Handbook

of
Material Testing

March 2006
 Handbook
of
Material Testing
 PREFACE

While designing a structure, engineer assumes certain value of

strength for each of material being used therein. When the
structure is being constructed, it is the bounden duty of the field
engineers to get the same validated by regular testing of material.
The quality of materials used in any infrastructure does play a vital
role with regard to its ultimate strength and durability in the long
run. Hence, the materials need to be tested according to certain
standard procedures developed by ASTM, BIS, RDSO to give a
clear picture of material strength.

The “Handbook of Material Testing” is an attempt by IRICEN to

bring together the standard test procedures for materials frequently
used in the civil engineering infrastructure of Indian Railways. It is
hoped that this will be a helpful guide to the field engineers. A list
of suppliers of various testing equipments has also been provided
alongwith their addresses to enable the engineers in setting up of
a field laboratory, in case the need be.

Any suggestions to ameliorate the content of this handbook

would be welcome.

Shiv Kumar
Director
IRICEN, Pune
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Strength and durability of any infrastructure is a reflection of the

quality of materials used. Quality control of materials can only be
ensured through certain standard test procedures designed by
ASTM, BIS, RDSO and others.

The “Handbook of Material Testing” is an attempt towards this

aim, of creating a collection of standard test procedures for
materials, commonly used in civil engineering infrastructure on the
Indian Railways. This will serve as a guide to the field engineers.
The readers are advised in their interest to refer to the latest
standards to avoid any omission, due to changes/amendments in
the standards. The handbook also includes a list of suppliers of
material testing equipments, alongwith their addresses to facilitate
the setting up of a field laboratory.

The support rendered by the faculty and staff of IRICEN in this

endeavour, needs mention. Shri Praveen Kumar, Professor/
Computers and Shri J.M. Patekari, Chief Technical Assistant,
have been of technical assistance and Shri Vijayakumaran. V, my
Personal Assistant, has been extremely useful in the task of word
processing.

I am thankful to Shri Shiv Kumar, Director/IRICEN for his

guidance and encouragement.

R.K. Verma
Sr. Professor/Track
IRICEN, Pune
 Table of Contents

1. Tests on Cement
1.1 Fineness 1
1.2 Consistency 3
1.3 Initial and final setting time 5
1.4 Soundness 7

2. Tests on Aggregates
2.1 Sieve analysis 9
2.2 Water absorption 13
2.3 Aggregate abrasion value 15
2.4 Aggregate impact value 18
2.5 Aggregate crushing value 21

3. Tests on Fresh Concrete

3.1 Workability 23
3.1.1 Slump 23
3.1.2 Compacting factor 25
3.1.3 Vee-Bee 27

4. Tests on Hardened Concrete

4.1 Non-destructive tests 29
4.1.1 Rebound hammer 29
4.1.2 Ultrasonic pulse velocity 31
4.2 Compression test 34
5. Tests on Soil
5.1 Water content 38
5.1.1 Oven drying method 38
5.1.2 Calcium carbide method 41
5.2 Particle size distribution 44
5.3 Liquid limit 47
5.4 Plastic limit 50
5.5 Free swell index 52
5.6 Specific gravity 54
5.7 Maximum dry density and optimum moisture content 57
5.8 In-situ dry density 61
5.8.1 Core cutter method 61
5.8.2 Sand replacement method 63

6. Tests on Blanket Material 68

7. Tests on Bitumen
7.1 Bitumen content 72
7.2 Specific gravity 74
7.3 Marshall stability 76
7.4 Penetration 78
7.5 Flash point and fire point 80
7.6 Softening point 83
7.7 Ductility 86

ANNEXURES 89 to 99
List of suppliers of material testing equipments
alongwith their addresses 100
 1. TESTS ON CEMENT
1.1 FINENESS

AIM

To determine the fineness of cement by dry sieving as per

IS: 4031 (Part 1) - 1996.

PRINCIPLE

The fineness of cement is measured by sieving it through a

standard sieve. The proportion of cement, the grain sizes of
which, is larger than the specified mesh size is thus determined.

APPARATUS

FIG. 1 : IS SIEVE
i) 90µm IS Sieve

ii) Balance capable of weighing 10g to the nearest 10mg

iii) A nylon or pure bristle brush, preferably with 25 to 40mm

bristle, for cleaning the sieve

1
PROCEDURE

i) Weigh approximately 10g of cement to the nearest 0.01g and

place it on the sieve.

ii) Agitate the sieve by swirling, planetary and linear

movements, until no more fine material passes through it.

iii) Weigh the residue and express its mass as a percentage R1,
of the quantity first placed on the sieve to the nearest 0.1
percent.

iv) Gently brush all the fine material off the base of the sieve.

v) Repeat the whole procedure using a fresh 10g sample to

obtain R2. Then calculate R as the mean of R1 and R2 as a
percentage, expressed to the nearest 0.1 percent. When the
results differ by more than 1 percent absolute, carry out a
third sieving and calculate the mean of the three values.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

Report the value of R, to the nearest 0.1 percent, as the residue

on the 90µm sieve.

2
1.2 CONSISTENCY

AIM

To determine the quantity of water required to produce a cement

paste of standard consistency as per IS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988.

PRINCIPLE

The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that

consistency which will permit the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a
point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould.

APPARATUS

FIG. 2 : VICAT APPARATUS

i) Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 - 1976

ii) Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g

should be +1.0g

iii) Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 - 1982

3
PROCEDURE

i) Weigh approximately 400g of cement and mix it with a

weighed quantity of water. The time of gauging should be
between 3 to 5 minutes.

ii) Fill the Vicat mould with paste and level it with a trowel.

iii) Lower the plunger gently till it touches the cement surface.

iv) Release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste.

v) Note the reading on the gauge.

vi) Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement

and different quantities of water until the reading on the
gauge is 5 to 7mm.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

Express the amount of water as a percentage of the weight of

dry cement to the first place of decimal.

4
1.3 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME

AIM

To determine the initial and the final setting time of cement

as per IS: 4031 (Part 5) - 1988.

APPARATUS

i) Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 - 1976

ii) Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g

should be +1.0g

iii) Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 - 1982

PROCEDURE

i) Prepare a cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85

times the water required to give a paste of standard
consistency (see Para 1.2).

ii) Start a stop-watch, the moment water is added to the

cement.

iii) Fill the Vicat mould completely with the cement paste
gauged as above, the mould resting on a non-porous plate
and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with
the top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared in the
mould is the test block.

A) INITIAL SETTING TIME

Place the test block under the rod bearing the needle.
Lower the needle gently in order to make contact with the
surface of the cement paste and release quickly, allowing it
to penetrate the test block. Repeat the procedure till the
needle fails to pierce the test block to a point 5.0 ± 0.5mm
measured from the bottom of the mould.

5
 The time period elapsing between the time, water is added
to the cement and the time, the needle fails to pierce the
test block by 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the bottom of the
mould, is the initial setting time.

B) FINAL SETTING TIME

Replace the above needle by the one with an annular

attachment.

The cement should be considered as finally set when, upon

applying the needle gently to the surface of the test block,
the needle makes an impression therein, while the
attachment fails to do so. The period elapsing between the
time, water is added to the cement and the time, the needle
makes an impression on the surface of the test block, while
the attachment fails to do so, is the final setting time.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

The results of the initial and the final setting time should be
reported to the nearest five minutes.

6
1.4 SOUNDNESS

AIM

To determine the soundness of cement by Le-Chatelier method

as per IS: 4031 (Part 3) - 1988.

APPARATUS

FIG. 3 : LE-CHATELIER'S TEST APPARATUS

i) The apparatus for conducting the Le-Chatelier test should

conform to IS: 5514 - 1969

ii) Balance, whose pemissible variation at a load of 1000g

should be +1.0g

iii) Water bath

PROCEDURE

i) Place the mould on a glass sheet and fill it with the cement
paste formed by gauging cement with 0.78 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency (see
Para 1.2).

7
ii) Cover the mould with another piece of glass sheet, place a
small weight on this covering glass sheet and immediately
submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature of
o
27 ± 2 C and keep it there for 24hrs.

iii) Measure the distance separating the indicator points to the

nearest 0.5mm (say d l ).

iv) Submerge the mould again in water at the temperature

prescribed above. Bring the water to boiling point in 25 to 30
minutes and keep it boiling for 3hrs.

v) Remove the mould from the water, allow it to cool and

measure the distance between the indicator points (say d 2 ).

vi) (d 2 – d l ) represents the expansion of cement.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

Calculate the mean of the two values to the nearest 0.5mm to

represent the expansion of cement.

8
 2. TESTS ON AGGREGATES
2.1 SIEVE ANALYSIS

AIM

To determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse

aggregates by sieving as per IS: 2386 (Part I) - 1963.

PRINCIPLE

By passing the sample downward through a series of standard

sieves, each of decreasing size openings, the aggregates are
separated into several groups, each of which contains aggregates
in a particular size range.

APPARATUS

FIG. 4 : A SET OF IS SIEVES

9
i) A set of IS Sieves of sizes - 80mm, 63mm, 50mm, 40mm,
31.5mm, 25mm, 20mm, 16mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 6.3mm,
4.75mm, 3.35mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm, 300µm, 150µm
and 75µm

ii) Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1 percent

of the weight of the test sample

SAMPLE

The weight of sample available should not be less than the

weight given below:-

Maximum size present Minimum weight of

in substantial sample despatched
proportions for testing
(mm) (kg)
63 100
50 100
40 50
25 50
20 25
16 25
12.5 12
10.0 6
6.3 3

The sample for sieving should be prepared from the larger sample
either by quartering or by means of a sample divider.

PROCEDURE

i) The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a

o
temperature of 110 + 5 C and weighed.

10
ii) The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves.

iii) On completion of sieving, the material on each sieve is

weighed.

iv) Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated

as a percentage of the total sample weight.

v) Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative

percentage of aggregates retained on each sieve and dividing
the sum by 100.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

The results should be calculated and reported as:

i) the cumulative percentage by weight of the total sample

ii) the percentage by weight of the total sample passing

through one sieve and retained on the next smaller sieve, to
the nearest 0.1 percent.

The results of the sieve analysis may be recorded graphically on

a semi-log graph with particle size as abscissa (log scale) and
the percentage smaller than the specified diameter as ordinate.
A sample chart is provided on page 12.

11
 100

80

60

40

12
20

PERCENTAGE PASSING
0
75 212 425 850 1.70 3.35 6.3 12.5 20 40 63
150 300 600 1.18 2.36 4.75 10 16 25 50 80
← APERTURE SIZE IN MICRONS → ← APERTURE SIZE IN MILLIMETRES →
SIEVE SIZES
Note - The vertical scale of this chart is an arithmetic scale and the horizontal scale is logarithmic.

CHART FOR RECORDING SIEVE ANALYSIS RESULTS

2.2 WATER ABSORPTION

AIM

To determine the water absorption of coarse aggregates as per

IS: 2386 (Part III) - 1963.

APPARATUS

i) Wire basket - perforated, electroplated or plastic coated with

wire hangers for suspending it from the balance

ii) Water-tight container for suspending the basket

iii) Dry soft absorbent cloth - 75cm x 45cm (2 nos.)

iv) Shallow tray of minimum 650 sq.cm area

v) Air-tight container of a capacity similar to the basket

vi) Oven

SAMPLE

A sample not less than 2000g should be used.

PROCEDURE

i) The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer

particles and dust, drained and then placed in the wire
basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature
o
between 22 and 32 C.

ii) After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by

lifting the basket and allowing it to drop 25 times in 25
seconds. The basket and sample should remain immersed
for a period of 24 + ½ hrs. afterwards.

iii) The basket and aggregates should then be removed from the
water, allowed to drain for a few minutes, after which the

13
 aggregates should be gently emptied from the basket on to
one of the dry clothes and gently surface-dried with the
cloth, transferring it to a second dry cloth when the first
would remove no further moisture. The aggregates should be
spread on the second cloth and exposed to the atmosphere
away from direct sunlight till it appears to be completely
surface-dry. The aggregates should be weighed (Weight 'A').

iv) The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a

o
temperature of 100 to 110 C for 24hrs. It should then be
removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (Weight 'B').

REPORTING OF RESULTS

A - B
Water absorption = ———– x 100%
B

Two such tests should be done and the individual and mean
results should be reported.

A sample proforma for the record of the test results is given in

Annexure-I.

14
2.3 AGGREGATE ABRASION VALUE

AIM

To determine the abrasion value of coarse aggregates as per

IS: 2386 (Part IV) - 1963.

APPARATUS

FIG. 5 : LOS ANGLES MACHINE

i) Los Angles abrasion testing machine

ii) IS Sieve of size - 1.7mm

iii) Abrasive charge - 12 nos. cast iron or steel spheres

approximately 48mm dia. and each weighing between 390
and 445g ensuring that the total weight of charge is 5000 +
25g

iv) Oven

15
PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

The test sample should consist of clean aggregates which has

o
been dried in an oven at 105 to 110 C to a substantially constant
weight and should conform to one of the gradings shown in the
table below:
Grading of test samples

Sieve size Weight in g of test sample for grade

(Square hole)
A B C D E F G
Passing Retained
through on
(mm) (mm)
80 63 - - - - 2500* - -
63 50 - - - - 2500* - -
50 40 - - - - 5000* 5000* -
40 25 1250 - - - - 5000* 5000*
25 20 1250 - - - - - 5000*
20 12.5 1250 2500 - - - - -
12.5 10 1250 2500 - - - - -
10 6.3 - - 2500 - - - -
6.3 4.75 - - 2500 - - - -
4.75 2.36 - - - 5000 - - -

* Tolerance of +2 percent permitted.

PROCEDURE

The test sample and the abrasive charge should be placed in the
Los Angles abrasion testing machine and the machine rotated at
a speed of 20 to 33 revolutions/minute for 1000 revolutions. At
the completion of the test, the material should be discharged and
sieved through 1.70mm IS Sieve.

16
REPORTING OF RESULTS

i) The material coarser than 1.70mm IS Sieve should be

o
washed, dried in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110 C to
a constant weight and weighed (Weight 'B').
ii) The proportion of loss between weight 'A' and weight 'B' of
the test sample should be expressed as a percentage of the
original weight of the test sample. This value should be
reported as,

A - B
Aggregate abrasion value = ———– x 100%
A

A sample proforma for the record of the test results is given in

Annexure-II.

17
2.4 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

AIM

To determine the aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates

as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) - 1963.

APPARATUS

FIG. 6 : AGGREGATE IMPACT TEST MACHINE

i) Impact testing machine conforming to IS: 2386 (Part IV)

- 1963

ii) IS Sieves of sizes - 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm

iii) A cylindrical metal measure of 75mm dia. and 50mm depth

iv) A tamping rod of 10mm circular cross section and 230mm

length, rounded at one end

v) Oven

18
PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

i) The test sample should conform to the following grading:

- Passing through 12.5mm IS Sieve 100%

- Retention on 10mm IS Sieve 100%

ii) The sample should be oven-dried for 4hrs. at a temperature

o
of 100 to 110 C and cooled.

iii) The measure should be about one-third full with the prepared
aggregates and tamped with 25 strokes of the tamping rod.
A further similar quantity of aggregates should be added and
a further tamping of 25 strokes given. The measure should
finally be filled to overflow, tamped 25 times and the surplus
aggregates struck off, using a tamping rod as a straight
edge. The net weight of the aggregates in the measure
should be determined to the nearest gram (Weight 'A').

PROCEDURE

i) The cup of the impact testing machine should be fixed firmly

in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the
test sample placed in it and compacted by 25 strokes of the
tamping rod.

ii) The hammer should be raised to 380mm above the upper

surface of the aggregates in the cup and allowed to fall
freely onto the aggregates. The test sample should be
subjected to a total of 15 such blows, each being delivered
at an interval of not less than one second.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

i) The sample should be removed and sieved through a

2.36mm IS Sieve. The fraction passing through should be
weighed (Weight 'B'). The fraction retained on the sieve
should also be weighed (Weight 'C') and if the total weight

19
 (B+C) is less than the initial weight (A) by more than one
gram, the result should be discarded and a fresh test done.

ii) The ratio of the weight of the fines formed to the total
sample weight should be expressed as a percentage.

B
Aggregate impact value = ——– x 100%
A

iii) Two such tests should be carried out and the mean of the
results should be reported.

A sample proforma for the record of the test results is given in

Annexure-III.

20
2.5 AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE

AIM

To determine the aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregates

as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) - 1963.

APPARATUS

FIG. 7 : CYLINDRICAL MEASURE AND PLUNGER

i) Cylindrical measure and plunger

ii) Compression testing machine

iii) IS Sieves of sizes - 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm

PROCEDURE

i) The aggregates passing through 12.5mm and retained on

10mm IS Sieve are oven-dried at a temperature of 100 to
o
110 C for 3 to 4hrs.

ii) The cylinder of the apparatus is filled in 3 layers, each layer

tamped with 25 strokes of a tamping rod.

21
iii) The weight of aggregates is measured (Weight 'A').

iv) The surface of the aggregates is then levelled and the

plunger inserted. The apparatus is then placed in the
compression testing machine and loaded at a uniform rate
so as to achieve 40t load in 10 minutes. After this, the load
is released.

v) The sample is then sieved through a 2.36mm IS Sieve and

the fraction passing through the sieve is weighed (Weight
'B').

vi) Two tests should be conducted.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

B
Aggregate crushing value = —— x 100%
A

The result should be recorded to the first decimal place and the
mean of the two results reported.

22
 3. TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE
3.1 WORKABILITY

3.1.1 SLUMP

AIM

To determine the workability of fresh concrete by slump test as

per IS: 1199 - 1959.

APPARATUS

FIG. 8 : SLUMP CONE

i) Slump cone

ii) Tamping rod

23
PROCEDURE

i) The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and

applied with a light coat of oil.

ii) The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-

absorbent surface.

iii) The mould is then filled in four layers with freshly mixed
concrete, each approximately to one-fourth of the height of
the mould.

iv) Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the

tamping rod (strokes are distributed evenly over the cross-
section).

v) After the top layer is rodded, the concrete is struck off the
level with a trowel.

vi) The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by

raising it slowly in the vertical direction.

vii) The difference in level between the height of the mould and
that of the highest point of the subsided concrete is
measured.

viii) This difference in height in mm is the slump of the concrete.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

The slump measured should be recorded in mm of subsidence of

the specimen during the test. Any slump specimen, which
collapses or shears off laterally gives incorrect result and if this
occurs, the test should be repeated with another sample. If, in
the repeat test also, the specimen shears, the slump should be
measured and the fact that the specimen sheared, should be
recorded.

24
3.1.2 COMPACTING FACTOR

AIM

To determine the workability of fresh concrete by compacting

factor test as per IS: 1199 - 1959.

APPARATUS

FIG. 9 : COMPACTING FACTOR APPARATUS

i) Compacting factor apparatus

PROCEDURE

i) The sample of concrete is placed in the upper hopper upto

the brim.

25
ii) The trap-door is opened so that the concrete falls into the
lower hopper.

iii) The trap-door of the lower hopper is opened and the

concrete is allowed to fall into the cylinder.

iv) The excess concrete remaining above the top level of the
cylinder is then cut off with the help of plane blades.

v) The concrete in the cylinder is weighed. This is known as

weight of partially compacted concrete.

vi) The cylinder is filled with a fresh sample of concrete and

vibrated to obtain full compaction. The concrete in the
cylinder is weighed again. This weight is known as the
weight of fully compacted concrete.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

Weight of partially compacted concrete

Compacting factor =
Weight of fully compacted concrete

It should normally be stated to the nearest second decimal

place.

26
3.1.3 VEE-BEE

AIM

To determine the workability of fresh concrete by using a

Vee-Bee consistometer as per IS: 1199 - 1959.

APPARATUS

FIG. 10 : VEE-BEE CONSISTOMETER

i) Vee-Bee consistometer

PROCEDURE

i) A conventional slump test is performed, placing the slump

cone inside the cylindrical part of the consistometer.

ii) The glass disc attached to the swivel arm is turned and
placed on the top of the concrete in the pot.
27
iii) The electrical vibrator is switched on and a stop-watch is
started, simultaneously.

iv) Vibration is continued till the conical shape of the concrete

disappears and the concrete assumes a cylindrical shape.

v) When the concrete fully assumes a cylindrical shape, the

stop-watch is switched off immediately. The time is noted.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

The consistency of the concrete should be expressed in

VB-degrees, which is equal to the time in seconds, recorded in
Para v), above.

28
 4. TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE
4.1 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS

4.1.1 REBOUND HAMMER

AIM

To assess the likely compresive strength of concrete by using

rebound hammer as per IS: 13311 (Part 2) - 1992.

PRINCIPLE

The rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the

surface against which its mass strikes. When the plunger of the
rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of the concrete,
the spring-controlled mass rebounds and the extent of such a
rebound depends upon the surface hardness of the concrete. The
surface hardness and therefore the rebound is taken to be
related to the compressive strength of the concrete. The rebound
value is read from a graduated scale and is designated as the
rebound number or rebound index. The compressive strength can
be read directly from the graph provided on the body of the
hammer.

APPARATUS

FIG. 11 : REBOUND HAMMER

29
i) Rebound hammer

PROCEDURE

i) Before commencement of a test, the rebound hammer

should be tested against the test anvil, to get reliable
results, for which the manufacturer of the rebound hammer
indicates the range of readings on the anvil suitable for
different types of rebound hammer.

ii) Apply light pressure on the plunger - it will release it from

the locked position and allow it to extend to the ready
position for the test.

iii) Press the plunger against the surface of the concrete,

keeping the instrument perpendicular to the test surface.
Apply a gradual increase in pressure until the hammer
impacts. (Do not touch the button while depressing the
plunger. Press the button after impact, in case it is not
convenient to note the rebound reading in that position.)

iv) Take the average of about 15 readings.

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

The rebound reading on the indicator scale has been calibrated

by the manufacturer of the rebound hammer for horizontal
impact, that is, on a vertical surface, to indicate the compressive
strength. When used in any other position, appropriate correction
as given by the manufacturer is to be taken into account.

30
4.1.2 ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY

AIM

To assess the quality of concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity

method as per IS: 13311 (Part 1) - 1992.

PRINCIPLE

The method consists of measuring the time of travel of an

ultrasonic pulse passing through the concrete being tested.
Comparatively higher velocity is obtained when concrete quality
is good in terms of density, uniformity, homogeneity etc.

APPARATUS

FIG. 12 : ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY METER

i) Ultrasonic pulse velocity meter

PROCEDURE

i) Preparing for use: Before switching on the 'V' meter, the

transducers should be connected to the sockets marked
"TRAN" and " REC".

31
 The 'V' meter may be operated with either:

a) the internal battery,

b) an external battery or

c) the A.C line.

ii) Set reference: A reference bar is provided to check the

instrument zero. The pulse time for the bar is engraved on it.
Apply a smear of grease to the transducer faces before
placing it on the opposite ends of the bar. Adjust the 'SET
REF' control until the reference bar transit time is obtained
on the instrument read-out.

iii) Range selection: For maximum accuracy, it is

recommended that the 0.1 microsecond range be selected
for path length upto 400mm.

iv) Pulse velocity: Having determined the most suitable test

points on the material to be tested, make careful
measurement of the path length ‘L’. Apply couplant to the
surfaces of the transducers and press it hard onto the
surface of the material. Do not move the transducers while a
reading is being taken, as this can generate noise signals
and errors in measurements. Continue holding the
transducers onto the surface of the material until a
consistent reading appears on the display, which is the time
in microsecond for the ultrasonic pulse to travel the distance
'L'.

The mean value of the display readings should be taken

when the units digit hunts between two values.

Path length
Pulse velocity =
Travel time

32
v) Separation of transducer leads: It is advisable to prevent the
two transducer leads from coming into close contact with
each other when the transit time measurements are being
taken. If this is not done, the receiver lead might pick-up
unwanted signals from the transmitter lead and this would
result in an incorrect display of the transit time.

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

The quality of concrete in terms of uniformity, incidence or

absence of internal flaws, cracks and segregation, etc.,
indicative of the level of workmanship employed, can thus be
assessed using the guidelines given below, which have been
evolved for characterising the quality of concrete in structures in
terms of the ultrasonic pulse velocity.

Pulse Velocity Concrete Quality

(km/second) (Grading)

Above 4.5 Excellent

3.5 to 4.5 Good

3.0 to 3.5 Medium

Below 3.0 Doubtful

33
4.2 COMPRESSION TEST

AIM

To determine the compressive strength of concrete specimens

as per IS: 516 - 1959.

APPARATUS

FIG. 13 : COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE

i) Compression testing machine conforming to IS: 516 - 1959

AGE AT TEST

Tests should be done at recognized ages of the test specimens,

usually being 7 and 28 days. The ages should be calculated
from the time of the addition of water to the drying of
ingredients.

NUMBER OF SPECIMENS

At least three specimens, preferably from different batches,

should be taken for testing at each selected age.

34
PROCEDURE

i) The specimens, prepared according to IS: 516 - 1959 and

stored in water, should be tested immediately on removal
from the water and while still in wet condition. Specimens
when received dry should be kept in water for
24hrs. before they are taken for testing. The dimensions of
the specimens, to the nearest 0.2mm and their weight
should be noted before testing.

ii) The bearing surfaces of the compression testing machine

should be wiped clean and any loose sand or other material
removed from the surfaces of the specimen, which would be
in contact with the compression platens.

iii) In the case a of cubical specimen, the specimen should be

placed in the machine in such a manner that the load could
be applied to the opposite sides of the cubes, not to the
top and the bottom. The axis of the specimen should be
carefully aligned with the centre of thrust of the spherically
seated platen. No packing should be used between the
faces of the test specimen and the steel platen of the
testing machine. As the spherically seated block is brought
to rest on the specimen, the movable portion should be
rotated gently by hand so that uniform seating is obtained.

iv) The load should be applied without shock and increased

continuosly at a rate of approximately 140kg/sq.cm/minute
until the resistance of the specimen to the increasing load
breaks down and no greater load can be sustained. The
maximum load applied to the specimen should then be
recorded and the appearance of the concrete and any
unusual features in the type of failure should be noted.

CALCULATION

The measured compressive strength of the specimen should be

calculated by dividing the maximum load applied to the
specimen during the test by the cross - sectional area,

35
calculated from the mean dimensions of the section and should
be expressed to the nearest kg/sq.cm. An average of three
values should be taken as the representative of the batch,
provided the individual variation is not more than ±15% of the
average. Otherwise repeat tests should be done.

A correction factor according to the height/diameter ratio of the

specimen after capping should be obtained from the curve given
below:-

1.00
Correction factor

0.96

0.92

0.88
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Height
Ratio =
Diameter

Correction factor for height-diameter ratio of a core

The product of this correction factor and the measured

compressive strength is known as the corrected compressive
strength, this being the equivalent strength of a cylinder having a
height/diameter ratio of two. The equivalent cube strength of the
concrete should be determined by multiplying the corrected
cylinder strength by 1.25.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

The following information should be included in the report on

each test specimen:

i) identification mark

36
ii) date of test
iii) age of specimen
iv) curing conditions, including date of manufacture of
specimen
v) weight of specimen
vi) dimensions of specimen
vii) cross-sectional area
viii) maximum load
ix) compressive strength
x) appearance of fractured faces of concrete and type of
fracture, if unusual.

37
 5. TESTS ON SOIL
5.1 WATER CONTENT

5.1.1 OVEN DRYING METHOD

AIM

To determine the water content in soil by oven drying method as

per IS: 2720 (Part II) - 1973.

PRINCIPLE

The water content (w) of a soil sample is equal to the mass of

water divided by the mass of solids.

APPARATUS

FIG. 14 : ELECTRIC OVEN

i) Thermostatically controlled oven maintained at a temperature

o
of 110 ± 5 C

38
ii) Weighing balance, with an accuracy of 0.04% of the weight
of the soil taken

iii) Air-tight container made of non-corrodible material with lid

iv) Tongs

SAMPLE

The soil specimen should be representative of the soil mass. The

quantity of the specimen taken would depend upon the gradation
and the maximum size of particles as under:

Size of particles more than Minimum quantity of the soil

90 percent passing through specimen to be taken for
IS Sieve test (g)

425 µ m 25

2.0mm 50

4.75mm 200

9.50mm 300

19mm 500

37.5mm 1000

PROCEDURE

i) Clean the container, dry it and weigh it with the lid (Weight
'W1').

ii) Take the required quantity of the wet soil specimen in the
container and weigh it with the lid (Weight 'W2').

iii) Place the container, with its lid removed, in the oven till its
weight becomes constant (Normally for 24hrs.).

39
iv) When the soil has dried, remove the container from the
oven, using tongs.
v) Find the weight 'W3' of the container with the lid and the dry
soil sample.
REPORTING OF RESULTS

W2 − W3
The water content w = × 100 %
W 3 − W1

An average of three determinations should be taken.

A sample proforma for the record of the test results is given in

Annexure-IV.

40
5.1.2 CALCIUM CARBIDE METHOD

AIM

To determine the water content in soil by calcium carbide

method as per IS: 2720 (Part II) - 1973.

PRINCIPLE

It is a method for rapid determination of water content from the

gas pressure developed by the reaction of calcium carbide with
the free water of the soil. From the calibrated scale of the
pressure gauge the percentage of water on total mass of wet soil
is obtained and the same is converted to water content on dry
mass of soil.

APPARATUS

FIG. 15 : METALLIC PRESSURE VESSEL

i) Metallic pressure vessel, with a clamp for sealing the cup,

alongwith a gauge calibrated in percentage water content

41
ii) Counterpoised balance, for weighing the sample

iii) Scoop, for measuring the absorbent (Calcium Carbide)

iv) Steel balls - 3 steel balls of about 12.5mm dia. and 1 steel
ball of 25mm dia.

v) One bottle of the absorbent (Calcium Carbide)

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

Sand - No special preparation. Coarse powders may be ground

and pulverized.

Cohesive and plastic soil - Soil is tested with addition of steel

ball in the pressure vessels.

The test requires about 6g of sample.

PROCEDURE

i) Set up the balance, place the sample in the pan till the
mark on the balance arm matches with the index mark.

ii) Check that the cup and the body are clean.

iii) Hold the body horizontally and gently deposit the levelled,
scoop-full of the absorbent (Calcium Carbide) inside the
chamber.

iv) Transfer the weighed soil from the pan to the cup.

v) Hold cup and chamber horizontally, bringing them together

without disturbing the sample and the absorbent.

vi) Clamp the cup tightly into place. If the sample is bulky,
reverse the above placement, that is, put the sample in the
chamber and the absorbent in the cup.

42
vii) In case of clayey soils, place all the 4 steel balls (3 smaller
and 1 bigger) in the body alongwith the absorbent.

viii) Shake the unit up and down vigorously in this position for
about 15 seconds.

ix) Hold the unit horizontally, rotating it for 10 seconds, so that

the balls roll around the inner circumference of the body.

x) Rest for 20 seconds.

xi) Repeat the above cycle until the pressure gauge reading is
constant and note the reading. Usually it takes 4 to 8
minutes to achieve constant reading. This is the water
content (m) obtained on wet mass basis.

xii) Finally, release the pressure slowly by opening the clamp

screw and taking the cup out, empty the contents and clean
the instrument with a brush.

REPORTING OF RESULTS
The water content on dry mass basis,

m
w= × 100 %
100 − m

43
5.2 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

AIM

To determine the particle size distribution of soil as per IS: 2720

(Part 4) - 1985.

APPARATUS
i) A set of fine IS Sieves of sizes - 2mm, 600µm, 425µm,
212µm and 75µm
ii) A set of coarse IS Sieves of sizes - 20mm, 10mm and
4.75mm
iii) Weighing balance, with an accuracy of 0.1% of the weight of
sample
iv) Oven
v) Mechanical shaker
vi) Mortar with rubber pestle
vii) Brushes

viii) Trays

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

i) Soil sample, as received from the field, should be dried in air

or in the sun. In wet weather, the drying apparatus may be
used in which case the temperature of the sample should
o
not exceed 60 C. The clod may be broken with wooden
mallet to hasten drying. Tree roots and pieces of bark
should be removed from the sample.

ii) The big clods may be broken with the help of wooden
mallet. Care should be taken not to break the individual soil
particles.

iii) A representative soil sample of required quantity as given

o
below is taken and dried in the oven at 105 to 120 C.
44
 Maximum size of material Weight to be taken
present in substantial for test
quantities (mm) (kg)
75 60

40 25

25 13

19 6.5

12.5 3.5

10 1.5

6.5 0.75

4.75 0.4

PROCEDURE

i) The dried sample is taken in a tray, soaked in water and

mixed with either 2g of sodium hexametaphosphate or 1g of
sodium hydroxide and 1g of sodium carbonate per litre of
water, which is added as a dispersive agent. The soaking of
soil is continued for 10 to 12hrs.

ii) The sample is washed through 4.75mm IS Sieve with water

till substantially clean water comes out. Retained sample on
4.75mm IS Sieve should be oven-dried for 24hrs. This dried
sample is sieved through 20mm and 10mm IS Sieves.

iii) The portion passing through 4.75mm IS Sieve should be

oven-dried for 24hrs. This oven-dried material is riffled and
about 200g taken.

iv) This sample of about 200g is washed through 75µm IS Sieve

with half litre distilled water, till substantially clear water
comes out.

45
v) The material retained on 75µm IS Sieve is collected and
o
dried in oven at a temperature of 105 to 120 C for 24hrs. The
dried soil sample is sieved through 2mm, 600µm, 425µm
and 212µm IS Sieves. Soil retained on each sieve is
weighed.

vi) If the soil passing 75µm is 10% or more, hydrometer method

is used to analyse soil particle size.

HYDROMETER ANALYSIS

i) Particles passed through 75µm IS Sieve alongwith water are

collected and put into a 1000ml jar for hydrometer analysis.
More water, if required, is added to make the soil water
suspension just 1000ml. The suspension in the jar is
vigorously shaken horizontally by keeping the jar in-between
the palms of the two hands. The jar is put on the table.

ii) A graduated hydrometer is carefully inserted into the

suspension with minimum disturbance.

iii) At different time intervals, the density of the suspension at

the centre of gravity of the hydrometer is noted by seeing
the depth of sinking of the stem. The temperature of the
suspension is noted for each recording of the hydrometer
reading.

iv) Hydrometer readings are taken at a time interval of

0.5 minute, 1.0 minute, 2.0 minutes, 4.0 minutes, 15.0
minutes, 45.0 minutes, 90.0 minutes, 3hrs., 6hrs., 24hrs.
and 48hrs.

v) By using the nomogram given in IS: 2720 (Part 4) - 1985,

the diameter of the particles for different hydrometer readings
is found out.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

After completing mechanical analysis and hydrometer analysis,

the results are plotted on a semi-log graph with particle size as
abscissa (log scale) and the percentage smaller than the
specified diameter as ordinate (see page 12 for sample chart).
46
5.3 LIQUID LIMIT

AIM

To determine the liquid limit of soil as per IS: 2720 (Part 5)

- 1985.

PRINCIPLE

The liquid limit of fine-grained soil is the water content at which

soil behaves practically like a liquid, but has small shear
strength. It's flow closes the groove in just 25 blows in
Casagrande’s liquid limit device.

APPARATUS

FIG. 16 : CASAGRANDE'S LIQUID LIMIT DEVICE

i) Casagrande’s liquid limit device

ii) Grooving tools of both standard and ASTM types

iii) Oven

47
iv) Evaporating dish

v) Spatula

vi) IS Sieve of size 425µm

vii) Weighing balance, with 0.01g accuracy

viii) Wash bottle

ix) Air-tight and non-corrodible container for determination of

moisture content

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

i) Air-dry the soil sample and break the clods. Remove the
organic matter like tree roots, pieces of bark, etc.

ii) About 100g of the specimen passing through 425µm IS

Sieve is mixed thoroughly with distilled water in the
evaporating dish and left for 24hrs. for soaking.

PROCEDURE

i) Place a portion of the paste in the cup of the liquid limit

device.

ii) Level the mix so as to have a maximum depth of 1cm.

iii) Draw the grooving tool through the sample along the
symmetrical axis of the cup, holding the tool perpendicular
to the cup.

iv) For normal fine grained soil: The Casagrande's tool is used
to cut a groove 2mm wide at the bottom, 11mm wide at the
top and 8mm deep.

v) For sandy soil: The ASTM tool is used to cut a groove 2mm
wide at the bottom, 13.6mm wide at the top and 10mm
deep.

48
vi) After the soil pat has been cut by a proper grooving tool, the
handle is rotated at the rate of about 2 revolutions per
second and the no. of blows counted, till the two parts of
the soil sample come into contact for about 10mm length.

vii) Take about 10g of soil near the closed groove and determine
its water content (see Para 5.1).

viii) The soil of the cup is transferred to the dish containing the
soil paste and mixed thoroughly after adding a little more
water. Repeat the test.

ix) By altering the water content of the soil and repeating the
foregoing operations, obtain at least 5 readings in the range
of 15 to 35 blows. Don’t mix dry soil to change its
consistency.

x) Liquid limit is determined by plotting a ‘flow curve’ on a

semi-log graph, with no. of blows as abscissa (log scale)
and the water content as ordinate and drawing the best
straight line through the plotted points.

xi) Water content corresponding to 25 blows, is the value of the

liquid limit.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

Report the water content corresponding to 25 blows, read from

the 'flow curve' as the liquid limit.

A sample ‘flow curve’ is given in Annexure-V.

49
5.4 PLASTIC LIMIT

AIM

To determine the plastic limit of soil as per IS: 2720 (Part 5)

- 1985.

PRINCIPLE

The plastic limit of fine-grained soil is the water content of the

soil below which it ceases to be plastic. It begins to crumble
when rolled into threads of 3mm dia.

APPARATUS

i) Porcelain evaporating dish about 120mm dia.

ii) Spatula

iii) Container to determine moisture content

iv) Balance, with an accuracy of 0.01g

v) Oven

vi) Ground glass plate - 20cm x 15cm

vii) Rod - 3mm dia. and about 10cm long

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

Take out 30g of air-dried soil from a thoroughly mixed sample of

the soil passing through 425µm IS Sieve. Mix the soil with
distilled water in an evaporating dish and leave the soil mass for
naturing. This period may be upto 24hrs.

50
PROCEDURE

i) Take about 8g of the soil and roll it with fingers on a glass

plate. The rate of rolling should be between 80 to 90 strokes
per minute to form a 3mm dia.

ii) If the dia. of the threads can be reduced to less than 3mm,
without any cracks appearing, it means that the water
content is more than its plastic limit. Knead the soil to
reduce the water content and roll it into a thread again.

iii) Repeat the process of alternate rolling and kneading until the
thread crumbles.

iv) Collect and keep the pieces of crumbled soil thread in the
container used to determine the moisture content.

v) Repeat the process at least twice more with fresh samples

of plastic soil each time.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

The plastic limit should be determined for at least three portions

of the soil passing through 425µm IS Sieve. The average water
content to the nearest whole number should be reported.

51
5.5 FREE SWELL INDEX

AIM

To determine the free swell index of soil as per IS: 2720

(Part XL) - 1977.

PRINCIPLE

Free swell or differential free swell, also termed as free swell

index, is the increase in volume of soil without any external
constraint when subjected to submergence in water.

APPARATUS

i) IS Sieve of size 425µm

ii) Oven

iii) Balance, with an accuracy of 0.01g

iv) Graduated glass cylinder- 2 nos., each of 100ml capacity

PROCEDURE

i) Take two specimens of 10g each of pulverised soil passing

through 425µm IS Sieve and oven-dry.

ii) Pour each soil specimen into a graduated glass cylinder of

100ml capacity.

iii) Pour distilled water in one and kerosene oil in the other
cylinder upto 100ml mark.

iv) Remove entrapped air by gently shaking or stirring with a

glass rod.

v) Allow the suspension to attain the state of equilibrium (for

not less than 24hrs.).

52
vi) Final volume of soil in each of the cylinder should be read
out.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

Vd - Vk
Free swell index = ———— x 100%
Vk

where, Vd = volume of soil specimen read from the graduated

cylinder containing distilled water.

Vk = volume of soil specimen read from the graduated

cylinder containing kerosene.

53
5.6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

AIM

To determine the specific gravity of fine-grained soil by density

bottle method as per IS: 2720 (Part III/Sec 1) - 1980.

PRINCIPLE

Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume

of a material at a standard temperature to the weight in air of an
equal volume of distilled water at the same stated temperature.

APPARATUS

i) Two density bottles of approximately 50ml capacity

alongwith stoppers
o
ii) Constant temperature water bath (27.0 + 0.2 C)

iii) Vacuum desiccator

o
iv) Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 to 110 C

v) Weighing balance, with an accuracy of 0.001g

vi) Spatula

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

The soil sample (50g) should if necessary be ground to pass

through a 2mm IS Sieve. A 5 to 10g sub-sample should be
obtained by riffling and oven-dried at a temperature of 105 to
o
110 C.

PROCEDURE

i) The density bottle alongwith the stopper, should be dried at

o
a temperature of 105 to 110 C, cooled in the desiccator and
weighed to the nearest 0.001g (W1).

54
ii) The sub-sample, which had been oven-dried should be
transferred to the density bottle directly from the desiccator
in which it was cooled. The bottles and contents together
with the stopper should be weighed to the nearest 0.001g
(W2).

iii) Cover the soil with air-free distilled water from the glass
wash bottle and leave for a period of 2 to 3hrs. for soaking.
Add water to fill the bottle to about half.

iv) Entrapped air can be removed by heating the density bottle

on a water bath or a sand bath.

v) Keep the bottle without the stopper in a vacuum desiccator

for about 1 to 2hrs. until there is no further loss of air.

vi) Gently stir the soil in the density bottle with a clean glass
rod, carefully wash off the adhering particles from the rod
with some drops of distilled water and see that no more soil
particles are lost.

vii) Repeat the process till no more air bubbles are observed in
the soil-water mixture.

viii) Observe the constant temperature in the bottle and record.

ix) Insert the stopper in the density bottle, wipe and weigh
(W3 ).

x) Now empty the bottle, clean thoroughly and fill the density
bottle with distilled water at the same temperature. Insert the
stopper in the bottle, wipe dry from the outside and
weigh (W4 ).

xi) Take at least two such observations for the same soil.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

W 2 − W1
The specific gravity G of the soil =
(W 4 − W1 ) − (W 3 − W 2 )

55
The specific gravity should be calculated at a temperature of
o
27 C and reported to the nearest 0.01. If the room temperature is
o
different from 27 C, the following correction should be done:-

G' = kG

where,
o
G' = Corrected specific gravity at 27 C

Relative density of water at room temperature

k= o
Relative density of water at 27 C

A sample proforma for the record of the test results is given in

Annexure-VI. Relative density of water at various temperatures,
given in Annexure-VII, can be used in the above calculation.

56
5.7 MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY AND OPTIMUM
MOISTURE CONTENT

AIM

To determine the maximum dry density and the optimum

moisture content of soil using heavy compaction as per IS: 2720
(Part 8) - 1983.

APPARATUS

FIG. 17 : CYLINDRICAL METAL MOULD

i) Cylindrical metal mould - it should be either of 100mm dia.

and 1000cc volume or 150mm dia. and 2250cc volume and
should conform to IS: 10074 - 1982

ii) Balances - one of 10kg capacity, sensitive to 1g and the

other of 200g capacity, sensitive to 0.01g

iii) Oven - thermostatically controlled with an interior of non-

corroding material to maintain temperature between 105 and
o
110 C

57
iv) Steel straightedge - 30cm long

v) IS Sieves of sizes - 4.75mm, 19mm and 37.5mm

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

A representative portion of air-dried soil material, large enough to

provide about 6kg of material passing through a 19mm IS Sieve
(for soils not susceptible to crushing during compaction) or about
15kg of material passing through a 19mm IS Sieve (for soils
susceptible to crushing during compaction), should be taken.
This portion should be sieved through a 19mm IS Sieve and the
coarse fraction rejected after its proportion of the total sample
has been recorded.

Aggregations of particles should be broken down so that if the

sample was sieved through a 4.75mm IS Sieve, only separated
individual particles would be retained.

PROCEDURE

A) Soil not susceptible to crushing during compaction –

i) A 5kg sample of air-dried soil passing through the 19mm IS

Sieve should be taken. The sample should be mixed
thoroughly with a suitable amount of water depending on the
soil type (for sandy and gravelly soil - 3 to 5% and for
cohesive soil - 12 to 16% below the plastic limit). The soil
sample should be stored in a sealed container for a
minimum period of 16hrs.

ii) The mould of 1000cc capacity with base plate attached,

should be weighed to the nearest 1g (W1 ). The mould
should be placed on a solid base, such as a concrete floor
or plinth and the moist soil should be compacted into the
mould, with the extension attached, in five layers of
approximately equal mass, each layer being given 25 blows
from the 4.9kg rammer dropped from a height of 450mm
above the soil. The blows should be distributed uniformly
over the surface of each layer. The amount of soil used
58
 should be sufficient to fill the mould, leaving not more than
about 6mm to be struck off when the extension is removed.
The extension should be removed and the compacted soil
should be levelled off carefully to the top of the mould by
means of the straight edge. The mould and soil should then
be weighed to the nearest gram (W2).

iii) The compacted soil specimen should be removed from the

mould and placed onto the mixing tray. The water content
(w) of a representative sample of the specimen should be
determined as in Para 5.1.

iv) The remaining soil specimen should be broken up, rubbed

through 19mm IS Sieve and then mixed with the remaining
original sample. Suitable increments of water should be
added successively and mixed into the sample, and the
above operations i.e. Para ii) to iv) should be repeated for
each increment of water added. The total number of
determinations made should be at least five and the
moisture contents should be such that the optimum
moisture content at which the maximum dry density occurs,
lies within that range.

B) Soil susceptible to crushing during compaction –

Five or more 2.5kg samples of air-dried soil passing through the

19mm IS Sieve, should be taken. The samples should each be
mixed thoroughly with different amounts of water and stored in a
sealed container as mentioned in Para A) i), above. Follow the
operations given in Para A) ii) to iv), above.

C) Compaction in large size mould –

For compacting soil containing coarse material upto 37.5mm

size, the 2250cc mould should be used. A sample weighing
about 30kg and passing through the 37.5mm IS Sieve is used for
the test. Soil is compacted in five layers, each layer being given
55 blows of the 4.9kg rammer. The rest of the procedure is the
same as in Para A) or B), above.

59
REPORTING OF RESULTS

Bulk density γ in g/cc of each compacted specimen should be

W − W1
calculated from the equation, γ = 2
V
where, V = volume in cc of the mould.
100 γ
The dry density γ d in g/cc =
100 + w
The dry densities, γ d obtained in a series of determinations
should be plotted against the corresponding moisture contents,
w. A smooth curve should be drawn through the resulting points
and the position of the maximum on the curve should be
determined. A sample graph is shown below:

1.900
Dry density (g/cc)

1.800

1.700
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
Moisture content (%)

The dry density in g/cc corresponding to the maximum point on

the moisture content/dry density curve should be reported as the
maximum dry density to the nearest 0.01.

The percentage moisture content corresponding to the maximum

dry density on the moisture content/dry density curve should be
reported as the optimum moisture content and quoted to the
nearest 0.2 for values below 5 percent, to the nearest 0.5 for
values from 5 to 10 percent and to the nearest whole number for
values exceeding 10 percent.

60
5.8 IN-SITU DRY DENSITY

5.8.1 CORE CUTTER METHOD

AIM

To determine the in-situ dry density of soil by core cutter method

as per IS: 2720 (Part XXIX) - 1975.

APPARATUS

FIG. 18 : CYLINDRICAL CORE CUTTER

i) Cylindrical core cutter

ii) Steel dolley

iii) Steel rammer

iv) Balance, with an accuracy of 1g

v) Straightedge

61
vi) Square metal tray - 300mm x 300mm x 40mm

vii) Trowel

PROCEDURE

i) The internal volume (V) of the core cutter in cc should be

calculated from its dimensions which should be measured to
the nearest 0.25mm.

ii) The core cutter should be weighed to the nearest gram (W1).

iii) A small area, approximately 30cm square of the soil layer to

be tested should be exposed and levelled. The steel dolly
should be placed on top of the cutter and the latter should
be rammed down vertically into the soil layer until only about
15mm of the dolly protrudes above the surface, care being
taken not to rock the cutter. The cutter should then be dug
out of the surrounding soil, care being taken to allow some
soil to project from the lower end of the cutter. The ends of
the soil core should then be trimmed flat in level with the
ends of the cutter by means of the straightedge.

iv) The cutter containing the soil core should be weighed to the
nearest gram (W2).

v) The soil core should be removed from the cutter and a

representative sample should be placed in an air-tight
container and its water content (w) determined as in Para
5.1.

REPORTING OF RESULTS
W2 − W1
Bulk density of the soil γ = g cc
V
100γ
Dry density of the soil γ d = g cc
100 + w
Average of at least three determinations should be reported to
the second place of decimal in g/cc.

A sample proforma for the record of the test results is given in

Annexure-VIII.
62
5.8.2 SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

AIM

To determine the in-situ dry density of soil by sand replacement

method as per IS: 2720 (Part XXVIII) – 1974.

APPARATUS

FIG. 19 : SAND-POURING CYLINDER

i) Sand-pouring cylinder conforming to IS: 2720 (Part XXVIII) -

1974

ii) Cylindrical calibrating container conforming to IS: 2720 (Part

XXVIII) - 1974

iii) Soil cutting and excavating tools such as a scraper tool,

bent spoon

iv) Glass plate - 450mm square and 9mm thick or larger

63
v) Metal containers to collect excavated soil

vi) Metal tray - 300mm square and 40mm deep with a 100mm
hole in the centre

vii) Balance, with an accuracy of 1g

PROCEDURE

A. Calibration of apparatus

a) The method given below should be followed for the

determination of the weight of sand in the cone of the
pouring cylinder:

i) The pouring cylinder should be filled so that the level of the

sand in the cylinder is within about 10mm of the top. Its
total initial weight (W1) should be maintained constant
throughout the tests for which the calibration is used. A
volume of sand equivalent to that of the excavated hole in
the soil (or equal to that of the calibrating container) should
be allowed to runout of the cylinder under gravity. The
shutter of the pouring cylinder should then be closed and
the cylinder placed on a plain surface, such as a glass
plate.

ii) The shutter of the pouring cylinder should be opened and

sand allowed to runout. When no further movement of sand
takes place in the cylinder, the shutter should be closed
and the cylinder removed carefully.

iii) The sand that had filled the cone of the pouring cylinder
(that is, the sand that is left on the plain surface) should be
collected and weighed to the nearest gram.

iv) These measurements should be repeated at least thrice and

the mean weight (W2) taken.

b) The method described below should be followed for the

determination of the bulk density of the sand ( γs ):

64
i) The internal volume (V) in ml of the calibrating container
should be determined from the weight of water contained in
the container when filled to the brim. The volume may also
be calculated from the measured internal dimensions of the
container.

ii) The pouring cylinder should be placed concentrically on the

top of the calibrating container after being filled to the
constant weight (W1) as in Para a) i), above. The shutter of
the pouring cylinder should be closed during the operation.
The shutter should be opened and sand allowed to runout.
When no further movement of sand takes place in the
cylinder, the shutter should be closed. The pouring cylinder
should be removed and weighed to the nearest gram.

iii) These measurements should be repeated at least thrice and

the mean weight (W3) taken.

B. Measurement of soil density

The following method should be followed for the measurement of
soil density:

i) A flat area, approximately 450sq.mm of the soil to be

tested should be exposed and trimmed down to a level
surface, preferably with the aid of the scraper tool.

ii) The metal tray with a central hole should be laid on the
prepared surface of the soil with the hole over the portion of
the soil to be tested. The hole in the soil should then be
excavated using the hole in the tray as a pattern, to the
depth of the layer to be tested upto a maximum of 150mm.
The excavated soil should be carefully collected, leaving no
loose material in the hole and weighed to the nearest gram
(Ww). The metal tray should be removed before the pouring
cylinder is placed in position over the excavated hole.

iii) The water content (w) of the excavated soil should be deter-
mined by the method specified in Para 5.1. Alternatively, the
whole of the excavated soil should be dried and weighed
(Wd).

65
iv) The pouring cylinder, filled to the constant weight (W1) as in
Para A.a) i) above, should be so placed that the base of the
cylinder covers the hole concentrically. The shutter should
then be opened and sand allowed to runout into the hole.
The pouring cylinder and the surrounding area should not be
vibrated during this period. When no further movement of
sand takes place, the shutter should be closed. The
cylinder should be removed and weighed to the nearest
gram (W4).

CALCULATIONS

i) The weight of sand (Wa) in gram, required to fill the

calibrating container should be calculated from the formula:

Wa = W1 – W3 – W2

ii) The bulk density of the sand (γ s ) in kg/m3 should be

calculated from the formula:
Wa
γs = × 1000
V
iii) The weight of sand (Wb) in gram, required to fill the
excavated hole should be calculated from the formula:

Wb = W1 – W4 – W2

iv) The bulk density (γ b), that is, the weight of the wet soil per
cubic meter should be calculated from the formula:

Ww
γb = × γ s kg/m3
Wb
v) The dry density (γ d), that is, the weight of dry soil per cubic
meter should be calculated from the formula:
100γ b
γd = kg/m3
100 + w
Wd
γd = × γ s kg/m3
Wb

66
REPORTING OF RESULTS

The following values should be reported:

i) dry density of soil in kg/m3 to the nearest whole number;

also to be calculated and reported in g/cc correct to the
second place of decimal

ii) water content of the soil in percent reported to two

significant figures.

A sample proforma for the record of the test results is given in

Annexure-IX.

67
 6. TESTS ON BLANKET MATERIAL
AIM

To determine the particle size distribution of blanket material as

per IRS: GE - 3, July 2003.

PRINCIPLE

i) An oven-dried sample of known weight is washed in the

prescribed manner and the decanted wash water containing
suspended and dissolved matter is passed through 75µm IS
Sieve. The percentage reduction in weight of the original
material by washing is then reported as percentage fines in
the blanket material.

ii) An oven-dried sample of known weight is separated through

a set of IS Sieves of progressively smaller opening for
obtaining the percentage of the material passing through
each sieve and determining the particle size distribution.

APPARATUS

i) Balance, readable and accurate to 0.1g for fine particles and

to 0.5g for coarse fraction or to 0.2% of the test load,
whichever is greater

ii) IS Sieves of sizes - 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm, 2mm,

600µm, 425µm, 212µm, 75µm and bottom pan

iii) Thermostatically controlled oven of appropriate size to

o
maintain the temperature inside between 105 and 110 C,
having an interior of non-corroding material

iv) Mechanical sieve shaker

v) Tray - two or more of 30cm x 20cm x 10cm

vi) Wire brushes/sieve brushes

68
PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

i) The weight of field sample should normally be approximately

four times the weight required for laboratory test, which is
governed by the maximum size of particles present in the
material in substantial quantity. Following quantities are
required for grain size analysis:

Max. size of material Minimum weight Weight to be

present in substantial of field taken for
quantities (mm) sample (kg) test (kg)

40 75 25

25 50 13

19 25 6.5

12.5 15 3.5

10 10 1.5

6.5 6 0.75

4.75 5 0.4

ii) Blanket material sample received from the field should be

dried in the air or in the sun. In wet weather, a drying
apparatus may be used, in which the temperature of the
o
sample should not exceed 60 C.

iii) Organic matter if present, like tree roots, pieces of barks,

etc. should be removed from the sample. The sample should
be sieved through 65mm IS Sieve and the material retained
on 65 mm sieve should be rejected.

iv) The representative sample should be thoroughly mixed and

spread on a flat surface. The spread sample should be

69
 divided into four quadrants and the diagonally opposite
quadrants should be mixed. This process should be
repeated till the desired quantity of sample is obtained.

v) The big clods if present, may be broken with the help of a

wooden mallet. Further pulverization if required, may be done
in pestle and mortar. Care should be taken not to break the
individual coarse size particles.

PROCEDURE

i) Dry the test sample to a constant weight in a

thermostatically controlled oven at a temperature of 105 to
o
110 C and weigh it to the nearest 0.5g or 0.1% of the weight
of the sample.

Note: If large quantity of particle size greater than 4.75mm

is present, it may be separated to avoid overloading of
individual sieves by sieving, using 4.75mm sieve. Material
retained on the 4.75mm sieve is kept separately.

ii) After drying and weighing, place the test sample in the
container and soak it in water. The soaking of soil should be
continued for 10 to 12hrs. No dispersing agent or any other
substance should be added to the water.

iii) Agitate the sample with sufficient vigour to result in complete

separation of all particles finer than the 75µm IS Sieve, from
the coarser particles and bring the fine material into
suspension.

iv) The sample is washed through 4.75mm IS Sieve and 75µm

IS Sieve with water till substantially clean water comes out.
Material retained on sieves should be oven-dried at 105 to
o
110 C for 24hrs. The material retained on each sieve is
weighed to the nearest 0.1g or 0.1% of the original weight of
the sample, whichever is greater.

v) Nest the sieves 40mm, 20mm, 10mm and 4.75mm, 2mm,

600µm, 425µm, 212µm and 75µm sizes, in order of
70
 decreasing size of opening from top to bottom and place the
sample on the top sieve. Agitate the sieves by hand or by a
mechanical apparatus for a sufficient period. The material
retained on each sieve is weighed to the nearest 0.1g or
0.1% of the original weight of the sample, whichever is
greater.

CALCULATION

i) Calculate the percentage passing, total percentage retained

or percentage in various sizes to the nearest 0.1% on the
basis of the total weight of the initial dry sample.

ii) Calculate the amount of material passing a 75µm sieve by

working as follows-

B - C
A = x 100%
B

where,

A = percentage of material finer than 75µm sieve after

washing

B = original dry weight of sample, in gram

C = dry weight of sample after washing, in gram

REPORTING OF RESULTS

i) Report percentage to the nearest whole number and the

percentage of material finer than 75µm sieve got by washing
to the nearest 0.1%.

ii) A particle size distribution curve should be drawn on semi-

log graph plotting size on the log scale against percentage
finer than the corresponding size on the ordinary scale (see
page 12).

71
 7. TESTS ON BITUMEN
7.1 BITUMEN CONTENT

AIM

To determine the bitumen content as per ASTM 2172.

APPARATUS

FIG. 20 : CENTRIFUGE EXTRACTOR

i) Centrifuge extractor

ii) Miscellaneous - bowl, filter paper, balance and commercial

benzene

SAMPLE

Take 500g sample.

72
PROCEDURE

i) If the mixture is not soft enough to separate with a trowel,

o
place 1000g of it in a large pan and warm upto 100 C to
separate the particles of the mixture uniformly.

ii) Place the sample (Weight ‘A’) in the centrifuge extractor.

Cover the sample with benzene, put the filter paper on it with
the cover plate tightly fitted on the bowl.

iii) Start the centrifuge extractor, revolving slowly and gradually

increase the speed until the solvent ceases to flow from the
outlet.

iv) Allow the centrifuge extractor to stop. Add 200ml benzene

and repeat the procedure.

v) Repeat the procedure at least thrice, so that the extract is

clear and not darker than the light straw colour and record
the volume of total extract in the graduated vessel.

vi) Remove the filter paper from the bowl and dry in the oven at
o
110 + 5 C. After 24hrs., take the weight of the extracted
sample (Weight ‘B’).

REPORTING OF RESULTS

A −B
Bitumen content = × 100 %
B

Repeat the test thrice and average the results.

73
7.2 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

AIM

To determine the specific gravity of semi-solid bitumen road tars,

creosote and anthracene oil as per IS: 1202 - 1978.

PRINCIPLE

It is the ratio of mass of a given volume of bitumen to the mass

of an equal volume of water, both taken at a recorded/specified
temperature.

APPARATUS

FIG. 21 : SPECIFIC GRAVITY BOTTLES

i) Specific gravity bottles of 50ml capacity

ii) Water bath

o o
iii) Bath thermometer - Range 0 to 44 C, Graduation 0.2 C

74
SAMPLE

Take the sample (half the volume of the specific gravity bottles).

PROCEDURE

i) Clean, dry and weigh the specific gravity bottle alongwith the
stopper (Weight 'A').

ii) Fill the specific gravity bottle with freshly boiled distilled
water and insert the stopper firmly. Keep it in the water bath
o
having a temperature of 27.0 + 1 C for not less than half an
hour and weigh it (Weight 'B').

iii) Weigh the specific gravity bottle about half-filled with the
material (Weight 'C').

iv) Weigh the specific gravity bottle about half-filled with the
material and the other half with distilled water (Weight 'D').

v) Weigh the specific gravity bottle completely filled with the

material (Weight 'E').

REPORTING OF RESULTS

C−A
i) Specific gravity =
(B − A ) − (D − C)
(Solids and semi-solids)

E−A
ii) Specific gravity =
B−A
(Liquids)

The average of the two results should be reported.

75
7.3 MARSHALL STABILITY
AIM

To determine the Marshall stability of bituminous mixture as per

ASTM D 1559.

PRINCIPLE

Marshall stability is the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical

specimens of a bituminous mixture loaded on the lateral surface.
o
It is the load carrying capacity of the mix at 60 C and is
measured in kg.

APPARATUS

FIG. 22 : MARSHALL STABILITY APPARATUS

i) Marshall stability apparatus

ii) Balance and water bath

SAMPLE

From Marshall stability graph, select proportions of coarse

aggregates, fine aggregates and filler in such a way, so as to fulfill
the required specification. The total weight of the mix should be
1200g.
76
PROCEDURE

i) Heat the weighed aggregates and the bitumen separately

o o
upto 170 C and 163 C respectively.

ii) Mix them thoroughly, transfer the mixed material to the

compaction mould arranged on the compaction pedestal.

iii) Give 75 blows on the top side of the specimen mix with a
standard hammer (45cm, 4.86kg). Reverse the specimen
and give 75 blows again. Take the mould with the specimen
and cool it for a few minutes.

iv) Remove the specimen from the mould by gentle pushing.

Mark the specimen and cure it at room temperature,
overnight.

v) A series of specimens are prepared by a similar method

with varying quantities of bitumen content, with an increment
of 0.5% (3 specimens) or 1 bitumen content.

vi) Before testing of the mould, keep the mould in the water
o
bath having a temperature of 60 C for half an hour.

vii) Check the stability of the mould on the Marshall stability

apparatus.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

Plot % of bitumen content on the X-axis and stability in kg on

the Y-axis to get maximum Marshall stability of the bitumen mix.
A sample plot is given in Annexure-X.

77
7.4 PENETRATION

AIM

To determine the penetration of bitumen as per IS: 1203 - 1978.

PRINCIPLE

The penetration of a bituminous material is the distance in tenths

of a mm, that a standard needle would penetrate vertically, into a
sample of the material under standard conditions of temperature,
load and time.

APPARATUS

FIG. 23 : PENETROMETER
i) Penetrometer
ii) Water bath
o o
iii) Bath thermometer - Range 0 to 44 C, Graduation 0.2 C

78
SAMPLE

Bitumen should be just sufficient to fill the container to a depth

of at least 15mm in excess of the expected penetration.

PROCEDURE

i) Soften the bitumen above the softening point (between 75

o
and 100 C). Stir it thoroughly to remove air bubbles and
water.

ii) Pour it into a container to a depth of at least 15mm in

excess of the expected penetration.
o
iii) Cool it at an atmospheric temperature of 15 to 30 C for
1
1
2 hrs. Then place it in a transfer dish in the water bath at
o 1
25.0 + 0.1 C for 1
2
hrs.

iv) Keep the container on the stand of the penetration

apparatus.

v) Adjust the needle to make contact with the surface of the

sample.

vi) Adjust the dial reading to zero.

vii) With the help of the timer, release the needle for exactly
5 seconds.

viii) Record the dial reading.

ix) Repeat the above procedure thrice.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

The value of penetration reported should be the mean of not less

than three determinations expressed in tenths of a mm.

79
7.5 FLASH POINT AND FIRE POINT

AIM

To determine the flash point and the fire point of asphaltic

bitumen and fluxed native asphalt, cutback bitumen and blown
type bitumen as per IS: 1209 - 1978.

PRINCIPLE

Flash Point - The flash point of a material is the lowest

temperature at which the application of test flame causes the
vapours from the material to momentarily catch fire in the form of
a flash under specified conditions of the test.

Fire Point - The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the
application of test flame causes the material to ignite and burn at
least for 5 seconds under specified conditions of the test.

APPARATUS

FIG. 24 : PENSKY - MARTENS APPARATUS

80
i) Pensky-Martens apparatus
o o
ii) Thermometer- Low Range : -7 to 110 C, Graduation 0.5 C
o o
High Range : 90 to 370 C, Graduation 2 C

SAMPLE

The sample should be just sufficient to fill the cup upto the mark
given on it.

PROCEDURE

A) FLASH POINT
o
i) Soften the bitumen between 75 and 100 C. Stir it thoroughly
to remove air bubbles and water.

ii) Fill the cup with the material to be tested upto the filling
mark. Place it on the bath. Fix the open clip. Insert the
thermometer of high or low range as per requirement and
also the stirrer, to stir it.

iii) Light the test flame, adjust it. Supply heat at such a rate
that the temperature increase, recorded by the thermometer
o o
is neither less than 5 C nor more than 6 C per minute.

iv) Open flash point is taken as that temperature when a flash

first appears at any point on the surface of the material in
the cup. Take care that the bluish halo that sometimes
surrounds the test flame is not confused with the true flash.
Discontinue the stirring during the application of the test
flame.

v) Flash point should be taken as the temperature read on the

thermometer at the time the flash occurs.

81
B) FIRE POINT

i) After flash point, heating should be continued at such a rate

that the increase in temperature recorded by the
o o
thermometer is neither less than 5 C nor more than 6 C per
minute.

ii) The test flame should be lighted and adjusted so that it is of

the size of a bead 4mm in dia.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

i) The flash point should be taken as the temperature read on

the thermometer at the time of the flame application that
causes a distinct flash in the interior of the cup.

ii) The fire point should be taken as the temperature read on

the thermometer at which the application of test flame
causes the material to ignite and burn for at least 5
seconds.

82
7.6 SOFTENING POINT

AIM

To determine the softening point of asphaltic bitumen and fluxed

native asphalt, road tar, coal tar pitch and blown type bitumen as
per IS: 1205 - 1978.

PRINCIPLE

It is the temperature at which the substance attains a particular

degree of softening under specified condition of the test.

APPARATUS

FIG. 25 : RING AND BALL APPARATUS

i) Ring and ball apparatus

o o
ii) Thermometer - Low Range : -2 to 80 C, Graduation 0.2 C
o o
- High Range : 30 to 200 C, Graduation 0.5 C

83
PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

i) The sample should be just sufficient to fill the ring. The

excess sample should be cut off by a knife.
o
ii) Heat the material between 75 and 100 C. Stir it to remove
air bubbles and water, and filter it through IS Sieve 30, if
necessary.

iii) Heat the rings and apply glycerine. Fill the material in it and
cool it for 30 minutes.

iv) Remove excess material with the help of a warmed, sharp

knife.

PROCEDURE
o
A) Materials of softening point below 80 C:

i) Assemble the apparatus with the rings, thermometer and

ball guides in position.

ii) Fill the beaker with boiled distilled water at a temperature

o
5.0 ± 0.5 C per minute.

iii) With the help of a stirrer, stir the liquid and apply heat to
o
the beaker at a temperature of 5.0 ± 0.5 C per minute.

iv) Apply heat until the material softens and allow the ball to
pass through the ring.

v) Record the temperature at which the ball touches the

bottom, which is nothing but the softening point of that
material.

84
 o
B) Materials of softening point above 80 C:

The procedure is the same as described above. The only

difference is that instead of water, glycerine is used and the
o
starting temperature of the test is 35 C.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

Record the temperature at which the ball touches the bottom.

85
7.7 DUCTILITY

AIM

To determine the ductility of distillation residue of cutback

bitumen, blown type bitumen and other bituminous products as
per IS: 1208 - 1978.

PRINCIPLE

The ductility of a bituminous material is measured by the

distance in cm to which it will elongate before breaking when a
standard briquette specimen of the material is pulled apart at a
specified speed and a specified temperature.

APPARATUS

FIG. 26 : TESTING MACHINE

i) Standard mould

ii) Water bath

iii) Testing machine

o o
iv) Thermometer - Range 0 to 44 C, Graduation 0.2 C

86
PROCEDURE

i) Completely melt the bituminous material to be tested by

o
heating it to a temperature of 75 to 100 C above the
approximate softening point until it becomes thoroughly fluid.
Assemble the mould on a brass plate and in order to prevent
the material under test from sticking, thoroughly coat the
surface of the plate and the interior surfaces of the sides of
the mould with a mixture of equal parts of glycerine and
dextrin. While filling, pour the material in a thin stream back
and forth from end to end of the mould until it is more than
level full. Leave it to cool at room temperature for 30 to 40
minutes and then place it in a water bath maintained at the
specified temperature for 30 minutes, after which cut off the
excess bitumen by means of a hot, straight-edged putty
knife or spatula, so that the mould is just level full.

ii) Place the brass plate and mould with briquette specimen in
the water bath and keep it at the specified temperature for
about 85 to 95 minutes. Remove the briquette from the
plate, detach the side pieces and the briquette immediately.

iii) Attach the rings at each end of the two clips to the pins or
hooks in the testing machine and pull the two clips apart
horizontally at a uniform speed, as specified, until the
briquette ruptures. Measure the distance in cm through
which the clips have been pulled to produce rupture. While
the test is being done, make sure that the water in the tank
of the testing machine covers the specimen both above and
below by at least 25mm and the temperature is maintained
o
continuously within ± 0.5 C of the specified temperature.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

A normal test is one in which the material between the two clips
pulls out to a point or to a thread and rupture occurs where the
cross-sectional area is minimum. Report the average of three
normal tests as the ductility of the sample, provided the three
determinations be within ± 0.5 percent of their mean value.

87
If the values of the three determinations do not lie within ± 0.5
percent of their mean, but the two higher values are within ± 0.5
percent of their mean, then record the mean of the two higher
values as the test result.

88
 WATER ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATES

S.No. Determination No. I II III

1 Weight of saturated
surface-dried sample
in g (A) 2409 2380 2491

2 Weight of oven-dried
sample in g (B) 2404 2375 2486

89
3 Water absorption
A - B 5 5 5
= ———– x 100% 2404 x 100 = 0.208% 2375 x 100 = 0.210% 2486 x 100 = 0.201%
B

Average value 0.206%

Note: The figures given in the above table are for illustration purpose only.
ANNEXURE-I
 AGGREGATE ABRASION VALUE

S. Sample passing Sample Weight of No. of Weight of sample Abrasion value

No. through retained on sample charges retained on 1.7mm A −B
IS Sieve IS Sieve taken IS Sieve after test = × 100%
A
in mm in mm in g (A) in g (B)
1 50 40 5000 (10000-8650)
x 100=13.5%
40 25 5000 12 8650 10000

90
2 50 40 5000 (10000-8640)
x 100=13.6%
40 25 5000 12 8640 10000

3 50 40 5000 (10000-8650)
x 100=13.5%
40 25 5000 12 8650 10000

Average value 13.53%

Note: The figures given in the above table are for illustration purpose only.
ANNEXURE-II
 ANNEXURE-III

AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

S.No. Net The The Aggregate

weight of fraction fraction impact
aggregates passing retained on value
in the through 2.36mm B
= X 100%
measure 2.36mm IS Sieve A
in g (A) IS Sieve in g (C)
in g (B)

1 366 50 316 13.66%

2 350 48 302 13.71%

Average value 13.68%

Note: The figures given in the above table are for illustration
purpose only.

91
 ANNEXURE-IV

WATER CONTENT IN SOIL

S. Determination No.
Description
No. I II III
1 Weight of empty container (W1) in g 20.12 20.08 20.00

2 Weight of container + Wet soil (W2) in g 44.12 44.11 46.10

3 Weight of container + Dry soil (W3) in g 41.18 41.16 43.01

CALCULATION:
1 Weight of water = W2-W3 2.94 2.95 3.09

2 Weight of solid = W3-W1 21.06 21.08 23.01

3 W2-W3 13.96 13.99 13.43

Water content w = x 100%
W3-W1

Average value 13.79%

Note: The figures given in the above table are for illustration
purpose only.

92
 ANNEXURE-V
FLOW CURVE
50

49

48
Water content (%)

47
Liquid limit = 46.4%

46

45

44

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 60

Number of drops

93
 ANNEXURE-VI
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL

S. Description Determination No.

No. I II III
o
1 Temperature in C 31 31 31

2 Weight of bottle (W1) in g 18.57 18.50 18.62

3 Weight of bottle + Dry soil (W2) in g 28.57 28.50 28.62

4 Weight of bottle + Soil + Water (W3) in g 90.88 90.20 91.02

5 Weight of bottle + Water (W4) in g 84.74 84.00 84.83

CALCULATION:
W2-W1
1 Specific gravity G = 2.59 2.63 2.62
(W4-W1) - (W3-W2)

o
2 Average G (at 31 C) 2.61

o
3 Corrected G (at 27 C),
Relative density of water at room temperature
G' = G x —————————————————————— o
Relative density of water at 27 C

0.995369
= 2.61 x ———— = 2.6069, say 2.61
0.996542

Note: The figures given in the above table are for illustration
purpose only.

94
 ANNEXURE-VII

RELATIVE DENSITY OF WATER

S. Temperature Relative S. Temperature Relative

o o
No. ( C) density No. ( C) density
1 4 1.000000 22 25 0.997074
2 5 0.999992 23 26 0.996813
3 6 0.999968 24 27 0.996542
4 7 0.999930 25 28 0.996262
5 8 0.999876 26 29 0.995974
6 9 0.999809 27 30 0.995676
7 10 0.999728 28 31 0.995369
8 11 0.999633 29 32 0.995054
9 12 0.999525 30 33 0.994731
10 13 0.999404 31 34 0.994399
11 14 0.999271 32 35 0.994059
12 15 0.999127 33 36 0.993712
13 16 0.998970 34 37 0.993357
14 17 0.998802 35 38 0.992994
15 18 0.998623 36 39 0.992623
16 19 0.998433 37 40 0.992246
17 20 0.998232 38 41 0.99186
18 21 0.998021 39 42 0.99147
19 22 0.997799 40 43 0.99107
20 23 0.997567 41 44 0.99066
21 24 0.997326 42 45 0.99024

95
 ANNEXURE-VIII

IN-SITU DRY DENSITY OF SOIL BY CORE CUTTER METHOD

S. Description Determination No.

No. I II III

1 Internal dia. of core cutter in mm 100 100 100

2 Internal height of core cutter in mm 129.75 129.75 129.75

3 Volume of cutter (V) in cc 1019.05 1019.05 1019.05

4 Weight of core cutter (W1) in g 1130 1130 1130

5 Weight of core cutter + Soil (W2) in g 3120 3122 3119

6 Weight of soil (W2 - W1) in g 1990 1992 1989

W2 - W1
7 Bulk density of soil γ = g/cc 1.95 1.95 1.95
V

8 Moisture content (w) in % 17.75 17.76 17.73

100γ
9 Dry density of soil γd = g/cc 1.66 1.66 1.66
100 + w
Average value 1.66g/cc

Note: The figures given in the above table are for illustration
purpose only.

96
 ANNEXURE-IX

IN-SITU DRY DENSITY OF SOIL BY SAND REPLACEMENT

METHOD
Calibration of apparatus
S. No. Description Determination

1 Mean weight of sand in cone 450

(of pouring cylinder) (W2) in g
2 Volume of calibrating container 980
(V) in ml
3 Weight of sand + Cylinder, 11040
before pouring (W1) in g
4 Mean weight of sand + Cylinder, 9120
after pouring (W3) in g
5 Weight of sand to fill calibrating 1470
container (Wa = W1- W3- W2) in g
6 Bulk density of sand
Wa 3 3
γ = V X 1000kg/m = 1500kg/m
S

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 ANNEXURE-IX (contd.)

Measurement of soil density

S. Observation and calculations Determination No.

No. I II III
1 Weight of wet soil from the hole 2310 2400 2280
(Ww) in g
2 Weight of sand + Cylinder, 11040 11042 11037
before pouring (W1) in g
3 Weight of sand + Cylinder, 8840 8752 8882
after pouring (W4) in g
4 Weight of sand in the hole 1750 1840 1705
(Wb = W1 – W4 – W2) in g
5 Bulk density 1980 1956.5 2005.8
Ww 3
γb = x γs kg/m
Wb
6 Water content (w) in % 18.48 18.81 19.26
7 Dry density 1671.17 1646.75 1681.87
100γ 3
γ = b
kg/m
d 100 + w
3
Dry density (Average value) 1667kg/m

Note: The figures given in the above tables are for illustration
purpose only.

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 ANNEXURE-X

M ARSHALL STABILITY CU RV E
1200
.

.
1100
.

1000

900
S ta bility (kg)

800

700

600
.

500

400
0 5 6 7 8
B itum en (% )

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 LIST OF SUPPLIERS OF MATERIAL TESTING
EQUIPMENTS ALONGWITH THEIR ADDRESSES
1. AIMIL Ltd.
Malhotra House, Walchand Hirachand Marg,
Opp. to G.P.O. Fort, Mumbai - 400 001.

2. Testwell Scientific Instrument Pvt. Ltd.

5, Nand Dham, Ground Floor,
Plot No. 270, Sion Cementary Road, Sion (W) - 400 022.

3. Utile Equipments
13, Jal Tarang, Prabhat Road,
Lane No.1, Pune - 411 004

4. Lawerence & Mayo (India) Pvt. Ltd.

3, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune - 411 001.

5. Laxmi Sales & Agencies

84, Pannalal Nagar, Amaravati - 444 605.

6. Commander Agencies
1466, Sadashiv Peth, Pune - 411 030.

7. M/s Rout Scientific & General Traders

17/B, Ashiwini Society, Behind Hotel Monali,
Wakadewadi, Pune - 411 005.

8. DYEGLO
820/7, Shee-Krishna Kunj,
Bhandarkar Institute Road,
Pune - 411 004.

100