Chem 11

Chemical Equations
& Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
- Quantitative study of substances and
their relationship to each other in
chemical reactions.

The “Math” of Chemistry

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1

The Mole
Background: atomic masses
Look at the “atomic masses” on the periodic table. What do these represent?
e.g. the atomic mass of C is 12 (atomic # is 6)

We know there are 6 protons and 6 neutrons

Protons and neutrons have roughly the same mass. So, C weighs 12 u (atomic
mass units).

What is the actual mass of a C atom?

approx. 2 x 10-23 grams (protons and neutrons each weigh about 1.7 x10-24 grams)

Two problems
1. Atomic masses do not convert easily to grams
2. They can’t be weighed (they are too small)

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Background: atomic masses
With these problems, why use atomic mass at all?

Masses give information about # of p+, n0, e–

It is useful to know relative mass

e.g. Q - What ratio is needed to make H2O?
A - 2:1 by atoms, but 2:16 by mass

It is useful to associate atomic mass with a mass in grams.

It has been found that 1 g H, 12 g C, or 23 g Na have 6.02 x 1023 atoms

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The Mole
Similar to how a dozen = 12 things

One mole = 602 billion trillion things 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000

6.02 X 1023 (in scientific notation)

6.02 x 1023 is a “mole” or “Avogadro’s number”

“mol” is used in equations, “mole” is used in writing;

one gram = 1 g, one mole = 1 mol.

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The Mole
Just How Big is a Mole?

Enough soft drink cans to cover the surface of the earth to a depth of over
200 miles.

If you had Avogadro's number of unpopped popcorn kernels, and spread

them across the United States of America, the country would be covered in
popcorn to a depth of over 9 miles.

If we were able to count atoms at the rate of 10 million per second, it would
take about 2 billion years to count the atoms in one mole.

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Example Mollionaire

4.1 How long would it take to spend a mole of P1 coins if they were
being spent at a rate of 1 billion per second?

Ans. It would take 19 million years

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The Mole
A mole is equal to three (3) things:
particles

1 mole = gram formula mass (molar mass)

1 mole = 6.02 X 1023 particles moles

1 mole = 22.4 liters of a gas at STP

Volume grams
at STP

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The Mole particles

x ÷ 1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 particles

moles
1 mol = 22.4 L (@ STP) 1 mol = molar mass
x ÷
÷ x
Volume grams
at STP

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The Mole
particles
1 mole Al = 6.02 X 1023 “atoms”

1 mole H2O = 6.02 x 1023 “molecules”

moles

Volume grams
at STP

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Example Using Avogadro’s Number as a Conversion Factor

4.2 How many molecules are present in 1.75 mol of carbon dioxide?

Ans.

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2

Molar Mass
Molar Mass
= Mass of 1 mole of particles (in grams)

Use average atomic mass rounded to the nearest whole

number

1 mole of C atoms = 12 g

1 mole of Mg atoms = 24 g

1 mole of Cu atoms = 63.5 g

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Molar Mass of Molecules and Compounds
called “gram formula mass” or “molecular mass”

Add up atomic masses of atoms in the formula

Example:

1 mole of CaCl2 = 111 g/mol

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Example Molar Mass

4.3 What are the molar masses of the following?

a. S
b. Cu3(BO3)2
c. SO2

Ans. a. 32.06 b. 308.27 c. 64.06

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Example Molar Mass

4.4 Calculate the molar mass for lithium carbonate, Li2CO3, used to
treat bipolar disorder.

Ans.

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Example Molar Mass

4.5 Prozac, C17H18F3NO, is a widely used antidepressant that inhibits

uptake of serotonin by the brain. Find molar mass.

Ans.

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Calculations with Molar Mass
𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 (𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒔)
#𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 =
𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 − 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 g

mol g/mol

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Converting Moles and Grams
If we are given the # of grams of a compound we can determine
the # of moles, & vise-versa

In order to convert from one to the other you must first calculate g
molar mass
g = mol x g/mol
mol = g  g/mol
mol g/mol

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Converting Moles and Grams
Aluminum is often used for the structure of light-weight bicycle
frames. How many grams of Al are in 3.00 moles of Al?

3.00 moles Al  ? g Al

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Converting Moles and Grams
If you have 30 grams of CO2 how many moles do you have?

If you have 6 moles of MgBr2 how many grams do you have?

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Example Molar Mass

4.6 A salt shaker contains 73.7 g of NaCl. How many moles of NaCl are
present?

Ans.

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Example Molar Mass as Conversion Factor

4.7 Hot packs are used to reduce muscle aches, inflammation, and
muscle spasms. A hot pack consists of a bag of water and an inner
bag containing 10.2 g of CaCl2. When the bag is broken, the CaCl2
dissolves in the water and heat is released. How many grams of Cl
are in the CaCl2 in the inner bag?

Ans.

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Example Comparing Sugar (C12H22O11) and Water (H2O)

4.8 Same 1 gram each 1 mol each

No. They have dif. No. Molecules
Volume? densities. have dif. sizes.
Yes. That’s what No. Molecules
Mass? grams are. have dif. masses.
No. they have dif.
# of moles? molar masses.
Yes. Obvious ba?

No. they have dif. Yes.

# of molecules?
masses. (6.02 x 1023 each)
No. because why
# of atoms? not?
No. Sugar has
more (45:3 ratio)

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3

Chemical
Quantities
 Percent
Composition

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28
 Percent Composition
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
% 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝. 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑥 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 % 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 % 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅

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Example Percent Composition

4.10 What is the percent composition of lactic acid, C3H6O3, a compound

that appears in the blood after vigorous activity?

Ans.

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Example Percent Composition

4.9 Calculate the percent composition of CO2.

Ans.

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Example Percent Composition

4.11 What is the percent carbon in C5H8NO4 (the glutamic acid used to
make MSG monosodium glutamate), a compound used to flavor
foods and tenderize meats?

a. 8.22 %C
b. 24.3 %C
c. 41.1 %C

TIME’S
UP!!!

Ans.

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Example Percent Composition

4.12 The chemical isoamyl acetate C7H14O2 gives the odor of pears.
What is the percent carbon in isoamyl acetate?

a. 7.102 %C
b. 35.51 %C
c. 64.58 %C

TIME’S
UP!!!
Ans.

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Empirical
Formula

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 Empirical And Molecular Formulae
Consider NaCl (ionic) vs. H2O2 (covalent)

Chemical formulas are either “simplest” (a.k.a. “empirical”) or

“molecular”. Ionic compounds are always expressed as simplest
formulas.

Covalent compounds can either be molecular formulas (I.e. H2O2)

or simplest (e.g. HO)

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Example Empirical Formula

4.13 Write empirical formulas for

a. propene (C3H6),
b. glucose (C6H12O6),
c. octane (C8H14)

Ans.

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Example Empirical Formula

4.14 Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) cures scurvy. It is composed of 40.92

percent carbon (C), 4.58 percent hydrogen (H), and 54.50 percent
oxygen (O) by mass. Determine its empirical formula.

Ans.

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 Whole
Decimal Multiplier Example
Number
0.20 5 1.20 * 5 = 6
0.25 4 2.25 * 4 = 9
0.33 3 1.33 * 3 = 4
0.50 2 2.50 * 2 = 5
0.67 3 1.67 * 3 = 5

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Example Empirical Formula from the Mass Percent Composition

4.15 Tetrachloroethene is a colorless liquid used for dry cleaning. What is

the empirical formula of tetrachloroethene if its mass percent
composition is 14.5% C and 85.5% Cl?

Ans.

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Assignment Empirical Formula

Calculate the empirical formula for each of the following:

A. 70.9% K and 29.1% S

B. 55.0% Ga and 45.0% F

C. 69.6% Mn and 30.4% O

D. 18.8% Li, 16.3% C, and 64.9% O

E. 51.7% C, 6.95% H, and 41.3% O

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Example Molecular Formula

4.16 Melamine, which is used to make plastic items such as dishes and
toys, contains 28.57% C, 4.80% H, and 66.64% N. If the experimental
molar mass is 125 g, what is the molecular formula of melamine?

Ans.

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Thanks!
Any questions?

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