1ST MEETING narcissism or being selfish.

Loving yourself
without extension.
What is Philosophy?  Healthy because it enhances a wider capacity to
 Origin doesn’t necessarily appear to have an love others. If you love yourself, you have plenty
actual definition of the word. of love to give to others (it will reflect)
 Comes from the Greek words philos and Sophia.  This love has an extension
 Philos means love and Sophia means wisdom.  Aristotle said that all feelings for others are an
 In English love is the only term for the said extension of a man’s feelings for himself
word but NOT in Greek for it has eight (8) types  It is not a perfect love because it can be
of love. extreme (selfish)

1. Storge – familiar love. 8. Agape – perfect love / selfless love

 it is the first love happened when we were born.  Unconditional love
its nature is to reprimand us.  Loving someone whatever or whoever he is
despite his flaws
2. Eros – passionate or sexual love
 For ancient Greeks, this love is not innate to
 its nature is to reprimand us. people because it involves self-sacrifices
 named after Greek god Fertility and it represent  Its nature is sacrificial love
the idea of sexual passion and desire  It is divine and can be extended not only to
 it has negative connotation to Greeks when your loved ones but to all people
applied to society  One perfect example is dying not only for you
 was viewed as a dangerous and irrational form loved ones but also for your enemies
of love that could possess you  Christ dying for us in the perfect example of
 it involves “loss of control” towards your Agape love.
opposite sex
 came from the root word “erotic” There is correlation between Greek word Philos and
Philia.
3. Philia – friendly love / platonic love
 has nothing to do with physical attachment but  Sophia means wisdom and this gender noun is
with MENTAL ATTACHMENT feminine.
 physical attraction was not a necessary part of  Philosophy according to Greeks is “love of
love according to Plato wisdom” and its tradition common definition is
 this type of love has nothing to do with malice “the wisdom of the ages past”.
but only for pure friendship  But for Herodotus, filosofein came from the
understanding of the verb “desire to find out”.
4. Mania – obsessive love  Sophists are the enemies of Socrates, Plato and
 the type of love that cause abuse or stumble Pythagoras
 one of the irrational forms of love because it  Sophists they are paid, and they believe that they
could lead to extreme and abusive love know everything. They will teach what they
 its nature is forceful want to teach and believed that wisdom is
natural to them.
5. Ludus – playful love / short term love  Pythagoras believes wisdom is not natural or
 describes love that concerns with having a playful innate to people unless we seek for it and that is
affection with children or casual lovers the meaning of Philosophy.
 has no commitment and short term
 immature love because it involves young people Philosophy is the process of asking questions and
 youthful lust that’s why youth keep on talking finding answers no matter how tentative these answers
about “walang forever”. may be.

6. Pragma – practical / enduring love 2ND MEETING

 you must be pragmatic / relationship should be
working Philosophy has to do with the love of wisdom. In order
 long term love and has commitment for a person to love wisdom he has to treat wisdom as
 there’s a forever in love brother/sister. It is because the word
 we witness that from our lolo and lola
Philos (love) is related to one type of love called
 about making compromises for the relationship
Philia which means friendly/brotherly love.
to work overtime
 there is true love THE MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY
7. Philautia – self love A. PLATONIC-AUGUSTINIAN DEFINITION
 Aristotle realized that there were two (2) types of On the pursuit of wisdom according to Plato, whatever
Philautia: Healthy and Unhealthy knowledge we have doesn’t have to be separated to
 Unhealthy because it has something to do with justice and our virtue.
  Classical Philosophy is formed in the systemic
On the pursuit of wisdom according to St. Augustine, way of life.
aside from virtue and intellect, we should also seek for  Greek Philosophers were concerned with how
the highest good for everyone to be happy, otherwise, it is people should act rightly and behave, namely,
not for wisdom. Our understanding of goodness although ethics.
limited but it has a universal standard in a sense that it is
 Dialogue is first used as a form of philosophizing
independent to our culture, where highest good exists. We
method. Two parties conversing one another
should seek for goodness and not evil.
which goal is to arrive at right conclusion (they
On the pursuit of wisdom according to Plato, another
challenge their belief’s consistency and coherence)
nature of wisdom is the truth. As per Socrates, the one  First formal system of education happened in
who does work with a knowledge of the truth that can Plato’s time
defend or prove him, when he is put to the test is worthy  Plato = Academe
of a higher name.  Philosophy in this period was now sought after
morality, politics and the aim for the knowledge of
God alone, lover of wisdom is his modest and decent truth.
title. Socrates believes that there is a supreme entity  School of Athens was developed as the first formal
that exists. system of education.
 Including, Sophism, Epicureanism, Hedonism,
On the pursuit of wisdom according to St. Augustine, Stoicism, Skepticism and Neo-Platonism
another nature of wisdom is divine where it comes from
God. There are two types of wisdom: Godly and C. Medieval Philosophy (1st – 14th century A.D.)
Worldly wisdom. Possessing worldly wisdom will give
you bitterness and pride towards someone. Godly  Medieval Philosophy was birthed from the fall of
wisdom is pure and it provokes peace in a conversation both the Roman Empire and classical pagan
despite the misunderstandings. cultures. Fall of worshipping false gods.
 Philosophy, in this period, was sought after the
On the pursuit of wisdom according to Plato, it is not rational belief in a traditional basis of one God.
about committing suicide but ones you commit wisdom Philosophy doesn’t focus on nature or cosmos or
in the right way and tried to apply it in your lives expect even morality and ethics because these only came
that you will confront people who will disagree with from God.
you and give threats to you. They will put you to death  Medieval Philosophers were monotheistic, mainly
because they see the importance of truth and how it concerned with the proof of God’s existence, the
could affect ignorance and dumb. compatibility of faith and reason, and the
reconciliation of religion and the classical Greek
B. COPAN’S CONCEPT OF PHILOSOPHY philosophy.
 Emphasis on the study of the soul and God –
Philosophy although has a religious connotation, it is Theology.
neither religious nor secular but is a kind of tool. It is a  The critical method of the use of language analysis
tool that it is not a product of philosophical writings or and logic considering the Scriptures –
doctrines, but the process of critical thinking and Scholasticism
exercising reasoning.  The establishment of the first universities in the
world.
BRIEF HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
A. Pre-Socratic Philosophy (6th-5th Century B.C) D. Modern Philosophy (17th – 19th century A.D.)

 The birth of Philosophy begins in the West.  Age of reason and enlightenment
 Philosophy started from Ancient Greece,  The early Modern Philosophy is known as The
especially in a city of Miletus. Age of Reason or Enlightenment.
 The first philosophy was sought after cosmos and  Modern Philosophy is birthed through the
nature (they first studies these). They question dominant growth of humanism, the advancement
why things change and how it happened. of science and politics, and the rise of liberalism.
 Thales of Miletus, the first ancient philosopher. Dominant growth of Humanism emerged where
 First ancient philosopher wrestled with the instead of studying theology, they became
problem of change, the plurality of the elements, interested in studying humanities because they
and the existence of Logos. think Man has a power.
 Milesian School, Eleatic School, Pythagorean  Revolution between the dominance of rationalism
School, Pluralism, Atomist School. (knowledge is possible through reason) and
empiricism (you must start with new experiences
B. Classical Philosophy (5th – 4th century B.C.) for you to have knowledge). Philosophical
Philosophy was formally popularized by revolution where rationalism and empiricism
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. oppose each other.
 The dominant form of Philosophy is the emphasis
 on logic during the late Modern Philosophy sum”, according to Rene Descartes, to be certain
 Existentialism and Phenomenology become the and distinct about our claims of existence we must
use of philosophizing method. exercise our thinking, and part of that is to doubt
 Skepticism, Agnosticism, Transcendentalism, since doubting is part of thinking therefore, we
Atheism, Naturalism etc. exist.
3. Teleology
E. Contemporary Philosophy (20th–21st Century)  The study of purpose or goal. According to
Aristotle, every substance has a purpose. We
 Contemporary Philosophy is resulted to the existed in this world because every part of us has a
gradual departure of a God concept, the use of function. We are not a product of nature by
language analysis, and the rise of contemporary chance. Essence precedes existence, that our
sophism. Sophism or postmodern still exists until essence of life came into our existence.
today, they deny the existence of objective truth 4. Natural Theology
that there’s no such thing as objective truth. It is  Was popularized by Thomas Aquinas. To
impossible to know the past objectively or with understand God and His existence, we need to
certainty. understand that God is able and knowable even in
 The revolution between Analytic Philosophy and nature and in cosmos. Thomas Aquinas’ used has
Continental Philosophy. five ways under Natural Theology to prove that
 Philosophy of language popularized by God exists. Cosmos and nature are God’s second
Wittgenstein became the dominant use of method book.
for interpreting literatures and languages. They use 5. Universal science
the hermeneutics which is a study of interpreting a  Laws of Logic has three types of laws: Law of
certain text or language. Identity, non-contradiction, and excluded middle.
 The development of a modified form of  Law of Identity p is p. The way we identify
Existentialism and Phenomenology, and the mixed earth is that it is round based on how scientists
version of both. observe universe.
 Logicism, Nihilism, Behaviorism, Structuralism,  Law of Non-contradiction p is not non-p.
Post- structuralism, Postmodernism, Deco For example, someone says the earth is flat,
structuralism, Neo-Atheism etc. and the other one claims the earth is round.
This laws principle means, the two is not
3RD MEETING equal and the two are contradictory with each
other. Two conflicting statements cannot be
MAIN BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY both true in the same sense.
 Law of Excluded Middle either p or non p
A. METAPHYSICS / FOUNDATION – is the and there is no middle. We can consider
study of reality 1+1=2 as universal truth, but do you think that
• The theory of reality there 1+1 has another sum aside from 2? No.
• The word metaphysics was popularized by 1+1=2 transcended by our culture and that’s
Aristotle. Came from the Greek word “meta” the only answer. No middle ground, no
which means beyond. another conclusion. It is not a product of
• They believe that reality exists beyond the cultural, but it is the universal truth.
physical world. But it changed, and they try
to understand that it happened “after”. They B. EPISTEMOLOGY / BLUEPRINT – the study
define metaphysics as something that has to of knowledge that deals with its limitations
do with phenomenology. and reliability. For your belief to be consistent
• The first foundation of philosophy that deals and coherent you must justify what you believe
with ultimate reality of existence, being, and with facts.
the world. HAS TWO (2) MAIN BRANCHES
• It studies if the world that we experience today  Rationalism – is the study that knowledge is
is a real world or is there something beyond possible only through reason alone. Theoretical
this that may be classified as the ultimate knowledge.
reality.  Empiricism – prescriptive, our experience after
knowledge. Impractical knowledge. In which
• Five (5) branches of Metaphysics: our knowledge can be acquired through sense of
1. Cosmology data and experiences
 The study of cosmos or the universe. Majority of  AESTHETICS / DESIGN – the theory of
cosmologists are scientists. They try to understand beauty and appreciation of art. It is based on our
the world through empirical observation and aesthetic judgement, it is subjective
hypothesis that the creation of the universe has a • The primary role and its objective criteria
cause. are to establish the criteria of beauty.
2. Ontology • There are three (3) main essential purposes
 The study of being or existence. “Cogito, ergo of Aesthetic philosophy:
 1. It vitalizes our knowledge words, there is an anti-thesis with regards to
2. It helps us to live more deeply and richly our moral beliefs in judgment.
3. It brings us in touch with our culture PARTICULARISM – is being particular with your
claims pertaining to morality. A particular case where
D. LOGIC / MEASURE – where one thing must you recognize a state of claim if it is moral or not.
be proportionate and in order. The study of Stealing is Wrong – Moral/Ethical statement
correct thinking.  has to do with our action or conduct
 Is the science of reasoning that deals with the Being gorgeous is good – Aesthetic Statement
principles and criteria of valid inference and  because you refer to something admirable.
demonstration. B. also, it is a theory of moral principles and
 It is used through the analysis of facts whether actions
directly or indirectly. We must analyze  theory is a more abstract way in understanding
something that can be factual because the goal of moral principles and actions
logic is to arrive at truth/ objective truth. Logic is  in this you wouldn’t apply principle, but you
seen as math with ideas, instead of numbers. will evaluate the principle itself if it is true or
Math that uses propositions. not.
 There are three (3) main branches of logic:
1. Inductive reasoning – must start from C. ethics derives from the ancient Greek word
specific to general. Example, you’re making a ethikos which has its roots from ethos
dependent study, coherent to what the data and other (character, behavior, or moral nature)
studies say about the reality.  any statement must be addressed to subject is
2. Deductive reasoning – you must a moral nature or behavior it is possible only if
deduce. Example, some say animal is a you are pertaining to a person; person is a
mammal, whale is a sea animal therefore whale is a moral agent
mammal. First and second premise must be both  person – moral statement
truths.  thing – aesthetic statement
3. Syllogism – it both deduce and induce
based on the proposition’s nature. It is generally a Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy said that the word
synthesis between inductive and deductive ethics is commonly used interchangeably with
reasoning. morality… it is sometimes used more narrowly to mean
the moral principles of a particular tradition, group or
E. ETHICS /CONSTRUCTION WORKER – individual. However, there is also a slight difference
they are the designer. between ethics and morality.
• The theory of moral principles and actions.
• It primarily deals with the proper concepts of II. ETHICS AND MORALITY: A
right and wrong conduct. DISTINCTION
• Ethics commonly refers to the actions of a
particular group whereas, morality refers to A. Ethics
individual.  the term ethics is derived from the Greek
• Ethics is divided into three (3) main branches: ethos, which means character behavior or
1. Meta-ethics – The nature and origin of ethics moral nature
and its use of language  philosophical reflection to the culture and
2. Normative ethics – The framework of society
moral judgment  is a process of action
3. Applied ethics – The standard of behavior  concerned with imperative - (“oughtness”)
for different application  normative science is the study of standards by
which with judge or measure.
4TH MEETING: On Ethics: Etymology and Definition The difference between ethics and morality is that it is a
process of action. It is the opposite of outcome. A
I. ETHICS process on how you judge a particular action. It deals
A. a philosophical study of morality, that explores with group of people, or it is collective. There is a
our beliefs and judgments on the p proper command.
concept of right and wrong conduct.
 we are dealing with action particularly in B. Morality
moral framework  the term morality is derived from the Greek
 and the reason it is called ethics is because it is word “mores” which means custom and habit.
philosophical study of morality  societal/religious reflection to the given
 there are value concepts that came from our culture and society
beliefs and judgment  the outcome of action
 When we talk about value concept there is a  concerned with indicative – (“is-ness”) –
dichotomy. For example, right and wrong, describing someone
good, and bad, virtue and vice, justice and  descriptive science is a method to describe the
injustice and these are value concepts. In other way things operate or behave.
If ethics is a process, morality is the outcome of your rules if it is violated or not) can be described as
action. It is descriptive, you are describing a person on normative ethics. In this case referee knows
who or what he is based on his action. what is right and wrong, because of that the
actions being done by the players are restricted.
Ethics: character behavior; philosophical reflection; 3. The BOXING ANALYST (goal: it does not
process of action; principles of conduct; concerned with interpret the rules, but it tries to understand
imperative; normative science what’s going on inside the ring) can be
described as metaethics.
Morality: custom and habit; societal reflection; outcome
of action; expression of conduct; concerned with IV. MAJOR VIEWS OF METAETHICS
indicative; descriptive science Question: What is the basis of our moral claims?
III. MAJOR BRANCHES OF ETHICS Is it base on reason or appealing to emotions or feelings?

1. Metaethics
 The study of nature and meaning of moral TWO VIEWS OF METAETHICS
claims A. Cognitivism
 concerned with the foundation of moral values  is concerned with how we use moral judgment
and properties by reason
 focuses on what it means to say that There is always an analyzation before you react whether
something is right and wrong; focuses on what a thing is right or wrong. You inquire, process, arrive to
morality is conclusion, and then react. Think before you act. Mind
over emotions.
This is NOT where we study what is right and wrong  means that moral claim is an attempt to describe
BUT why did you say that this thing is right and wrong. reality
reason. It has references and basis that is detached to his feelings
or own judgement. It is not a product of a mere opinion
2. Normative Ethics but rather a reaction base on what is the reality in the
 The study of framework of moral claims world.
 normative ethics seeks to give us a framework VIEWS IN COGNITISM
for ethics and tell us how we ought to live  Moral Relativism says that moral claim is
 focuses on what is right and wrong; focuses on based on subjective expression of belief about
what is moral reality. Believes that someone is making a moral
 different main views of normative ethics claim that is why someone is expressing a belief
1. virtue ethics (is it grounded on our they have about reality. In here, it is subjective.
excellent traits) THREE FORMS OF MORAL RELATIVISM:
2. natural law (or is it on the ground where 1. cultural relativism
there is a written law in a person’s  moral judgements express beliefs which
conscience) describe cultural belies of the society.
3. deontology etc. (duty like even though 2. agent relativism
you don’t want to do it or submit to it, for  is concerned at the person performing the action
the sake of peace and order you will 3. speaker relativism
behave it)  it is concerned with the person making the claim
s
Unlike Metaethics, normative ethics study what is right
and what is wrong. B. Non-cognitivism
 an attempt without reason for moral claims to
3. Applied Ethics describe reality.
 the study on how to apply moral claims This is detached by reality thereby its attempt is
 seeks to apply normative ethics on specific appealing to its own opinions.
moral issues (e.g., justice, abortion, lying,  the non-cognitivist argues that if a person makes
capital punishment, and animal rights) a moral claim, they are expressing a non-belief
state such an emotion: for example, to say that
is abortion right or wrong? is divorce applicable? how “killing is wrong” is the express disapproval
about same sex marriage? towards killing. Put crudely, it is as if you are
saying “Boo! Killing” (Metaethics: An
If the major branch of ethics is seen in sports… Introduction, p.7)
There are no moral groundings in non-cognitivism
1. The BOXING PLAYER (goal: to knock the because it has no beliefs.
enemy) can be described as applied ethics. It is VIEWS IN NON-COGNITISM
concerned with how ethics is applied  Emotivism says that moral judgments are not
STRATEGICALLY in certain issues. claims about reality but only are the emotional
2. The BOXING REFEREE (goal: to interpret the expressions of the speaker (product of emotion).
It is impossible to have a moral grounding but
 for a statement to be truthful, it must be
empirically verifiable.
 Prescriptivism says that moral claims are not
claims about reality but are personal
prescriptions. There is no one that prescribes
him but himself only.
Example: If I say, “stealing is wrong!”, all I am saying is
“do not steal” or “I do not prescribe stealing”.
 Expressivism is a sort of extension of
emotivism which says that moral claims
express-like attitude. No reason, no grounds.
Example: If I say, “stealing is wrong!”, I am expressing I
desire I have, namely I don't like stealing.