“10 SCIENTIST AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS”
10. Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Student of Plato and a tutor to Alexander the Great, Aristotle was a genius Greek philosopher and scientist of the ancient age. Born on
384 BC Aristotle was a biologist, a zoologist, ethicist, a political scientist and the master of rhetoric and logic. He also gave theories in
physics and meta physics. Aristotle gained knowledge in different fields with his expansive mind and prodigious writings. However,
only a fraction of his writings are preserved at present. Aristotle made collections to the plant and animal specimens and classified
them according to their characteristics which made an standard for future work. He further gave theories on the philosophy of science.
Aristotle also elaborated and estimated the size of earth which Plato assumed to be globe. Aristotle explained the chain of life through
his study in flora and fauna where it turned from simple to more complex.
9. Archimedes (287-212 BC)
Regarded as the greatest mathematician ever, Archimedes developed profound and influential knowledge on mathematical physics and
engineering that are widely used in machines as well as in constructions. Born on 287 BC, Archimedes is one of the finest scientist
who broke through in both theories and practice. He introduced infinitesimals and laid the foundation for calculus. He gave
descriptions on the first finite geometric progression, computed areas and volumes of sphere and parabolic segments. He also
discovered the laws of lever, density, fluid equilibrium, buoyancy in different fields statics and hydrostatics. He is regarded as the
prophet to the formal science that was started in Ancient Greece. “Give me a place to stand and I can move the whole world”, he said
and we can still fill the impact of his generosity even today. All other scientists after him stand on his shoulders. Even though most of
his work were burned in the museum of Alexandria, the remnants gave enough ideas for modern day science and technology.
8. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642 AD)
Born in Pisa, Italy in 1564, Galileo is called as the father of modern science because of his discoveries in astronomy and physics. He
was sent to study medicine by his father, but he chose his career in science and mathematics and made the first telescope to observe
stars and planets. He also discovered the law of pendulum as he watched a chandelier swing in the cathedral of Pisa. He also
discovered that the surface of moon was not smooth but contained burrows and holes to what he called crater. Galileo discovered 4
revolving moons around Jupiter which are named after him. He proved what Copernicus said about sun being the center of the solar
system. Galileo became blind in his old days and died in the year 1642.
7. Michael Faraday (1791-1867 AD)
Born on 1791, British citizen Michael Faraday was a son of a blacksmith who had to leave school in the fourth grade. It started
working as a bookbinder and taught himself to read and writer. He developed a fascination with science and particularly in electricity
after he studied lot of serious academic works during his days. Faraday is specially known for his discoveries of electromagnetic
inductions and rotations, field theory, dia-magnetization and the magneto-optical effect. This humble genius invented the electric
motor and Faraday’s ring. Faraday’s inquisitive and curious nature made him take chemistry lectures and taught at the Royal
Institution as a lecturer later when Humphry Davy retired. Faraday also published research papers optical deceptions, condensation of
gases and isolation of benzene from gas oils. He also wrote books on ”Experimental Researches in Electricity” and the “Chemical
history of the Candle”. Faraday died on 1867.
6. Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931 AD)
“The Wizard of the Menlo Park” nicknamed Thomas Alva Edison was born in 1847. Excelled as both scientist and inventor, Edison
patented a whopping total of 1,093 inventions in his life time. Most of the inventions that came from Edison are batteries,
phonographs, cement, mining, telegraphs, lights and powers. He also improved the telephone made by Graham Bell and invented the
kinetoscope that was used for viewing moving films. He was seen working almost more than 20 hours a day. Edison masterminded the
digital voting system with his electro-graphic vote recorder for the legislative of the parliament. He also proposed ideas on preserving
fruits by keeping it in vacuum. Edison pioneered the idea for storage batteries that was later used by Henry ford in his automobile.
“Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration” is one of the most famous quote by this genius. He died in the year
1931.
5. Marie Curie Sklodowska (1867-1934 AD)
Marie Curie holds record for the first female to be awarded with a Nobel Prize. Inventor and scientist Curie was born as the youngest
of five children in the year 1867 in Warsaw, Poland. Marie Curie has always remained a source of inspiration and motivation for
different female scientists because of her determination to work. She invented the first mobile X-ray machine which helped to check
the injured soldiers in the battlefield. Radium is another great invention from her. Curie experimented different elements to check their
radio activity and found thorium. She also invented the pitch-blend which was the source of radiation in a mixture more powerful than
uranium or thorium. She is also called ”the mother of atom bomb” with her invention of the radio active materials. However, with all
her brilliance, hard work and patience in careful experiments she performed, her own invention killed her because of radiation
poisoning in 1934.
4. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895 AD)
Louis Pasteur made astounding contributions in the field of science, technology and medicine. This genius was born on 1822 and
spent his life working in chemistry and microbiology. Pasteur was the first ever scientist to study about fermentation in food elements
that was caused by microbes. He also explained about biogenesis and proposed a theory named as the “Germ Theory”. He also created
a process of toning and treating milk free from the damage causing microbes to what he called ”Pasteurization”. Pasteur is also
regarded as the first man on earth to ever discover cure for puerperal fever and make the vaccines for rabies and anthrax. He also
explained the asymmetry in various crystals on a molecular basis. His breadth of accomplishment and approaches in different fields of
discoveries and inventions makes him a giant genius. He died in 1895.
3. Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727 AD)
Born on 1643 in Woolsthrope, England, Sir Isaac Newton is best known for his law on gravitation. He was a poor student at school or
at running the family estate. However, he loved making mechanical toys and models of windmills. Newton explained the theory of
gravity and gravitation by inventing calculus as no other principles could explain it. The new revolution in mathematics, calculus was
derived from his binomial theorem to infinite series which accurately could measure the area inside the curve or rate of change of it.
He also explained the theory on tides which occurred due to the gravitation pull from the sun, moon and earth. He also invented the
reflecting telescope. Newtons laws can be found in different areas of mechanics, optics and chemistry. He was knighted with the title
Sir by Queen Anne in 1705. Newton died at the age of 84, in 1727.
2. Albert Einstein (1879-1955 AD)
Born on 1879 in Ulm, Einstein is considered as one of the greatest revolutionary scientist the world has ever known. The “Man of
Century” has some spectacular works in physics which even makes him the father of modern physics for his contribution in
developing the general theory of relativity. The world’s most famous equation E=mc2 on which the bomb is based comes from his
theory. One of the greatest scientist of the 20th century, Einstein’s Special theory of relativity revolutionized physics which even
challenged the scientists at CERN. Albert Einstein’s genius mind for the scientific advancement cause immeasurable change to the
world. Together with his intellect, he was also a celebrity with his flirtatious behavior that could impress any women. This rare genius
was awarded Nobel Prize in 1921 ”For his work on theoretical physics, and for his discovery of the photoelectric effect”. Greatest
physicist ever voted Einstein died on 1955 in Princeton.
1. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943 AD)
This Serbian born scientist atop the list because of his immense knowledge in different fields of science and technology. Without a
question, this 1856 born guy was a cool geek. He could speak 8 languages, recite a whole book completely just with one reading,
make a device just by seeing it once and not writing down anything. A funny fact about him was that he was a celibate his whole life.
Tesla had developed almost everything by himself and did not expose any of it which later was invented by other scientists in his time.
Tesla had generated ac current before Edison knew about charges. Markoni who got Nobel prize for inventing radio used all the ideas
of Tesla. X-rays by Roentgen, RADAR by Watson-watt were all devised by Nikola Tesla.
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