SESSIOM 2021/2022 SEMSTERⅠ

AQA7018 Constructive Journalism around the world

Analysis of the elements for Constructive Journalism

in News articles from Print, Broadcasting and New

Media

Kao Yu Chuan (S2015825)

Liu Chang (S2111587)

Wang Yini (S2108264)

Dr. Mumtaz Aini Binti Alivi

December 16th, 2021

Journalism began with the newspaper industry, and the emergence of

the popular newspaper in the 1830s marked the dawn of the era of mass

communication. The subsequent emergence of electronic media, represented

by radio and television, and Internet media, represented by new media, have

had a profound impact on the way the media report news, the way audiences

receive news, and the development of society as a whole. Although in

different historical periods and social contexts, the social responsibilities and

roles of journalism were different. However, the principle of objectivity, which is

the "a god that won't die" of journalism, had a profound impact on the role of

journalists. The principle of objectivity constrains journalists to become

"outsiders" and "observers" of news events, limiting themselves to reporting

social reality and never interfering. On the other hand, the journalist's role as

"watchdogs" reflects the media's functional orientation of focusing the

reporting framework on conflict and criticism. In the process of reporting, the

media also tend to simply frame events as " justice-evil,"

"progressive-backward," "perpetrator-victim," and other such black-and-white

models. There is a lack of exploration of deep-seated causes and solutions to

the social problem.

Constructive journalism is an emerging approach to journalism that was

introduced by Danish journalist Ulrik Haagerup (2008). Constructive

journalism advocates constructive journalistic standards to compensate for the

1
shortcomings of traditional journalistic values and to achieve a balance

between constructive reporting and other reports of suffering. It involves

applying knowledge of positive psychology to journalism in an effort to create

more productive and engaging stories while staying true to the core functions

of journalism (McIntyre, 2015). It also calls for news to contain more inclusive

opinions and perspectives. While constructive journalism is unique in its

application of specific positive psychological knowledge to news reporting,

such as the inclusion of positive emotions and information about potential

solutions (McIntyre, 2015), its active participation in the goal of improving

social well-being (Gyldensted, 2015). Constructive journalism is now receiving

increasing attention in both practice and research, and has been used in a

wide variety of media. For example, Danish TV2 started a nightly news

program "Yes We Can Stories"; CNN launched "Great Big Stories" program;

The New York Times added "Fixes" column and The Guardian added "The

Upside" column; "Good News Network", "Happy News", "HuffPost Good

News" websites were also created. These different media are all trying to

achieve a positive narrative of news in the same way - constructive thinking,

which is well-received. This article analyzes three news reports from Print

Media, Broadcasting, and New Media respectively, starting from the concept

of constructive journalism, and analyzing the constructive elements in these

news, the difference from ordinary news, and the impact on society.

2
Print Media

As a major social and risk issue, AIDS has been on the radar of academia,

journalism, and the public since its inception, and the U.S. academic

community has continued to conduct a content analysis of AIDS coverage,

exploring how the media's construction of AIDS issues has changed in the

course of modernization. In 1992, Clark analyzed the way AIDS was reported

in five major popular newspapers and magazines in the United States between

1980 and 1985. It was found that while AIDS coverage was objective,

homosexuality and intravenous injection were still seen as the main culprits,

and the language of the coverage even implied that only shameless and

immoral behavior was the cause of the disease. A study by the Kaiser Family

Foundation and Princeton Survey Research Associates found that in the

mid-to-late 1980s, the U.S. news media focused on HIV transmission routes

and prevention measures to meet the public's need for information on HIV

prevention. By 1989, most of the public had become aware of the routes of

infection and most of the media shifted their focus to the impact of AIDS on

individuals, families, and specific communities in order to continue to attract

public attention. Rogers, Dearing, & Chang (1991) divided the media

presentation of AIDS issues into four periods: initial era; science era; human

era; and political era. In the initial era of AIDS coverage, AIDS was not given

much attention; in the science era, information about HIV transmission was the

focus of coverage; in the human era, the media tended to report AIDS cases in

3
a humanistic way; in the political era, the media tended to report on public

policy issues, including mandatory testing and human rights of patients. As an

issue that has existed for 40 years in many aspects of science, medicine, law,

and society, the news coverage of AIDS is worth studying. The following

example is an article from The Guardian titled “Even after 40 years the

response to Aids in many countries is still held back by stigma.”

The Journalism Department at Windesheim University of Applied

Sciences in the Netherlands set out to categorize constructive journalistic

aspects in 2016. Windesheim established six constructive elements by

integrating the university's current constructive journalism teaching techniques

with applications of constructive journalism found in the profession. (1)

Solutions: Include a solution-oriented framing of news when discussing

problems. (2) Future Orientation: In addition to the conventional journalistic

inquiries (who, what, where, why, how), adding a "What Now?" inquiry.

Including a future orientation enables a more productive outlook on the future

and our abilities to reach it. (3) Inclusiveness and diversity: Increase the

number of voices and points of view in the news. Work to counteract the

polarizing effects of the news media. (4) Empower people: Ask a range of

questions that empower both so-called victims and specialists. Questions

concerning possible resources, partnerships, common ground, and solutions

should be asked. (5) The Rosling: Explain and contextualize the news. Create

clear infographics that convey the news using statistics. The goal is to move

4
away from covering occurrences and instead focus on contexts. (6)

Co-creation: Involve and empower the general public. Collaborate with citizens

to develop journalistic information.

This report contains the above six elements. (1) Solutions: journalists

cited a range of measures to help people living with HIV, including eliminating

HIV stigma, discrimination and criminalization; countries to consider the

distribution of HIV relief funds; and communities to actively design, implement

and sustainably fund relevant interventions for key populations; (2) Future

Orientation: defend the human rights of people living with AIDS, repeal punitive

laws, enact laws to protect people living with AIDS from abuse, overcome

discrimination and end AIDS 40 years later; (3) Inclusiveness and diversity: in

addition to calling for and proposing measures to reduce discrimination,

journalists have reported on the resistance to human rights, freedom and

personal autonomy of people living with AIDS in countries such as Russia, and

the underestimation of the size and incidence of AIDS in countries where

homosexuality is socially repressed; (4) Empower people: Cheick Hamala

Sidibé, human rights officer at Arcad Santé Plus, Mali health workers, ACLS

community health workers in Morocco, the Dutch organization Aidsfonds and

other AIDS-related organizations from around the world are mentioned in the

report; (5) The Rosling: this report cites a number of data, including global

AIDS statistics from UNAIDS, estimates number from the Russian government,

and testing data from Coalition Plus, the international network fighting AIDS,

5
and provides hyperlinks to the policies and data of relevant organizations for

further reading; (6) Co-creation: journalists reports the phenomenon of stigma

has historically impeded the response to this virus, and it continues to

disproportionately afflict crucial populations including as males who have sex

with men, sex workers, transgender individuals, drug users, and prisoners. It

called for an end to discrimination and stigma against people living with AIDS

and emphasized that stopping AIDS discrimination is a shared responsibility of

all humanity.

The normal news about AIDS can be broadly classified into three types:

first, the data on the AIDS epidemic; second, the AIDS prevention and

treatment efforts; and third, the background information about AIDS. These

stories tend to describe the overall situation and clearly reflect the "top-down"

relationship between the government and the public. The government is

portrayed by the media as the "leader" of AIDS management, while the

general public and people living with AIDS are considered as "followers",

highlighting the image of people living with AIDS as a "high-risk group" in the

eyes of others, and reinforcing the construction of the "other" image of people

living with AIDS. In contrast to normal news, in this report, on the one hand,

instead of focusing on those who suffer from AIDS, those who die because of

AIDS, those who are discriminated against, and to whom these responsibilities

are attributed; it focuses on what organizations have done, what helps people

with AIDS have received, and what the future will be. On the other hand, since

6
the topic of AIDS involves many aspects such as science, policy, law, ethics,

and social culture, this report not only cites sources from government and

experts, but also contains many channels such as non-governmental

organizations, community workers, and international websites, emphasizing

that AIDS is not only the responsibility of the government, but also the common

responsibility of the whole society and all human beings. In addition, while this

article mentions the difficulties that remain in stopping the stigmatization of

AIDS: Russia is pushing back on human rights, freedoms, and personal

autonomy, and having preventive tools in your pocket, such as sterile syringes

or condoms, can lead to imprisonment in some countries. But by blending in

descriptions of government and other organizational measures for governance,

the complexity and dangers of AIDS itself are hidden, suggesting a situation

where AIDS can be overcome, is being overcome, and is being treated well,

reflecting an optimistic attitude about the future.

From an individual perspective, Aitamurton & Varma (2018) argue that

constructive journalism requires journalists to report on social issues in order

to address them and to show support for the idea of social progress. In this

report, the journalist is both focused on improving the obstacles encountered

by AIDS and dedicated to providing information and guidance for people living

with AIDS. A more positive stance is taken to engage in the future of AIDS. On

the other hand, the reporter's constant calls for the repeal of punitive laws and

the enactment of laws to protect people living with AIDS from abuse not only

7
help to strengthen legislation, but also convey a more optimistic and hopeful

view. By watching this report, the public can experience positive emotions, and

such emotions can also motivate them to reduce discrimination and stigma

against people with AIDS, thus maintaining a stable social order and

contributing to a better relationship between people with AIDS and the public

and with the whole society.

From the media's perspective, McIntyre (2015) found that when people

were presented with effective solutions to problems, their negative emotions

were significantly reduced, suggesting that solution-based reporting may

mitigate some of the harmful effects of negative news coverage. In this report,

the journalist provided people with possible solutions and measures that have

worked, and therefore was able to alleviate the public's fear of HIV while

encouraging active participation and emulation. Guiding public opinion in this

more positive way can enhance the positive impact of communication effects,

thus increasing the public's trust in the media. It is also the goal of constructive

journalism to strengthen the information connection, emotional connection,

and social connection among individuals, media, and society, in order to

establish a positive interactive relationship among individuals, media, and

society.

From the world's perspective，More research on the global dimensions of

AIDS coverage, particularly coverage of the epidemic in developing countries,

is needed, according to Swain (2005), not only to "provide public constructive

8
press criticism but also to develop practical models for improved public service

journalism about this issue" (p. 260). This news contains AIDS issues in

Morocco, Ecuador, Mali, and Russia, responding to the diversity of different

countries and regions, while also proposing a series of solutions for the public,

for the future, and for action from a global perspective, in order to address the

global problem of AIDS.

Broadcasting

In unanticipated ways, the television is being rebuilt, recreated, and

rebuilt, recreated, and reinvented. Along with internet downloads and online

video streaming, broadcasting has become just one of several alternatives for

disturbing TV content (Sherman & Graham, 2008). Additionally, broadcasting

currently reigns supreme. Its status as the standard form of television is in

jeopardy (Sherman & Graham, 2008). On the coverage news on broadcasting,

the number of youngsters smoking has increased throughout the days. A study

conducted by Reddy et al. (2020) on the consequence of smoking in the

pandemic COVID-19 is brutality because it might cause lung injuries and lead

to a higher risk of getting infected. As a journalist, were' aware that is a large

portion of the community believes the news media is too harmful and

conflict-ridden. The journalist is also aware that bad news reports are

unavoidable if not required (Mclntyre, 2019). But sometimes, providing

negative news and giving a good solution is where constructive journalism

9
occurs. According to WHO, the World Health Organization report on 28th July

2020, the plain acute breathing syndrome coronavirus the Covid-19 had

infected 16 341 920 people in 188 countries, resulting in 650 805 deaths. They

mentioned smoking, Warner and Goldenhar's (2016) study on whether

tobacco marketing significantly impacts tobacco advertising and promotion.

Besides, the public is being distracted by the tobacco ads, and it's attracting

young hood to test with the tobacco products. Moreover, another mechanism,

which advertising could increase the consumption, the media may limit the

coverage of the dangers of tobacco products for fear of tobacco firms

removing their advertisements if they don't.

Andi Sahtiani Jahrir and Muhammad Tahir (2020) argue that there is still

a constraint on broadcast recording live such as radio because there might be

a wrong signal to receive information. So making rendered video

advertisement on TV would be the better choice. According to a recent content

analysis of 197 anti-smoking television commercials, messaging targeting

teenagers focused on short-term repercussions and employed funny appeals

(Beaudoin, 2002). Furthermore, the fear appeals were most commonly used in

ads that focused on long-term health implications, were more typically targeted

towards adults (Biener et al., 2010). However, more research with a greater

number of ads of each type would be beneficial, for both to reproduce these

findings and analyze potential connections between parameters like

advertising intensity and the level of emotion produced (Biener et al., 2010).

10
 Moreover, the data collection shows that the high frequency of

advertising enhances the like hood of remembering. The more extended

opening between broadcast and survey, the lower the chance of people to

memory. Other reports show that high levels of strength are connected to

decreased perceived efficiency; besides those in advertisements, certain

commercials elicit strong emotional responses. It appears to be more likely to

create early audience weariness than being less emotive (Biener et al., 2010).

Even broadcasting on preventing smoking did not show great results; when

smoking advertisement success, the anti-smoking strategies will face

enormous pressure, but broadcast still transfers the message to the audience

the negative side of smoking, even in COVID-19. On the suggestion, the

researcher finds broadcast should pay attention to using unified theory to

formulate hypotheses, choosing reasonable commercial motivations,

integrating applicable procedures of dispensation and intellectual reply, and

integrating appropriate qualification once the significant issue is resolved. TV

commercials should be used powerfully on broadcast because they have a

strong connection with verbal, visual, and radio elements to ensure the

modality is not confused with a title (Bryce & Olney 1988). Besides, pre-testing

of all aspects is required, and operation instructions should be typical (Leigh,

1991). Although broadcasting on media will be compared from different

perspectives, it is necessary to look carefully at the evaluation of study

development and operation. Hopefully, in the future, people may pay more

11
attention to these concerns and provide practice and theories (Leigh, 1991).

The use of tobacco use on smoking has caused numerous health issues.

Every year. Every year the people who take tobacco causes 8 million

cardiovascular diseases, lung disease, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension.

Besides that, tobacco used is also causes serious illness and death from other

respiratory illness (WHO, 2020). A question is being asked on smoker’s clinical

outcomes, whether they are vulnerable to the infection, besides whether

nicotine has any scientific effect on the Corona Virus during the pandemic. The

World Health Organization (2020),has been conducted a review on the

connection of smoking and COVID-19 by researching on MEDLINE, EMBASE,

the Cochrane Library, and the WHO Global Database. Brinn et al. (2010)

wants to use mass media interferences for preventing more people from taking

cigarettes. Brinn et al. (2010) uses a few types of studies in mass media

operation, first is a randomized controlled experiment in which the

randomization unit was a school, a public, or a geographic region. The second

studies was using a controlled experiment assigning schools, communities, or

geographical regions. The third was conducting a data collection on a subject

at regular intervals over a period of time. The term of mass media denotes to

communication networks such as television, radio, billboards, poster, flyers,

newspapers, and booklets that are meant to reach a huge number of people

and are not reliant on one-on-one interaction. The primary goal of the mass

media operation should be to avoid young people from the initial start to smoke.

12
There were additional studies of mass media campaigns paired with

school-based programs aimed at changing young people’s smoking habits

(Brinn et al., 2010). There are few levels of measures that is carried out firstly,

the results show the youngsters can be divided into two categories which are

the smokers and the non-smokers in a diverse way where it is likely the

severest meaning was employed, with young people considered as smokers if

they had ever used cigarettes. Secondly on the measuring the smoking

outcome of their attitudes. An additional report measures on media, the mass

media enterprises that were only measured in terms of middle outcomes or

progression metrics were eliminated. The seven different types of media

programs have been tested as a way to avert young people from starting to

smoke. 3/7 therapies were discovered to be linked to decreased smoking

behavior (Hafstad 1997). Over three years the results of three-week

newspaper adverts, posters, TV, and cinema spots were compared to a control

county that received no interference. According to Worden (1983) after an

18-month period, TV messages aimed at preventing the uptake of smoking

were shown to 10-12 years olds in the viewing area of a rural network affiliate

TV station in the United States besides that between the interference and

control counties, no statistically important variations in smoking behavior were

revealed. Another studies from Bauman (1991), radio mails were utilized to

promote the dangers of smoking, as well as the advertising of a sweepstakes

offer, which was broadcast first on the radio and then on the television, and the

13
sweepstakes event also gives encouragement towards the fresh people to

invite friends into the competition and hope no smoking would take place.

New Media

When a new era is opened, new media unknowingly enter our daily life

and further integrate into our everyday life. With the continuous progress of

new technology, there is a closer relationship between people and the Internet,

intensifying the impact of new media on people's daily lives. Canadian scholar

McLuhan (1967) once pointed out that “the medium is the massage” and he

believed that people feel the media not only as information, but also as if their

whole body receives a massage, and people can personally feel the influence

of media on our life and social structure. Therefore, it is difficult not to consider

the tremendous impact of different media on the times. While the tremendous

influence of print media and broadcasting in the construction of constructive

journalism was discussed above, the surprising power of new media, the rising

media star of the 21st century, on the structure of constructive journalism is

even more noteworthy.

New media is a new product of media evolution. In the new media,

people's communication is more rapid, and the role of journalists has changed

to a certain extent. Under the background of the new media era, social media

has gradually attracted people's attention. Social media has its characteristics.

It is famous for its rapid information transmission, the equal identity of both

14
parties, convenient use, etc. As one of the characteristics of constructive news,

communication and helpfulness also have total space to display on social

media. Constructive news also has rich observability when major public events

occur. During COVID-19, the social changes intensified, with many general

problems emerging, and constructive news also has a lot of strength

applications during this period. The following is an example of "here for you"

launched by social media Snapchat during COVID-19.

As we all know, during COVID-19, the public is prone to mental health

problems and emotional crises due to various changes and social factors.

Under such changes, Snapchat launched the "here for you" mental health

resource center to provide services for users. In the here for your section,

users can access relevant resource links to help themselves eliminate

concerns, pressures, and other problems. Users can also establish friends

through Snapchat's online social networking to jointly resist loneliness and

anxiety. On the other hand, Snapchat cooperates with the World Health

Organization and the U.S. Centers for disease control to ensure that Snapchat

users obtain information from expert channels on time. Snapchat has also

enabled a special edition of “here for you” for topics about COVID-19. The tool

covers topics like social distancing, messages from experts, methods to cope

and prevent COVID-19 (Ahmed, 2020).

This is a successful case of Western media transformation and a way

advocated by constructive journalism. It focuses on how to alleviate social

15
contradictions, can provide essential services for the audience through the

power of the media, find a reasonable and urgently needed demand during

covid-19, and genuinely serve the audience so that the news no longer stays

at what to say, but what the audience needs, and truly solve the problems of

the audience. In a time of great uncertainty, tools like this can provide

significant assistance. This is especially key among younger audiences,

Snapchat's core user market, as the ongoing impacts of the crisis can

disproportionately impact their mental health and stability (Andrew, 2020).

After such a module is launched, people can positively understand

COVID-19 by consulting experts and viewing the latest news released by

professionals and relevant departments, which positively impacts social

stability. This also shows many differences from regular reports. Such a

module helps the audience better participate in news production. News

practitioners better understand what kind of information people need. The

information also really serves the audience. This helpful and guiding news can

guide people's opinions and help maintain social stability, unlike ordinary

words.

Conclusion

We all know that with the popularity of the Internet and the continuous

progress of 3G, 4G, and 5G technologies, the Internet has played a significant

role in the progress of the times. At the same time, the vigorous development

16
of new media has also played an important role in disseminating information.

But we also see that with the continuous development of new media,

considerable changes have taken place in the news industry. Significant

changes have occurred in the relationship between the traditional audience

and communicators. When the audience holds the microphone, they can also

freely spread information, which puts forward higher requirements for the

development of the news industry, and constructive news came into being.

Whether it is print media, broadcast, or new media, they are all trying to cover

constructive news more. Especially in the context of the COVID-19, we need to

gain strength from constructive journalism. Journalists that report with a

solutions-oriented focus aren't just “watchdogs”; they're also "guide dogs",

guiding those who live in the dark and helpless night and helping them out of

their predicament. It is foreseeable that constructive journalism will be more

widely used in the future, as Haagerup wrote in the initial article when

constructive journalism was presented: “We should dare supplement our

traditional news criteria with a new one: Constructive news” (Haagerup, 2008).

17
Reference

Adelman, R. C., & Verbrugge, L. M. (2000). Death makes news: the social

impact of disease on newspaper coverage. Journal of health and social

behavior, 347-367.

Ahmed, Y. (2021). Snapchat rolls out Here For You mental health support tool

for Indian users. Retrieved 8 December 2021, from

https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/snapchat-rolls-out-here

-for-you-mental-health-support-tool-for-indian-users-1700054-2020-07-1

Bauman, K. E., LaPrelle, J., Brown, J. D., Koch, G. G., & Padgett, C. A. (1991).

The influence of three mass media campaigns on variables related to

adolescent cigarette smoking: results of a field experiment. American

Journal of Public Health, 81(5), 597-604.

Beaudoin, C. E. (2002). Exploring antismoking ads: Appeals, themes, and

consequences. Journal of health communication, 7(2), 123-137.

Biener, L., Ji, M., Gilpin, E. A., & Albers, A. B. (2004). The impact of emotional

tone, message, and broadcast parameters in youth anti-smoking

advertisements. Journal of health communication, 9(3), 259-274.

Brinn, M. P., Carson, K. V., Esterman, A. J., Chang, A. B., & Smith, B. J.

(2012). Cochrane review: Mass media interventions for preventing

smoking in young people. Evidence‐Based Child Health: A Cochrane

18
 Review Journal, 7(1), 86-144.

Bro, P. (2019). Constructive journalism: Proponents, precedents, and

principles. Journalism, 20(4), 504-519.

Bryce, W., & Olney, T. J. (1988). Modality effects in television advertising: A

methodology for isolating message structure from message content

effects. ACR North American Advances.

Cathrine, G. (2015). From Mirrors to Movers: Five Elements of Positive

Psychology in Constructive Journalism.

Clarke, J. N. (1992). Cancer, heart disease, and AIDS: What do the media tell

us about these diseases?. Health Communication, 4(2), 105-120.

Flynn, B. S., Worden, J. K., Secker-Walker, R. H., Badger, G. J., & Geller, B. M.

(1995). Cigarette smoking prevention effects of mass media and school

interventions targeted to gender and age groups. Journal of Health

Education, 26(sup2), S45-S51.

Greenberg, R. H., Freimuth, V. S., & Bratic, E. (1979). A content analytic study

of daily newspaper coverage of cancer. Annals of the International

Communication Association, 3(1), 645-654.

Gyldensted, C. (2011). Innovating news journalism through

positive psychology.

Haagerup, U. (2008). Konstruktive nyheder (Constructive News). Politiken.

19
Hafstad, A., Aarø, L. E., Engeland, A., Andersen, A., Langmark, F., &

Stray-Pedersen, B. (1997). Provocative appeals in anti-smoking mass

media campaigns targeting adolescents—the accumulated effect of

multiple exposures. Health Education Research, 12(2), 227-236.

Hermans, L., & Gyldensted, C. (2019). Elements of constructive

journalism: Characteristics, practical application and audience

Himmich, H., & Podmore, M. (2021). Even after 40 years the response to Aids

in many countries is still held back by stigma | Hakima Himmich and Mike

Podmore. Retrieved 7 December 2021, from

https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/dec/01/response

-aids-hiv-stigma-discrimination-drug-use-homophobia

Hutchinson, A. (2021). Snapchat Launches New 'Here For You' Mental Health

Resource Ahead of Time in Response to COVID-19. Retrieved 8

December 2021, from

https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/snapchat-launches-new-here-f

or-you-mental-health-resource-ahead-of-time-i/574507/

Jahrir, A. S., & Tahir, M. (2020). Live broadcast impact in teaching and

learning process during Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of

Humanities and Innovation (IJHI), 3(4), 150-153.

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2006). Survey of Americans on HIV/AIDS.

Leigh, J. H. (1991). Information processing differences among broadcast

20
 media: Review and suggestions for research. Journal of

Advertising, 20(2), 71-75.

McIntyre, K., & Gyldensted, C. (2018). Constructive journalism: An introduction

and practical guide for applying positive psychology techniques to news

production. The journal of media innovations, 4(2), 20-34.

McIntyre, K. (2019). Solutions journalism: The effects of including solution

information in news stories about social problems. Journalism

Practice, 13(1), 16-34.

Moeller, S. D. (2002). Compassion fatigue: How the media sell disease,

famine, war and death. Routledge.

Reddy, R. K., Charles, W. N., Sklavounos, A., Dutt, A., Seed, P. T., & Khajuria,

A. (2021). The effect of smoking on COVID‐19 severity: A systematic

review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Medical Virology, 93(2),

1045-1056.

Rogers, E. M., Dearing, J. W., & Chang, S. (1991). AIDS in the 1980s: The

agenda-setting process for a public issue. Journalism and

Communication Monographs, 126.

Sowden, A. J. (1998). Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in

young people. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (4).

21
The Best Solutions Journalism of 2018. (2021). Retrieved 8 December 2021,

from

https://thewholestory.solutionsjournalism.org/the-best-solutions-journal

ism-of-2018-3cfdd656e6fe

Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool

for systematic reviews that include randomised or non‐randomised

studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008

Swain, K. A. (2005). Approaching the quarter-century mark: AIDS coverage

and research decline as infection spreads. Critical Studies in Media

Communication, 22(3), 258-262.

Young, S., & Meikle, G. (2008). Beyond broadcasting? TV for the twenty-first

century.

Warner, K. E., & Goldenhar, L. M. (1989). The cigarette advertising broadcast

ban and magazine coverage of smoking and health. Journal of Public

Health Policy, 10(1), 32-42.

WHO. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report – 190.

Retrieved 8 December 2021, from

https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/2

0200728-covid-19-sitrep-190.pdf?sfvrsn=fec17314_2

Worden, J., Flynn, B., & McAuliffe, T. (1983). Using television messages to

prevent smoking among adolescents. In American Public Health

22
 Association Annual Meeting. University of Vermont: Office of Health

Promotion Research and Biometry Facility, College of Medicine,

Department of Mathematics (Statistics Program) College of Engineering

and Mathematics.

World Health Organization. (2020). Smoking and COVID-19: scientific brief.

23