SAGAR GROUP OF INSTITUTES, BHOPAL
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT: HEAT& MASS TRANSFER CODE: ME-6003
UNIT-I
Q.1 (a) Define the thermal diffusivity and explain its physical significance.
(b) What is meant by critical thickness of insulation?
Q.2 A 3 cm diameter pipe at 1000C is losing heat at the rate of 100W per meter length of pipe to the
surrounding air at 200C. This is to be reduced to a minimum value by providing insulation. The following
insulation materials are available;
Insulation A
Quantity= 3.15×10-3m3 per meter length of pipe
Thermal conductivity= 5 W/m-deg
Insulation B
Quantity= 4*10-3m3 per meter length of pipe
Thermal conductivity= 1 W/m-deg
Examine the position of better insulating layer relative to the pipe. What percentage saving in heat
dissipation results from that arrangement?
Q.3 Derive an expression of general heat conduction equation for Cartesian coordinates
Q.4 A surface is at 200°C and is exposed to surroundings at 60°C and convects and radiates heat to the
surroundings. The convection coefficient is 80W/m2K. The radiation factor is one. If the heat is
conducted to the surface through a solid of conductivity 12 W/mK, determine the temperature gradient
at the surface in the solid.
Q.5 A lake surface is covered by a 8 cm thick layer of ice (k= 8 kJ/m-hr-deg) when the ambient air
temperature is -12.5°C. A thermocouple embedded on the upper surface of the layer indicates a
temperature of -5°C. Assuming steady state conduction in the ice and no liquid sub-cooling at the
bottom surface of the ice layer, find the heat transfer co-efficient at the upper surface. Also work out the
heat loss per square kilometer of area.
Q.6 A steel pipe line (k=50 W/m-K) of I.D. 100 mm and O.D. 110 mm is to be covered with two layers of
insulation each having a thickness of 50 mm. The thermal conductivity of first insulation material is 0.06
W/m-K and that of the second is 0.12 W/m-K. Calculate the loss of heat per meter length of pipe and the
interface temperature between the two layers of insulation when the temperature of the inside tube
surface is 2500C and that of outside surface of the insulation is 500C
UNIT-II
Q.1 (a) Explain the signification of fin effectiveness
(b)What is meant by lumped-capacity? What are the physical dimensions necessary for a lumped
unsteady state analysis to apply.
Q.2 A copper rod extends from a surface at 300°C. The diameter is 12 mm and length is 9 cm. The rod is
exposed to air at 30°C with convection coefficient of 35 W/m2 K. Assuming end is insulated determine
the tip temperature. k = 340 W/mK. If an aluminium fin of the same diameter is used, what should be the
length of the fin, if the tip temperature is to be the same as the copper fin. Assume k = 210 W/mK.
Q.3 During heat treatment, cylindrical pieces of 25 mm diameter, 30 mm height and at 30 0C are placed in a furnace at
7500C with convection coefficient 80W/m2-deg the surface. Calculate the time required to heat the pieces to
6000C. What will be the shortfall in temperature if the pieces are taken out from the furnace after 280 seconds?
Assume the following property values:
Density 7850kg/m3; specific heat 480 J/kgK; conductivity 40W/m-deg.
Q.4 A 3.6 cm diameter egg, approximately spherical in shape, is initially at 250C temperature. To boil it to the
consumer’s taste, it needs to be placed for 225 seconds in a saucepan of boiling water at 1000C. For how long
should a similar egg for the same consumer be boiled when taken from a refrigerator at a temperature of 5 0C,
Properties for egg: k=2.5W/m K; c=2.2KJ/kg K and ρ=1250kg/m 3. The heat transfer coefficient for the shell and
shell water interface may be taken as 280 W/m2K and compare the centre temperature attained with that
computed by treating the egg as a lumped -heat-capacity system.
Q.5 A rod of 10 mm diameter and 80 mm length with thermal conductivity 16 W/m-deg protrudes from a
surface at 16°C. The rod is exposed to air at 30°C with a convection coefficient of 25 W/m 2-deg. How
does the heat flow from this rod get affected if the same material volume is used for two fins of the
same length? Assume short fin with end insulated.
Q.6 (a) Differentiate between efficiency and effectiveness of a fin
(b) Justify that fins are not suggested to be used on steam condenser tubes.
UNIT-III
Q.1 (a) What is the difference between free-convection and forced convection? Explain
(b) Define the term overall heat transfer coefficient.
Q.2 (a) Explain the significance of dimensional analysis for convection heat transfer problems.
(b) A steam pipe 50 mm diameter and 20.5 m long has been placed horizontally and exposed to still air at
25°C. If the pipe wall temperature is 295°C, determine the rate of heat loss. At the mean temperature of
160°C, the thermo-physical properties of air are: k= 0.0364 W/m-deg; υ=30.09 X 10-6 m2/s; Pr=0.682 and
β=2.31X 10-3 per K.
Q.3 Air at 270C flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 2m/s. The plate is heated over its entire length to a
temperature of 600C. Calculate the heat transfer for the first 20 cm of the plate. The properties of air at
43.50C are:- v = 17.36X10-6 m2/s, k = 0.0275 W/mK, Pr = 0.7,Cp=1.006kJ/kg.0C.
Q.4 (a) What is the significance of Grashof number in free convection.
(b)A spherical heater of 20 cm diameter and at 60°C is immersed in a tank of water at 20°C.
Determine the value of convective heat transfer coefficient.
Q.5 A hot square plate 40 cm X 40 cm at 100°C is exposed to atmospheric air at 20°C. Make calculations for
the heat loss from both the surfaces of the plate, if (a) the plate is kept vertical; (b) plate is kept
horizontal.
The following empirical correlations have been suggested:
Nu = 0.125 (Gr.Pr)0.33 for vertical position of plate, and
Nu = 0.72 (Gr.Pr)0.25 for upper surface
Nu = 0.35 (Gr.Pr)0.25 for lower surface
where the air properties are evaluated at the mean temperature.
Q.6 Calculate the heat loss from a human body which may be considered as a vertical cylinder 30 cm in
diameter and 175 cm high in still air at 15°C. The skin temperature is 35°C and emissivity at the skin
surface is 0.4. Neglect sweating and effect of clothing.
