛=1

Where:
rx = The rainfall data from station x that will be completed
Rx = The average value of the rainfall at the station where the data is missing
n = Number of gauge stations
rn = The value of rainfall in the same year with rx in n station
Rn = The average value of the rainfall at n station

In table 4.1, the missing rain data is found at station 1 in 2003, to determine the value of the
missing rain data at station 1, first determine the method that is going to be used by calculating the
difference of the average rainfall from the station that the data is missing and the comparison
station, in this case the author used station 2 as the comparison station because it’s the nearest
station with station 1,

145.41 − 129.03
× 100% = 11.26%
145.41

Because 11.26% is greater 10%, the normal ratio method was used with the following
formula and calculation results for missing rain data:

34
 1 117 128 175
𝑅𝐴 = ( + + )
3 129.03 128.80 165.03
𝑅𝐴 = 143.52 ≈ 144 𝑚𝑚

The maximum daily rainfall data for Tulungagung District in 1983 – 2012 in complete can
be seen in the following table:

Table 4.2 Tulungagung District Maximum Daily Rainfall Data

No. Year ST. 1 ST. 2 ST. 4 ST. 5

1 1983 152 141 115 161
2 1984 139 138 135 158
3 1985 166 126 129 145
4 1986 118 126 135 167
5 1987 123 119 114 169
6 1988 148 129 125 172
7 1989 146 127 132 154
8 1990 144 129 128 173
9 1991 147 141 134 166
10 1992 161 133 121 172
11 1993 150 143 134 162
12 1994 165 139 133 176
13 1995 161 119 124 164
14 1996 162 135 119 140
15 1997 158 140 130 153
16 1998 137 131 132 171
17 1999 156 112 135 169
18 2000 148 127 115 167
19 2001 140 123 135 185
20 2002 145 132 142 179
21 2003 144 117 128 175
22 2004 152 116 140 169
23 2005 143 123 120 158
24 2006 148 142 129 169

35
 No. Year ST. 1 ST. 2 ST. 4 ST. 5
25 2007 138 132 117 165
26 2008 147 115 138 160
27 2009 156 122 123 162
28 2010 130 118 136 170
29 2011 112 141 129 161
30 2012 125 135 137 159
Total 4361 3871 3864 4951
Average 145.37 129.03 128.80 165.03

Source: The Calculation Result

4.2.4 Rain Data Consistency Test

The consistency of the rain data was tested using the Double Mass Curve Technique. With
this method, data correction can also be done. The basis of this method is to compare the
cumulative annual rainfall from the station followed by the cumulative annual rainfall from the
base station network.
Base stations are selected from places adjacent to the observation station, the base station
data must be tested for consistency and the same meteorological conditions as the observation
station. Base station data must be tested for consistency and the same meteorological conditions
as the observation station. Rainfall data are arranged in backward chronological order, starting
with the last year. This method is expressed in the following formula:

𝐼𝑜
𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝑜
𝐼𝐴

Where:
RA = Observed rain data
RO = Adjusted rain data
Io = Slope prior to the break in the curve
IA = Slope after the break in the curve

36
 Testing the consistency of rain data stations at each station is done by comparing the
accumulation of rain data for each station with the average accumulation of rain data for the
comparison station. The results of the calculation of the rain data consistency test at stations 1, 2,
4 and 5 can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.3 Station 1 Consistency Test

STATION 1 CONSISTENCY TEST

Y-Axis Rainfall at ST. (mm) X-Axis
ST.1 ST.1 Total Average ST.2,4,5
No Year
(mm) Accumulation 2 4 5 (mm) (mm) Accumulation
(mm) (mm)
1 1983 152 152 141 115 161 417 139 139
2 1984 139 291 138 135 158 431 144 283
3 1985 166 457 126 129 145 400 133 416
4 1986 118 575 126 135 167 428 143 559
5 1987 123 698 119 114 169 402 134 693
6 1988 148 846 129 125 172 426 142 835
7 1989 146 992 127 132 154 413 138 972
8 1990 144 1136 129 128 173 430 143 1116
9 1991 147 1283 141 134 166 441 147 1263
10 1992 161 1444 133 121 172 426 142 1405
11 1993 150 1594 143 134 162 439 146 1551
12 1994 165 1759 139 133 176 448 149 1700
13 1995 161 1920 119 124 164 407 136 1836
14 1996 162 2082 135 119 140 394 131 1967
15 1997 158 2240 140 130 153 423 141 2108
16 1998 137 2377 131 132 171 434 145 2253
17 1999 156 2533 112 135 169 416 139 2392
18 2000 148 2681 127 115 167 409 136 2528
19 2001 140 2821 123 135 185 443 148 2676
20 2002 145 2966 132 142 179 453 151 2827
21 2003 144 3110 117 128 175 420 140 2967
22 2004 152 3262 116 140 169 425 142 3108
23 2005 143 3405 123 120 158 401 134 3242
24 2006 148 3553 142 129 169 440 147 3389
25 2007 138 3691 132 117 165 414 138 3527
26 2008 147 3838 115 138 160 413 138 3664
27 2009 156 3994 122 123 162 407 136 3800
28 2010 130 4124 118 136 170 424 141 3941
29 2011 112 4236 141 129 161 431 144 4085

37
 STATION 1 CONSISTENCY TEST
Y-Axis Rainfall at ST. (mm) X-Axis
ST.1 ST.1 Total Average ST.2,4,5
No Year
(mm) Accumulation 2 4 5 (mm) (mm) Accumulation
(mm) (mm)
30 2012 125 4361 135 137 159 431 144 4229

Source: The Calculation Result

Figure 4.1 Station 1 Consistency Test Graph

Source: The Calculation Result

In Figure 4.1 the value of R is close to 1, so it can be concluded that the data that were used
in station 1 consistent.

Table 4.4 Station 2 Consistency Test

STATION 2 CONSISTENCY TEST

Y-Axis Rainfall at ST. (mm) X-Axis
ST.2 ST.2 Total Average ST.1,4,5
No Year
(mm) Accumulation 1 4 5 (mm) (mm) Accumulation
(mm) (mm)
1 1983 141 141 152 115 161 428 143 143

38
 STATION 2 CONSISTENCY TEST
Y-Axis Rainfall at ST. (mm) X-Axis
ST.2 ST.2 Total Average ST.1,4,5
No Year
(mm) Accumulation 1 4 5 (mm) (mm) Accumulation
(mm) (mm)
2 1984 138 279 139 135 158 432 144 287
3 1985 126 405 166 129 145 440 147 433
4 1986 126 531 118 135 167 420 140 573
5 1987 119 650 123 114 169 406 135 709
6 1988 129 779 148 125 172 445 148 857
7 1989 127 906 146 132 154 432 144 1001
8 1990 129 1035 144 128 173 445 148 1149
9 1991 141 1176 147 134 166 447 149 1298
10 1992 133 1309 161 121 172 454 151 1450
11 1993 143 1452 150 134 162 446 149 1598
12 1994 139 1591 165 133 176 474 158 1756
13 1995 119 1710 161 124 164 449 150 1906
14 1996 135 1845 162 119 140 421 140 2046
15 1997 140 1985 158 130 153 441 147 2193
16 1998 131 2116 137 132 171 440 147 2340
17 1999 112 2228 156 135 169 460 153 2493
18 2000 127 2355 148 115 167 430 143 2637
19 2001 123 2478 140 135 185 460 153 2790
20 2002 132 2610 145 142 179 466 155 2945
21 2003 117 2727 144 128 175 447 149 3094
22 2004 116 2843 152 140 169 461 154 3248
23 2005 123 2966 143 120 158 421 140 3388
24 2006 142 3108 148 129 169 446 149 3537
25 2007 132 3240 138 117 165 420 140 3677
26 2008 115 3355 147 138 160 445 148 3825
27 2009 122 3477 156 123 162 441 147 3972
28 2010 118 3595 130 136 170 436 145 4118
29 2011 141 3736 112 129 161 402 134 4252
30 2012 135 3871 125 137 159 421 140 4392

Source: The Calculation Result

39
 Figure 4.2 Station 2 Consistency Test Graph

Source: The Calculation Result

In Figure 4.2 the value of R is close to 1, so it can be concluded that the data that were used
in station 2 consistent.

Table 4.5 Station 4 Consistency Test

STATION 4 CONSISTENCY TEST

Y-Axis Rainfall at ST. (mm) X-Axis
ST.4 ST.4 Total Average ST.1,2,5
No Year
(mm) Accumulation 1 2 5 (mm) (mm) Accumulation
(mm) (mm)
1 1983 115 115 152 141 161 454 151 151
2 1984 135 250 139 138 158 435 145 296
3 1985 129 379 166 126 145 437 146 442
4 1986 135 514 118 126 167 411 137 579
5 1987 114 628 123 119 169 411 137 716
6 1988 125 753 148 129 172 449 150 866
7 1989 132 885 146 127 154 427 142 1008
8 1990 128 1013 144 129 173 446 149 1157
9 1991 134 1147 147 141 166 454 151 1308
10 1992 121 1268 161 133 172 466 155 1463
11 1993 134 1402 150 143 162 455 152 1615
12 1994 133 1535 165 139 176 480 160 1775

40
 STATION 4 CONSISTENCY TEST
Y-Axis Rainfall at ST. (mm) X-Axis
ST.4 ST.4 Total Average ST.1,2,5
No Year
(mm) Accumulation 1 2 5 (mm) (mm) Accumulation
(mm) (mm)
13 1995 124 1659 161 119 164 444 148 1923
14 1996 119 1778 162 135 140 437 146 2069
15 1997 130 1908 158 140 153 451 150 2219
16 1998 132 2040 137 131 171 439 146 2365
17 1999 135 2175 156 112 169 437 146 2511
18 2000 115 2290 148 127 167 442 147 2658
19 2001 135 2425 140 123 185 448 149 2808
20 2002 142 2567 145 132 179 456 152 2960
21 2003 128 2695 144 117 175 436 145 3105
22 2004 140 2835 152 116 169 437 146 3251
23 2005 120 2955 143 123 158 424 141 3392
24 2006 129 3084 148 142 169 459 153 3545
25 2007 117 3201 138 132 165 435 145 3690
26 2008 138 3339 147 115 160 422 141 3831
27 2009 123 3462 156 122 162 440 147 3977
28 2010 136 3598 130 118 170 418 139 4117
29 2011 129 3727 112 141 161 414 138 4255
30 2012 137 3864 125 135 159 419 140 4394

Source: The Calculation Result

41
 Figure 4.3 Station 4 Consistency Test Graph

Source: The Calculation Result

In Figure 4.3 the value of R is close to 1, so it can be concluded that the data that were used
in station 4 consistent.

Table 4.6 Station 5 Consistency Test

STATION 5 CONSISTENCY TEST

Y-Axis Rainfall at ST. (mm) X-Axis
ST.5 ST.5 Total Average ST.1,2,4
No Year
(mm) Accumulation 1 2 4 (mm) (mm) Accumulation
(mm) (mm)
1 1983 161 161 152 141 115 408 136 136
2 1984 158 319 139 138 135 412 137 273
3 1985 145 464 166 126 129 421 140 414
4 1986 167 631 118 126 135 379 126 540
5 1987 169 800 123 119 114 356 119 659
6 1988 172 972 148 129 125 402 134 793
7 1989 154 1126 146 127 132 405 135 928
8 1990 173 1299 144 129 128 401 134 1061
9 1991 166 1465 147 141 134 422 141 1202

42
 STATION 5 CONSISTENCY TEST
Y-Axis Rainfall at ST. (mm) X-Axis
ST.5 ST.5 Total Average ST.1,2,4
No Year
(mm) Accumulation 1 2 4 (mm) (mm) Accumulation
(mm) (mm)
10 1992 172 1637 161 133 121 415 138 1340
11 1993 162 1799 150 143 134 427 142 1483
12 1994 176 1975 165 139 133 437 146 1628
13 1995 164 2139 161 119 124 404 135 1763
14 1996 140 2279 162 135 119 416 139 1902
15 1997 153 2432 158 140 130 428 143 2044
16 1998 171 2603 137 131 132 400 133 2178
17 1999 169 2772 156 112 135 403 134 2312
18 2000 167 2939 148 127 115 390 130 2442
19 2001 185 3124 140 123 135 398 133 2575
20 2002 179 3303 145 132 142 419 140 2714
21 2003 175 3478 144 117 128 389 130 2844
22 2004 169 3647 152 116 140 408 136 2980
23 2005 158 3805 143 123 120 386 129 3109
24 2006 169 3974 148 142 129 419 140 3248
25 2007 165 4139 138 132 117 387 129 3377
26 2008 160 4299 147 115 138 400 133 3511
27 2009 162 4461 156 122 123 401 134 3644
28 2010 170 4631 130 118 136 384 128 3772
29 2011 161 4792 112 141 129 382 127 3900
30 2012 159 4951 125 135 137 397 132 4032

Source: The Calculation Result

43
 Figure 4.4 Station 5 Consistency Test Graph

Source: The Calculation Result

In Figure 4.4 the value of R is close to 1, so it can be concluded that the data that were used
in station 5 consistent.

4.2.5 Data Homogeneity Test

Before carrying out the homogeneity test, the rain data must be ranked from the largest to
the smallest. In this plan, the author uses rain data for 30 years taken from rainfall data from 1983
– 2012. Then the accumulation and average value (R), which will be used to determine the
homogeneity test of rainfall data will be obtained.
From the rainfall data that has been completed as in Table 4.2, the average rainfall data will
be obtained each year. The data will be tested for homogeneity. A data is said to be homogeneous
if the point H (n, TR) is in the homogeneity graph. The homogeneity test in this plan is calculated
using the average rainfall data every year, which is obtained from the completed rain data. Annual
average rainfall data can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.7 Annual Average Rain Data

44
 Annual Average
No. Year ST. 1 ST. 2 ST. 4 ST. 5 Total
Rainfall
1 1983 152 141 115 161 569 142.25
2 1984 139 138 135 158 570 142.5
3 1985 166 126 129 145 566 141.5
4 1986 118 126 135 167 546 136.5
5 1987 123 119 114 169 525 131.25
6 1988 148 129 125 172 574 143.5
7 1989 146 127 132 154 559 139.75
8 1990 144 129 128 173 574 143.5
9 1991 147 141 134 166 588 147
10 1992 161 133 121 172 587 146.75
11 1993 150 143 134 162 589 147.25
12 1994 165 139 133 176 613 153.25
13 1995 161 119 124 164 568 142
14 1996 162 135 119 140 556 139
15 1997 158 140 130 153 581 145.25
16 1998 137 131 132 171 571 142.75
17 1999 156 112 135 169 572 143
18 2000 148 127 115 167 557 139.25
19 2001 140 123 135 185 583 145.75
20 2002 145 132 142 179 598 149.5
21 2003 144 117 128 175 564 141
22 2004 152 116 140 169 577 144.25
23 2005 143 123 120 158 544 136
24 2006 148 142 129 169 588 147
25 2007 138 132 117 165 552 138
26 2008 147 115 138 160 560 140
27 2009 156 122 123 162 563 140.75
28 2010 130 118 136 170 554 138.5
29 2011 112 141 129 161 543 135.75
30 2012 125 135 137 159 556 139

Source: The Calculation Result

45
 Table 4.8 Homogenity Test

Ranking Year Annual Average (Ri) (Ri - R) (Ri-R)2

1 1994 153.25 11.19 125.25
2 2002 149.5 7.44 55.38
3 1993 147.25 5.19 26.95
4 1991 147 4.94 24.42
5 2006 147 4.94 24.42
6 1992 146.75 4.69 22.01
7 2001 145.75 3.69 13.63
8 1997 145.25 3.19 10.19
9 2004 144.25 2.19 4.80
10 1988 143.5 1.44 2.08
11 1990 143.5 1.44 2.08
12 1999 143 0.94 0.89
13 1998 142.75 0.69 0.48
14 1984 142.5 0.44 0.20
15 1983 142.25 0.19 0.04
16 1995 142 -0.06 0.00
17 1985 141.5 -0.56 0.31
18 2003 141 -1.06 1.12
19 2009 140.75 -1.31 1.71
20 2008 140 -2.06 4.24
21 1989 139.75 -2.31 5.33
22 2000 139.25 -2.81 7.89
23 1996 139 -3.06 9.35
24 2012 139 -3.06 9.35
25 2010 138.5 -3.56 12.66
26 2007 138 -4.06 16.47
27 1986 136.5 -5.56 30.90
28 2005 136 -6.06 36.70
29 2011 135.75 -6.31 39.80
30 1987 131.25 -10.81 116.82

46
 Ranking Year Annual Average (Ri) (Ri - R) (Ri-R)2
Total 4261.75 605.46
Average (R) 142.06 20.18

Source: The Calculation Result

Based on these data, the TR value can be calculated through the following calculation steps:

∑ 𝑅𝑖 4261.75
→𝑅= = = 142.06
𝑛 30
∑(𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅)2 1⁄ 605.46 1⁄
→ 𝛿𝑅 = ( ) 2=( ) 2 = 4.57
𝑛−1 29

For n = 30 from the attached Table of Reduced Mean (Yn) and Reduced Standard Deviation
(𝛿 n) are, Y30 = 0.5362 and 𝛿 30 = 1.112, Therefore,

1 𝛿𝑅 4.57
→ = = = 4.11
𝛼 𝛿𝑛 1.112
1
→ 𝜇 = 𝑅 − ( 𝑌𝑛 ) = 142.06 − (4.11 × 0.5362) = 139.86
𝛼
1
𝑅=𝜇+ 𝑦
𝛼
𝑅 = 139.86 + 4.11𝑦
∴ 𝐼𝑓 𝑦0 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅0 = 139.86; 𝐼𝑓 𝑦5 = 5 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅5 = 160.39

The Y and R data are then plotted on "Gumbel's Probability Paper", and a line is drawn
connecting the two points. The graph can be seen in Figure 4.5.

47
 Figure 4.5 Gumbel's Probability Paper Graph

R2 = 160.39

Average Ri = 142.06
R1 = 139.86

Source: The Calculation Result

After drawing the line, the obtained value of R10 is 149.77 and Tr is 3.7. From this value, the
TR value will be obtained by performing the following calculations:

𝑅10 149.77
𝑇𝑅 = × 𝑇𝑟 = × 3.7 = 3.9
𝑅 142.06
∴ (𝑛, 𝑇𝑅 ) = (30, 3.9)

The coordinates of the homogeneity point (H) are obtained (n, TR) = (30, 3.9). The coordinate
values are then plotted into a homogeneity graph which can be seen in the figure 4.6.

48
 Figure 4.6 Homogeneity Graph

Source: The Calculation Result

Based on the tests that have been carried out, the rain data is homogeneous because the
coordinate point H is in the homogeneity graph. By using the same method as the homogeneity
test, the results of the homogeneity test calculation for rain stations 1, 2, 4, and 5 are as follows:

Table 4.9 Station 1 Homogenity Test

Ranking Year Annual Average (Ri) (Ri-R) (Ri-R)2

1 1983 152 6.63 44.00
2 1984 139 -6.37 40.53
3 1985 166 20.63 425.73
4 1986 118 -27.37 748.93
5 1987 123 -22.37 500.27
6 1988 148 2.63 6.93
7 1989 146 0.63 0.40
8 1990 144 -1.37 1.87
9 1991 147 1.63 2.67
10 1992 161 15.63 244.40
11 1993 150 4.63 21.47
12 1994 165 19.63 385.47

49
Ranking Year Annual Average (Ri) (Ri-R) (Ri-R)2
13 1995 161 15.63 244.40
14 1996 162 16.63 276.67
15 1997 158 12.63 159.60
16 1998 137 -8.37 70.00
17 1999 156 10.63 113.07
18 2000 148 2.63 6.93
19 2001 140 -5.37 28.80
20 2002 145 -0.37 0.13
21 2003 144 -1.37 1.87
22 2004 152 6.63 44.00
23 2005 143 -2.37 5.60
24 2006 148 2.63 6.93
25 2007 138 -7.37 54.27
26 2008 147 1.63 2.67
27 2009 156 10.63 113.07
28 2010 130 -15.37 236.13
29 2011 112 -33.37 1113.33
30 2012 125 -20.37 414.80
Total 4361 5314,97
Average (R) 145.37 177,17

Source: The Calculation Result

50
 Figure 4.7 Station 1 Gumbel's Probability Paper Graph

Source: The Calculation Result

Figure 4.8 Station 1 Homogeneity Graph

Source: The Calculation Result

Based on the tests that have been carried out, the rain data in station 1 is homogeneous
because the coordinate point H is in the homogeneity graph.

51
 Table 4.10 Station 2 Homogenity Test

Ranking Year Annual Average (Ri) (Ri-R) (Ri-R)2

1 1983 141 11.97 143.20
2 1984 138 8.97 80.40
3 1985 126 -3.03 9.20
4 1986 126 -3.03 9.20
5 1987 119 -10.03 100.67
6 1988 129 -0.03 0.00
7 1989 127 -2.03 4.13
8 1990 129 -0.03 0.00
9 1991 141 11.97 143.20
10 1992 133 3.97 15.73
11 1993 143 13.97 195.07
12 1994 139 9.97 99.33
13 1995 119 -10.03 100.67
14 1996 135 5.97 35.60
15 1997 140 10.97 120.27
16 1998 131 1.97 3.87
17 1999 112 -17.03 290.13
18 2000 127 -2.03 4.13
19 2001 123 -6.03 36.40
20 2002 132 2.97 8.80
21 2003 117 -12.03 144.80
22 2004 116 -13.03 169.87
23 2005 123 -6.03 36.40
24 2006 142 12.97 168.13
25 2007 132 2.97 8.80
26 2008 115 -14.03 196.93
27 2009 122 -7.03 49.47
28 2010 118 -11.03 121.73
29 2011 141 11.97 143.20
30 2012 135 5.97 35.60
Total 3871 2474,97
Average (R) 129.03 82,50

Source: The Calculation Result

52
Figure 4.9 Station 2 Gumbel's Probability Paper Graph

Source: The Calculation Result

Figure 4.10 Station 2 Homogeneity Graph

Source: The Calculation Result

53
 Based on the tests that have been carried out, the rain data in station 2 is homogeneous
because the coordinate point H is in the homogeneity graph.

Table 4.11 Station 4 Homogenity Test

Ranking Year Annual Average (Ri) (Ri-R) (Ri-R)2

1 1983 115 -14.03 196.93
2 1984 135 5.97 35.60
3 1985 129 -0.03 0.00
4 1986 135 5.97 35.60
5 1987 114 -15.03 226.00
6 1988 125 -4.03 16.27
7 1989 132 2.97 8.80
8 1990 128 -1.03 1.07
9 1991 134 4.97 24.67
10 1992 121 -8.03 64.53
11 1993 134 4.97 24.67
12 1994 133 3.97 15.73
13 1995 124 -5.03 25.33
14 1996 119 -10.03 100.67
15 1997 130 0.97 0.93
16 1998 132 2.97 8.80
17 1999 135 5.97 35.60
18 2000 115 -14.03 196.93
19 2001 135 5.97 35.60
20 2002 142 12.97 168.13
21 2003 128 -1.03 1.07
22 2004 140 10.97 120.27
23 2005 120 -9.03 81.60
24 2006 129 -0.03 0.00
25 2007 117 -12.03 144.80
26 2008 138 8.97 80.40
27 2009 123 -6.03 36.40
28 2010 136 6.97 48.53
29 2011 129 -0.03 0.00
30 2012 137 7.97 63.47
Total 3864 1798,43
Average (R) 128.80 59,95

Source: The Calculation Result

54
Figure 4.11 Station 4 Gumbel's Probability Paper Graph

Source: The Calculation Result

Figure 4.12 Station 4 Homogeneity Graph

55
 Source: The Calculation Result

Based on the tests that have been carried out, the rain data in station 4 is homogeneous
because the coordinate point H is in the homogeneity graph.

Table 4.12 Station 5 Homogenity Test

Ranking Year Annual Average (Ri) (Ri-R) (Ri-R)2

1 1983 161 31.97 1021.87
2 1984 158 28.97 839.07
3 1985 145 15.97 254.93
4 1986 167 37.97 1441.47
5 1987 169 39.97 1597.33
6 1988 172 42.97 1846.13
7 1989 154 24.97 623.33
8 1990 173 43.97 1933.07
9 1991 166 36.97 1366.53
10 1992 172 42.97 1846.13
11 1993 162 32.97 1086.80
12 1994 176 46.97 2205.87
13 1995 164 34.97 1222.67
14 1996 140 10.97 120.27
15 1997 153 23.97 574.40
16 1998 171 41.97 1761.20
17 1999 169 39.97 1597.33
18 2000 167 37.97 1441.47
19 2001 185 55.97 3132.27
20 2002 179 49.97 2496.67
21 2003 175 45.97 2112.93
22 2004 169 39.97 1597.33
23 2005 158 28.97 839.07
24 2006 169 39.97 1597.33
25 2007 165 35.97 1293.60
26 2008 160 30.97 958.93
27 2009 162 32.97 1086.80
28 2010 170 40.97 1678.27
29 2011 161 31.97 1021.87
30 2012 159 29.97 898.00
Total 4951 41492,97
Average (R) 165,03 59,95

56
 Source: The Calculation Result

Figure 4.13 Station 5 Gumbel's Probability Paper Graph

Source: The Calculation Result

57
 Figure 4.14 Station 5 Homogeneity Graph

Source: The Calculation Result

Based on the tests that have been carried out, the rain data in station 5 is homogeneous
because the coordinate point H is in the homogeneity graph.

4.2.6 Thiessen Method Average Rainfall Calculation

Thiessen method is a calculation based on the area of the observation station spread over the
area. In this planning assignment, 4 rain observation stations were set, namely stations 1, 2, 4, and
5. The distribution of the location of the observation stations and the area can be seen in Figure
4.15.

58
 Figure 4.15 Catchment Area Rain Station

Source: The Calculation Result

Before calculating the average rainfall from the four rain observation stations, the catchment
area of each rain observation station must first be calculated. The calculation of the catchment area
is done using AutoCAD. The following is the catchment area:

Table 4.13 Catchment Area

Station Station Area (AutoCAD) W = An/A

1 0.0037 0.2846153846
2 0.0037 0.2846153846
4 0.0033 0.2538461538
5 0.0023 0.1769230769
Total 0.013 1

Source: The Calculation Result

59
 To calculate the average rainfall using Microsoft Excel, the results can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.13 Calculation of Average Rainfall using the Thiessen Method

Station 1 Station 2 Station 4 Station 5

No Year Average Rainfall
Ri W Ri x W Ri W Ri x W Ri W Ri x W Ri W Ri x W
1 1983 152 43.26 141 40.13 115 29.19 161 28.48 141.07
2 1984 139 39.56 138 39.28 135 34.27 158 27.95 141.06
3 1985 166 47.25 126 35.86 129 32.75 145 25.65 141.51
4 1986 118 33.58 126 35.86 135 34.27 167 29.55 133.26
5 1987 123 35.01 119 33.87 114 28.94 169 29.90 127.72
6 1988 148 42.12 129 36.72 125 31.73 172 30.43 141.00
7 1989 146 41.55 127 36.15 132 33.51 154 27.25 138.45
8 1990 144 40.98 129 36.72 128 32.49 173 30.61 140.80
9 1991 147 41.84 141 40.13 134 34.02 166 29.37 145.35
0.28 0.28 0.25 0.18
10 1992 161 45.82 133 37.85 121 30.72 172 30.43 144.82
11 1993 150 42.69 143 40.70 134 34.02 162 28.66 146.07
12 1994 165 46.96 139 39.56 133 33.76 176 31.14 151.42
13 1995 161 45.82 119 33.87 124 31.48 164 29.02 140.18
14 1996 162 46.11 135 38.42 119 30.21 140 24.77 139.51
15 1997 158 44.97 140 39.85 130 33.00 153 27.07 144.88
16 1998 137 38.99 131 37.28 132 33.51 171 30.25 140.04
17 1999 156 44.40 112 31.88 135 34.27 169 29.90 140.45
18 2000 148 42.12 127 36.15 115 29.19 167 29.55 137.01

60
 Station 1 Station 2 Station 4 Station 5
No Year Average Rainfall
Ri W Ri x W Ri W Ri x W Ri W Ri x W Ri W Ri x W
19 2001 140 39.85 123 35.01 135 34.27 185 32.73 141.85
20 2002 145 41.27 132 37.57 142 36.05 179 31.67 146.55
21 2003 144 40.98 117 33.30 128 32.49 175 30.96 137.74
22 2004 152 43.26 116 33.02 140 35.54 169 29.90 141.72
23 2005 143 40.70 123 35.01 120 30.46 158 27.95 134.12
24 2006 148 42.12 142 40.42 129 32.75 169 29.90 145.18
25 2007 138 39.28 132 37.57 117 29.70 165 29.19 135.74
26 2008 147 41.84 115 32.73 138 35.03 160 28.31 137.91
27 2009 156 44.40 122 34.72 123 31.22 162 28.66 139.01
28 2010 130 37.00 118 33.58 136 34.52 170 30.08 135.18
29 2011 112 31.88 141 40.13 129 32.75 161 28.48 133.24
30 2012 125 35.58 135 38.42 137 34.78 159 28.13 136.91
Total 4199.76
Average 139.99

Source: The Calculation Result

61
4.2.7 Maximum Daily Rainfall Analysis
Three methods that were used to calculate the maximum daily rainfall: Gumbel Method, Log
Pearson Type III Method, and Iwai-Kadoya Method.
a) Gumbel Method
In this method, the average rainfall data used is data that has been homogeneous in the
homogeneity test and the average rainfall data from calculations using the Thiessen Method.
The regional average rainfall data is arranged in rank, from the largest to the smallest rainfall
data. The maximum daily rainfall is calculated based on the planned Periode Ulang Hujan
(PUH) of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. So, the following calculations can be done:

Table 4.14 Gumbel Method Average Rainfall

Ranking Ri Ri-R (Ri-R)2

1 151.42 11.43 130.67
2 146.55 6.56 43.06
3 146.07 6.08 36.93
4 145.35 5.36 28.75
5 145.18 5.19 26.96
6 144.88 4.89 23.94
7 144.82 4.83 23.34
8 141.85 1.86 3.47
9 141.72 1.72 2.97
10 141.51 1.52 2.30
11 141.07 1.08 1.16
12 141.06 1.07 1.14
13 141.00 1.01 1.02
14 140.80 0.81 0.65
15 140.45 0.45 0.21
16 140.18 0.19 0.04
17 140.04 0.05 0.00
18 139.51 -0.48 0.23
19 139.01 -0.98 0.97
20 138.45 -1.54 2.37
21 137.91 -2.08 4.34
22 137.74 -2.25 5.08
23 137.01 -2.98 8.91

62
 Ranking Ri Ri-R (Ri-R)2
24 136.91 -3.08 9.51
25 135.74 -4.25 18.09
26 135.18 -4.81 23.11
27 134.12 -5.87 34.44
28 133.26 -6.73 45.30
29 133.24 -6.75 45.61
30 127.72 -12.28 150.72
Total 4199.76 675.29
Average (R) 139.99 22.51

Source: The Calculation Result

An example of calculating maximum daily rain with the Gumbel Method is as follows:

𝜎𝑅
𝑅𝑇 = Ṝ + (𝑌 − 𝑌𝑛 )
𝜎𝑛 𝑡

Where: Ṝ = 139,99 𝛿𝑅 = 4,83

𝜎30 = 1,1124 Yt = 0,3665 Y30 = 0,5362

4,83
𝑅𝑇 = 139,99 + (0,3665 − 0,5362) = 139,26 𝑚𝑚
1,1124

Confidence Interval for RT values:

Where: RT = Confidence interval (mm/24jam)
Se = Probability error (deviation), for: a = 90 % >> t (a) = 1,640
a = 80 % >> t (a) = 1,282
a = 68 % >> t (a) = 1,000

So, the calculation can be done by the following equation:

63
 (𝑌𝑡 − 𝑌𝑛 ) 0,3665 − 0,5362
𝑘 = = = −0,153
𝜎𝑛 1,1124

𝑏 = √1 + 1,3𝑘 + 1,1𝑘2 = √1 + (1,3 × (−0,153)) + (1,1 × (−0,1532 )) = 0,962

𝛿𝑅 4,83
𝑆𝑒 = 𝑏 . = 0,962 𝑥 = 0,464
√𝑛 √30

Confidence range = ± t(a) x Se for 90% confidence. The complete calculation can be seen in the
following table:

Table 4.15 Gumbel Method Average Rainfall

PUH RT k b Se MDR (mm/24hour) MDR (+) MDR (-)

2 139.26 -0.153 0.962 0.464 139.26 ± 0.763 140.02 138.49

5 144.17 0.866 3.035 1.464 144.17 ± 2.409 146.58 141.76
10 147.43 1.541 4.619 2.229 147.43 ± 3.667 151.09 143.76
25 151.54 2.393 6.621 3.195 151.54 ± 5.256 156.80 146.28
50 154.59 3.026 8.107 3.912 154.59 ± 6.435 161.03 148.16
100 157.62 3.653 9.581 4.623 157.62 ± 7.605 165.23 150.02

Source: The Calculation Result

b) Log Pearson Type III Method

In this method, the Maximum Daily Rainfall (MDR) analysis is based on changes in
existing data into logarithmic form. This is in accordance with the recommendation of "The
Hydrology Community of The Water Recurrence Council", where for practical use of
existing data, first converting the data into logarithms, then calculating the statistical
parameters. Regional average rainfall data from calculations using the Thiessen method are
arranged in advance from the largest to the smallest data. The complete data for calculating
the average rainfall rating can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.16 Average Rainfall of the Pearson Type III Log Method

Ranking Ri xi = Log Ri xi-x (xi-x)2 (xi-x)3

1 151.42 2.18 0.034 0.001 0.000
2 146.55 2.17 0.020 0.000 0.000

64
Ranking Ri xi = Log Ri xi-x (xi-x)2 (xi-x)3
3 146.07 2.16 0.019 0.000 0.000
4 145.35 2.16 0.017 0.000 0.000
5 145.18 2.16 0.016 0.000 0.000
6 144.88 2.16 0.015 0.000 0.000
7 144.82 2.16 0.015 0.000 0.000
8 141.85 2.15 0.006 0.000 0.000
9 141.72 2.15 0.006 0.000 0.000
10 141.51 2.15 0.005 0.000 0.000
11 141.07 2.15 0.004 0.000 0.000
12 141.06 2.15 0.004 0.000 0.000
13 141.00 2.15 0.003 0.000 0.000
14 140.80 2.15 0.003 0.000 0.000
15 140.45 2.15 0.002 0.000 0.000
16 140.18 2.15 0.001 0.000 0.000
17 140.04 2.15 0.000 0.000 0.000
18 139.51 2.14 -0.001 0.000 0.000
19 139.01 2.14 -0.003 0.000 0.000
20 138.45 2.14 -0.005 0.000 0.000
21 137.91 2.14 -0.006 0.000 0.000
22 137.74 2.14 -0.007 0.000 0.000
23 137.01 2.14 -0.009 0.000 0.000
24 136.91 2.14 -0.009 0.000 0.000
25 135.74 2.13 -0.013 0.000 0.000
26 135.18 2.13 -0.015 0.000 0.000
27 134.12 2.13 -0.018 0.000 0.000
28 133.26 2.12 -0.021 0.000 0.000
29 133.24 2.12 -0.021 0.000 0.000
30 127.72 2.11 -0.040 0.002 0.000
Total 4199.76 64.38 0.000 0.007 0.000
Average 139.99 2.15 0.000 0.000 0.000

Source: The Calculation Result

65
 In this method, the average rainfall data used is the rainfall data obtained from
calculations using the Thiessen Method. And the maximum daily rain is calculated based on
the planned Periode Ulang Hujan (PUH) which is 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. So that it can be
calculated for a 2-year PUH as follows:

𝑛
2
∑(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋𝑖 ) = 0,007
𝑖

𝑛
3
∑(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋𝑖 ) =
𝑖

2
∑𝑛(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋𝑖 )
𝜎𝑥 = √ 𝑖 =
𝑛−1

3
𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖(𝑋𝑖 − 𝑋𝑖 )
𝐶𝑠 = =
(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝜎𝑥 3

For PUH (t) = 2, Kx = 0,05

𝑋𝑇 = 𝑋𝑖 + 𝜎𝑥 . 𝐾𝑥

𝐾𝑇 = 10𝑋𝑇

The complete calculation can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.17 Calculation of Maximum Daily Rainfall with the Pearson Type III Log Method

PUH Kx σx Kx σx Xt MDR
2 0.050 0.015 0.001 2.15 140.15
5 0.853 0.015 0.013 2.16 144.10
10 1.245 0.015 0.019 2.16 146.07
25 1.643 0.015 0.025 2.17 148.10
50 1.890 0.015 0.028 2.17 149.37
100 2.104 0.015 0.032 2.18 150.48

Source: The Calculation Result

c) Iwai-Kadoya Method
This method is also known as the One Side Finite Distribution method. The principle is
to change the variable (X) of the probability density curve from maximum daily rainfall to

66
log X or change the asymmetric distribution curve to a normal distribution curve. Regional
average rainfall data from calculations using the Thiessen method are arranged in advance
from the largest to the smallest data. This can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.18 Average Rainfall Iway Kadoya Method

Ranking Ri xi = Log Ri
1 151.42 2.18
2 146.55 2.17
3 146.07 2.16
4 145.35 2.16
5 145.18 2.16
6 144.88 2.16
7 144.82 2.16
8 141.85 2.15
9 141.72 2.15
10 141.51 2.15
11 141.07 2.15
12 141.06 2.15
13 141.00 2.15
14 140.80 2.15
15 140.45 2.15
16 140.18 2.15
17 140.04 2.15
18 139.51 2.14
19 139.01 2.14
20 138.45 2.14
21 137.91 2.14
22 137.74 2.14
23 137.01 2.14
24 136.91 2.14
25 135.74 2.13
26 135.18 2.13
27 134.12 2.13
28 133.26 2.12
29 133.24 2.12
30 127.72 2.11
Total 64.38

67
 Average 2.15

Source: The Calculation Result

In this method, the average rainfall data used is the rainfall data obtained from
calculations using the Thiessen Method. And the maximum daily rain is calculated based on
the planned Periode Ulang Hujan (PUH) of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. So, it can be
calculated as follows:

∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑅𝑖
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑋𝑜 =
𝑛

64,38
𝐿𝑜𝑔 𝑋𝑜 = ∑ = 2,15
30

𝑋𝑜 = 102,15 = 139,91

𝑋𝑜2 = 19575,17

The results of the above calculations are used to calculate the value of bi which can be
seen in the following table:

Table 4.19 Bi Value Calculation

m Xs Xt Xs . Xt Xs + Xt Xs . Xt - (Xo)² 2 Xo - (Xs+ Xt) bi

1 151.42 127.72 19339.06 279.14 -236.11 0.68 -345.13
2 146.55 133.24 19526.61 279.79 -48.56 0.03 -1603.45
3 146.07 133.26 19465.41 279.33 -109.76 0.49 -223.17
Total -2171.75

Source: The Calculation Result

Because the value of b is negative, the value of b is considered zero (0). Then, the values
are entered into the table:

Table 4.21 Iway Kadoya Calculation Method

Ranking Ri xi b xi+b log (xi+b) (log (xi+b))2

1 151.42 2.18 0 2.18 0.34 0.11
2 146.55 2.17 0 2.17 0.34 0.11
3 146.07 2.16 0 2.16 0.34 0.11
4 145.35 2.16 0 2.16 0.33 0.11

68
 Ranking Ri xi b xi+b log (xi+b) (log (xi+b))2
5 145.18 2.16 0 2.16 0.33 0.11
6 144.88 2.16 0 2.16 0.33 0.11
7 144.82 2.16 0 2.16 0.33 0.11
8 141.85 2.15 0 2.15 0.33 0.11
9 141.72 2.15 0 2.15 0.33 0.11
10 141.51 2.15 0 2.15 0.33 0.11
11 141.07 2.15 0 2.15 0.33 0.11
12 141.06 2.15 0 2.15 0.33 0.11
13 141.00 2.15 0 2.15 0.33 0.11
14 140.80 2.15 0 2.15 0.33 0.11
15 140.45 2.15 0 2.15 0.33 0.11
16 140.18 2.15 0 2.15 0.33 0.11
17 140.04 2.15 0 2.15 0.33 0.11
18 139.51 2.14 0 2.14 0.33 0.11
19 139.01 2.14 0 2.14 0.33 0.11
20 138.45 2.14 0 2.14 0.33 0.11
21 137.91 2.14 0 2.14 0.33 0.11
22 137.74 2.14 0 2.14 0.33 0.11
23 137.01 2.14 0 2.14 0.33 0.11
24 136.91 2.14 0 2.14 0.33 0.11
25 135.74 2.13 0 2.13 0.33 0.11
26 135.18 2.13 0 2.13 0.33 0.11
27 134.12 2.13 0 2.13 0.33 0.11
28 133.26 2.12 0 2.12 0.33 0.11
29 133.24 2.12 0 2.12 0.33 0.11
30 127.72 2.11 0 2.11 0.32 0.10
Total 64.38 Total 64.38 9.95 3.30
Average 2.15 Average 0.33 0.11

Source: The Calculation Result

By using the formula:

69
 𝑛 2 1
1 2 (𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏) 2𝑛 2
=√ ⋅ ∑ (𝑙𝑜𝑔 ) = [( ) (𝑥̄ 2 − 𝑥𝑜 2 )]
𝑐 (𝑛 − 1) (𝑥𝑜 + 𝑏) 𝑛−1
𝑖=1

Then the value of 1/c is 0,004304749. The value of 1/c is used to calculate the
maximum daily rainfall as shown in the following table:

Table 4.22 Iway Kadoya Calculation Method

MDR Value A B C D
W(x) = 1/c * Antilog MDR (Rt-
PUH x Xor + B MDR
(1/T) A C b)
2 0.5 0 0.000 0.332 2.146 2.15 139.89
5 0.2 0.595 0.003 0.334 2.158 2.16 144.04
10 0.1 0.906 0.004 0.335 2.165 2.17 146.27
25 0.04 1.238 0.005 0.337 2.172 2.17 148.69
50 0.02 1.452 0.006 0.338 2.177 2.18 150.28
100 0.01 1.645 0.007 0.339 2.181 2.18 151.73

Source: The Calculation Result

From the data obtained using the three methods above, it can be compared one method
with another method to obtain the Maximum Daily Rain (MDR) data used. Details can be
seen in the following table:

Table 4.22 Comparison of MDR Method Gumbel, Log Pearson III, and Iway Kadoya

MDR value comparison

The Chosen MDR
Gumbell
PUH Log Iwai
Pearson III Kadoya Highest
Rt HHM (+) HHM (-) Method
MDR
2 139.26 140.02 138.49 140.15 139.89 140.15 Log Pearson III
5 144.17 146.58 141.76 144.10 144.04 144.17 Gumbell
10 147.43 151.09 143.76 146.07 146.27 147.43 Gumbell
25 151.54 156.80 146.28 148.10 148.69 151.54 Gumbell
50 154.59 161.03 148.16 149.37 150.28 154.59 Gumbell

70
 MDR value comparison
The Chosen MDR
Gumbell
PUH Log Iwai
Highest
Rt HHM (+) HHM (-) Pearson III Kadoya Method
MDR
100 157.62 165.23 150.02 150.48 151.73 157.62 Gumbell

Source: The Calculation Result

4.2.8 Distribution of Rain Intensity

To calculate the intensity of rain used three methods, namely: the Van-Breen method, the
Hasper-Weduwen method, and the Bell method.
a) Van-Breen Method
To calculate the intensity of rain using the Van-Breen method, MDR data was used
the selected method with the formula, namely:

90%. 𝑅 24
𝐼=
4

Where: I = Rain intensity (mm/hour)

24
R = Maximum daily rainfall (mm/24 hours)

So that the complete calculation results are obtained in the following table below:

Table 4.23 Tulungagung District Selected MDR Method

PUH MDR I (mm/hour)

2 140.15 31.53
5 144.17 32.44
10 147.43 33.17
25 151.54 34.10
50 154.59 34.78
100 157.62 35.46

Source: The Calculation Result

The rainfall intensity obtained from the above formula is then plotted on the rainfall
intensity duration curve, where Van Breen takes the shape of the curve of the city of
Jakarta as the base curve, which can be seen in the following table:

71
 𝐼 𝐽𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥
𝐼𝑉𝐵 𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝐼𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐼 𝐽𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 240 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

Table 4.24 Rain Intensity in Jakarta

Rain Intensity in Jakarta (mm/hour)

Duration (minutes) PUH (Year)
2 5 10 25 50
5 126 148 155 180 191
10 114 126 138 156 168
20 102 114 123 135 144
40 76 87 96 105 114
60 61 73 81 91 100
120 36 45 51 58 63
240 21 27 30 35 40

Source: BUDP, Drainage Design for Bandung

By comparing the intensity obtained through the Van-Breen method with the
rainfall intensity in the city of Jakarta, the intensity of the rain for a certain duration is
obtained by looking at the following calculation example:

143
𝐼(2,5) = 𝑥 31,53 = 189,21 mm/hour
37

So that the results of the calculation of the complete rain intensity are obtained in
the table below:

Table 4.25 Rain Intensity Based on Van-Breen Method in Tulungagung District

Rain Intensity in Tulungagung (mm/hour)

Duration (minutes) PUH (Year)
2 5 10 25 50
5 189.21 180.78 175.65 181.44 173.00
10 171.19 153.91 156.38 157.25 152.17
20 153.17 139.25 139.38 136.08 130.43

72
 Rain Intensity in Tulungagung (mm/hour)
Duration (minutes) PUH (Year)
2 5 10 25 50
40 114.13 106.27 108.79 105.84 103.26
60 91.60 89.17 91.79 91.73 90.58
120 54.06 54.97 57.79 58.46 57.06
240 31.53 32.98 34.00 35.28 36.23

Source: The Calculation Result

b) Hasper-Weduwen Method
The formula is obtained based on the trend of daily rainfall grouped on the basis of the
assumption that rain has a symmetrical distribution with rain duration (t) less than 1 hour and
rainfall duration between 1 hour to 24 hours.

i. If 1 ≤ t ≤ 24

11.300 ⋅ (𝑡) 𝑋𝑡
𝑅 = (√ )⋅( )
(𝑡 + 3,12) 100

ii. If 0 ≤ t ≤ 24

11.300 ⋅ (𝑡) 𝑅𝑖
𝑅 = (√ )⋅( )
(𝑡 + 3,12) 100

1218 ⋅ 𝑡 + 54
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑋𝑇 ⋅ ( )
𝑋𝑇 (1 − 𝑡) + 1272 ⋅ 𝑡

Where:

t = Rain duration (hour)

R, Ri = Hasper-Weduwen rainfall (mm)
XT = The maximum daily rainfall of the selected method (mm)

To determine the intensity of rain according to Hasper-Weduwen method, the formula is

used is:

73
 𝑅
𝐼=
𝑡

Where:

I = Rain intensity (mm/hour)

t = Duration (hour)
R = Rainfall (mm)

Example calculation:
For PUH = 2 year; t = 5 minutes = 0,0833 hour; XT = 140,15 mm/hour

(1218 𝑥 0,1) + 54
𝑅𝑖 = 140,15 𝑥 = 92,9 𝑚𝑚
140,15 (1 − 0,1) + (1272 𝑥 0,1)

11300 𝑥 0,1 1/2 92,9

𝑅 =[ ] 𝑥 = 15,9 𝑚𝑚
0,1 + 3,12 100

15,9
𝐼= = 191,2 𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
0,1

For the result of the complete calculation of rainfall intensity using Hasper-Weduwen
method, see the table below:

Table 4.26 Calculation of Rain Intensity Based on Hasper-Weduwen Method (PUH 2-10)

Rain Intensity (mm/hour)

Duration Duration
PUH 2 PUH 5 PUH 10
(minutes) (hour)
Ri R I Ri R I Ri R I
5 0.1 92.9 15.9 191.2 94.8 16.3 195.1 96.1 16.5 197.7
10 0.2 109.6 26.2 157.3 112.7 27.0 161.9 114.9 27.5 165.0
20 0.3 124.6 41.1 123.4 129.2 42.7 128.0 132.5 43.7 131.2
40 0.7 135.7 60.5 90.8 141.5 63.1 94.7 145.7 65.0 97.4
60 1.0 --- 73.4 73.4 --- 76.8 76.8 --- 79.1 79.1
120 2.0 --- 93.1 46.6 --- 97.4 48.7 --- 100.4 50.2
240 4.0 --- 111.7 27.9 --- 116.8 29.2 --- 120.4 30.1

Source: The Calculation Result

74
 Table 4.27 Calculation of Rain Intensity Based on Hasper-Weduwen Method (PUH 25-50)

Rain Intensity (mm/hour)

Duration Duration
PUH 25 PUH 50
(minutes) (hour)
Ri R I Ri R I
5 0.1 97.6 16.7 200.9 98.7 16.9 203.1
10 0.2 117.6 28.2 168.9 119.5 28.6 171.7
20 0.3 136.5 45.1 135.2 139.4 46.0 138.1
40 0.7 150.8 67.3 100.9 154.7 69.0 103.5
60 1.0 --- 82.1 82.1 --- 84.3 84.3
120 2.0 --- 104.2 52.1 --- 107.0 53.5
240 4.0 --- 124.9 31.2 --- 128.3 32.1

Source: The Calculation Result

Table 4.28 Rain Intensity Based on Hasper-Weduwen Method in Tulungagung District

Rain Intensity in Tulungagung

Duration (mm/hour)
(minutes) PUH
2 5 10 25 50
5 191.2 195.1 197.7 200.9 203.1
10 157.3 161.9 165.0 168.9 171.7
20 123.4 128.0 131.2 135.2 138.1
40 90.8 94.7 97.4 100.9 103.5
60 73.4 76.8 79.1 82.1 84.3
120 46.6 48.7 50.2 52.1 53.5
240 27.9 29.2 30.1 31.2 32.1

Source: The Calculation Result

c) Bell Method
According to Tanimoto which is based on the research of Dr. Borema that for the Java
area, the distribution of hourly rainfall is estimated as in the table below:

75
 Table 4.29 Rainfall Distribution According to Tanimoto

Rainfall (mm)
Hour
170 230 350 470
1 87 90 96 101
2 28 31 36 42
3 18 20 23 31
4 11 14 20 25

Source: Subarkah, 1980

The estimation of the rainfall distribution pattern is carried out if there is no rain duration,
so that in finding the intensity relationship for each duration it is done empirically. The
formulation is empirically based on rainfall data of 60 minutes (1 hour) duration. For rain
data that has been analyzed based on the method used when calculating MDR, the daily
rainfall distribution pattern for each hour is only ranked 1 hour to 1-4.

87
MDR 1st hour ranking = 140,15 𝑥 = 71,72
170

For the complete calculation results which include the hourly MDR distribution pattern,
ranking 1 at 1-4 hours with a predetermined PUH (2, 5, 10, 25, 50) can be seen in the table
below:

Table 4.30 Hourly MDR Distribution Pattern, Ranking 1, Hours 1-4

Rain Intensity (mm/hour) for PUH

Ranking 1; (years)
1-4 hour
2 5 10 25 50
1 71.73 75.02 77.32 80.24 82.41
2 23.08 24.14 24.89 25.83 26.52
3 14.84 15.52 16.00 16.60 17.05
4 9.07 9.48 9.78 10.15 10.42

Source: The Calculation Result

60
By using the Tanimoto Rainfall Guidelines, for the MDR 𝑅10 data on the 10-year PUH,
the average of the first 2 hours of rain distribution is used.

76
 60
77,32 + 24,89
𝑅10 = = 51,11 mm
2
In calculating the intensity of rain using the Bell method, the formula is used:

𝑅𝑇𝑡 −= −(0,21. 𝑙𝑛 𝑇 + 0,52)(0,54𝑡 0,25 − 0,5). 𝑅10

60

Calculation Example:
t = 5 minutes; T = 2 year
𝑅25 − = −(0,21. 𝑙𝑛 2 + 0,52) 𝑥 (0,54. 50,25 − 0,5) 𝑥 51,11 = 10,46

60
𝐼= 𝑥 𝑅𝑇𝑡
𝑡

60
𝐼= 𝑥 10,46 = 125,51 𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
5

The results of the calculation of rain intensity based on the Bell Method can be seen in
the table below:

Table 4.31 Results of Calculation of Rain Intensity Based on the Bell Method

Rain Intensity (mm/hour) for PUH (years)

t
2 5 10 25 50
(minutes)
R I R I R I R I R I
5 10.46 125.51 13.48 161.79 15.77 189.24 18.79 225.52 21.08 252.97
10 15.66 93.93 20.18 121.09 23.61 141.63 28.13 168.79 31.56 189.33
20 21.84 65.51 28.15 84.44 32.92 98.77 39.24 117.71 44.01 132.04
40 29.18 43.78 37.62 56.43 44.01 66.01 52.44 78.66 58.83 88.24
60 34.11 34.11 43.97 43.97 51.44 51.44 61.30 61.30 68.76 68.76
120 43.78 21.89 56.44 28.22 66.02 33.01 78.68 39.34 88.25 44.13
240 55.29 13.82 71.27 17.82 83.36 20.84 99.35 24.84 111.44 27.86

Source: The Calculation Result

77
Table 4.32 Rain Intensity Based on Bell Method in Tulungagung District

Rain Intensity (mm/hour) for PUH

t (years)
(minutes)
2 5 10 25 50

5 125.51 161.79 189.24 225.52 252.97

10 93.93 121.09 141.63 168.79 189.33

20 65.51 84.44 98.77 117.71 132.04

40 43.78 56.43 66.01 78.66 88.24

60 34.11 43.97 51.44 61.30 68.76

120 21.89 28.22 33.01 39.34 44.13

240 13.82 17.82 20.84 24.84 27.86

Source: The Calculation Result

78
 Table 4.33 Comparison of Rain Intensity Values of Three Calculation Methods

t Bell Method Van-Breen Method Hasper-Weduen Method

(minutes)
2 5 10 25 50 2 5 10 25 50 2 5 10 25 50
5 125.51 161.79 189.24 225.52 252.97 189.21 180.78 175.65 181.44 173.00 191.2 195.1 197.7 200.9 203.1
10 93.93 121.09 141.63 168.79 189.33 171.19 153.91 156.38 157.25 152.17 157.3 161.9 165.0 168.9 171.7
20 65.51 84.44 98.77 117.71 132.04 153.17 139.25 139.38 136.08 130.43 123.4 128.0 131.2 135.2 138.1
40 43.78 56.43 66.01 78.66 88.24 114.13 106.27 108.79 105.84 103.26 90.8 94.7 97.4 100.9 103.5
60 34.11 43.97 51.44 61.30 68.76 91.60 89.17 91.79 91.73 90.58 73.4 76.8 79.1 82.1 84.3
120 21.89 28.22 33.01 39.34 44.13 54.06 54.97 57.79 58.46 57.06 46.6 48.7 50.2 52.1 53.5
240 13.82 17.82 20.84 24.84 27.86 31.53 32.98 34.00 35.28 36.23 27.9 29.2 30.1 31.2 32.1

Source: The Calculation Result

79
4.2.9 Curvature of Rain Intensity Calculation
In urban drainage, generally the equation to get the peak runoff for each time t minutes and
at each rainfall return period T years, the Rational equation is used:

100
𝑄= × 𝐶𝑠 × 𝐼 × 𝐴
36

In this equation, the value of I changes greatly from every change in t. For this reason,
equation I for the variable t is attempted with a simple equation form, which generally uses the
form of the Talbot, Sherman, and Ishiguro equations.
From the results of the analysis of rainfall after knowing the value of I according to the
Bell, Van-Breen, and Hasper-Weduwen formulas mentioned above, then each of them is
substituted into the Talbot, Sherman, and Ishiguro formulas, using the least squares method. The
equations according to Talbot, Sherman, and Ishiguro from each formula (Bell, Van-Breen, and
Hasper-Weduwen) obtained are then substituted again for the t values mentioned above, then
compared with the values I resulted from the analysis. The equation that has the smallest difference
is the one that is used.
a) Talbot Method

𝑎 (∑ 𝐼. 𝑡) . (∑𝐼 2 ) − (∑ 𝐼 2 . 𝑡) . (∑𝐼)
𝐼= →𝑎=
𝑡+𝑏 𝑁 (∑𝐼 2 ) − (∑𝐼)2

(∑ 𝐼) . (∑𝐼. 𝑡) − 𝑁(∑ 𝐼 2 . 𝑡)
→𝑏=
𝑁 (∑𝐼 2 ) − (∑𝐼)2

b) Sherman Method

𝑎 (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐼) . (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑡) − (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐼) . (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡)

𝐼= 𝑛 →𝑎= 2
𝑡 𝑁(∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑡) − (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡)

(∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐼) . (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡) − 𝑁(∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐼)

→𝑛= 2
𝑁(𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑡) − (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡)

c) Ishiguro Method

𝑎 (∑ 𝐼. √𝑡) . (∑𝐼 2 ) − (∑ 𝐼 2 √𝑡) . (∑𝐼)

𝐼= →𝑎=
√𝑡 + 𝑏 𝑁(∑𝐼 2 ) − (∑𝐼)2

80
 (∑ 𝐼)(∑𝐼. √𝑡) − 𝑁(∑ 𝐼 2 . √𝑡)
→𝑏=
𝑁 (∑𝐼 2 ) − (∑𝐼)2

Where:

t = Duration
N = Number of data
a, b, n = Constant
I = Rain intensity (mm/hour)

The calculation of the Rain Intensity Curve for PUH 2 to PUH 100 can be seen in the table
below. There is rounding of numbers using Microsoft Excel, to make it easier to work on and read.

Table 4.34 Chosen Rain Intensity Method

Rain Intensity (mm/hour) for PUH (years)

t (minute)
2 5 10 25 50
5 191.24 195.10 197.71 225.52 252.97
10 171.19 161.92 165.05 168.90 189.33
20 153.17 139.25 139.38 136.08 138.12
40 114.13 106.27 108.79 105.84 103.47
60 91.60 89.17 91.79 91.73 90.58
120 54.06 54.97 57.79 58.46 57.06
240 31.53 32.98 34.00 35.28 36.23

Source: The Calculation Result

81
 Table 4.35 Calculation of 2-Year PUH Rain Intensity Curvature

PUH 2
t I Log I x
Ixt I² I² x t Log I Log t (log I)² (log t)² t 0,5 I x t 0,5 I² x t 0,5
(minute) (mm/hour) Log t
5 191.24 956.177 36571.000 182854.999 2.282 0.699 1.595 5.206 0.489 2.236 427.615 81775.241
10 171.19 1711.875 29305.176 293051.763 2.233 1 2.233 4.988 1 3.162 541.343 92671.104
20 153.17 3063.356 23460.377 469207.532 2.185 1.301 2.843 4.775 1.693 4.472 684.987 104917.994
40 114.13 4565.001 13024.523 520980.913 2.057 1.602 3.296 4.233 2.567 6.325 721.790 82374.315
60 91.60 5496.021 8390.625 503437.494 1.962 1.778 3.489 3.849 3.162 7.746 709.533 64993.501
120 54.06 6487.107 2922.400 350687.983 1.733 2.079 3.603 3.003 4.323 10.954 592.189 32013.286
240 31.53 7568.292 994.428 238662.655 1.499 2.380 3.567 2.246 5.665 15.492 488.531 15405.608
Total 806.91 29847.830 114668.528 2558883.339 13.951 10.840 20.626 28.300 18.898 50.387 4165.989 474151.050

Source: The Calculation Result

Table 4.36 Calculation of 5-Year PUH Rain Intensity Curvature

PUH 5
t I Log I x
Ixt I² I² x t Log I Log t (log I)² (log t)² t 0,5 I x t 0,5 I² x t 0,5
(minute) (mm/hour) Log t
5 195.10 975.517 38065.316 190326.578 2.290 0.699 1.601 5.245 0.489 2.236 436.264 85116.633
10 161.92 1619.222 26218.794 262187.937 2.209 1 2.209 4.881 1 3.162 512.043 82911.106
20 139.25 2785.050 19391.258 387825.155 2.144 1.301 2.789 4.596 1.693 4.472 622.756 86720.341
40 106.27 4250.866 11293.662 451746.476 2.026 1.602 3.246 4.106 2.567 6.325 672.121 71427.389
60 89.17 5350.227 7951.371 477082.237 1.950 1.778 3.468 3.803 3.162 7.746 690.711 61591.052
120 54.97 6596.171 3021.491 362578.919 1.740 2.079 3.618 3.028 4.323 10.954 602.145 33098.776

82
 PUH 5
t I Log I x
Ixt I² I² x t Log I Log t (log I)² (log t)² t 0,5 I x t 0,5 I² x t 0,5
(minute) (mm/hour) Log t
240 32.98 7915.405 1087.737 261056.822 1.518 2.380 3.614 2.305 5.665 15.492 510.937 16851.145
Total 779.67 29492.458 107029.627 2392804.125 13.878 10.840 20.545 27.965 18.898 50.387 4046.978 437716.442

Source: The Calculation Result

Table 4.37 Calculation of 10-Year PUH Rain Intensity Curvature

PUH 10
t I Log I x
Ixt I² I² x t Log I Log t (log I)² (log t)² t 0,5 I x t 0,5 I² x t 0,5
(minute) (mm/hour) Log t
5 197.71 988.536 39088.117 195440.586 2.296 0.699 1.605 5.272 0.489 2.236 442.087 87403.687
10 165.05 1650.494 27241.311 272413.108 2.218 1 2.218 4.918 1 3.162 521.932 86144.589
20 139.38 2787.683 19427.935 388558.698 2.144 1.301 2.790 4.598 1.693 4.472 623.345 86884.366
40 108.79 4351.504 11834.744 473389.777 2.037 1.602 3.263 4.148 2.567 6.325 688.033 74849.496
60 91.79 5507.373 8425.321 505519.258 1.963 1.778 3.490 3.853 3.162 7.746 710.999 65262.256
120 57.79 6935.210 3340.079 400809.508 1.762 2.079 3.663 3.104 4.323 10.954 633.095 36588.735
240 34.00 8159.071 1155.737 277376.822 1.531 2.380 3.645 2.345 5.665 15.492 526.666 17904.597
Total 794.51 30379.871 110513.244 2513507.758 13.951 10.840 20.673 28.237 18.898 50.387 4146.156 455037.725

Source: The Calculation Result

83
 Table 4.38 Calculation of 25-Year PUH Rain Intensity Curvature

PUH 25
t I Log I x
Ixt I² I² x t Log I Log t (log I)² (log t)² t 0,5 I x t 0,5 I² x t 0,5
(minute) (mm/hour) Log t
5 225.52 1127.623 50861.328 254306.641 2.353 0.699 1.645 5.538 0.489 2.236 504.288 113729.387
10 168.90 1689.037 28528.467 285284.674 2.228 1 2.228 4.962 1 3.162 534.120 90214.935
20 136.08 2721.548 18517.061 370341.219 2.134 1.301 2.776 4.553 1.693 4.472 608.557 82810.814
40 105.84 4233.519 11201.679 448067.154 2.025 1.602 3.244 4.099 2.567 6.325 669.378 70845.638
60 91.73 5503.575 8413.705 504822.327 1.962 1.778 3.490 3.851 3.162 7.746 710.508 65172.282
120 58.46 7015.546 3417.909 410149.090 1.767 2.079 3.674 3.122 4.323 10.954 640.429 37441.318
240 35.28 8467.039 1244.631 298711.436 1.548 2.380 3.683 2.395 5.665 15.492 546.545 19281.740
Total 821.81 30757.888 122184.781 2571682.539 14.016 10.840 20.739 28.520 18.898 50.387 4213.826 479496.114

Source: The Calculation Result

Table 4.39 Calculation of 50-Year PUH Rain Intensity Curvature

PUH 50
t I Log I x
Ixt I² I² x t Log I Log t (log I)² (log t)² t 0,5 I x t 0,5 I² x t 0,5
(minute) (mm/hour) Log t
5 252.97 1264.866 63995.431 319977.156 2.403 0.699 1.680 5.775 0.489 2.236 565.665 143098.134
10 189.33 1893.343 35847.483 358474.832 2.277 1 2.277 5.186 1 3.162 598.728 113359.695
20 138.12 2762.396 19077.082 381541.635 2.140 1.301 2.785 4.581 1.693 4.472 617.691 85315.303
40 103.47 4138.884 10706.476 428259.051 2.015 1.602 3.228 4.060 2.567 6.325 654.415 67713.701
60 90.58 5434.671 8204.346 492260.789 1.957 1.778 3.480 3.830 3.162 7.746 701.613 63550.595
120 57.06 6847.685 3256.305 390756.614 1.756 2.079 3.652 3.085 4.323 10.954 625.105 35671.035

84
 PUH 50
t I Log I x
Ixt I² I² x t Log I Log t (log I)² (log t)² t 0,5 I x t 0,5 I² x t 0,5
(minute) (mm/hour) Log t
240 36.23 8695.473 1312.695 315046.905 1.559 2.380 3.711 2.431 5.665 15.492 561.290 20336.190
Total 867.77 31037.319 142399.819 2686316.982 14.108 10.840 20.812 28.946 18.898 50.387 4324.507 529044.655

Source: The Calculation Result

85
Based on the above calculation, the formula for the intensity of the three methods is:
a) Talbot Method
Example of calculation on 2-Year PUH:

(∑ 𝐼 ⋅ 𝑡)(∑ 𝐼 2 ) − (∑ 𝐼 2 ⋅ 𝑡)(∑ 𝐼)
𝑎=
(𝑁 ⋅ ∑ 𝐼 2 ) − (∑ 𝐼)2

(29847,830)(114668,528) − (25558883,339)(806,91)
= = 8958,003
7(114668,528) − (806,91)2

(∑ 𝐼) ⋅ (∑ 𝐼 ⋅ 𝑡) − 𝑁(∑ 𝐼 2 ⋅ 𝑡)
𝑏=
(𝑁 ⋅ ∑ 𝐼 2 ) − (∑ 𝐼)2

(806,91) . (29847,830) − 7(2558883,339)

= = 40,72101275
7(114668,528) − (806,91)2

𝑎 8958,003
𝐼= = = 191,24
𝑡 + 𝑏 5 + 40,72101275

b) Sherman Method
Example of calculation on 2-Year PUH:

(∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐼) . (∑ log 𝑡)2 − (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡 . 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐼) . (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡)

𝑎= 2
𝑁(∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑡) − (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡)

(13,951) . (18,898) − (10,840 . 13,951). (10,840)

= = 11,562963
7(18,898) − (10,840)2

(∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐼 ⋅ ∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡) − 𝑁 ⋅ ∑ (log 𝑡 . log 𝐼)

𝑛=
𝑁 ∑(log 𝐼)2 − (∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑡)2

(13,951) . (10,840) − 7 ∑(10,840 . 13,951)

= = 0,08
7(13,951)2 − (10,840)2

c) Ishiguro Method
Example of calculation on 2-Year PUH:

(∑ 𝐼 √𝑡 ⋅ ∑ 𝐼 2 ) − (∑ 𝐼 2 √𝑡 ⋅ ∑ 𝐼)
𝑐=
𝑁 ⋅ ∑ 𝐼 2 − (∑ 𝐼)2
86
 (4165,98)(114668,528) − ((474151,050)(806,91))
= = 627,4780
7(114668,528) − (806,91)2

(∑(𝐼). ∑(𝐼. √𝑡)) − 𝑁(∑ 𝐼 2 . √𝑡)

𝑑=
𝑁 ⋅ ∑ 𝐼 2 − (∑ 𝐼)2

(806,91 . 4165,98) − 7(474151,050)

= = 0,2805235279
7(114668,528) − (806,91)2

With the same calculation method, the formulations for the three methods for PUH 2,
5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years will be obtained as listed in the following table:

Table 4.40 Chosen Rain Intensity Method

Calculation Method
PUH Talbot Sherman Ishiguro
a b a n c d
2 8958.00 40.72 11.56 0.08 627.48 0.28
5 9134.87 44.19 12.58 0.08 650.09 0.65
10 9556.52 45.96 13.00 0.08 679.13 0.76
25 9141.41 40.44 12.57 0.08 671.47 0.59
50 8567.91 33.35 11.42 0.09 642.90 0.20

Source: The Calculation Result

After obtaining all the intensity formulas for each PUH, then the value of each duration (t)
is entered into the formula so that the rainfall intensity for each method will be obtained. After
that, look for the difference with the intensity of the data.

a) Talbot Method
Example of calculation on 2-Year PUH and duration 5 minutes:

𝑎 8958,00
𝐼= = = 195,93 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑡 + 𝑏 5 + 40,72
△ 𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 − 𝐼 𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑏𝑜𝑡 = 191,24 − 195,92 = −4,69 mm/minutes

87
 b) Sherman Method
Example of calculation on 2-Year PUH and duration 5 minutes:

𝑎 11,56
𝐼= 𝑛
= 0,08 = 10,09 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑡 5

△ 𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 − 𝐼 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑛 = 191,24 − 10,08 = 181,15 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

c) Ishiguro Method
Example of calculation on 2-Year PUH and duration 5 minutes:

𝑐 627,48
𝐼= = = 249,34 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
√𝑡 + 𝑑 √5 + 0,28

△ 𝐼 = 𝐼 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 − 𝐼 𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑜 = 191,24 − 249,34 = 58,10 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

Further calculations can be seen in the following table:

Table 4.41 Comparison of the Conformity of the 2-Year PUH Rainfall Intensity Formula

PUH 2
Talbot Sherman Ishiguro
t I
I ΔI I ΔI I ΔI
5 191.24 195.93 -4.69 10.09 181.15 249.34 -58.10
10 171.19 176.61 -5.43 9.51 161.68 182.26 -11.07
20 153.17 147.53 5.64 8.97 144.20 132.03 21.14
40 114.13 110.97 3.15 8.45 105.67 95.00 19.13
60 91.60 88.94 2.66 8.17 83.43 78.18 13.42
120 54.06 55.74 -1.68 7.70 46.36 55.85 -1.79
240 31.53 31.91 -0.38 7.26 24.27 39.78 -8.25
Average -0.10 106.68 -3.65

Source: The Calculation Result

88
Table 4.42 Comparison of the Conformity of the 5-Year PUH Rainfall Intensity Formula

PUH 5
Talbot Sherman Ishiguro
t I
I ΔI I ΔI I ΔI
5 195.10 185.72 9.39 10.98 184.13 225.57 -30.46
10 161.92 168.58 -6.66 10.35 151.57 170.71 -8.78
20 139.25 142.32 -3.06 9.76 129.49 127.02 12.24
40 106.27 108.51 -2.23 9.21 97.06 93.26 13.01
60 89.17 87.68 1.49 8.90 80.27 77.47 11.70
120 54.97 55.64 -0.67 8.39 46.58 56.04 -1.07
240 32.98 32.14 0.84 7.91 25.07 40.28 -7.30
Average -0.13 102.02 -1.52

Source: The Calculation Result

Table 4.43 Comparison of the Conformity of the 10-Year PUH Rainfall Intensity Formula

PUH 10
Talbot Sherman Ishiguro
t I
I ΔI I ΔI I ΔI
5 197.71 187.53 10.18 11.41 186.29 226.30 -28.59
10 165.05 170.77 -5.72 10.79 154.26 172.93 -7.88
20 139.38 144.88 -5.50 10.20 129.19 129.68 9.71
40 108.79 111.17 -2.39 9.64 99.15 95.79 12.99
60 91.79 90.19 1.60 9.33 82.46 79.80 11.99
120 57.79 57.58 0.21 8.82 48.97 57.95 -0.16
240 34.00 33.42 0.58 8.34 25.66 41.77 -7.78
Average -0.15 103.71 -1.39

Source: The Calculation Result

89
Table 4.44 Comparison of the Conformity of the 25-Year PUH Rainfall Intensity Formula

PUH 25
Talbot Sherman Ishiguro
t I
I ΔI I ΔI I ΔI
5 225.52 201.19 24.34 11.01 214.51 237.44 -11.91
10 168.90 181.24 -12.34 10.40 158.50 178.86 -9.95
20 136.08 151.25 -15.18 9.82 126.25 132.59 3.48
40 105.84 113.65 -7.81 9.28 96.56 97.08 8.76
60 91.73 91.02 0.71 8.97 82.75 80.53 11.19
120 58.46 56.98 1.48 8.48 49.99 58.15 0.31
240 35.28 32.60 2.68 8.01 27.27 41.75 -6.47
Average -0.87 107.98 -0.66

Source: The Calculation Result

Table 4.45 Comparison of the Conformity of the 50-Year PUH Rainfall Intensity Formula

PUH 50
Talbot Sherman Ishiguro
t I
I ΔI I ΔI I ΔI
5 252.97 223.43 29.55 9.96 243.02 263.63 -10.66
10 189.33 197.66 -8.32 9.39 179.95 191.06 -1.73
20 138.12 160.61 -22.49 8.85 129.27 137.53 0.59
40 103.47 116.81 -13.34 8.34 95.13 98.50 4.98
60 90.58 91.79 -1.21 8.06 82.52 80.88 9.70
120 57.06 55.87 1.19 7.60 49.46 57.62 -0.56
240 36.23 31.34 4.89 7.16 29.07 40.96 -4.73
Average -1.39 115.49 -0.34

Source: The Calculation Result

90
 Table 4.46 Preferred Rain Intensity Method

Rain Intensity (mm/hour)

t
2 5 10 25 50
5 Ishiguro Ishiguro Ishiguro Ishiguro Ishiguro
10 Ishiguro Ishiguro Ishiguro Talbot Talbot
20 Talbot Talbot Talbot Talbot Talbot
40 Talbot Talbot Talbot Talbot Talbot
60 Talbot Talbot Talbot Talbot Talbot
120 Ishiguro Ishiguro Ishiguro Ishiguro Ishiguro
240 Ishiguro Ishiguro Ishiguro Ishiguro Ishiguro

Source: The Calculation Result

Table 4.47 Rain Intensity Value of Each Selected Method

Rain Intensity (mm/hour)

t
2 5 10 25 50
5 249.34 225.57 226.30 237.44 263.63
10 182.26 170.71 172.93 181.24 197.66
20 147.53 142.32 144.88 151.25 160.61
40 110.97 108.51 111.17 113.65 116.81
60 88.94 87.68 90.19 91.02 91.79
120 55.85 56.04 57.95 58.15 57.62
240 39.78 40.28 41.77 41.75 40.96

Source: The Calculation Result

91
Figure 4.16 Catchment Area Rain Station

Source: The Calculation Result

92
 CHAPTER V
CALCULATION OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM

5.1 General
The planned system is a separate system from the city sewer collection. In planning the urban
drainage system, several parameters are used which are the basis for system planning. There are
some parameters in determining the direction of the planned rainwater channel, which are:
• The direction of flow in the channel follows the existing elevation line so that it is
expected to flow by gravity and avoid pumping.
• Utilization of rivers/creeks as receiving water bodies from planned outfalls.
• Avoid multiple channel crossings on the road, thereby reducing the use of culverts.
From these parameters, it is shown that there is a limiting factor, namely local topographic
conditions. From this condition, a system with various alternatives was developed considering the
technical and economic aspects. The development of a system has a logical consequence on the
impact of planning. But by avoiding the possible social consequences as little as possible, it is
hoped that the desired system planning can be achieved (Masduki, 1985).

5.2 Service Area and Flow Coefficient Determination

5.2.1 Service Area
To determine the service area, it is necessary to divide the blocks so that the planned drainage
system can serve the service area as effectively as possible, simplify the network and calculate the
dimensions of the channel. The division of service blocks is based on topography and land use
conditions. In this plan, it will serve the area of Tulungagung District.
Tulungagung District is divided into 5 service blocks from 5 sub-district. In this plan, each
block will be served by a secondary channel which will then be channeled to the nearest river/water
body. The block and channel map can be seen in the attached image of the Tulungagung District
Drainage Channel Service.
For the area of blocks that will be served by the drainage system, it can be seen in the
following table:

Table 5.1 Drainage Service Area

Sub-District Area Block Area in AutoCAD Blok Area (km2)

1 0.0005 5.73
2 0.0005 5.73
Karangrejo 35.54 A 3 0.0004 4.59
4 0.0006 6.88
5 0.0004 4.59

93
Sub-District Area Block Area in AutoCAD Blok Area (km2)
6 0.0003 3.44
7 0.0004 4.59
Total 0.0031 35.54
1 0.0004 5.14
2 0.0003 3.86
3 0.0004 5.14
B
Kauman 30.84 4 0.0005 6.43
5 0.0003 3.86
6 0.0005 6.43
Total 0.0024 30.84
1 0.0006 7.34
2 0.0005 6.11
3 0.0005 6.11
C 4 0.0006 7.34
Gondang 44.02
5 0.0005 6.11
6 0.0004 4.89
7 0.0005 6.11
Total 0.0036 44.02
1 0.0005 7.59
D
Tulungagung 13.67 2 0.0004 6.08
Total 0.0009 13.67
1 0.0005 5.82
2 0.0005 5.82
3 0.0006 6.99
E
Boyolangu 38.44 4 0.0004 4.66
5 0.0006 6.99
6 0.0007 8.15
Total 0.0033 38.44

Source: The Calculation Result

94
5.2.2 Flow Coefficient
This flow coefficient is obtained from the comparison between the amount of rain that falls
and that flows as runoff from a certain surface/soil rain. In a drainage area with different land uses,
the coefficient of drainage is determined by taking the average price based on the weight of the
area as in the formula:

C1. A1 + C2. A2 + … + Cn. An

𝐶𝑟 =
𝐴

Where:
Cr = Average value of flow coefficient
C1, C2, Cn = Value of the flow coefficient in each region
A1, A2, An = Area of each part of the area
A = Total drainage area

The value of coefficient of drainage in each area can be seen in the following table:

Table 5.2 The Value of Coefficient Drainage

Flow Coefficient (C)

No Stream Area Type C
1 Pavement 0,85
2 Residential Area 0,6
3 Rice Fields 0,55

Source: Urban Drainage Guideline and Technical Standards, 1994

Based on the formula and the value of the flow coefficient, the results of the calculation of
the flow coefficient for each block can be seen in the following table:

Table 5.3 Flow Coefficient of Each Block

Area Area
Area Cx% Cr
Block Percentage Area Type C Percentage
(km²) Area Block
(%) (%)
A 1 5.73 16% Pavement 0.85 20% 0.170 0.635

95
 Area Area
Area Cx% Cr
Block Percentage Area Type C Percentage
(km²) Area Block
(%) (%)
Residential Area 0.6 50% 0.300
Rice Field 0.55 30% 0.165
Pavement 0.85 10% 0.085
2 5.73 16% Residential Area 0.6 30% 0.180 0.595
Rice Field 0.55 60% 0.330
Pavement 0.85 15% 0.128
3 4.59 13% Residential Area 0.6 50% 0.300 0.620
Rice Field 0.55 35% 0.193
Pavement 0.85 15% 0.128
4 6.88 19% Residential Area 0.6 45% 0.270 0.618
Rice Field 0.55 40% 0.220
Pavement 0.85 10% 0.085
5 4.59 13% Residential Area 0.6 25% 0.150 0.593
Rice Field 0.55 65% 0.358
Pavement 0.85 15% 0.128
6 3.44 10% Residential Area 0.6 40% 0.240 0.615
Rice Field 0.55 45% 0.248
Pavement 0.85 10% 0.085
7 4.59 13% Residential Area 0.6 45% 0.270 0.603
Rice Field 0.55 45% 0.248
Total 35.54 100%
Pavement 0.85 15% 0.128
1 5.14 17% Residential Area 0.6 55% 0.330 0.623
Rice Field 0.55 30% 0.165
Pavement 0.85 15% 0.128
B 2 3.86 13% Residential Area 0.6 25% 0.150 0.608
Rice Field 0.55 60% 0.330
Pavement 0.85 20% 0.170
3 5.14 17% Residential Area 0.6 60% 0.360 0.640
Rice Field 0.55 20% 0.110

96
 Area Area
Area Cx% Cr
Block Percentage Area Type C Percentage
(km²) Area Block
(%) (%)
Pavement 0.85 10% 0.085
4 6.43 21% Residential Area 0.6 55% 0.330 0.608
Rice Field 0.55 35% 0.193
Pavement 0.85 15% 0.128
5 3.86 13% Residential Area 0.6 20% 0.120 0.605
Rice Field 0.55 65% 0.358
Pavement 0.85 10% 0.085
6 6.43 21% Residential Area 0.6 10% 0.060 0.585
Rice Field 0.55 80% 0.440
Total 30.84 100%
Pavement 0.85 15% 0.128
1 7.34 17% Residential Area 0.6 25% 0.150 0.608
Rice Field 0.55 60% 0.330
Pavement 0.85 15% 0.128
2 6.11 14% Residential Area 0.6 40% 0.240 0.615
Rice Field 0.55 45% 0.248
Pavement 0.85 10% 0.085
3 6.11 14% Residential Area 0.6 45% 0.270 0.603
Rice Field 0.55 45% 0.248
Pavement 0.85 20% 0.170
C
4 7.34 17% Residential Area 0.6 30% 0.180 0.625
Rice Field 0.55 50% 0.275
Pavement 0.85 20% 0.170
5 6.11 14% Residential Area 0.6 40% 0.240 0.575
Rice Field 0.55 30% 0.165
Pavement 0.85 15% 0.128
6 4.89 11% Residential Area 0.6 50% 0.300 0.620
Rice Field 0.55 35% 0.193
Pavement 0.85 15% 0.128
7 6.11 14% 0.610
Residential Area 0.6 30% 0.180

97
 Area Area
Area Cx% Cr
Block Percentage Area Type C Percentage
(km²) Area Block
(%) (%)
Rice Field 0.55 55% 0.303
Total 44.02 100%
Pavement 0.85 20% 0.170
1 7.59 56% Residential Area 0.6 60% 0.360 0.640
Rice Field 0.55 20% 0.110
D
Pavement 0.85 25% 0.213
2 6.08 44% Residential Area 0.6 70% 0.420 0.660
Rice Field 0.55 5% 0.028
Total 13.67 100%
Pavement 0.85 15% 0.128
1 5.82 15% Residential Area 0.6 50% 0.300 0.620
Rice Field 0.55 35% 0.193
Pavement 0.85 25% 0.213
2 5.82 15% Residential Area 0.6 40% 0.240 0.645
Rice Field 0.55 35% 0.193
Pavement 0.85 25% 0.213
3 6.99 18% Residential Area 0.6 45% 0.270 0.648
Rice Field 0.55 30% 0.165
E
Pavement 0.85 10% 0.085
4 4.66 12% Residential Area 0.6 45% 0.270 0.603
Rice Field 0.55 45% 0.248
Pavement 0.85 15% 0.128
5 6.99 18% Residential Area 0.6 35% 0.210 0.613
Rice Field 0.55 50% 0.275
Pavement 0.85 10% 0.085
6 8.15 21% Residential Area 0.6 50% 0.300 0.605
Rice Field 0.55 40% 0.220
Total 38.44 100%

Source: The Calculation Result

98
5.3 Channel Discharge Determination
To find out the channel discharge, it is necessary to know the shape and type of the planned
channel. In the planning, a rectangular open channel made of concrete is used with consideration
that it is more durable and can withstand the pressure caused by the soil. The following is an
example of the calculation.
Example of calculation in primary channel a1-a2:
• The longest runoff length (Lo) = 529,5 m
• Channel height difference (Ho) = 0,5 m
• Slope runoff (So) = Ho/Lo = 0,00009
• n = 0,025
• Channel length (Ld) = 368 m
• Assumed V is = 2 m/s
• C = 0,635
Because the runoff length or water line reaches 300 m < Lo < 1000 m, the runoff formula is
used:

1⁄ 1⁄
108. 𝑛. 𝐿𝑜 3 108 . 0,025 . 529,5 3
→ 𝑡𝑜 = 1⁄ = 1⁄ = 1394,114 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑆𝑜 5 0,00009 5

𝐿𝑑 368
→ 𝑡𝑑 = = = 3,063 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑉 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 60 2 . 60

→ 𝑡𝑐 = 𝑡𝑜 + 𝑡𝑑 = 1394,114 + 3,063 = 1397,176 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

2 . 𝑡𝑐 2 . 1397,176
→ 𝑐𝑆 = = = 0,999
2 . 𝑡𝑐 + 𝑡𝑑 2 . 1397,176 + 3,063

The intensity value used for the primary channel is 10 years PUH. From the calculation of the
smallest intensity curve, it was found that for 10-year PUH the suitable method was the Talbot
method. Where the 10-year PUH data obtained by the Talbot method is as follows:

9556,521 9556,521
𝐼= = = 6,622 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑡𝑑 + 45,96 3,0603 + 45,96

Because the area of the flow area is over 80 Ha, the calculation of the discharge is:

𝑄 = 0,278 × 𝐶. 𝐼. 𝐶𝑠 . 𝐴 = 0,278 × 0,635 . 6,622 . 0,999 . 5,73 = 6,69 𝑚3 /𝑠

99
 Table 5.4 Dischrage Calculation of Each Channel

Ld Ld
V
Lo Area Start End (Channel (Channel to td tc I Q
Block Channel Type Lo (m) Cr ∆H So (%) n assumes Cs Q (L/sec)
(Acad) (km2) Elevation Elevation Length) Length) (minutes) (minute) (minute) (mm/minute) (m3/sec)
(m/s)
(Acad) (m)

1 a1-a2 Primary 706 529,500 0.635 5.73 138 137.5 0.5 0.00009 0.490 368 0.025 1394.114 2 3.063 1397.176 6.622 0.999 6693.618 6.69

2 a2-a3 Primary 757 567,750 0.595 5.73 137.5 137.25 0.25 0.00004 0.408 306 0.025 1662.109 2 2.550 1664.659 5.587 0.999 5292.994 5.29

3 a3-a4 Secondary 541 405,750 0.620 4.59 137.25 137 0.25 0.00006 0.410 308 0.025 1389.463 2 2.563 1392.025 6.646 0.999 5248.050 5.25

A 4 b1-b2 Primary 454 340,500 0.618 6.88 112 111.75 0.25 0.00007 0.440 330 0.025 1265.430 2 2.750 1268.180 7.272 0.999 8577.805 8.58

6 c1-c2 Primary 579 434,250 0.615 3.44 213 212.75 0.25 0.00006 0.415 311 0.025 1440.689 2 2.594 1443.283 6.417 0.999 3769.997 3.77

5 c2-c3 Secondary 482 361,500 0.593 4.59 212.75 211.75 1 0.00028 0.678 509 0.025 990.121 2 4.238 994.358 9.186 0.998 6924.015 6.92

7 d1-d2 Primary 448 336,000 0.603 4.59 275 274.5 0.5 0.00015 0.705 529 0.025 1093.832 2 4.406 1098.238 8.352 0.998 6402.441 6.40

3 e1-e2 Primary 475 356,250 0.640 5.14 213 212.5 0.5 0.00014 0.541 406 0.025 1128.511 2 3.381 1131.892 7.767 0.999 7092.595 7.09

2 e4-e2 Primary 552 414,000 0.608 3.86 165 164.5 0.5 0.00012 0.638 479 0.025 1222.653 2 3.988 1226.641 7.188 0.998 4672.243 4.67

2 e2-e3 Primary 1,201 900,750 0.608 3.86 212 211.5 0.5 0.00006 0.460 345 0.025 1850.797 2 2.875 1853.672 5.031 0.999 3272.723 3.27

B 1 g1-g2 Primary 542 406,500 0.623 5.14 208 207.5 0.5 0.00012 0.443 332 0.025 1210.790 2 2.769 1213.558 7.587 0.999 6741.357 6.74

4 f1-f2 Primary 582 436,500 0.608 6.43 88 87.5 0.5 0.00011 0.466 350 0.025 1257.655 2 2.913 1260.567 7.314 0.999 7927.644 7.93

5 h1-h2 Primary 482 361,500 0.605 3.86 125 124.5 0.5 0.00014 0.484 363 0.025 1137.350 2 3.025 1140.375 8.055 0.999 5216.044 5.22

6 i1-i2 Primary 1,070 802,500 0.585 6.43 100 99.5 0.5 0.00006 0.828 621 0.025 1740.232 2 5.175 1745.407 5.335 0.999 5566.032 5.57

2 j1-j2 Primary 543 407,250 0.615 6.11 150 149.75 0.25 0.00006 0.422 317 0.025 1392.200 2 2.638 1394.838 6.633 0.999 6926.659 6.93

C 3 j2-j3 Secondary 626 469,500 0.603 6.11 149.75 149.5 0.25 0.00005 0.444 333 0.025 1501.924 2 2.775 1504.699 6.163 0.999 6305.252 6.31

1 k1-k2 Secondary 804 603,000 0.608 7.34 202 201.75 0.25 0.00004 0.432 324 0.025 1716.373 2 2.700 1719.073 5.414 0.999 6703.412 6.70

100
 Ld Ld
V
Lo Area Start End (Channel (Channel to td tc I Q
Block Channel Type Lo (m) Cr ∆H So (%) n assumes Cs Q (L/sec)
(Acad) (km2) Elevation Elevation Length) Length) (minutes) (minute) (minute) (mm/minute) (m3/sec)
(m/s)
(Acad) (m)

4 k2-k3 Secondary 622 466,500 0.625 7.34 201.75 201.5 0.25 0.00005 0.428 321 0.025 1496.798 2 2.675 1499.473 6.184 0.999 7875.641 7.88

5 k3-k4 Primary 725 543,750 0.575 6.11 201.5 201 0.5 0.00009 0.819 614 0.025 1414.000 2 5.119 1419.119 6.523 0.998 6363.360 6.36

6 l1-l2 Primary 594 445,500 0.620 4.89 125 124.5 0.5 0.00011 0.727 545 0.025 1271.419 2 4.544 1275.962 7.229 0.998 6083.665 6.08

7 m1-m2 Secondary 755 566,250 0.610 6.11 97 96.5 0.5 0.00009 0.511 383 0.025 1444.910 2 3.194 1448.104 6.396 0.999 6624.364 6.62

2 n1-n2 Primary 443 332,250 0.660 6.08 88 87.5 0.5 0.00015 0.540 405 0.025 1087.304 2 3.375 1090.679 8.408 0.998 9357.943 9.36
D
1 n2-n3 Secondary 401 300,750 0.640 7.59 87.5 87.25 0.25 0.00008 0.418 314 0.025 1184.365 2 2.613 1186.977 7.751 0.999 10461.692 10.46

1 o1-o2 Primary 606 454,500 0.620 5.82 97 96.5 0.5 0.00011 0.629 472 0.025 1285.053 2 3.931 1288.985 7.159 0.998 7175.475 7.18

2 p1-p2 Primary 526 394,500 0.645 5.82 125 124.5 0.5 0.00013 0.409 307 0.025 1191.594 2 2.556 1194.150 7.706 0.999 8039.314 8.04

4 p2-p3 Primary 685 513,750 0.603 4.66 124.5 124 0.5 0.00010 0.592 444 0.025 1371.842 2 3.700 1375.542 6.723 0.999 5239.621 5.24
E
3 p3-p4 Secondary 710 532,500 0.648 6.99 124 123.5 0.5 0.00009 0.479 359 0.025 1398.321 2 2.994 1401.315 6.603 0.999 8298.324 8.30

6 q1-q2 Primary 515 386,250 0.605 8.15 325 324.75 0.25 0.00006 0.436 327 0.025 1353.440 2 2.725 1356.165 6.816 0.999 9337.801 9.34

5 q2-q3 Primary 628 471,000 0.613 6.99 324.75 324 0.75 0.00016 0.850 638 0.025 1207.710 2 5.313 1213.022 7.591 0.998 9013.671 9.01

Source: The Calculation Result

101
5.4 Channel Dimension Determination

In this plan, an open channel type with a rectangular shape will be used for all channels,
both primary and secondary channels. As for closed channels (culverts) a rectangular
channel will also be used. The selection of this rectangular channel shape aims to utilize the
land more efficiently. This is because rectangular channel has the ability to accommodate
larger discharges but requires a smaller area of land.

In this Tulungagung District drainage plan, the channel that will be used is a rectangular
channel with the plan that the channel is measured based on the optimum hydraulic cross
section. This means that in a cross-sectional area, the capacity it has will be of maximum
value. Here is a picture of the rectangular shape that will be used in planning this time.

Figure 5.1 Planned Channel

The planned drainage channel as above can use the following formula:

𝑏 = 2 × ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐴 = 𝑏 × ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑃 = 𝑏 + 2ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐴 𝑏 × ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑅= =
𝑃 𝑏 + 2ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑄 =𝑣×𝐴

Where:
b = channel width (m)
h = height/depth of channel (m)
R = hydraulic radius

102
 A = wet cross-sectional area of the channel (m2)
P = wetted perimeter of the channel (m)

Based on the Manning equation:

1 2 1 1 2 1
𝑣= × 𝑅 ⁄3 × 𝑆 ⁄2 → 𝑄 = × 𝑅 ⁄3 × 𝑆 ⁄2 × 𝐴
𝑛 𝑛
1 ℎ 2 1
→𝑄= × ( ) ⁄3 × 𝑆 ⁄2 × 𝐴
𝑛 2
𝑄. 𝑛 3⁄
→ ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ( ) 8
1,09 . √𝑠

The slope used for this plan follows the slope of the existing terrain as much as possible.

∆𝐻𝑑
𝑆𝑑 =
𝐿𝑑

In this plan, the slope used is to be as much as possible in accordance with the existing terrain
slope. However, in determining the slope, it is necessary to first check the velocity that can be
formed in the channel. Where the velocity that must be met is in the range of 0.6-3.0 m/second.
The following is an example of calculating the velocity in this plan.
Example of calculation in primary channel a1-a2:
• Q = 6,69 m3/s
• Ld = 368 m
• ∆Hd = 0,5 m
• n = 0,025

0,5
→ 𝑆𝑑 = = 0,001
368
3⁄
6,69 . 0,025 8
→ ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ( ) = 1,59 𝑚
1,09 . √0,001
→ 𝑏 = 2 . 1,59 = 3,18 𝑚
→ 𝐴 = 1,59 . 3,18 = 5,04 𝑚

103
 → 𝑃 = 3,18 + (2 .1,59) = 6,36 𝑚
5,04
→𝑅= = 0,79
6,36
1 2 1 1 2 1 𝑚
→𝑣= ⋅ 𝑅3 ⋅ 𝑆 2 = . 0,79 ⁄3 . 0,002 ⁄2 = 1,53 (𝑚𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒)
𝑛 0,0025 𝑠
1⁄ 1⁄
→ 𝐹𝑏 = (𝐶. ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ) 2 = (0,23 . 1,59) 2 = 0,6
→ 𝐻𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐹𝑏 + ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0,6 + 1,59 = 2,19 𝑚
→ 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑣 . 𝐴 = 1,53 . 5,04 = 7,7 𝑚3 /𝑠

Since the velocity have met the range, therefore the slope of the channel is accepted. By using
the calculation method according to the example, the dimensions for all channels are obtained as
listed in the following table:

104
 Table 5.4 Dischrage Calculation of Each Channel

Rectangular Range
Channel 0,6-3
Ld Elevation (m) ∆ Q h Htotal Q max
Block Channel n Sd R C Fb
(m) Hd (m3/sec) water (m3/sec)
b A Vcheck
Start End (m)
1 a1-a2 0.025 368 138 137.5 0.5 0.001 6.69 1.59 3.18 5.04 0.79 1.53 0.23 0.6 2.19 7.7
2 a2-a3 0.025 306 137.5 137.25 0.25 0.001 5.29 1.53 3.07 4.71 0.77 1.30 0.23 0.6 2.13 6.1
3 a3-a4 0.025 308 137.25 137 0.25 0.001 5.25 1.45 2.90 4.20 0.72 1.44 0.23 0.6 2.05 6.1
A 4 b1-b2 0.025 330 112 111.75 0.25 0.001 8.58 1.84 3.68 6.77 0.92 1.47 0.23 0.7 2.54 9.9
5 c1-c2 0.025 311 213 212.75 0.25 0.001 3.77 1.35 2.70 3.65 0.68 1.19 0.23 0.6 1.95 4.4
6 c2-c3 0.025 509 212.75 211.75 1 0.002 6.92 1.61 3.22 5.17 0.80 1.55 0.23 0.6 2.21 8.0
7 d1-d2 0.025 529 275 274.5 0.5 0.001 6.40 1.65 3.30 5.43 0.82 1.36 0.23 0.6 2.25 7.4

1 e1-e2 0.025 406 213 212.5 0.5 0.001 7.09 1.71 3.43 5.87 0.86 1.40 0.23 0.6 2.31 8.2
2 e4-e2 0.025 479 165 164.5 0.5 0.001 4.67 1.39 2.78 3.85 0.69 1.40 0.23 0.6 1.99 5.4
3 e2-e3 0.025 345 212 211.5 0.5 0.001 3.27 1.21 2.43 2.95 0.61 1.28 0.23 0.5 1.71 3.8
B 4 g1-g2 0.025 332 208 207.5 0.5 0.002 6.74 1.59 3.18 5.07 0.80 1.54 0.23 0.6 2.19 7.8
5 f1-f2 0.025 350 88 87.5 0.5 0.001 7.93 1.79 3.57 6.38 0.89 1.44 0.23 0.6 2.39 9.2
6 h1-h2 0.025 363 125 124.5 0.5 0.001 5.22 1.53 3.05 4.66 0.76 1.29 0.23 0.6 2.13 6.0
7 i1-i2 0.025 621 100 99.5 0.5 0.001 5.57 1.56 3.13 4.89 0.78 1.31 0.23 0.6 2.16 6.4

1 j1-j2 0.025 317 150 149.75 0.25 0.0008 6.93 1.70 3.40 5.76 0.85 1.39 0.23 0.6 2.30 8.0
C
2 j2-j3 0.025 333 149.75 149.5 0.25 0.001 6.31 1.64 3.28 5.37 0.82 1.36 0.23 0.6 2.24 7.3

105
 Rectangular Range
Channel 0,6-3
Ld Elevation (m) ∆ Q h Htotal Q max
Block Channel n Sd R C Fb
(m) Hd (m3/sec) water (m3/sec)
b A Vcheck
Start End (m)
3 k1-k2 0.025 324 202 201.75 0.25 0.001 6.70 1.68 3.35 5.62 0.84 1.38 0.23 0.6 2.28 7.7
4 k2-k3 0.025 321 201.75 201.5 0.25 0.001 7.88 1.78 3.56 6.35 0.89 1.43 0.23 0.6 2.38 9.1
5 k3-k4 0.025 614 201.5 201 0.5 0.001 6.36 1.64 3.29 5.41 0.82 1.36 0.23 0.6 2.24 7.4
6 l1-l2 0.025 545 125 124.5 0.5 0.001 6.08 1.62 3.23 5.23 0.81 1.34 0.23 0.6 2.22 7.0
7 m1-m2 0.025 383 97 96.5 0.5 0.001 6.62 1.67 3.34 5.57 0.83 1.37 0.23 0.6 2.27 7.7

1 n1-n2 0.025 405 88 87.5 0.5 0.001 9.36 1.90 3.80 7.22 0.95 1.50 0.23 0.7 2.60 10.8
D
2 n2-n3 0.025 314 87.5 87.25 0.25 0.001 10.46 1.98 3.96 7.85 0.99 1.54 0.23 0.7 2.68 12.1

1 o1-o2 0.025 472 97 96.5 0.5 0.001 7.18 1.72 3.44 5.92 0.86 1.40 0.23 0.6 2.32 8.3
2 p1-p2 0.025 307 125 124.5 0.5 0.002 8.04 1.70 3.40 5.79 0.85 1.61 0.23 0.6 2.30 9.3
3 p2-p3 0.025 444 124.5 124 0.5 0.001 5.24 1.45 2.90 4.20 0.72 1.44 0.23 0.6 2.05 6.1
E
4 p3-p4 0.025 359 124 123.5 0.5 0.001 8.30 1.82 3.63 6.60 0.91 1.45 0.23 0.6 2.42 9.6
5 q1-q2 0.025 327 325 324.75 0.25 0.0008 9.34 1.90 3.80 7.21 0.95 1.50 0.23 0.7 2.60 10.8
6 q2-q3 0.025 638 324.75 324 0.75 0.001 9.01 1.87 3.75 7.02 0.94 1.48 0.23 0.7 2.57 10.4

Source: The Calculation Result

106
 In all channels there is no flow velocity that exceeds the maximum velocity (3 m/sec), so there
is no need for a complementary structure in the form of a waterfall. Complementary structures in
the form of waterfalls are used if the flow velocity in the channel exceeds the maximum flow
velocity according to the planning criteria (0.6 - 3.0 m/sec). The waterfall itself is a complementary
building that serves to reduce the flow velocity in the channel. In this planning, several velocity
adjustments were also made to meet the planning criteria by changing the slope of the channel. If
the slope of a channel is changed, the dimensions of the channel, water level, and channel elevation
will also change.

5.5 Channel Elevation Determination

In this plan, one of the things that is planned is the height difference or commonly referred to
as elevation. In planning this drainage channel, the planned elevation includes the initial channel
base elevation, final channel bottom elevation, initial water level elevation, and final water level
elevation. The following is an example of calculating elevation in this drainage channel design.
Example of calculation in primary channel a1-a2:
• hwater = 1,59 m
• Fb = 0,6 m
• Soil start elevation = 138 m
• Soil end elevation = 137,5 m
• ∆Hchannel = 0,74 m

→ 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑

= 138 − 1,59 − 0,6 = 135,81 𝑚
→ 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 135,81 + 1,59 = 137,4 𝑚
→ 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 – ∆𝐻𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙
= 135,81 − 0,74 = 135,08 𝑚
→ 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
= 135,08 + 1,59 = 136,67 𝑚
→ 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙
= 138 − 135,81 = 2,19 𝑚
→ 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙
= 137,5 − 135,08 = 2,42 𝑚

107
 Table 5.5 Elevation Calculation of Each Channel

Soil ∆H H Channel Water Level Excavation

Ld Elevation ∆ Hd S Fb Elevation Elevation Depth
Block Channel channel water
(m) (m) planning (m)
Start End (m) (m) Start End Start End Start End
1 a1-a2 368 138 137.5 0.5 0.0020 0.74 1.59 0.6 135.81 135.08 137.4 136.67 2.19 2.42
2 a2-a3 306 137.5 137.25 0.25 0.0015 0.46 1.53 0.6 135.08 134.62 136.6 136.15 2.42 2.63
3 a3-a4 308 137.25 137 0.25 0.0020 0.62 1.45 0.6 134.62 134.00 136.1 135.45 2.63 3.00
A 4 b1-b2 330 112 111.75 0.25 0.0015 0.50 1.84 0.7 109.46 108.97 111.3 110.81 2.54 2.78
5 c1-c2 311 213 212.75 0.25 0.0015 0.47 1.35 0.6 211.05 210.58 212.4 211.93 1.95 2.17
6 c2-c3 509 212.75 211.75 1 0.0020 1.02 1.61 0.6 210.58 209.56 212.2 211.17 2.17 2.19
7 d1-d2 529 275 274.5 0.5 0.0015 0.79 1.65 0.6 272.75 271.96 274.4 273.61 2.25 2.54

1 e1-e2 406 213 212.5 0.5 0.0015 0.61 1.71 0.6 210.69 210.08 212.4 211.79 2.31 2.42
2 e4-e2 479 165 164.5 0.5 0.0020 0.96 1.39 0.6 163.01 162.06 164.4 163.44 1.99 2.44
3 e2-e3 345 212 211.5 0.5 0.0020 0.69 1.21 0.5 210.29 209.60 211.5 210.81 1.71 1.90
B 4 g1-g2 332 208 207.5 0.5 0.0020 0.66 1.59 0.6 205.81 205.14 207.4 206.74 2.19 2.36
5 f1-f2 350 88 87.5 0.5 0.0015 0.52 1.79 0.6 85.61 85.09 87.4 86.88 2.39 2.41
6 h1-h2 363 125 124.5 0.5 0.0015 0.54 1.53 0.6 122.87 122.33 124.4 123.86 2.13 2.17
7 i1-i2 621 100 99.5 0.5 0.0015 0.93 1.56 0.6 97.84 96.90 99.4 98.47 2.16 2.60

1 j1-j2 317 150 149.75 0.25 0.0015 0.47 1.70 0.6 147.70 147.23 149.4 148.93 2.30 2.52
C 2 j2-j3 333 149.75 149.5 0.25 0.0015 0.50 1.64 0.6 147.23 146.73 148.9 148.37 2.52 2.77
3 k1-k2 324 202 201.75 0.25 0.0015 0.49 1.68 0.6 199.72 199.24 201.4 200.91 2.28 2.51

108
 Soil ∆H H Channel Water Level Excavation
Ld Elevation ∆ Hd S Fb Elevation Elevation Depth
Block Channel channel water
(m) (m) planning (m)
Start End (m) (m) Start End Start End Start End
4 k2-k3 321 201.75 201.5 0.25 0.0015 0.48 1.78 0.6 199.24 198.76 201.0 200.54 2.51 2.74
5 k3-k4 614 201.5 201 0.5 0.0015 0.92 1.64 0.6 198.76 197.83 200.4 199.48 2.74 3.17
6 l1-l2 545 125 124.5 0.5 0.0015 0.82 1.62 0.6 122.78 121.97 124.4 123.58 2.22 2.53
7 m1-m2 383 97 96.5 0.5 0.0015 0.57 1.67 0.6 94.73 94.16 96.4 95.83 2.27 2.34

1 n1-n2 405 88 87.5 0.5 0.0015 0.61 1.90 0.7 85.40 84.79 87.3 86.69 2.60 2.71
D
2 n2-n3 314 87.5 87.25 0.25 0.0015 0.47 1.98 0.7 84.79 84.32 86.8 86.30 2.71 2.93

1 o1-o2 472 97 96.5 0.5 0.0015 0.71 1.72 0.6 94.68 93.97 96.4 95.69 2.32 2.53
2 p1-p2 307 125 124.5 0.5 0.0020 0.61 1.70 0.6 122.70 122.09 124.4 123.79 2.30 2.41
3 p2-p3 444 124.5 124 0.5 0.0020 0.89 1.45 0.6 122.09 121.20 123.5 122.65 2.41 2.80
E
4 p3-p4 359 124 123.5 0.5 0.0015 0.54 1.82 0.6 121.20 120.66 123.0 122.48 2.80 2.84
5 q1-q2 327 325 324.75 0.25 0.0015 0.49 1.90 0.7 322.40 321.91 324.3 323.81 2.60 2.84
6 q2-q3 638 324.75 324 0.75 0.0015 0.96 1.87 0.7 321.91 320.95 323.8 322.83 2.84 3.05

Source: The Calculation Result

109
5.6 Hydraulics Profile
Hydraulic profile is described from existing data. The hydraulic profile of the Tulungagung
District Drainage Planning described is a typical primary channel of the existing channel network.
The hydraulic profile that were chosen was the n1-n2-n3 channel network. The figure can be seen
on the attachment sheet.

5.7 Culvert
5.7.1 Culvert Dimension Calculation
When a channel crosses a highway or railroad, an auxiliary building called a culvert is used.
Culverts are made to channel rainwater runoff underground (under the road) with an open flow
system. Although the culvert is a closed channel, the principle of drainage uses an open flow. The
planning criteria for culverts are as follows:
• The dimensions of the culvert are rectangular, and the width of the culvert is the same
as the width of the channel.
• It is a non-full flow (there is a freeboard), so it can accommodate more discharge.
• The velocity in the culvert is greater than the velocity of the channel.
• The recommended flow rate in the culvert (Vg) is 1,5 - 3 m/s.
• The culvert is made of concrete which is very strong in construction because it is used
as a crossing building under the road/rail with a value of k = 70 m1/3/sec.

In this plan, the shape of the culvert to be used is rectangular, which has an optimum
hydraulic cross-section. This means that a certain cross-sectional area has a maximum capacity. In
this design, the flow velocity in the culvert is designed to be 10% greater than the flow velocity in
the channel. So that the speed of the culvert can be calculated using the following formula.

𝑣𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 = 1,1 . 𝑣𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙

The areas that require culverts and those that the culverts will cross are as shown in the table
below:

Table 5.6 Culvert Placement

Area
Block Channel
Crossing
2 a2-a3
A 6 c2-c3
Roadway
7 d1-d2
B 1 e1-e2
110
 Area
Block Channel
Crossing
5 f1-f2
5 k4-k4
C
7 m1-m2
2 p1-p2
E
3 p2-p3

The following is an example of calculating the dimensions of the culvert in this plan.
Example of calculation in culvert a2-a3:
• Q = 6,92 m3/s
• vchannel = 1,39 m/s

→ 𝑣𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 1,1 . 1,39 = 1,53 𝑚/𝑠

𝑄 6,92
→ 𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 = = = 4,53 𝑚2
𝑣𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 1,53
→ ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 = ℎ𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 = 1,70 𝑚
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 4,53
→ 𝑏𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 = = = 2,67 𝑚
ℎ𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 1,70

The dimensions of these culverts are attempted in accordance with the dimensions of the
canal. Therefore, the culvert freeboard can be calculated as described in the following calculation.

→ 𝐹𝑏𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 = 0,6 𝑚
→ ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 = ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 + 𝐹𝑏𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 = 1,70 + 0,6 = 2,30 𝑚
→ 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 = 𝑏 . ℎ = 2,67 . 2,30 = 6,13 𝑚2
2 2
𝑄 . 0,022 6,92 . 0,022
→ 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = [ ]=[ ] = 0,0014
𝑏 . ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2,67 . 1,70
( ) . 𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 ( ) . 4,53
2ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑏 (2 . 1,70) + 2,67

Then the calculation is carried out again to calculate the drainage check using the Manning
formula, so that it is found that the flow velocity in culverts a2-a3 is 1,34 m/s
By going through the same calculation steps according to the example, the complete
calculation results are obtained which are listed in the following table:

111
 Table 5.6 Culvert Dimension Calculation

H
b Htotal Q V V Culvert A b Fb Htotal Atotal Qtotal
Water V S
Block Channel Channel Channel Culvert Channel Assumption Culvert Culvert Culvert Culvert Culvert Culvert Slope R
3 2 Culvert 2 3 check drainage
(m) (m) (m /s) (m/s) (m/s) (m ) (m) (m) (m) (m ) (m /s)
(m)
2 a2-a3 3.07 2.13 5.29 1.30 1.43 3.71 1.53 2.41 0.6 2.13 5.15 7.36 0.0014 0.77 1.26 0.0015
A 6 c2-c3 3.22 2.21 6.92 1.55 1.70 4.07 1.61 2.53 0.6 2.21 5.59 9.51 0.0019 0.80 1.50 0.0020
7 d1-d2 3.30 2.25 6.40 1.36 1.50 4.27 1.65 2.59 0.6 2.25 5.83 8.73 0.0014 0.82 1.32 0.0015

1 e1-e2 3.43 2.31 7.09 1.40 1.54 4.62 1.71 2.69 0.6 2.31 6.23 9.58 0.0014 0.85 1.35 0.0015
B
5 f1-f2 3.57 2.39 7.93 1.44 1.58 5.02 1.79 2.81 0.6 2.39 6.70 10.59 0.0014 0.88 1.38 0.0015

5 k3-k4 3.29 2.24 6.36 1.36 1.50 4.25 1.67 2.55 0.6 2.27 5.78 8.65 0.0014 0.82 1.30 0.0015
C
7 m1-m2 3.34 2.27 6.62 1.37 1.51 4.38 1.62 2.71 0.6 2.22 6.01 9.08 0.0015 0.84 1.37 0.0015

2 p1-p2 3.40 2.30 8.04 1.61 1.77 4.55 1.70 2.68 0.6 2.30 6.16 10.88 0.0019 0.85 1.55 0.0020
E
3 p2-p3 2.90 2.05 5.24 1.44 1.59 3.30 1.45 2.28 0.6 2.05 4.67 7.41 0.0019 0.73 1.41 0.0020

Source: The Calculation Result

112
5.7.2 Culvert Headloss
In this plan, the author used culverts made of concrete because the material is very strong in
construction with a price of k = 70 m1/3/s. The length of the culvert is the same as the width of the
road, it is assumed that all roads that pass through the culvert have a width of 15 meters. The
formula used is:

𝑘𝑚 (𝑣𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 − 𝑣𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 )2
𝑍1 =
2𝑔
𝑘𝑘 (𝑣𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 − 𝑣𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 )2
𝑍2 =
2𝑔
2
𝑣𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 . 𝐿𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡
𝑍3 = 2
𝐶 . 𝑅

Where:
Z1 = Loss of energy on in-transition
Z2 = Loss of energy on out-transition
Z3 = Loss of energy on friction
km & kk = Energy loss factor that depends on the hydraulic shift
vculvert = Velocity of water in the culvert (m/sec)
vchannel = Velocity of water in the channel (m/sec)
Lculvert = Culvert length (15 m)
R = Hydraulic radius (m)
h = Water depth in the culvert (m)
C = Chezy coefficient
k = Mikler roughness coefficient (70 m1/3/sec)

Example of calculation in culvert a2-a3:

• Q = 5,29 m3/s
• vchannel = 1,30 m/s
• vculvert = 1,26 m/s
• Lchannel = 15 m
• km = 0,3

113
 • kk = 0,5
• k = 70 m1/3/sec

ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 1,53

→𝑅= = = 0,8 𝑚
2 2
1⁄ 1⁄
→𝐶=𝑘. 𝑅 6 = 70 . (0,8) 6 = 66,97

0,3(1,26 − 1,30)2
→ 𝑍1 = = 0,000022 𝑚
2(9,81)

0,5(1,26 − 1,30)2
→ 𝑍2 = = 0,000036 𝑚
2(9,81)

(1,26)2 . 15
→ 𝑍3 = = 0,0069 𝑚
(66,97)2 . 0,8

→ 𝐻𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + 𝑍3 = 0,0070 𝑚

By doing the same calculation, it is possible to calculate all culvert headloss in this plan.
The results of these calculations are listed in the following table:

114
 Table 5.7 Culvert Headloss Calculation

Q H Water L R km kk Vchannel Vculvert Hftotal

Block Channel K C Z1 (m) Z2 (m) Z3 (m)
(m3/s) Culvert (m) (m) (m) (m) (m/sec) (m/sec) (m)
2 a2-a3 5.29 1.53 15 0.8 0.3 0.5 70 66.97 1.30 1.26 0.000022 0.000036 0.0069 0.0070
A 6 c2-c3 6.92 1.61 15 0.8 0.3 0.5 70 67.50 1.55 1.50 0.000037 0.000062 0.0092 0.0093
7 d1-d2 6.40 1.65 15 0.8 0.3 0.5 70 67.78 1.36 1.32 0.000032 0.000053 0.0069 0.0069

1 e1-e2 7.09 1.71 15 0.9 0.3 0.5 70 68.21 1.40 1.35 0.000038 0.000064 0.0068 0.0069
B
5 f1-f2 7.93 1.79 15 0.9 0.3 0.5 70 68.69 1.44 1.38 0.000047 0.000078 0.0068 0.0069

5 k3-k4 6.36 1.67 15 0.8 0.3 0.5 70 67.92 1.36 1.30 0.000061 0.000102 0.0065 0.0067
C
7 m1-m2 6.62 1.62 15 0.8 0.3 0.5 70 67.56 1.37 1.37 0.000001 0.000002 0.0076 0.0076

2 p1-p2 8.04 1.70 15 0.9 0.3 0.5 70 68.13 1.61 1.55 0.000050 0.000083 0.0091 0.0092
E
3 p2-p3 5.24 1.45 15 0.7 0.3 0.5 70 66.33 1.44 1.41 0.000020 0.000033 0.0093 0.0094

Source: The Calculation Result

115
 CHAPTER VI
BILL OF QUANTITY

6.1 Channel BOQ

The channel that will be used in planning the drainage of Tulungagung District is rectangular
in shape made of stone pairs which are plastered on both sides.

Figure 6.1 Front Channel Cutting Section

h channel
The first stage of calculating the BOQ is to calculate the volume of the channel structure. To
simplify the calculation, the channel is divided into several segments as shown below:

Figure 6.2 Drainage Channel Volume Segment

h channel

116
 After dividing by segment, it will be easier to calculate the volume of the entire structure, with
the formula:

ℎ𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙
𝐼 + 𝐼𝐼 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2 ((0,3 + 0,4) . ) . 𝐿𝑑
2

𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 0,3(0,4 + 0,4 + 𝑏𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 ) . 𝐿𝑑

𝐼𝑉 + 𝑉 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2(0,2 . 0,4) . 𝐿𝑑

Example of calculation in primary channel a1-a2:

• hchannel = 1,59 m
• Ld = 368 m
• bchannel = 3,18 m

1,59
→ 𝐼 + 𝐼𝐼 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2 ((0,3 + 0,4) . ) . 368 = 408,53 𝑚3
2

→ 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 0,3(0,4 + 0,4 + 3,18) . 368 = 438,37 𝑚3

→ 𝐼𝑉 + 𝑉 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2(0,2 . 0,4) . 368 = 58,8 𝑚3

The calculation of the volume of the structure per-segment is shown in the following table:

Table 6.1 Channel Structure Volume Calculation

Structure Volume
h Segment (m3) Total Inside
Ld b
Block Channel channel Structure Channel
(m) (m)
(m) I + II III IV + V Volume (m3) Volume (m3)

1 a1-a2 368 3.18 1.59 408.53 438.37 58.8 905.71 1853.67

2 a2-a3 306 3.07 1.53 328.76 355.24 48.96 732.96 1441.71
A 3 a3-a4 308 2.90 1.45 312.03 341.25 49.2 702.48 1292.33
4 b1-b2 330 3.68 1.84 424.92 443.41 52.8 921.13 2233.20
6 c1-c2 311 2.70 1.35 294.45 327.09 49.8 671.33 1136.96

117
 Structure Volume
h Segment (m3) Total Inside
Ld b
Block Channel channel Structure Channel
(m) (m)
(m) I + II III IV + V Volume (m3) Volume (m3)

5 c2-c3 509 3.22 1.61 572.50 612.75 81.36 1266.61 2630.80

7 d1-d2 529 3.30 1.65 610.10 649.85 84.6 1344.55 2873.36

1 e1-e2 406 3.43 1.71 486.50 514.38 64.92 1065.80 2380.91

2 e4-e2 479 2.78 1.39 464.84 513.27 76.56 1054.67 1843.13
3 e2-e3 345 2.43 1.21 293.26 334.17 55.2 682.63 1017.49
B 4 g1-g2 332 3.18 1.59 370.33 397.17 53.16 820.66 1684.82
5 f1-f2 350 3.57 1.79 436.92 458.38 55.92 951.22 2229.39
6 h1-h2 363 3.05 1.53 387.87 419.58 58.08 865.52 1691.58
7 i1-i2 621 3.13 1.56 679.90 731.81 99.36 1511.07 3038.31

1 j1-j2 317 3.40 1.70 376.13 398.36 50.64 825.14 1824.52

2 j2-j3 333 3.28 1.64 382.04 407.38 53.28 842.70 1788.97
3 k1-k2 324 3.35 1.68 380.35 403.77 51.84 835.96 1822.42
C 4 k2-k3 321 3.56 1.78 400.30 420.15 51.36 871.81 2037.51
5 k3-k4 614 3.29 1.64 707.13 753.53 98.28 1558.95 3322.70
6 l1-l2 545 3.23 1.62 617.21 659.89 87.24 1364.34 2851.68
7 m1-m2 383 3.34 1.67 447.90 475.90 61.32 985.12 2136.59

1 n1-n2 405 3.80 1.90 538.79 559.02 64.8 1162.61 2925.64

D
2 n2-n3 314 3.96 1.98 434.87 447.99 50.16 933.02 2462.18

1 o1-o2 472 3.44 1.72 568.11 600.17 75.48 1243.75 2792.42

2 p1-p2 307 3.40 1.70 365.25 386.69 49.08 801.02 1775.12
3 p2-p3 444 2.90 1.45 450.26 492.50 71.04 1013.81 1863.75
E
4 p3-p4 359 3.63 1.82 456.87 477.82 57.48 992.17 2371.49
5 q1-q2 327 3.80 1.90 434.67 451.06 52.32 938.05 2358.37
6 q2-q3 638 3.75 1.87 836.26 869.80 102 1808.06 4477.52

Source: The Calculation Result

118
 After knowing the volume of the structure, it can be seen the volume of soil that needs to be
excavated. The following is a schematic of the excavation plan.

Figure 6.3 Soil Excavation Plan Scheme

h channel
To simplify the calculation of the volume of excavated soil, the excavation is divided into 2
segments, where the formula for finding the volume of soil for each segment are:

𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 = 0,5(0,2 + 0,2 + 0,3 + 0,3 + 𝑏𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 + 0,4 + 0,4 + 𝑏𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 ) . ℎ𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙

𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 + (𝐼𝑉 + 𝑉 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)

Example of calculation in primary channel a1-a2:

• hchannel = 1,59 m
• bchannel = 3,18 m

→ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 = 0,5(0,2 + 0,2 + 0,3 + 0,3 + 3,18 + 0,4 + 0,4 + 3,18) . 1,59
= 2262,5 𝑚3
→ 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼𝐼 = 438,37 + 58,8 = 497,17 𝑚3

The calculation of the volume of excavated soil is shown in the following table:

119
 Table 6.2 Calculation of Channel Excavation Volume

Excavation
Ld Volume (m³) Total Excavation Backfill Remaining Soil
Block Channel
(m) Volume (m³) Volume (m³) Volume (m³)
I II

1 a1-a2 368 2262.5 497.17 2759.69 0.32 1853.67

2 a2-a3 306 1770.8 404.20 2174.98 0.31 1441.71
3 a3-a4 308 1604.6 390.45 1995.10 0.29 1292.33
A 4 b1-b2 330 2658.5 496.21 3154.69 0.37 2233.20
6 c1-c2 311 1431.7 376.89 1808.57 0.27 1136.96
5 c2-c3 509 3203.6 694.11 3897.73 0.32 2630.80
7 d1-d2 529 3483.8 734.45 4218.24 0.33 2873.36

1 e1-e2 406 2867.8 579.30 3447.06 0.34 2380.91

2 e4-e2 479 2308.2 589.83 2898.07 0.28 1843.13
3 e2-e3 345 1311.0 389.37 1700.36 0.24 1017.49
B 4 g1-g2 332 2055.5 450.33 2505.80 0.32 1684.82
5 f1-f2 350 2666.7 514.30 3180.97 0.36 2229.39
6 h1-h2 363 2079.8 477.66 2557.41 0.31 1691.58
7 i1-i2 621 3718.5 831.17 4549.69 0.31 3038.31

1 j1-j2 317 2201.0 449.00 2649.99 0.34 1824.52

2 j2-j3 333 2171.3 460.66 2631.99 0.33 1788.97
3 k1-k2 324 2203.1 455.61 2658.71 0.34 1822.42
C 4 k2-k3 321 2438.2 471.51 2909.68 0.36 2037.51
5 k3-k4 614 4030.2 851.81 4881.97 0.33 3322.70
6 l1-l2 545 3469.2 747.13 4216.34 0.32 2851.68
7 m1-m2 383 2584.8 537.22 3122.05 0.33 2136.59

1 n1-n2 405 3464.8 623.82 4088.64 0.38 2925.64

D
2 n2-n3 314 2897.4 498.15 3395.60 0.40 2462.18

E 1 o1-o2 472 3360.9 675.65 4036.52 0.34 2792.42

120
 Excavation
Ld Volume (m³) Total Excavation Backfill Remaining Soil
Block Channel
(m) Volume (m³) Volume (m³) Volume (m³)
I II

2 p1-p2 307 2140.7 435.77 2576.48 0.34 1775.12

3 p2-p3 444 2314.3 563.54 2877.84 0.29 1863.75
4 p3-p4 359 2828.7 535.30 3364.02 0.36 2371.49
5 q1-q2 327 2793.4 503.38 3296.80 0.38 2358.37
6 q2-q3 638 5314.2 971.80 6285.95 0.37 4477.52

Source: The Calculation Result

Then, to find out the needs for building materials and workers to work on the calculated
channel, the Surabaya City HSPK reference is used. The material needed is material for
strengthening the 15/20 cm rubble stone (1 pcs: 1/4 chalk: 5 pcs). The coefficients of material and
labor requirements are shown in tables 6.3 and 6.4.

Table 6.3 The Coeffcient of Riprap Material Requirement

No Material Coefficient Unit

1 PC Concrete 50 kg 2.3172 zak
2 Sand 0.5266 m³
3 Rubble Stone/Gravel 15/20 cm 1.2 m³
4 Chalk 0.0264 m³

Source: Surabaya City HSPK (2019)

Table 6.4 The Coeffcient of Labor Requirement

No Type of Work Unit Requirement Unit Coefficient

Mason
person.day 0.75
1 Soil Excavation m³ Assistant
Foreman person.day 0.025
Foreman person.day 0.05
2 Soil Confinement m³ Mason
person.day 0.50
Assistant

121
 No Type of Work Unit Requirement Unit Coefficient
Mason
person.day 0.25
Disposal the Remaining Assistant
3 m³
Excavated Soil 5 Ton Truck
hour 0.25
Rent
Foreman person.day 0.075
Head Mason person.day 0.06
4 Riprap Cultivation m³ Mason person.day 0.60
Mason
person.day 1.50
Assistant

Source: Surabaya City HSPK (2019)

The way to calculate the requirement for materials and workers is by multiplying the volume
of materials/workers by the coefficient value of each material/worker. Calculation of the BOQ of
drainage channel work can be seen in the following table:

Table 6.5 The Calculation of Drainage Channel Material Requirements

Material Requirement
Total Structure
Block Channel PC Concrete Sand Rubble Stone/Gravel Chalk
Volume (m³)
50 kg (zak) (m³) 15/20 cm (m³) (m³)
1 a1-a2 905.71 2098.70 476.94 1086.85 23.91
2 a2-a3 732.96 1698.41 385.98 879.55 19.35
3 a3-a4 702.48 1627.78 369.93 842.97 18.55
A 4 b1-b2 921.13 2134.44 485.07 1105.36 24.32
6 c1-c2 671.33 1555.62 353.52 805.60 17.72
5 c2-c3 1266.61 2934.98 667.00 1519.93 33.44
7 d1-d2 1344.55 3115.59 708.04 1613.46 35.50

1 e1-e2 1065.80 2469.68 561.25 1278.96 28.14

2 e4-e2 1054.67 2443.88 555.39 1265.60 27.84
3 e2-e3 682.63 1581.79 359.47 819.16 18.02
B
4 g1-g2 820.66 1901.64 432.16 984.79 21.67
5 f1-f2 951.22 2204.16 500.91 1141.46 25.11
6 h1-h2 865.52 2005.59 455.79 1038.63 22.85

122
 Material Requirement
Total Structure
Block Channel PC Concrete Sand Rubble Stone/Gravel Chalk
Volume (m³)
50 kg (zak) (m³) 15/20 cm (m³) (m³)
7 i1-i2 1511.07 3501.45 795.73 1813.28 39.89

1 j1-j2 825.14 1912.01 434.52 990.16 21.78

2 j2-j3 842.70 1952.70 443.77 1011.24 22.25
3 k1-k2 835.96 1937.08 440.22 1003.15 22.07
C 4 k2-k3 871.81 2020.17 459.10 1046.18 23.02
5 k3-k4 1558.95 3612.39 820.94 1870.74 41.16
6 l1-l2 1364.34 3161.45 718.46 1637.21 36.02
7 m1-m2 985.12 2282.72 518.76 1182.15 26.01

1 n1-n2 1162.61 2694.01 612.23 1395.14 30.69

D
2 n2-n3 933.02 2161.99 491.33 1119.62 24.63

1 o1-o2 1243.75 2882.03 654.96 1492.50 32.84

2 p1-p2 801.02 1856.12 421.82 961.22 21.15
3 p2-p3 1013.81 2349.19 533.87 1216.57 26.76
E
4 p3-p4 992.17 2299.06 522.48 1190.61 26.19
5 q1-q2 938.05 2173.65 493.98 1125.66 24.76
6 q2-q3 1808.06 4189.63 952.12 2169.67 47.73

Source: The Calculation Result

123
 Table 6.6 The Calculation of Drainage Channel Labor Requirements

Disposal the Remaining

Soil Excavation (m3) Riprap Cultivation (m3) Soil Confinement (m3)
Excavated Soil
Block Channel Excavation Mason Total 5 Ton
Head Mason Excavation Mason Excavated Mason
Foreman Structure Foreman Mason Foreman Truck
Volume Assistant Mason Assistant Volume Assistant Volume Assistant
(prsn.day) Volume (prsn.day) (prsn.day) (prsn.day) Rent
(m3) (prsn.day) (prsn.day) (prsn.day) (m 3
) (prsn.day) (m3) (prsn.day)
(m3) (hour)
1 a1-a2 2759.69 2070 69 905.71 68 54 543 1359 0.32 1 1 1853.67 463 463.42

2 a2-a3 2174.98 1631 54 732.96 55 44 440 1099 0.31 1 1 1441.71 360 360.43

3 a3-a4 1995.10 1496 50 702.48 53 42 421 1054 0.29 1 1 1292.33 323 323.08
A 4 b1-b2 3154.69 2366 79 921.13 69 55 553 1382 0.37 1 1 2233.20 558 558.30

6 c1-c2 1808.57 1356 45 671.33 50 40 403 1007 0.27 1 1 1136.96 284 284.24

5 c2-c3 3897.73 2923 97 1266.61 95 76 760 1900 0.32 1 1 2630.80 658 657.70

7 d1-d2 4218.24 3164 105 1344.55 101 81 807 2017 0.33 1 1 2873.36 718 718.34

1 e1-e2 3447.06 2585 86 1065.80 80 64 639 1599 0.34 1 1 2380.91 595 595.23

2 e4-e2 2898.07 2174 72 1054.67 79 63 633 1582 0.28 1 1 1843.13 461 460.78

3 e2-e3 1700.36 1275 43 682.63 51 41 410 1024 0.24 1 1 1017.49 254 254.37
B 4 g1-g2 2505.80 1879 63 820.66 62 49 492 1231 0.32 1 1 1684.82 421 421.21

5 f1-f2 3180.97 2386 80 951.22 71 57 571 1427 0.36 1 1 2229.39 557 557.35

6 h1-h2 2557.41 1918 64 865.52 65 52 519 1298 0.31 1 1 1691.58 423 422.90

7 i1-i2 4549.69 3412 114 1511.07 113 91 907 2267 0.31 1 1 3038.31 760 759.58

1 j1-j2 2649.99 1987 66 825.14 62 50 495 1238 0.34 1 1 1824.52 456 456.13
C
2 j2-j3 2631.99 1974 66 842.70 63 51 506 1264 0.33 1 1 1788.97 447 447.24

124
 Disposal the Remaining
Soil Excavation (m3) Riprap Cultivation (m3) Soil Confinement (m3)
Excavated Soil
Block Channel Excavation Mason Total 5 Ton
Head Mason Excavation Mason Excavated Mason
Foreman Structure Foreman Mason Foreman Truck
Volume Assistant Mason Assistant Volume Assistant Volume Assistant
(prsn.day) Volume (prsn.day) (prsn.day) (prsn.day) Rent
(m3) (prsn.day) (prsn.day) (prsn.day) (m 3
) (prsn.day) (m3) (prsn.day)
(m3) (hour)
3 k1-k2 2658.71 1994 66 835.96 63 50 502 1254 0.34 1 1 1822.42 456 455.60

4 k2-k3 2909.68 2182 73 871.81 65 52 523 1308 0.36 1 1 2037.51 509 509.38

5 k3-k4 4881.97 3661 122 1558.95 117 94 935 2338 0.33 1 1 3322.70 831 830.67

6 l1-l2 4216.34 3162 105 1364.34 102 82 819 2047 0.32 1 1 2851.68 713 712.92

7 m1-m2 3122.05 2342 78 985.12 74 59 591 1478 0.33 1 1 2136.59 534 534.15

1 n1-n2 4088.64 3066 102 1162.61 87 70 698 1744 0.38 1 1 2925.64 731 731.41
D
2 n2-n3 3395.60 2547 85 933.02 70 56 560 1400 0.40 1 1 2462.18 616 615.55

1 o1-o2 4036.52 3027 101 1243.75 93 75 746 1866 0.34 1 1 2792.42 698 698.11

2 p1-p2 2576.48 1932 64 801.02 60 48 481 1202 0.34 1 1 1775.12 444 443.78

3 p2-p3 2877.84 2158 72 1013.81 76 61 608 1521 0.29 1 1 1863.75 466 465.94
E
4 p3-p4 3364.02 2523 84 992.17 74 60 595 1488 0.36 1 1 2371.49 593 592.87

5 q1-q2 3296.80 2473 82 938.05 70 56 563 1407 0.38 1 1 2358.37 590 589.59

6 q2-q3 6285.95 4714 157 1808.06 136 108 1085 2712 0.37 1 1 4477.52 1119 1119.38

Source: The Calculation Result

125
6.2 Culvert BOQ
The culverts that will be used in planning the drainage of Tulungagung Regency are
rectangular in shape made of stone pairs plastered on both sides with a K-225 concrete cover.

Figure 6.4 Culvert Cross Section

h culvert
The first step in calculating the BOQ of the culvert is to calculate the volume of the culvert
structure and the concrete cover. To simplify the calculation, the structure of the culvert is made
into several segments as shown below:

Figure 6.5 Culvert Volume Segment

h culvert

To calculate the volume of the structure per segment, the following formulas are used:

𝐼 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 0.2(0,3 + 0,3 + 𝑏𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 ) . 𝐿𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡

126
 𝐼𝐼 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2((0,3 + 0,4) . ℎ𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 ) . 𝐿𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡

𝐼𝑉 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 0.3(0,4 + 0,4 + 𝑏𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡 ) . 𝐿𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡

𝑉 + 𝑉𝐼 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2(0,2 . 0,4) . 𝐿𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡

Example of calculation in culvert a2-a3:

• hculvert = 2,13 m
• Lculvert = 15 m
• bculvert = 2,41 m

→ 𝐼 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 0.2(0,3 + 0,3 + 2,41) . 15 = 9,04 𝑚3

→ 𝐼𝐼 + 𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2((0,3 + 0,4) . 2,13) . 15 = 22,42 𝑚3

→ 𝐼𝑉 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 0.3(0,4 + 0,4 + 2,41) . 15 = 14,46 𝑚3

→ 𝑉 + 𝑉𝐼 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 2(0,2 . 0,4) . 15 = 2,4 𝑚3

The calculation of the volume of the structure per-segment is shown in the following table:

Table 6.7 Culvert Structure Volume Calculation

Culvert
Structure Volume Total Inside Cover
b h
Length (m3) Structure Channel Volume
Block Culvert Culvert Culvert
(m) Volume Volume (m3)
(m) (m)
(m3) (m3)
II + III IV V + VI I
2 a2-a3 15 2.41 2.13 22.42 14.46 2.4 39.28 77.31 9.04
A 6 c2-c3 15 2.53 2.21 23.19 14.98 2.4 40.57 83.80 9.39
7 d1-d2 15 2.59 2.25 23.61 15.27 2.4 41.28 87.44 9.58

1 e1-e2 15 2.69 2.31 24.29 15.72 2.4 42.41 93.47 9.88

B
5 f1-f2 15 2.81 2.39 25.05 16.24 2.4 43.69 100.53 10.23

C 5 k3-k4 15 2.55 2.27 23.83 15.07 2.4 41.30 86.75 9.44

127
 Culvert
Structure Volume Total Inside Cover
b h
Length (m3) Structure Channel Volume
Block Culvert Culvert Culvert
(m) Volume Volume (m3)
(m) (m)
(m3) (m3)
II + III IV V + VI I
7 m1-m2 15 2.71 2.22 23.28 15.80 2.4 41.48 90.17 9.93

2 p1-p2 15 2.68 2.30 24.16 15.64 2.4 42.20 92.35 9.83

E
3 p2-p3 15 2.28 2.05 21.51 13.85 2.4 37.77 70.03 8.64

Source: The Calculation Result

After knowing the volume of the culvert structure, it is now possible to calculate the
required volume of excavation.

Table 6.8 Calculation of Culvert Excavation Volume

Excavation
Volume (m³) Total Excavation Backfill Remaining Soil
Block Culvert
Volume (m³) Volume (m³) Volume (m³)
I II
2 a2-a3 116.07 16.86 132.94 7.30 77.31
A 6 c2-c3 123.91 17.38 141.29 7.53 83.80
7 d1-d2 128.28 17.67 145.94 7.65 87.44

1 e1-e2 135.48 18.12 153.61 7.84 93.47

B
5 f1-f2 143.87 18.64 162.51 8.06 100.53

5 k3-k4 127.73 17.47 145.20 7.71 86.75

C
7 m1-m2 130.94 18.20 149.14 7.55 90.17

2 p1-p2 134.14 18.04 152.18 7.80 92.35

E
3 p2-p3 107.22 16.25 123.48 7.05 70.03

Source: The Calculation Result

128
 Then to find out the needs for building materials and workers to work on the calculated
channel, the Surabaya City HSPK reference is used. The material used is for reinforcement work
for 15/20 cm rubble stone (1 pcs: 1/4 kpr: 5 pcs) and manufacture of culvert cover (1 pcs: 1/4 chalk
:5 pcs) per m3. The coefficient of material requirements is shown in tables 6.9 and 6.10.

Table 6.9 The Coeffcient of Riprap Material Requirement

No Material Coefficient Unit

1 PC Concrete 50 kg 2.3172 zak
2 Sand 0.5266 m³
3 Rubble Stone/Gravel 15/20 cm 1.2 m³
4 Chalk 0.0264 m³

Source: Surabaya City HSPK (2019)

Table 6.10 The Coefficient of Culvert Cover Material and Labor Requirement

No Type of Work Coefficient Unit Material Coefficient Unit

PC Cement 40 kg 9.275 zak
Concrete Work Sand 0.4363 m³
1 1 m³
K-225 Rubble Stone/Gravel 1/2 cm 0.5511 m³
Water 215 liter
Plain Bar 1.05 kg
2 Iron Work 160 kg
Concrete Wire 0.015 kg
Nail 0.4 kg
Polywood Size. 122 x 244 x 9 mm 0.35 sheet
3 Formwork 1.2 m3 Meranti Wood 0.04 m³
Meranti Beam 4/6, 5/7 0.015 m³
Oil 0.2 liter

Source: Surabaya City HSPK (2019)

The way to calculate the requirement for materials and workers is by multiplying the volume
of materials/workers by the coefficient value of each material/worker. Calculation of the BOQ of
culvert work can be seen in the following table:

129
 Table 6.11 The Calculation of Culvert Material Requirements

Material Requirement
Total Structure
Block Culvert PC Cement 50 Sand Rubble Stone/Gravel Chalk
Volume (m³)
kg (zak) (m³) 15/20 cm (m³) (m³)
2 a2-a3 39.28 91.02 20.68 47.14 1.04
A 6 c2-c3 40.57 94.01 21.37 48.69 1.07
7 d1-d2 41.28 95.64 21.74 49.53 1.09

1 e1-e2 42.41 98.27 22.33 50.89 1.12

B
5 f1-f2 43.69 101.25 23.01 52.43 1.15

5 k3-k4 41.30 95.69 21.75 49.56 1.09

C
7 m1-m2 41.48 96.12 21.84 49.78 1.10

2 p1-p2 42.20 97.79 22.22 50.64 1.11

E
3 p2-p3 37.77 87.51 19.89 45.32 1.00

Source: The Calculation Result

130
 Table 6.12 The Calculation of Culvert Cover Material Requirements

Iron Work
Concrete Work Formwork
Material
Culvert Concrete Iron Material Requirement Material Requirement
Formwork Requirement
Cover Work Work
Block Culvert Volume PC
Volume Volume Volume Rubble Plain Plain Meranti Meranti
(m²) Cement Sand Water Nail Polywood Oil
(m³) (m³) (kg) Stone/Gravel Bar Wire Wood Beam
40 kg (m³) (liter) (kg) (sheet) (liter)
1/2 cm (m³) (kg) (kg) (m³) (m³)
(zak)
2 a2-a3 9.04 9.04 1446.84 10.85 83.87 3.95 4.98 1944.20 1519.19 21.70 4.34 3.80 0.43 0.16 2.17
A 6 c2-c3 9.39 9.39 1502.35 11.27 87.09 4.10 5.17 2018.79 1577.47 22.54 4.51 3.94 0.45 0.17 2.25
7 d1-d2 9.58 9.58 1532.56 11.49 88.84 4.18 5.28 2059.38 1609.19 22.99 4.60 4.02 0.46 0.17 2.30

1 e1-e2 9.88 9.88 1581.27 11.86 91.66 4.31 5.45 2124.83 1660.33 23.72 4.74 4.15 0.47 0.18 2.37
B
5 f1-f2 10.23 10.23 1636.39 12.27 94.86 4.46 5.64 2198.90 1718.21 24.55 4.91 4.30 0.49 0.18 2.45

5 k3-k4 9.44 9.44 1511.13 11.33 87.60 4.12 5.20 2030.58 1586.69 22.67 4.53 3.97 0.45 0.17 2.27
C
7 m1-m2 9.93 9.93 1589.47 11.92 92.14 4.33 5.47 2135.85 1668.94 23.84 4.77 4.17 0.48 0.18 2.38

2 p1-p2 9.83 9.83 1572.31 11.79 91.14 4.29 5.42 2112.79 1650.92 23.58 4.72 4.13 0.47 0.18 2.36
E
3 p2-p3 8.64 8.64 1381.83 10.36 80.10 3.77 4.76 1856.83 1450.92 20.73 4.15 3.63 0.41 0.16 2.07

Source: The Calculation Result

131
 Table 6.13 The Calculation of Culvert Labor Requirements

Soil Excavation (m³) Riprap Cultivation (m³) Formwork (m3)

Excavation Total
Block Culvert Mason Head Mason Formwork Mason
Total Foreman Structure Foreman Mason Foreman Mason
Assistant Mason Assistant Volume Assistant
Volume (prsn.day) Volume (prsn.day) (prsn.day) (prsn.day) (prsn.day)
(prsn.day) (prsn.day) (prsn.day) (m3) (prsn.day)
(m³) (m³)
2 a2-a3 132.94 100 3 39.28 3 2 24 59 10.85 1 4 7
A 6 c2-c3 141.29 106 4 40.57 3 2 24 61 11.27 1 4 7
7 d1-d2 145.94 109 4 41.28 3 2 25 62 11.49 1 4 8

1 e1-e2 153.61 115 4 42.41 3 3 25 64 11.86 1 4 8

B
5 f1-f2 162.51 122 4 43.69 3 3 26 66 12.27 1 4 8

5 k3-k4 145.20 109 4 41.30 3 2 25 62 11.33 1 4 7

C
7 m1-m2 149.14 112 4 41.48 3 2 25 62 11.92 1 4 8

2 p1-p2 152.18 114 4 42.20 3 3 25 63 11.79 1 4 8

E
3 p2-p3 123.48 93 3 37.77 3 2 23 57 10.36 1 3 7

Source: The Calculation Result

132
 Table 6.14 The Calculation of Culvert Labor Requirements

Disposal the Remaining

Iron Work (kg) Concrete Work K-225 (m³) Confinement (m³)
Excavated Soil (m³)
15
Block Culvert Iron Mason
Concrete
Mason Excavation Mason Excavated Mason Ton
Work Foreman Mason Work Foreman Mason Foreman
Assistant Assistant Volume Assistant Volume Assistant Truck
Volume (prsn.day) (prsn.day) Volume (prsn.day) (prsn.day) (prsn.day)
(prsn.day) (prsn.day) (m³) (prsn.day) (m³) (prsn.day) Rent
(kg) (m³)
(hour)
a2-a3 1446.84 1 10 10 9.04 1 2 15 7.3 1 4 77.31 19 19.3
A c2-c3 1502.35 1 11 11 9.39 1 3 15 7.53 1 4 83.8 21 21
d1-d2 1532.56 1 11 11 9.58 1 3 16 7.65 1 4 87.44 22 21.9

e1-e2 1581.27 1 11 11 9.88 1 3 16 7.84 1 4 93.47 23 23.4

B
f1-f2 1636.39 1 11 11 10.23 1 3 17 8.06 1 4 100.53 25 25.1

k3-k4 1511.13 1 11 11 9.44 1 3 16 7.71 1 4 86.75 22 21.7

C
m1-m2 1589.47 1 11 11 9.93 1 3 16 7.55 1 4 90.17 23 22.5

p1-p2 1572.31 1 11 11 9.83 1 3 16 7.8 1 4 92.35 23 23.1

E
p2-p3 1381.83 1 10 10 8.64 1 2 14 7.05 1 4 70.03 18 17.5

Source: The Calculation Result

133
 REFERENCES

Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Tulungagung Dalam Angka.

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Fair, Geyer, Okun.1966. “Water And Wastewater Engineering”, Vol. 1. New York: John Willey
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Kebutuhan Air. Jilid I. Surabaya: Teknik Penyehatan FTSP ITS.
Masduki, H. M. 1985. Drainase Pemukiman. Bandung: ITB.
Metcalf dan Eddy, Inc. 1981. Wastewater Engineering Collection and Pumping of Wastewater,
3rd edition. New York: Mc Graw – Hill Book Company.
Nemec, J. 1972. Engineering Hydrology. New Delhi: Tata-McGraw Hill Publishing Company,
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SNI DT 91 0006 2007
Stell D.W. 1979. ”Water Supply And Sewerage”, 4th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Book
Company.
Subarkah, Imam. 1980. Hidrologi untuk Perencanaan Bangunan Air. Bandung: Idea Dharma.
Tchobanoglous, George. 1981“Wastewater Engineering, Collection and Pumping of Wastewater”.
New York: Mc Graw Hill Book Company

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ATTACHMENT

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