Computer Science & Engineering Dept.

SMART BIN

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABOUT THE PROJECT

The unstoppable population explosion has lead to a massive increase in production

of raw materials and consumable end user products. The amount of waste generated is
directly proportional to the production. Since the generation of refuses cannot be
curbed any time soon, the only alternative is intelligent waste management practices.
The limited natural resources need efficient methods and systems for recycling and
processing of the wastes for a better, cleaner environment.

Cities are becoming increasingly aware of the problems related to conventional

methods of waste collection. In general, waste may be defined as unwanted materials
that are not prime products which are of no further importance to human in their
actual form. Waste may be generated during the extraction or processing of raw
materials, consumption of final products and human activities. They can thus be
classified as industrial waste, clinical waste and domestic waste. Improper disposal of
garbage has many hazards affecting all forms of life leading to contamination of air,
water and soil and also causes dangerous diseases to human beings.

Waste management is one of the primary problem that the world faces irrespective
of the case of developed or developing country. Although some action has been taken
from the government against this, poor management of waste has led to the emission
of greenhouse gases. Hazardous wastes pollute the environment in various ways.
Even before such wastes are safely disposed off, they pollute the air, water, soil and
also pose a threat to human life.

The key issue in the waste management is that the garbage bin at public places gets
overflowed well in advance before the commencement of the next cleaning process. It
in turn leads to various hazards such as bad odor & ugliness to that place which may
be the root cause for spread of various diseases. To avoid all such hazardous scenario
and maintain public cleanliness and health this work is mounted

Sahrdaya College of Engineering & Technology 1

on a smart garbage system. The main theme of the work is to develop a smart
intelligent garbage alert system for a proper garbage management .This project
proposes a smart alert system for garbage clearance to the municipal authorities by
displaying the fill level of the waste bin on the android application for instant cleaning
of dustbin. In association with Swachh Bharat Abhiyan - a nationwide cleanliness
campaign run by the government of India and initiated by the Prime Minister,
Narendra Modi on 2nd of October in 2014 on 145th birthday anniversary of the
Mahatma Gandhi – we are also adding a special feature which promotes the people to
use the garbage bins. Special reward points are provided to the registered users for
each deposit of waste in the garbage bin. This points can be viewed by the users by
logging in to the application named 'smart bin'.

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

The most important reason for waste collection is the protection of the environment

and the health of the population. Waste management or waste disposal are all the
activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final
disposal. This includes amongst other things collection, transport, treatment and
disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation. It also encompasses the legal
and regulatory framework that relates to waste management encompassing guidance on
recycling.
The existing garbage disposal system in India requires manual labour for segregation
of its waste. With a population of 1.252 billion (2013) people in India, relying solely on
the segregation done manually is not healthy. It leads to an unhealthy environment as
well as can bring about many hazards for the labourers. Our objective is to bring about
an automated process to the existing laborious method where the process is faster,
cleaner and does not affect the ecosystem. The biodegradable products must be put to
decompose and the rest, recycled. Resources must be saved and they must not be
extinguished.
In India, a proper waste management system is urgent necessary for the following
reasons:
(a) To control different types of pollution, i.e., air pollution, soil pollution, water
pollution etc.;

(b) To stop the spread of infectious diseases.;

(c) To conserve all our environmental resources, including forest, minerals water etc.;

(f) To recycling of hazardous wastes for further production.

 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review is a text of a scholarly paper, which includes the current
knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological
contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and do
not report new or original experimental work. Most often associated with academic-
oriented literature, such reviews are found in academic journals, and are not to be
confused with book reviews that may also appear in the same publication. Literature
reviews are a basis for research in nearly every academic field. A narrow-scope
literature review may be included as part of a peer-reviewed journal article presenting
new research, serving to situate the current study within the body of the relevant
literature and to provide context for the reader. In such a case, the review usually
precedes the methodology and results sections of the work.

Producing a literature review may also be part of graduate and post-graduate

student work, including in the preparation of a thesis, dissertation, or a journal article.
Literature reviews are also common in a research proposal or prospectus (the
document that is approved before a student formally begins a dissertation or thesis).

2.1 INTERNET OF BINS

This paper gives a basic idea of why waste management is important in India, and
how we can do this in a more efficient way by getting help from the technology. They
use the concept of IoT which acts as a backbone Technology. Surveillance systems
can be used to improve Quality of Service in Trash collection. This paper proposes an
advanced Trash collection system with smart bins that alerts the authorised collector
by sending alert messages for efficient Trash collection in Cities.

This paper gives ample idea for our project. In this they are talking about the waste
management system by sending SMS to the required authority if the bins are over
flowing.
 This paper tells about the implementation of smart trash management system using
sensor, microcontroller and other modules. This system ensures emptying of dustbins
appropriately when the garbage level reaches its maximum. Two threshold limits will
be set for the bins and an alert message is sent to the Municipality van that collects the
trash. If the acknowledgment is not received it is sent again when it reaches threshold
limit and the bin gets locked. When it gets locked it displays the message
OVERLOADED. If the dustbin will be monitored for a specific time and when not
cleared within certain time limit, then a message will be sent to the higher authority
who can take appropriate action.

For the garbage detection, weight sensor, infra red sensors and fill level sensors
could be used. It provides information about the weight of the wastes in the dustbin
and the information about the level of the garbage in the dustbin. IR sensor used for
garbage detection. Infrared wavelengths can be detected by devices. IR sensor section
consists of the transmitter and receiver. IR transmitter consists of LED which sends
the IR beam. To receive this beam IR receiver is used.

For communication purpose ZigBee technology can also be used in the transmitter
section. ZigBee is a wireless networking standard that can control. But the main
disadvantages of ZigBee are short range, low complexity, and low data speed.
Therefore GSM is more efficient for communication.

The advantage of this project is it provides a revolutionary and implementable idea

of waste management.

The disadvantages are more areas can’t be implemented in the first place. In this
project we take the idea of detecting over flowing concept and also the message
sending mechanism. In this paper we get an idea the basic requirements needed for
our project.
2.2 AUTOMATION OF SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT USING IoT TO
SUPPORT “SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN” – A PRACTICAL APPROACH

This paper gives another great idea of waste management. They are using some
system to manage the waste of certain apartment or society exclusively. This is an
IOT based approach. This project can be implemented for apartment type buildings
that may also include industries wherein, the demanded resource for the implementer
or the designer is provided. Installation of the process includes tech bins, 2 conveyor
belts (one for dry waste & the other for wet waste), IoT module to instruct &
Underground bin facility.

The advantage of this project is that the targeted waste collection saves times,
money, and fuel and also reduce exhaust gas emission. Even garbage truck tours can
be reduced by 30%. Hence by this project we can deal with RF technology, collection
of garbage to make the premises clean.

But its more about a theoretical concept than a practical approach, the
implementation cost of this model was very high and we have to provide proper
project education to the common people how to use it very clearly.

In this paper we understood the role of IoT, as IoT is used to control the conveyor
belt.

2.3 IOT BASED SMART GARBAGE ALERT SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

UNO

This paper proposes an e-monitoring system that put forth’s an embedded system
and web based software assimilated with RFID and IoT technology. Using the
anticipated system, monitoring of the waste collection status could be monitored
effectively.

They are using RFID and sensor networks that offer a brand new channel to
optimize the waste management systems in a better circumstance.
 The system is designed in such a way that it avoids the overflow of the dustbin by
sending alerts to the borough with help of a microcontroller linked with a web server
using IoT. It also provides the verification process after cleaning the dustbin. The
level of the dustbin is calculated by measuring the distance of the nearest obstacle
using an ultrasonic sensor. Arduino UNO R3 is used as the microcontroller to read the
data from the ultrasonic sensor. It is programmed to send an alert to the Thing Speak
web server once the garbage reaches a certain distance. An RFID reader is interfaced
with the Arduino for the verification process. Whenever an RFID tag (ID card of the
cleaner) interrupts the RFID reader, the ultrasonic sensor checks the status of the
dustbin and sends it to the web server. An android application is used to view the
alerts and status at the server end.

The advantage of the system is a modern practical approach to a smart bin. But
even though a smart bin created the people are not ready to put then waste on the bin
that’s what the most important problem of today. So we have to provide or apply
some technique in order to enhance the common people to put waste on the bins.

This paper gives us a clear idea about the sensors, their working principle and how
they can implement and installed properly in the bin.

2.4 AN AUTOMATIC CLASSIFICATION METHOD FOR ENVIRONMENT

In this paper they are proposed an automated recognition system using Deep
learning algorithm in Artificial Intelligence to classify objects as biodegradable and
non-biodegradable, where the system once trained with an initial dataset, can identify
objects real-time and classify them almost accurately.

Deep learning is an arising field of Machine learning which is still in its research
and mainly aims in bringing machine learning even more nearer to one of its focuses:
Artificial Intelligence. Machine learning concentrates on tasks such as recognising the
images, converting speech to text, recognition of speech and visual object, drug
discovery, face detection and recognition, weather forecast etc. Deep learning
techniques are used more in these applications where adaptive learning is done. Deep
learning can do cognitive learning such as learning the features, characteristics and
attributes with the help of good algorithms which can learn by
itself and deep architecture. The family of deep learning has been increasing which
includes neural networks, various unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms
for recognising feature such as Deep Belief Network, Deep convolutional Neural
Network and Recurrent Neural Network and models which represent the probability
of the hierarchy.

This project proposal for the management of wastes is efficient and time saving
than the currently employed method where the municipality employees perform.
Though this system is simple in concept, it is very valuable and affordable. Hence to
ensure being automated, a system which takes lots of dataset as input without human
intervention and also has the capacity to think by itself offers the best solution.

They are proposing an idea where a computer on its own is able to recognize the
waste without human intervention based on the material of the item, irrespective of its
shape and size, easily and classify them. Our proposed system can learn by itself and
thus can constantly update itself in case of new materials. The advantages to the
proposed system would include easy decomposition, lesser health hazards and faster
process that requires only an initial investment and is automatic.

But this is more about a theoretical approach, there is a limitation to detect all kinds
of waste, may be some of the waste can be detected but designing a system with
detecting all kinds of waste is practically cannot possible now. May be in future we
can hope there will be mechanisms to detect all kinds of waste.

In this paper we got a clear idea about the deep learning algorithm, its requirements
and how can we integrate waste segregation too in our project.
 Computer Science & Engineering Dept. SMART BIN

2.5 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATIC CLUSTERED,

ASSORTED TRASH SEGREGATION SYSTEM
.

In this paper, using the concept of automation we propose a spot segregation

unit that effectively separates various categories of refuses generated the
municipalities. In this system only segregation process is automated remaining
transportation and collection is through labour requirements.

This paper tells about the companies use Trommel separators or drum screens to
segregate materials according to their particle size. The waste is fed into a large
rotating drum which is designed with holes of a specific size. Materials smaller than
the diameter of the holes can easily drop through, but larger particles will remain in
the drum. An Eddy current separator method is used specifically for the separation of
metals. In the induction sorting method, different materials are sent along a conveyor
belt with a series of sensors underneath the conveyor. These sensors detect the
different types of metal. X-ray technology is used to distinguish between the different
types of waste based on their density.

In this paper, they have proposed a model for automated clustered assorted trash
maintenance system as a precursor to fully automated trash management systems in
the optimistically approaching smart city scenario. For commercialization, the GUI
could be converted into an app which could be downloaded from the playstore and the
user interface could be scaled down in size in the form of mobile interface or any
hand held remote device. The proposed system has the feature of mobility which is
useful in segregation and collection of wayside wastes. There would be a considerable
reduction in the cases registered at various hospitals for diseases spread from unclean
environment under the assumption that waste management techniques and practices
are enhanced both by the government as well as the generators of the waste.

But it is not practically feasible to detect all kinds of waste together. We cannot
predict the different types of waste that people are depositing.

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Computer Science & Engineering Dept. SMART BIN

CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM ANALYSIS.

System analysis as the process of studying a procedure or business in order to

identify its goals and purposes and create systems and procedures that will achieve
them in an efficient way. Another view sees system analysis as a problem-
solving technique that decomposes a system into its component pieces for the purpose
of the studying how well those component parts work and interact to accomplish their
purpose. Analysis and synthesis, as scientific methods, always go hand in hand; they
complement one another. Every synthesis builds upon the results of a preceding
analysis, and every analysis requires a subsequent synthesis in order to verify and
correct its results.

The field of system analysis relates closely to requirements analysis or to

operations research. It is also an explicit formal inquiry carried out to help a
decision maker identify a better course of action and make a better decision than she
might otherwise have made.

3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Sensor Based Waste Collection Bin is used to identify status of waste bins if it is
empty or filled so as to customize the waste collection schedule accordingly and also
save the cost. Real time waste management system by using smart dustbins to check
the fill level of dustbins whether the dustbins are full or not, through this system the
information of all smart dustbins can be accessed from anywhere and anytime by the
concern person. It will inform the status of each and every dustbin in real time so that
concerned authority can send the garbage collection vehicle only when the dustbin is
full. By implementing this system resource optimization, cost reduction, effective
usage of smart dustbins can be done.

But in India the main problem is the people are not willing to put waste on the bin
so we have to provide some motivations, this system doesn’t give such kind of

9
promotions and that is the big disadvantage of this system. To overcome this demerit
we are introducing our smart bin-a smartest and efficient way for waste management.

3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.2.1 Motivations for the proposed system

The father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi had said that, “Sanitation is more
important than Independence” during his time before the independence of India. He
was well aware of the bad and unclean situation of the India. He had emphasized the
people of India a lot about the cleanliness and sanitation as well as its implementation
in the daily lives. However, it was not so effective and failed because of the
incomplete participation of people.
To make our country clean and beautiful, in association with Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan - a nationwide cleanliness campaign run by the government of India and
initiated by the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi on 2nd of October in 2014 on 145th
birthday anniversary of the Mahatma Gandhi - we are going to implement a project
named Smart Bin which motivates both the common people and authority for a proper
waste management system.

3.2.2 Features of the proposed system

Features of the system include garbage overflow indication, swacch bharath points
and thus results a proper waste management system and completely waste free
environment.
The proposed system alerts the authorities when the dustbin overflows. We have
observed that the municipal officer or the government authorized person will monitor
the status of dustbin. Or generally we see that they have a regular schedule of picking
up these garbage bins or dustbins. This schedule varies as per the population of that
place. It can be once in a day or twice in a day or in some cases once in two days.
However we see that in case there is some festival or some function, lots of garbage
material is generated by people in that particular area. In such cases the

10
 garbage bin gets immediately full and then it overflows which creates many problems.
So in situations, with help of our project the municipal authorities can check the
firebase database immediately. Then they can go and pick up the dustbins. We are
also implementing a system of reward points which promotes the common people to
put waste only on the bins. The people can create a swacch bharath account on our
application using a unique four digit code. This project promote the people to put the
waste into the garbage bin and make the places completely waste free.

3.2.3 Advantages of proposed system

User Friendly:-The proposed system is user friendly as people can deposit waste with
ease.
Environment friendly:-The proposed system reduces environment pollution by
promoting people to dispose the waste in the waste bin.
Cost effective:- The overall cost for developing our proposed system is the cheapest
of all technologies available in the present era.

3.3 FEASIBILITY STUDY

A feasibility study is an analysis of how successfully a project can be completed. It

involves the assessment of the operational, financial and technical aspects of a
proposal. Feasibility study is the test of the system proposal to identify whether the
user needs may be satisfied using the current software and hardware technologies,
whether the system will be cost effective from a business point of view and whether it
can be developed with the given budgetary constraints. Facts considered in the
feasibility analysis were
1. Technical feasibility
2. Economic feasibility
3. Operational feasibility
4. Behavioral feasibility
5. Social feasibility
6. Time feasibility

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3.3.1 Technical feasibility
Technical feasibility study is the complete study of the project in terms of input,
processes, output, fields, programs and procedures. It is a very effective tool for long
term planning and troubleshooting. The technical feasibility study should most
essentially support the financial information of an organization. It also includes
whether the technology is available in the market for development and its availability.
Considering our project it is technically feasible. The system we propose uses the
latest technology in the current century. We propose an android application based
approach which can be used for displaying flash messages and the firebase database
can be viewed by the municipality for collecting waste. There are further
enhancements possible for our system and it support and is compatible to any device.

3.3.2 Economic feasibility

The purpose of an economic feasibility study is to demonstrate the net benefit of a

proposed project for accepting or disbursing electronic funds/benefits, taking into
consideration the benefits and costs to the agency, other state agencies, and the
general public as a whole.
Our project is economically feasible. It does not require much cost to be involved
in the overall process. The overall cost for developing our proposed system is the
cheapest of all technologies available in the present era.

3.3.3 Operational feasibility

Operational feasibility refers to the measure of solving problems with the help of a
new proposed system. It helps in taking advantage of the opportunities and fulfills the
requirements as identified during the development of the project. It takes care that the
management and the users support the project.
The new proposed system will be very much useful to the users and therefore it will
accept broad audience from around the world. The installation of our system requires
a very less time. The system can be easily used by the common people and the
municipal authority.

12
3.3.4 Behavioral feasibility
The system working is quite easy to use. User does not require no special training
for operating the system. Our system works in a very user friendly manner and it does
not require any additional knowledge to use this system.

3.3.5 Social feasibility

Social feasibility is a determination of whether the proposed projects will be
acceptable to the people or not. This determination typically examines the probability
of the project being accepted by the group directly affected by the proposed system
change. Nowadays people are not interested to put waste on the bins, and authorities
are not ready to collect waste timely from the bins. So this system motivates both
people and authority to manage the waste in a proper manner.

3.3.6 Time feasibility

Time feasibility is a determination of whether a proposed project can be
implemented fully within a stipulated time frame. If a project takes too much time it is
likely to be rejected. Our project only takes less than three months to complete. Our
proposed system satisfies all the above mentioned types of feasibilities and hence our
system is feasible.mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

13
 CHAPTER 4
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
Design & Development is a long evolving process with a series of intermediate
stages, each one with its own significant importance towards a successful outcome.
System design is the solution to the creation of a new system. This phase is composed
of several systems. This phase focuses on the detailed implementation of the feasible
system. It emphasizes on translating design specifications to performance
specification. System design has two phases of development logical and physical
design.

During logical design phase the analyst describes inputs (sources), outputs
(destinations), databases (data sores) and procedures (data flows) all in a format that
meets the users requirements. The analyst also specifies the user needs and at a level
that virtually determines the information flow into and out of the system and the data
resources. Here the logical design is done through data flow diagrams and database
design.

The physical design is followed by physical design or coding. Physical design

produces the working system by defining the design specifications, which tell the
programmers exactly what the candidate system must do. The programmers write the
necessary programs that accept input from the user, perform necessary processing
on accepted data through call and produce the required report on a hard copy or
display it on the screen.

4.1 MODULE DESCRIPTION

4.1.1 E- monitoring system

With seemingly increase in the population rate of the developing nations, a proper
management of waste monitoring by alarmingly increasing alerts for municipality to
collect garbage before overflowing and maintaining an eco-friendly hazardless
space. Our project smart bin harvests the tremendous power of IOT technology and
presents the development of an electronic monitoring (e-monitoring) system to
overcome the above problem in the conventional approach. The proposed
14
e-monitoring system is an embedded system that comprises of Ultrasonic sensors and
PIR sensor interfaced with NodeMcu micro-controller. By employing the proposed
system, the municipal authority could monitor the waste collection status effectively.
For the garbage detection, ultrasonic level sensor is using . It senses the level of the
smart bin and updates the status in the mobile application. The PIR sensor identifies
the number of times the waste is deposited on the smart bin it gives the information to
the database.

4.1.2 Application based interface

By promoting waste dumping, only on the bins a system of reward points are
introduced, for that we are creating an Android appilcation.User will get a unique id
to register in to the application. By entering this id and using the waste bin they will
rewarded with a point. The users with the unique id can check thir status using the
mobile application. The user with no id can also use the smart bin their count will be
updated in the database as unknown and they won’t get any reward point.

15
4.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

A data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the “flow” of data

through an information system, modelling its process aspects. Often they are
preliminary step used to create an overview of the system which can later be
elaborated. DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing structured
design.

A DFD shows what kind of data will be input to and output from the system,
where the data will come from and go to, and where the data will be stored. It does
not show information about the timing of processes, or information about whether
process will operate in sequence or in parallel.

Figure 4.1 – DFD level 0

16
 Figure 4.2 – DFD level 1

The Level 0 of the DFD gives the overall idea about how the registered and non
registered users can use the smartbin. It also illustrates how the authority and the
application are linked with the smartbin.

The Level 1 DFD shows the user- website interface, i.e. how a non-registered user can
also request for the unique code to use the Smart Bin for getting the reward point.

4.3 USECASE DIAGRAM

Use case diagrams are usually referred to as behaviour diagrams used to

describe a set of actions (use cases) that some system or systems (subject) should or
can perform in collaboration with one or more external users of the system (actors).
Each use case should provide some observable and valuable result to the actors or
other stakeholders of the system.

The purpose of use case diagram is to capture the dynamic aspect of a system.
Use case diagrams are used to gather the requirements of a system including internal

17
and external influences. These requirements are mostly design requirements. Hence,
when a system is analyzed to gather its functionalities, use cases are prepared and
actors are identified.

Here Figure 4.3 shows the use case diagram for the proposed system. This
diagram represents the main function take place in the system as use cases. There are
three actors used here. Use cases shown in this diagram include unique code entry,
waste disposal, overflow detection and alert message sending, waste collecting and
reward point collection.

Figure 4.3 – Use Case Diagram for the proposed system

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4.4 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of

stepwise activities and actions with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In
the Unified Modelling Language, activity diagrams are intended to model both
computational and organizational processes (i.e. workflows).

The basic purpose of activity diagrams is similar to other four diagrams. It

captures the dynamic behavior of the system. Other four diagrams are used to show
the message flow from one object to another but activity diagram is used to show
message flow from one activity to another.

Activity is a particular operation of the system. Activity diagrams are not only
used for visualizing the dynamic nature of a system, but they are also used to
construct the executable system by using forward and reverse engineering
techniques. The only missing thing in the activity diagram is the message part.

Here Figure 4.4 shows the Activity diagram for the proposed system. It
consists of various activities like application, visit dustbin, authority-user interface,
enter unique code, enter credentials, check reward point status, waste disposal, waste
collection, reward point incrementing, alert message receiving etc.

The user can login to the website if he/she is registered and check the reward
point status. The non-registered user can register by entering the credentials and
submitting them. On visiting the dustbin, the user with the unique code can enter
their code in the dial pad given in the smart bin can dumb the waste. The count is
detected and incremented the points on their profile they can check their status using
the mobile application.

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 Figure 4.4 – Activity Diagram for the proposed system

4.5 ER Diagram

An entity–relationship model (ER model) describes inter-related things

of interest in a specific domain of knowledge. An ER model is composed of entity

20
types (which classify the things of interest) and specifies relationships that can exist
between instances of those entity types.

Figure 4.5 – ER Diagram for the proposed system

Here figure 4.5 describes the ER diagram of the proposed system. There are
two entities named user and appication. The user get a unique code to login to the
application.By entering the unique code in the dial pad given in the smart bin they get
rewarded with points. Ksdnjkjnjknjnjnjnjnjnjnjnjnjnjnjnnnjnjnjnjnjnjnjdhuhuhu

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 CHAPTER 5

TECHNOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION

5.1 HARDWARE SPECIFICATION

5.1.1 NodeMCU

The NodeMcu is an open-source firmware and development kit that helps you to Prototype your
IOT product within a few Lua script lines or 'C' codes. NodeMCU it is like Arduino Hardware
with a Input Output built in the Board itself, it has also a Wifi built in to connect directly to
internet to control your things online using Nodejs Style network API for digital network
applications, which facilitates developers to code running on the Board, Greatly speed up your
Internet of Things application development process. The Development Board base on ESP8266
Chip, integrated GPIO, PWM,IIC, 1-Wire and ADC all in one board to power up your
development board in fastest way combined with the NodeMCU Firmware.

Fig 5.1 NodeMCU

NodeMCU was created

shortly after
the ESP8266 came out. On
December 30, 2013, Espressif
Systems  began production of the
ESP8266. The ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi SoC integrated with a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core, [citation
needed]
 widely used in IoT applications. NodeMCU started on 13 Oct 2014, when Hong committed the
first file of nodemcu-firmware to GitHub. Two months later, the project expanded to include an
open-hardware platform when developer Huang R committed the gerber file of an ESP8266 board,
named devkit v0.9. Later that month, Tuan PM ported MQTT client library from Contiki to the
ESP8266 SoC platform, and committed to NodeMCU project, then NodeMCU was able to support

22
the MQTT IoT protocol, using Lua to access the MQTT broker. Another important update was made
on 30 Jan 2015, when Devsaurus ported the u8glib to NodeMCU project, enabling NodeMCU to
easily drive LCD, Screen, OLED, even VGA displays.

In summer 2015 the creators abandoned the firmware project and a group of independent but
dedicated contributors took over. By summer 2016 the NodeMCU included more than 40 different
modules. Due to resource constraints users need to select the modules relevant for their project and
build a firmware tailored to their needs.

Fig 5.2 Pins of NodeMCU

5.1.2 PIR Sensor

A motion sensor is a device used to detect moving objects or people. They are often refered
to as PIR sensors. The PIR sensor itself has two slots in it, each slot is made of a special
material that is sensitive to IR. The lens used here is not really doing much and so we see
that the two slots can 'see' out past some distance (basically the sensitivity of the sensor).
When the sensor is idle, both slots detect the same amount of IR, the ambient amount
radiated from the room or walls or outdoors. When a warm body like a human or animal

passes by, it first intercepts one half of the PIR sensor, which causes a  positive
differential change between the two halves. When the warm body leaves the sensing area,
the reverse happens, whereby the sensor generates a negative differential change. These
change pulses are what is detected.
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 Fig 5.3 PIR Sensor

An individual PIR sensor detects changes in the amount of infrared radiation impinging upon
it, which varies depending on the temperature and surface characteristics of the objects in front of the
sensor. When an object, such as a human, passes in front of the background, such as a wall, the
temperature at that point in the sensor's field of view will rise from room temperature to body
temperature, and then back again. The sensor converts the resulting change in the incoming infrared
radiation into a change in the output voltage, and this triggers the detection. Objects of similar
temperature but different surface characteristics

may also have a different infrared emission pattern, and thus moving them with respect to the
background may trigger the detector as well.

PIRs come in many configurations for a wide variety of applications. The most common models
have numerous Fresnel lenses or mirror segments, an effective range of about ten meters (thirty feet),
and a field of view less than 180 degrees. Models with wider fields of view, including 360 degrees,
are available—typically designed to mount on a ceiling. Some larger PIRs are made with single
segment mirrors and can sense changes in infrared energy over thirty meters (one hundred feet) away
from the PIR. There are also PIRs designed with reversible orientation mirrors which allow either
broad coverage (110° wide) or very narrow "curtain" coverage, or with individually selectable
segments to "shape" the coverage.

5.1.3 Ultrasonic Sensor

Ultrasonic sensor is a device that is used to measure the distance to an object with the help of
sound waves. It sends out a high frequency sound pulse and determines how long it takes for the echo

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reflect back to it. The sensor has got a transmitter and a receiver on it to transmit receive the sound
pulse.The ultrasonic sensor can detect even the transparent objects as it can reflect off glass and
liquid as well. It is resistant to mist and dirt. It also has the ability to detect complex shapes.

Ultrasound can be used for measuring wind speed and direction (anemometer), tank or
channel fluid level, and speed through air or water. For measuring speed or direction, a device uses
multiple detectors and calculates the speed from the relative distances to particulates in the air or
water. To measure tank or channel level, the sensor measures the distance to the surface of the fluid.
Further applications include: humidifiers, sonar, medical ultrasonography, burglar alarms, non-
destructive testing and wireless charging.

Systems typically use a transducer which generates sound waves in the ultrasonic range,
above 18 kHz, by turning electrical energy into sound, then upon receiving the echo turn the sound
waves into electrical energy which can be measured and displayed.The technology is limited by the
shapes of surfaces and the density or consistency of the material. Foam, in particular, can distort
surface level readings.This technology, as well, can detect approaching objects and track their
positions.

Fig 5.4 Working of

Ultrasonic Sensor

5.2 SOFTWARE
SPECIFICATION

5.2.1 Android Studio

Android Studio is the official IDE for Google's Android operating system, built

on JetBrains' IntelliJ IDEA software and designed specifically for Android development. It is
available for download on Windows, macOS and Linux based operating systems. It is a
replacement for the ADT as primary IDE for native Android application development.

Android Studio was announced on May 16, 2013 at the Google I/O conference. It was in
early access preview stage starting from version 0.1 in May 2013, then entered beta stage
starting from version 0.8 which was released in June 2014. The first stable build was released in

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December 2014, starting from version 1.0. The current stable version is 3.0 released in October
2017.

The following features are provided in the current stable version:

 Gradle-based build support

 Android-specific refactoring and quick fixes
 Lint tools to catch performance, usability, version compatibility and other problems
 ProGuard integration and app-signing capabilities
 Template-based wizards to create common Android designs and components
 A rich layout editor that allows users to drag-and-drop UI components, option to preview
layouts on multiple screen configurations Support for building Android Wear apps
 Built-in support for Google Cloud Platform, enabling integration with Firebase Cloud
Messaging (Earlier 'Google Cloud Messaging') and Google App Engine
 Android Virtual Device (Emulator) to run and debug apps in the Android studio.

Android Studio supports all the same programming languages of IntelliJ,

and PyCharm e.g. Python, and Kotlin; and Android Studio 3.0 supports "Java 7 language
features and a subset of Java 8 language features that vary by platform version." External
projects backport some Java 9 features.

Android Studio provides the fastest tools for building apps on every type of Android
device.World-class code editing, debugging, performance tooling, a flexible build system, and
an instant build/deploy system all allow you to focus on building unique and high quality apps.
Android Studio provides a robust static analysis framework and includes over 280 different lint
checks across the entirety of your app. Additionally, it provides several quick fixes that help you
address issues in various categories, such as performance, security, and correctness, with a
single click.
The Firebase Assistant helps you connect your app to Firebase and add services such as
Analytics, Authentication, Notifications and more with step- by-step procedures right inside
Android Studio. Built-in tools for Google Cloud Platform also help you integrate your Android
app with services such as Google Cloud Endpoints and project modules specially-designed for
Google App Engine.
Android Studio provides extensive tools to help you test your Android apps with JUnit 4 and
functional UI test frameworks. With Espresso Test Recorder, you can generate UI test code by
recording your interactions with the app on a device or emulator. You can run your tests on a

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device, an emulator, a continuous integration environment, or in Firebase Test Lab.

5.2.2. Arduino 1.8.3

The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload it to the
board. It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The environment is written in Java and based
on Processing and other open-source software. 
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based
on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to
complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists,
programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this

open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible

knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping,
aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a
wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges,
differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D
printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source,
empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular
needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users
worldwide.

5.2.3 Firebase

Firebase is a mobile and web application development platform developed by Firebase, Inc.

in 2011, then acquired by Google in 2014. Firebase evolved from Envolve, a prior startup
founded by James Tamplin and Andrew Lee in 2011. Envolve provided developers an API that
enables the integration of online chat functionality into their websites. After releasing the chat

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 service, Tamplin and Lee found that it was being used to pass application data that weren't chat
messages. Developers were using Envolve to sync application data such as game state in real
time across their users. Tamplin and Lee decided to separate the chat system and the real-time
architecture that powered it. They founded Firebase as a separate company in April 2012.

Firebase Inc. raised seed funding in May 2012. The company further raised Series A
funding in June 2013. In October 2014, Firebase was acquired by Google. In October 2015,
Google acquired Divshot to merge it with the Firebase team. Since the acquisition, Firebase has
grown inside Google and expanded their services to become a unified platform for mobile
developers. Firebase now integrates with various other Google services to offer broader
products and scale for developers. In January 2017, Google acquired Fabric
and Crashlytics from Twitter to join those services to the Firebase team. According to the report,
Firebase would be launching Cloud Firestore, a Document Database, in October 2017.

Services provided by firebase are:

 Firebase Analytics

Firebase Analytics is a cost-free app measurement solution that provides insight into app
usage and user engagement.

 Firebase Cloud Messaging

Formerly known as GCM,  FCM is a cross-platform solution for messages and notifications

for Android, iOS, and web applications, which currently can be used at no cost.

 Firebase Auth

Firebase Auth is a service that can authenticate users using only client-side code. It
supports social login providers Facebook, GitHub, Twitter and Google. Additionally, it
includes a user management system whereby developers can enable user authentication with
email and password login stored with Firebase.

 Realtime Database

Firebase provides a realtime database and backend as a service. The service provides
application developers an API that allows application data to be synchronized across clients
and stored on Firebase's cloud. The company provides client libraries that enable integration
with Android, iOS, JavaScript, Java, Objective-C, swift and Node.js applications. The
database is also accessible through a REST API and bindings for several JavaScript

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 frameworks such as AngularJS, React, Ember.js and Backbone.js. The REST API uses
the Server-Sent Events protocol, which is an API for creating HTTP connections for
receiving push notifications from a server. Developers using the realtime database can secure
their data by using the company's server-side-enforced security rules.

 Firebase Storage

Firebase Storage provides secure file uploads and downloads for Firebase apps, regardless of
network quality. The developer can use it to store images, audio, video, or other user-
generated content. Firebase Storage is backed by Google Cloud Storage.

 Firebase Hosting

Firebase Hosting is a static and dynamic web hosting service that launched on May 13, 2014.
It supports hosting static files such as CSS, HTML, JavaScript and other files, as well
as dynamic Node.js support through Cloud Functions. The service delivers files over a  CDN
through  HTTPS and SSL encryption.Firebase partners with Fastly, a CDN, to provide the
CDN backing Firebase Hosting. The company states that Firebase Hosting grew out of
customer requests; developers were using Firebase for its real-time database but needed a
place to host their content.

 Firebase Test Lab for Android

Firebase Test Lab for Android provides cloud-based infrastructure for testing Android apps.
With one operation, developers can initiate testing of their apps across a wide variety of
devices and device configurations. Test results—including logs, videos, and screenshots—are
made available in the project in the Firebase console. Even if a developer hasn't written any
test code for their app, Test Lab can exercise the app automatically, looking for crashes.

 Firebase Crash Reporting

Crash Reporting creates detailed reports of the errors in the app. Errors are grouped into
clusters of similar stack traces and triaged by the severity of impact on app users. In addition
to automatic reports, developer can log custom events to help capture the steps leading up to a
crash.

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 CHAPTER 6

TESTING

Testing is the most natural and customary way of verifying ant piece of
work is to just operate it in some representative and verify whether it behaves as
expected. Testing is performed to ensure that the system as a whole is bug free.
Testing is a critical activity. In the development of a project, errors can be injected at
any stage of the software development cycle. Software testing can be used to show
the presence of bugs, but never to show their absence. Testing presents an interesting
anomaly for the software. For each phase, a different technique for detecting and
eliminating the error exists.

Testing objectives are:

 Testing is a process of executing a program with the intent of finding an error.
 A good test case is one that has probability of finding an as yet uncovered error.
 A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered error my objective is to
design that systematically uncover different classes of errors and to do so with the
minimum amount of time and effort. The debugging process is the most unpredictable
part of the testing process.
The different types of testing are:
 Unit Testing
 Real time Testing
 Integration Testing
 System Testing

6.1 UNIT TESTING

The two modules in our project that is E-monitoring system and application based interface
are tested separately to see if it satisfies our requirements.

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 6.2 INTEGRATION TESTING
After the completion of individual modules, they were integrated
and developed as a simple application. It was not as effective as the unit
testing. The time taken to execute it was more than the unit testing. But it is
quite good.

6.3 SYSTEM TESTING

As a whole, the project is tested from the programmer side. The
execution is slow but the application is good.

6.4 REALTIME TESTING

The device was used by one of our classmate. He provided with a
unique code. He entered this code on the dial pad given in the smart bin and
put the waste in to the bin and he get a reward point that is incremented on
the database as well as application. He login to the application by using the
unique code to check the status of the reward point successfully.

Sahrdaya College of Engineering & Technology 31

 CHAPTER 7

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Our system Smart Bin can give an effective solution to the waste management
problem in India. It can monitors the reward point system by using the help of sensors
and android application. The users with unique code put the waste in to the bin by
entering the unique code to the dial pad given the bin and they get rewarded and they
can check the status of their reward point using the android application
 CHAPTER 8

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A proper waste management system is important for the development of any

country. For a populated country like India, waste management is an important
concern. We are trying to give an effective solution to the waste management issue by
our project named smart bin.. We truly hope that our system can make wonders in the
swacch bharath venture.
 CHAPTER 9

FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

Smart Bin is just a simple model for the waste management problem in
India. This can be further enhanced by sending timely message to authority
about the status of the bin and it can also implement by using wireless
technology for communication. The GUI can also be improved for the ease of
use and the collection of reward points can be limited to 10 points per day.